Futures of Oude West - Opportunistic Urbanism Studio - Siobhan Hudson

SIOBHAN HUDSON

Phase One Introduction & Initial Research

Phase Two Site Appreciation & Mid-Semester Proposal

Phase Three Social Impact & Community Engagement

Phase Four Framework for Oude Westen

Phase Five Monitoring, Evaluating & Referencing

Katherine Sundermann Studio Lead Katherine Sundermann is an Associate at MGS Architects, and writer for Architecture Australia and Assemble Papers. She has practised architecture and urban design in Australia, Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. Her recent work includes master planning and strategic studies for university campuses, community infrastructure and urban renewal projects across Melbourne and regional Victoria.

She has completed a post-professional Master in Urbanism at TU Delft, focusing on regional design, performative urban design and collaborative planning. Since returning to Melbourne, Katherine has sought to explore the ‘Dutch approach’ to urbanism in a local context, seeking to integrate the often segregated fields of architecture, urban design and planning.

Andy Fergus Studio Lead Andy Fergus is an Urban Designer at the City of Melbourne, CoDirector of Melbourne Architours, and Nightingale Housing team member. Andy currently works on major projects and the development of design policy in central Melbourne, in addition to small scale personal architectural projects. IIn urban design and architecture, Andy has experience and interest across all scales of the urban environment covering public, private, and community sectors. Andy is particularly interested in the balance of top-down and bottom-up approaches to urbanism, with a particular focus on enabling alternate development models which are community led, but government supported.

Introduction Opportunistic Urbanism This is my body of research after undertaking Opportunistic Urbanism, an international stdio examining the ‘Dutch Approach’ to architecture and urbanism through the University of Melbourne.

In response to a brief from Deltametrolpolis Association, this studio explores the qualities of life in Melbourne and South Holland. The aim of the urban interventions formed by this research is to address the desire of the Netherlands to compete with more dominant European cities in the global marketplace and attract skilled talent, a goal Melbourne shares.

Through the development of underused sites in Rotterdam and Dordrecht, density can be increased through a considered approach which also enhances the housing amenity of the area.

In addition, the studio outcomes are intended to contribute to the Melbourne School of Design (MSD) Melbourne Housing Expo opening exhibition in late 2017, promoting new ways of thinking about housing and living environments.

Focusing on the neighbourhood of Oude Westen, Rotterdam, I have used the past fourteen have facilitated onsite exploration in conjunction with investigation into community-lead development models and alternate procurement methodologies, and where relevant, underpinned by learnings from similar Australian contexts.

Opportunistic Urbanism

tury neighbourhood t of the Delfshaven cent to the Nieuwe ten, is primarily a ourhood in the heart ked by a canal on the connects the central rts of the city. Other ing through the site ions in an otherwise neighbourhood. The ude Westen is home nts and townhouses.

Oude Westen Initial Study Site 77

Primarily a residential neighbourhood in the heart of Rotterdam, the site is a late 19th TOWNHOUSEcentury neighbourhood planned as a part of the Delfshaven borough and adjacent to the Nieuwe Maas, Oude Westen. It is flanked by a canal on the east and a tram route connects the central station to major parts of the city.

Other arterial roads passing through the site create lateral divisions in an otherwise longitudinally laid neighbourhood. The densely packed Oude Westen is home to a mix of apartments and townhouses.

VINEX APARTMENT

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National and metropolitan context of Rotterdam in South Holland.

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NETHERLAND ANTILLES AND ARUBA

COUNTRY OF ORIGIN

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NETHERL AND 28%

Opportunistic Urbanism

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M O R O CCO

Melbourne

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Age Profile

WATER RESIDENTIAL RETAIL INDUSTRIAL OFFICE EDUCATION/LEISURE

SURINAME WE S TE R N IMMIGRANT

30%

OTH E R N O N - WE S TE N IMMIGRANT

Housing Tenure

Weekly Personal Income

15 % 16 % 80 % 82 %

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28% House hold with childre n

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18% House hold without chi ldre n

2016

Single House hold

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17% House hold without chi ldre n

2011

Si ngle House hold

The majority of the region is comprised of postwar residential, spread across the neighbourhood, with retail along its peripheral main roads.

The region comprises of a majority postwar residential buildings, spread across the neighbourhood, with retail along its peripheral main roads. + South Holland

Data resource: http://www.cbsinuwbuurt.nl

28% House hold with childre n

Melbourne

Data resource: http://www.cbsinuwbuurt.nl

Household Type

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Single house + Townhouse 41 % Apartment 59%

2013

The selected region shows the connections between the hierarchical layout of the main and internal street, and their interface with the retail frontage and residences.

The selected region shows the connections between the hierarchical layout of the main and internal street, and their interface with the retail frontage and residences.

Opportunistic Urbanism

Housing Type

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RENT

Opportunistic Urbanism

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TUR K E Y

Interface Study Fitzroy & Carlton

Melbourne

+ Nederland

We studied successful and unsuccessful residential, retail and commercial interfaces, as well as the interfaces of serviceelevations and carparks locally. The examples visited made apparent that successful interfaces enhance the streetscape and experience at ground level for both the building user and the public. These often used warm and tactile materials such as timber and brick, opposed to less inviting materials such as aluminium and glass facades.

Examining the various building types seen on tour, the studio group produced two sketches of each of the different building types; an observational sketch of the existing interface, and an intervention which shows the potential for transformation.

Apartment Service Interface

Liveability Workshop David Morrison, City of Melbourne

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+ Nederland Melbourne

Before A blank interface with little consideration for materiality; steel handrails, breton brut and powdercoated metal service doors. This space is only active for service functions between specific hours.

Opportunistic + Urbanism

Of particular interest was his introduction to using private funding for private benefits. Using the example of MOMA’s annual art expo, Interboro’s Holding Pattern utilised the commision funding to approach the local community kseeking ideas dependent on funding availability. The responses were refreshingly varied, such a a ballet studio’s extra mirrors, a reitrement centre wishing to enhance landscaping and compost initiative’s needing tool upgrades.

Following the presentation was an initial quick analysis of the Netherlands sites: determining metropolitan connectivity, Apartment Service Interface local amenities currently available and identifying additions based on the ambitions of the density goals informed by the lessons learned.

After Inviting a moment to soak up midday sun and add Inviting a moment to for soak up midday sun and The add garden beds & activity passive surveillance. activity for passive survelliance. garden beds & creeper rods add The depth, tactility & visual amenity to the creeper rodsspace, add depth, tactilitythe & visual disguising serviceamenity spacestobeyond.

Before

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A blank interface with little consideration for materiality; steel handrails, breton brut and powdercoated metal service doors. This space is only active for service functions between specific hours.

the space, disguising the service spaces beyond.

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“Those that score best tend to be mid-sized cities in wealthier countries with a relatively low population density. These can foster a range of recreational activities without leading to high crime levels or overburdened infrastructure.” - The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2016

Interboro purchased each of these items and had them curated to form a playful and intriguing public art installation.

At the end of the exhibition items was gifted to the relevant community groups. This initiative and Interboro’s graphic story telling was very powerful; emphasising. 1) recycling and 2) strengthening connections between a large, powerful institution (MoMA PS1) and its neighbors.

Image Source : Interboro Partners, 2011 Young Architects Program at MOMA

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David Morrison led a presentation on liveability in cities with a focus on Melbourne and Geelong. Specific topics such as suburban sprawl and car dependency were discussed, as well as population density to support amenities such as entertainment, community centres, bars and museums. These issues were addressed in terms of the pitfalls of liveability statistics, with a reminder to always correlate research with experience to ensure that the data has real world context.

Above: Market Lane Farraday St., Carlton. Image source : Cargo Collective.

Opposite: 176 Argyle St., Fitzroy

Is it possible to devise a community products and information means workplaces, and our homes, are land bank (or trust) to often relocated.

Thismodel brings different cultures and renewed vibranenable cy. Wegreater also livefreedom in an erafor of increased access to healthcare and support the largest elderly population to date. Both of these sceresidents to live in their community represent of the demographic that require greatly atnarios all life stages; portions ownership flexibility in housing and it is close proximity to public transport, and rental, to better inform the services, accessible open space & most importantly, a sense of required housing typologies and community. community services?

pare how each allows greater attention to the needs of this market, how individuals contribute pre and post construction, how this could inform unique typologies and their potential to evolve over five and ten year increments. I intend to compare the community land bank/trust informed by the co-operative transition research of P Conaty & M Lewis (2011), triple bottom line partnerships such as The Nightingale model (2013) and finally, the baugruppen model, so prevalent in Europe.

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Problem Often this market is addressed the sale of 1 & 2 bedrooms What might this look like afterby five homes with identical floorplans and little consideration for universal and ten years for our chosen site? access. There is little for the rental market that encourages a sense What greater flexibility is provided? of ownership.

Ownership Goes to Those Who Create Value residential tenants

rent payments

shares dwelling 2 types of co-ownership equity * transferred to tenants

landlord/ * investor recoups investment costs, plus profit

CLB rent/ rates

* Landlord/investor owns building, but not co-op shares. Landlord’s equity in the building is transferred to tenants at the same rate as investment costs are written off for tax purposes.

CLB issues free co-op shares to tenants.

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Image Source : Left, The Commons Bruncwick, image source: Sydney Morning Herald, & above, Nightingale Housing

The Nightingale Model The Commons, Brunswick Though the name comes from the apartment block being developed across the road from The Commons, Nightingale is, in fact, a financial model rather than an architectural one.

Jeremy McLeod was part of a consortium of architects, frustrated the large-scale development space. Shortly after the change of government with the election of Kevin Rudd in 2007, the country seemed seriously focused on environmental issues and the consortium purchased the site. The Commons was to be a “triple-bottom-line� project – affordable, sustainable, socially responsible – via Nightingale Housing, a not-for-profit social enterprise supporting and promoting high-quality housing that is ecologically, socially, financially sustainable.

Through their work with architects, project managers and purchasers, they aim to: 1. Advance environmental sustainability through design (including sustainable transport options); 2. Build social connection, connection to services and community management; 3. Contribute positively to neighbourhoods and urban culture through quality urban design;

K Saville & B James, 2016, The Housing Older People Would Choose, Population Ageing Technical Advisory Group

SMAQ, Ulsteraue development, Geisa, Germany, 2012

Image Source : K Saville & B James, 2016, The Housing Older People Would Choose, Population Ageing Technical Advisory Group

Image Source : SMAQ, Ulsteraue development, Geisa, Germany, 2012Publishers

Preliminary Thesis Hypothesis Comparing alternative finance models 4. Promote affordability by providing access to housing purchase at below market price; 5. Minimise the on-going costs of living in the housing through design; 6. Educate designers, potential home owners and the public in deliberative development and sustainable housing models; and 7. Involve groups of purchasers in cooperative / syndicate / collective planning and participation.

Context We currently in an era of great mobility; the movement of people, products and information means workplaces, and our homes, are often relocated. This brings different cultures and renewed vibrancy. We also live in an era of increased access to healthcare and support the largest elderly population to date. Both of these scenarios represent portions of the demographic that require greatly flexibility in housing and it is close proximity to public transport, services, accessible open space & most importantly, a sense of community.

The seven partners raised $1 million in equity and secured finance just before the GFC hit. While that finance disappeared investment from the ethical investment group Small Giants allowed Breathe Architects to ‘skip’ the developer and real estate agents to successfully design an 8 Green Star rated apartment for predetermend owners.

Problem Often this market is addressed by the sale of 1 & 2 bedrooms homes with identical floorplans and little consideration for universal access. There is little for the rental market that encourages a sense of ownership.

Small Giants are the first B Corporation in Australia and act as investor in social enterprises. They represent a new way of funding and sustaining social impact. I first came across this organisation while working in the UK and have since moved to Melbourne for my studies and cycle past this everyday. This certainly inspired me to start researching alternative finance models to offer affordable and accessible housing.

Hypothesis I intend to compare three innovative funding models and compare how each allows greater attention to the needs of this market, how individuals contribute pre and post construction, how this could inform unique typologies and their potential to evolve over five and ten year increments. I intend to compare the community land bank/trust informed

P Conaty & M Lewis , 2011, The Resilience

‡ Imperative: Co-operative Transitions to

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a Steady-State Economy, New Society Publishers

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Image RĂŠsumĂŠ : La Co-operative LandSource Bank : P Conaty & M

Lewis, 2011, The Resilience responsabilitĂŠ vers les mains des rĂŠsident Imperative: Co-operative locaux sur le long terme.

Il propose que la propriĂŠtĂŠ du fond de Transitions to a Steady-State

Chaque annÊe, les modes exclusifs de propriÊtÊ concentrent la richesse dans les mains de la minoritÊ aux dÊpens du grand nombre. Chaque annÊe, la dette publique augmente et les citoyens en subissent les consÊquences, incluant des coupes massives dans les subventions gouvernementales pour le logement abordable. C’est inefficace, c’est injuste et ça doit changer.

Shann Turnbull a dÊveloppÊ une façon d’arrêter ce processus. Sa Co-operative Land Bank (CLB) crÊe une façon de rÊcompenser l’investissement privÊ à des fins commerciales ou industrielles dans une rÊgion à moyen terme, tout en dÊtournant la propriÊtÊ, la richesse et la

urbain soit sÊparÊe de la propriÊtÊ des Êd sur le terrain. Le fond de terre appartient CLB. Ses parts sont distribuÊes aux rÊside fonction de l’espace occupÊ par leur dem (p. ex. une part par mètre carrÊ). La propr d’une demeure ou d’un Êdifice commerci industriel prend la forme d’un bail de la C transfÊrable. Alors que les baux pour les demeures sont perpÊtuels, ceux pour les commerciaux et industriels sont limitÊs d temps; de tels investisseurs ne conserven propriÊtÊ que jusqu’à ce qu’ils aient rÊcup

2011 nov 30

by the co-operative transition research of P Conaty & M Lewis (2011), triple bottom line partnerships such as The Nightingale model (2013) and finally, the baugruppen model, so prevalent in Europe.

Feedback - Relate more specifically to a Dutch housing context. Explore the work of flexible masterplans through practitioners such as KCAP and Studioninedots - Define difference between reactionary and speculative.

- The Dutch context could have interest in user generated housing as a reaction to systems built housing of the postwar era and the monotony and standardisation this resulted in.

-Presently a lot of Dutch ‘zelfbouw’s etc are limited to the urban elite, how can you change?

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Organisation Types Global and European Body Corporate noun : formal term for corporation

communities. This is a helpful resource. There are two communes in The Netherlands in Utretch and Apeldoone.

The process of subdivision of a property for multi-unit development results in the need for a managing body to manage common ownership aspects of the property. Bodies Corporate offer members more affordable property with reduced shared costs of property maintenance. The body corporate is responsible for a range of compliance, financial, insurance and essential services matters.

The community Elim (Utretch) commenced in 1985 and currently comprises ten adults supporting their own livelihood through full-time and part-time jobs. Most of their income stems from managing a technical illustration and design bureau, the Bible Study Centre, and various jobs from the circle of friends of the evangelical church.

If you are the owner of a unit in a property that has a body corporate, you are a “member” of that body corporate. A tenant paying rent to an owner is not a member of the body corporate and does not generally interact with the body corporate. (ACE, 2017) Co-housing noun : a residential development in which individual households share some common facilities or amenities, and residents are communally responsible for managing the community.

Originally a commercial endeavour, the Rochdale Pioneers of 1844 started ‘consumer’ cooperative shops. Over time this co-operative movement diversified into other areas such as housing, finance and politics.

Residential co-housing is characterised by the following; self-contained dwellings with shared facilities, an intentional neighbourhood design; often clusters, a participatory development process and resident ownership/management: The overall site and shared facilities are managed by the residents who share the same community commitments regardless of tenure. A non-profit body, such as a Community Interest Company, owns the freehold for the whole site, and sells leases to owner-occupiers and the Housing Association: the shareholders in this company are both residents and social landlords.

The site freehold will be held in common ownership, with owner-occupiers and any social landlord as shareholders. (Oxford Co-Housing,2011) Sheffield Student Housing particularly prevalent precedent.

Collective Private Commissioning (CPO) noun : A group of families who team up in order to share the costs, design and build their project according to their own criteria.

The group creates a legal structure that allows them to conduct the project as a developer (including hire architects, contractors etc.). Each family that participates owns its house and takes out a mortgage to finance the global project. One such example is Vrijburcht, Amsterdam who contracted a 50-year lease with the municipality of Amsterdam. Its homeowners’ association organises maintenance of the buildings and rent out facilities.

(VLUGP, 2008) Commons noun : from the traditional English legal term for common land or resources belonging to or affecting the whole of a community.

It was popularised in the modern sense as a shared resource term by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in his article The Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968) where an individual will still act in a way for their personal gain rather than for the benefit of the community. This is through depleting or spoiling that resource through their collective action. (Hardin, 1968) Walls however sees the commons as a particular form of property ownership, arguing that property rights are essential to understanding sustainability. How we use the land and its resources offers insights into how we value the environment. He supports his view with historical case studies from the United States, England, India, and Mongolia. The key narrative of his work is effective, neutral, commons management and dissolving the commons for just the rich and powerful. (Wall, 2014) Commune noun : a group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities. It is an intentional community of people with common interests, often having common values and beliefs, as well as shared property, possessions, resources, and, in some communes, work, income or assets.

In addition to a communal economy, consensus decision-making, non-hierarchical structures and ecological living have become important core principles for many communes. The Fellowship for Intentional Community (FIC) provides a database of all registered groups such as; ecovillages, cohousing, communes, student co-ops and spiritual

Community Land Trust (CLT) noun : a democratically controlled nonprofit organization that owns real estate (building and landbeneath) in order to provide benefits to its local community – and in particular to make land and housing available to residents who cannot otherwise afford them.

CLTs are usually organized as “membership corporations,” with boards of directors elected by the members. Usually the CLT board includes three kinds of directors – those representing resident members, those representing members who are not CLT residents, and those representing the broader community interest.

Its principles include: Committed to economic justice and to the economic empowerment of low-income people and communities.

Provide access to land, housing, and economic opportunities for low-income people who are otherwise denied access to these resources.

Responsibility to see that these resources are used in ways that are environmentally and ecologically sound, as well as economically just.

Company noun : a company is any entity that engages in business for profit making.

Companies can be structured in different ways. For example; a proprietorship, a partnership, a person or a corporation. (Business Directory, 2017) Corporation noun : a large company or group of companies authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law.

A company where liability is limited to the holding of shares and each own a small piece of the larger corporate structure. Most companies are typically owned by one or a small handful of people, while corporations can be owned by thousands of different individuals.

(Business Directory, 2017) Foundation noun : A foundation is a non-governmental entity that is established as a nonprofit corporation or a charitable trust, with a principal purpose of making grants to unrelated organizations, institutions, or individuals for scientific, educational, cultural, religious, or other charitable purposes.

This broad definition encompasses two foundation types: private foundations and grantmaking public charities. A private foundation derives its money from a family, an individual, or a corporation. An example of a private foundation is the Ford Foundation. A grantmaking public charity or “public foundation” derives its support from diverse sources, for example foundations, individuals, and government agencie, eg Ms. Foundation for Women. Tax may be exempt for not for profit organisations. (Grant Space, 2017) Government noun : the group of people with the authority to govern a country or state; a particular ministry in office.

In municipal politics in the Netherlands there are three functions: the Mayor, the city council and the Aldermen (councillor). The latter was often referred to in interviews in Oude Westen as the main point of contact for the Municipality of Rotterdam. (Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek, 2016)

Organisation Types Global and European

Funding Types Global and European

Polder Model noun : is consensus decision-making.

The Dutch polder model is characterised by the tri-partite cooperation between employers’ organisations such as VNO-NCW, labour unions such as the Federation Dutch Labour Movement, and the government. These talks occur in the Social-Economic Council (SER) which serves as the central forum to discuss labour issues and often defusing labour conflicts and avoiding strikes.

Historically, polders describe land reclaimed from the sea and require constant pumping and maintenance of the dykes. Since the Middle Ages different societies living in the same polder have been forced to cooperate for shared responsibility for maintenance of the dykes and pumping stations or else the polders would have flooded. (Open Democracy, 2016) Syndicate noun : a group of individuals or organizations combined to promote a common interest.

The largest public company in Australia is Broken Hill Mining Company (BHP) and the ‘Syndicate of Seven’, was the name given to the original members who formed in 1883 and lodged applications for mining leases. Each of the seven contributed a sum of £70 each.

(Broken Hill City Council, 2010) Trust noun : an arrangement whereby a person (a trustee) holds property as its nominal owner for the good of one or more beneficiaries.

Trusts are widely used for investment and business purposes and is an obligation imposed on a person or other entity to hold property for the benefit of beneficiaries. While in legal terms a trust is a relationship not a legal entity, trusts are treated as taxpayer entities for the purposes of tax administration. (Australian Taxation Office, 2017)

Funding Types Global and European Angel Investor noun : investors for small startups or entrepreneurs.

Angel investors are also called informal investors, angel funders, private investors, seed investors or business angels. These are affluent individuals who inject capital for startups in exchange for ownership equity or convertible debt. Some angel investors invest through crowdfunding platforms online or build angel investor networks to pool in capital. Angel investors must meet the Securities Exchange Commission’s (SEC) standards for accredited investors. To become an angel investor, one must have a minimum net worth of $1 million and an annual income of $200,000. The effective internal rate of returns for a successful portfolio for angel investors ranges from 20 to 30%.

Corporate Social Responsibility noun : corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a business approach that contributes to sustainable development by delivering economic, social and environmental benefits for all stakeholders.

CSR is a concept with many definitions. “Social responsibility is the responsibility of an organisation for the impacts of its decisions and activities on society and the environment, through transparent and ethical behaviour that: Contributes to sustainable development, including the health and the welfare of society Takes into account the expectations of stakeholders Is in compliance with applicable law and consistent with international norms of behaviour, and Is integrated throughout the organization and practised in its relationships.” (ACCSR, 2017) The key stakeholders for corporations are generally considered to be shareholders, employees, local communities (often represented by civil society organisations), customers and suppliers. Other stakeholders such government, regulatory authorities and media are usually included in stakeholder management strategies pursued by corporations.

Development profit noun : The increase in value caused by the efforts of a developer.

The 3 common business models that developers choose from are: Develop and Hold Develop and Land Lease (or Sell) Develop, Lease-Up, then Sell Developers make a profit by receiving a Developer Fee, ROI(Return on Investment), Net Profits and Property Management Fees, though land costs, cost of money, and change orders can significantly alter the profit received.Developer fees are tied to performance, such as completing a project on time and within budget.

A model from the US has developers liable for the construction 30 years after completion.

This forces them to invest in quality detailing and products to increase the lifespan and maintain returns when they finally sell. (Steinbach, C. 1998) Deliberative not for profit noun : a group of intending owner-occupiers becomes the “proponent” of an apartment building instead of a developer and for a fixed not for profit venture.

Examples include the Nightingale Model in Melbourne, referred to in later case study.

Erfpacht ‘Leasehold’ noun : a form of lease where the lease does not end when the lessee dies (or terminates the lease).

For the lease, the landlord pays to the owner (in the case of a lease of lease, often called the sole owner ) annually, the canon . In practice, it is often found that the canon is bought at once for the entire term of the lease.

Erfpacht is often granted for a certain period of time; 49 and 99 years are the most common.

Due to the long term, a fixed canon can gradually become relatively low. The lower the canon and the longer the remaining maturity, the more valuable the right of lease.

These wildly influenced the development of their municipality. By issuing building plots in a lease and not owned, the municipality therefore benefits from the value increase.

Banks have been applying stricter rules for providing mortgages on homes on private leases since 2010.The Hague operates a new system of leasehold and ownership in April 1, 2008. The owners can buy their land at 5 percent of 55 percent of the value of the built-up land to convert ownership of the perpetual lease. For larger office buildings and business buildings that have space from 100m² and areas that do not have a current destination, the lease will continue to apply.

ExRotaprint noun : the former site of the Rotaprint printing press manufacturing plant in Berlin’s Wedding district and a unique form of ownership and self-organization.

The land is owned by two foundations that are aligned against property speculation and exclude its resale. Based on a ninety-nine-year heritable building right, ExRotaprint manages the site and is responsible for all aspects related to project development, the renting of spaces, financing, and renovation. As a nonprofit organization, ExRotaprint gGmbH is committed to the nonprofit objectives it has set out for itself. Any financial profits generated must be applied toward the preservation of the historical architectural monument and the promotion of art and culture; the syphoning off of capital from the project for other uses is excluded. It rents a third of its overall space to each area of “work, art, community.” (ExRotaprint, 2017) Government Subsidies noun : money paid by a government tohelp an organization orindustry reduce its costs, so that it can provide products orservices at lower prices (Cambridge, 2017) A subsidy typically supports particular sectors of a nation’s economy. It can assist struggling industries by lowering the burdens placed on them, or encourage new developments by providing financial support for the endeavors. Often, these areas are not being effectively supported through the actions of the general economy, or may be undercut by activities in rival economies.(Investopedia, 2017)

Funding Types Global and European

Funding Types Global and European

Philanthropy noun : voluntary giving by an individual or group to promote the common good. The origin of the word philanthropy is Greek and means love for mankind.

Value Capture noun : public financing that recovers some or all of the value that public infrastructure generates for private landowners.

Philanthropy also commonly refers to grants of money given by foundations to nonprofit organizations. Philanthropy addresses the contribution of an individual or group to other organizations that in turn work for the causes of poverty or social problems-improving the quality of life for all citizens. Philanthropic giving supports a variety of activities, including research, health, education, arts and culture, as well as alleviating poverty. (COF, 2107) This is an investment stream for many social impact investors.

Public investments, such as building transportation or sewer facilities, can increase adjacent land values, generating an unearned profit for private landowners. The unearned value (increases in land value which otherwise profit private landowners cost-free) may be “captured” directly by converting them into public revenue.

The most common value capture mechanism is the general real property tax, with no special features other than regular assessment of market value; this is because the common real estate tax includes the less known land value tax. The value of any given land is determined by its proximity to various amenities.

‘Windfall gains’ describe the uplift in housing prices due to increased amenities which often forces the existing community to move even though they were initially to benefit from the proposed upgrades to transport, infrastructure, services etc. The community land bank is a direct response to this situation.(Investopedia, 2017)

Social Impact Investing noun : to generate social impact alongside financial return.

Social impact investments can also be used to finance social services and social infrastructure. In these types of arrangements, payments are normally made based on achieving agreed social outcomes rather than on inputs or activities. Where investors are involved, they will usually expect their investment to be repaid and, potentially, to earn a return. This return is likely to depend on the level of social outcomes achieved. (Office of Social Impact Investment, 2017) Examples in Australia include Small Giants and the Impact Investment Group and Impact Ventures NL and Aqua-Spark from the Netherlands.

Stadsherstel ‘City Recovery’ City recovery is a company with a social purpose, to repair and restore historical properties in Amsterdam.

Shareholders receive a modest dividend and remaining earnings remain within the company to restore new projects. The Association of Friends of City Restoration Association, which is affiliated with the organization, employs over 2500 friends and has been supporting the restoration work of Stadsherstel for over 35 years. The organization carries out its activities with respect for monumental heritage, the environment, tenants, shareholders and other stakeholders. With a restoration turnover of an average of ten million euros a year and a possession of over 600 properties, Stadsherstel is the largest restoration organization in the Netherlands.

Tax Credit noun : a tax credit is an amount of money a taxpayer is able to subtract from taxes owed to the government.

Governments may grant a tax credit to promote a specific behavior, such as replacing older appliances with more efficient ones, or to help disadvantaged taxpayers by reducing the total cost of housing.

Tax credits are more favorable than tax deductions or exemptions, because tax credits reduce tax liability dollar for dollar. While a deduction or exemption still reduces the final tax liability, they only do so within an individual’s marginal tax rate. For example, an individual in a 15% tax bracket would save $0.15 for every marginal tax dollar deducted.

However, a credit would reduce the tax liability by the full $1.

Nonrefundable tax credits are items directly deducted from the tax liability until the tax liability equals $0. Any excess nonrefundable tax credit is not utilized, as any amount that would potentially reduce the tax liability further is not paid out. Nonrefundable tax credits negatively impact low-income taxpayers, as they are often unable to utilize the entire amount of the credit. (Investopedia, 2017)

Woongroep ‘Residential Group’ noun : a group of cohabitants who jointly perform a variety of daily, domestic issues Living groups are often confused with communes and sharing everything together. Most residential groups however there is a high level of independence for residents. These have also been combined with sharing care facilities such as living groups for senior citizens or extra care facilities for their social benefits.

Fatima (37) I am mother to five children. They were born in Surinam before we migrated three years ago to join family here.

I enjoying living in Oude West but struggle as a large family in a two bedroom apartment. The children often play on the street and the plein around the corner but I worry with the speed of cars passing!

I volunteer as a family care leader in hope to make everyone here feel safe.

Mohamed (45) I migrated with my parents from Morrocco when I was a small boy. I have grown up in Oude West and enjoy giving the same experience to my children. Close to the city’s museums and parks - it was a wonderful childhood.

I would love the opportunity to teach them the practical skills like my father did. A communal workshop to share tools and learn would be very popular I think - especially if you’re trying to learn Dutch! Everything is made overseas these days, it is important to make things with your hands too.

Arijen (12) I go to school two streets away and made it into the Lions basketball team this year. I would like more trees and grass and better play equipment for us to play on - there are too many people to share.

I’d like to play basketball in the evenings - extra lights would be great. I have a bike but I’m not able to ride it without Mum knowing. She says it’s unsafe. Maybe some bike lanes and parking would help? I wish to play outside in the evenings after school too.

Annalise (70 something) I grew up in Oude Westen, have experienced the waves of buildings and residents change, have raised a family, lost a husband and feel very close to my community.

I volunteer at Aktigrouepe to welcome new residents and offer the support just as others have shown me.

I still live in my family home but rising rents mean I can’t swap with any families who need it more. I will soon need a home on the ground floor or someone to help me up the stairs..

Aktiegroep We were given a tour of Aktigroupe Het Ouse West, the ccommunity centre. This has been well established for over 50 years and has a history on annual journals, monthly formal meetings and casual ‘cafe’ evenings (hosted by loveable drag queen Aunty Louisa!). Annalise contributes by organising the scrap book covering all social events.

The community have fought off many masterplans for the area, including the proposed university 50 years ago. Many of these were students themselves.

With only one paid member of staff her jobs are varied and include family help assistance, assisting the housing swap advisor and the daily upkeep of the centre.

She reluctantly told us the funding of the community center will soon be withdrawl dueto too many facilities in the area receieving fund so they will soon need more space for their multiple functions. She also told us about the municipality’s vision (2030) to see a ‘cleaned up’ neighbourhood of mostly private rentals. Rental rates has changed so once a resident of social housing moves they will no longer be able to afford a home in the neighbourhood and the waiting list is already too great. For someone who may soon have to move for the first time this is distressing.

Members of the Oude West neighbourhood

Oude Westen // Site

Flexible Progam

Failing Hardware; impermeable, unactive and unsafe

en // Site

Oude Westen // Site

Valuable software; diversity, community involvement and activism (Hiero community journal)

Fake

Environmental Threats Impermeability With it’s narrow streets, lack of front gardens and klarge amounts of on-street parking, all contribute to making this area one of the highest at risk of Urban Heat Island, trapping the sun’s heat over night, and of rainfall flooding.

The current garden space provided is mostly small landscaping gardens but the lack of vegetation means any water run off isn’t readily absorbed.

Combined with the aged housing stock, Oude Westen represents a neighbourhood that would quickly notice the different a green-blue network (water sensitive design and green connections).

Left, Gaffelstraat & Josephstraat, typical streetscapes with little permeable surfaces and even substituting wall paper for real parkspaces.

Image : Rotterdam’s open source data collection meant the current and projected demands of rainfall, urban heat island and sea level rise could easily be analysed.

ROTTERDAM PORT CITY

Oude Westen // Interim

1900s residential and industrial context

2017 residential and economic context

POSTERS 1970S POOR WORKING METRO - PROPOSAL INSTEAD INTERFACES CONTEXT HOMES OF& PLANTS RALLY

OUDE WESTEN gESchiEDENiS WOONWijk mET lEvENDigE gEmEENSchap

Maker Windows, 1950 & 2017

MASTERPLAN OUDE WESTEN

Oude Westen // Interim

juni 2011

Oude Westen is a community under threat of dissolution

POSTERS 1970S POOR WORKING UNDER - PROPOSAL INSTEAD INTERFACES THREAT HOMES OF& PLANTS RALLY

The city creeping in height and proximity

Current funding model, land is municipality owned and the buildings are owned by social housing providers. Rent is subsidised and fixed low land rates.

Current environmental threats, depreciating building stock and an environment for increased polarisation between community and government ‘providers’

Municipality proposal, Woonsie 2030 Selling off housings tock to private owners for increase land rates. Tenants predominently knowledge workers

Vision for a co-created Oude West responding to environmental threats, improved social interaction with new and old residents and opportunity to implement community intiatives

FUNDING FUNDING MODELS MODELS

Using access to green spaces and community network density, we used principles of the work to test key sites for interventions. Courtyard typologies and existing pocket parks encourage this.

Proposal Two : Community Land’s Trust

RE-PROGRAMMING CAR PARKING

COMMUNITY INFRASTRUTURE

TU Delft Workshop Rients Dijkstra, MAXWAN

Oude Westen // Site

SHARED EQUITY SHARED EQUITY COMMUNITY LANDS COMMUNITY TRUST LANDS TRUST

Proposal one : Shared equity or rent-to-buy

PUBLIC NETWORK This excersise formed our understanding of the current pedestrian network and community services.

Density of community networks, failing building stock and public pleins ‘plazas’ encouraging east west movement

Oude Westen // Interim

POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT SITES SANS CULTURE/HISTORY OVERLAY

CONSOLIDATED CAR PARKING Oude Westen // Site

VALUE CAPTURE

MASTER PLAN Proposed pedestrian prioritised network and housing interventions

Lofvers, M Oude Westen ownership studies Private Private/ public partnership Public building private management Public

Image Source : Sheffield Student Housing Co-operative

Image Source : Le Community Land Trust Bruxelles

Mid-Semester Feedback Willemijn Lofvers

Refining Thesis Question Comparing alternative finance models We live in an era of hypermobile people, products and knowledge. There is no longer one house for a lifetime: our neighbourhoods have fast turnover, and morphing identities to match. The majority of housing supply is reactionary, typically provided by ‘top-down’ government and private developers based on what is selling quickly city-wide—but it should be visionary, and form a unique response to each community’s evolving needs.

We demand that our housing supplies reflect this lifestyle flexibility. We demand accessible living environments that foster community, celebrate their identity and are majority rental stock. Studying the Netherland’s predominantly regionally initiated developments, and Rotterdam, its most multicultural city, will illuminate how ‘bottom-up’ developments can offer faster delivery of a local community’s needs and respond to new residents.

I intend to test two time-based masterplans of community development models to increase density on underused sites: the co-operative or community land bank, to infill or evolve existing building stock; and the deliberative development model, uniting residents by shared values to construct living environments.

How do their unique typologies, interfaces, program, and treatment of open space encourage social interaction between residents and the surrounding neighbourhood?

How can they support a flexible lifestyle that is lived throughout the community by offering a mix of housing options?

We were lucky enough to have the feedback of local architect and Oude Westen resident Willemijn Lofvers. She is passionate about the positive development of the area and has compiled studies of past proposals form the municipality and collated local knowledge from Aktigroeupen to inform more site specific approaches.

Key Terms Not consumer-generated but space-generated Generational Typology / Machiya Metabolism Resilient Communities & Social Capital

While she was interested in the development of the project she thought for such a radical change of collective living that the project must be bold and more precise. She gave the following recommendations for consideration;

Feedback - Relate more specifically to a Dutch housing context. Explore the work of flexible masterplans through practitioners such as KCAP and Studioninedots - Define difference between reactionary and speculative.

- The Dutch context could have interest in user generated housing as a reaction to systems built housing of the postwar era and the monotony and standardisation this resulted in.

-Presently a lot of Dutch ‘zelfbouw’s etc are limited to the urban elite, how can you change?

- what is the catalyst?

- who or what intiates it?

- how do you secure land?

- why would municaplity sell? Why would building corp. sell and what are their profit gains?

- people won’t collaborate unless they have to. What is the urgent threat that unites? Is it long term joint venture for value?

- how do you respond to changing needs of users? (housing requirements eg. ) - consider showing two futures side by side - how would community engagement be organised?

Further areas of consideration; - How do others present return on investment?

- How can you measure the social impact your project is proposing?

- Why have maker windows closed, what will make sure they work now?

-What flexible masterplans exist?

- How are these ventures organised?

- What is the proposed date for Woonsivie 2030?

Arki_Lab Co-Design Practice, Copenhagen Arki_lab is an interdisciplinary urban design studio – defined by strong focus on democratic processes. ‘We uncover local knowledge through our engaging tools and turn dreams into urban interventions, design and strategies. We’re securing people’s right to co-create the city and thereby developing vibrant and sustainable communities.’

ArkI_lab have developed a set of flexible user-involvement strategies called “arki_tools.”

Arki_nopoly Visualising the city as a board game makes us discuss our living environment, able to both criticise it and see its beauty.

This enables us to see our living environment as something we can influence. We create a database of citizens’ ideas and suggestions for their city, which could largely benefit us in urban development. All games and processes are recorded digitally.

Arki_collag could be used for all age groups, but its playfulness makes it most suitable for school-age children. The collage gives them a clear and almost realistic visualization of their ideas and makes it easy for them to communicate and develop their ideas.

When used with adult groups Arki_collag is a concrete starting point for discussion about different spaces. Furthermore, it enables the investors of the projects to imagine the final result and facilitate richer communication between the designers, citizens and investors.

Key Project Warwick Farm Sydney This framework - not Masterplan - is to create a vibrant, sustainable, healthy and unique urban village. Social networks are highly valued and people may stay their entire lifetime.

The colour of Warwick farm is its people. Having a humancentred focus will make this development successful. Warwick Farm needs to be urbanised and become a place where there is life on the streets at all hours, so that people feel safe and take part in the community.

Urbanizing Warwick Farm is about creating a mixed- used community, a sustainable suburb with a strong local identity.

Prioritising pedestrians and ctreets for recreation Warwick Farm Sydney 2013 - On-going

Key Findings • Position self as imtermediary to local knowledge and be humble through process • Make strategies exciting so locals engage enthusiasm with their familiar environemtn as something they can and want to contribute to • Provide neutral venue - hip city design ‘lab’ as a constant drop-in for suggestions

How to Make Collaboration Work David Straus This body of work demystifies collaboration from thirty years of practice experience. Deliberately simple these are profound principles inform a successful engagement strategy by: Engaging all stakeholders One of the biggest mistakes is unintentionally excluding key individuals or interest groups. It is far more powerful to include than exclude for long term value.

Levels of participation, engagement and empowerment Source: Victoria Auditor General’s Office, 2015, Public Participation in Government Decision Making: A Better Practice Guide

How is this applicable to Oude West?

Rotterdam municipality, impact investors, building corporations, Deltametropol, multiple community groups, current residents, future residents, future business holders (private investment), future makers (live/work renters) and the city water body.

This reveals the density of community organisations or past initiatives to connect and improve the local area.

Below indicates the range of skills already part of Oude West and how these might be used in implementing large scale interventions such as my proposal.

Influenced by research from the Compendium for the Civic Economy, 2016.

Build Consensus Phase by Phase Not to be confused with negotiating through a mediator, Wesolowska describes this as often biased through story telling or persuasion. Instead decisions need to be agreed phase by phase. Consensus building also needs a fall back plan in case agreement cannot be reached.

Design a Process Map It can be exhausting living in the middle of change but not aware how or when to engage. A process map is a visual representation of the collaborative process. It defines the order of activities and gives participants a sense of how these fit in a larger context.

Make this openly available from beginning of consultations with Oude West, as feedback could provide local entrepreneur and business intrapenur interest. (compendium for civic economy)

Designate a Process Facilitator While being a neutral leader or organiser can be difficult, it is crucial to separate process leadership from content leadership. This is done by creating a neutral role, that of facilitator, to guide the group.

HANGE

MUT L TRAN I-LINGUA L SLAT OR

By working as Oude Westerns impact investor intermediary, this gives opportunity to best communicate the financial opportunities and constraints to design for low cost, high social improvement innovations.

HOUSING EXC OFFICER

L LOCA

FAMILY TR U REPRESEN ST TATIVE

Harness the Power of Group Memory Re-think a ‘meeting’ of presentation slides and observing , instead arrange in a semicircle, apply a learning wall and designate someone as recorder. The most powerful outcome of the meeting is capturing the train of thought to record what is important and

CLIENTS WITH LONG TERM GOALS CLIENTS WITH LONG TERM GOALS

UR

PENE

INTRA

COMMUNITY CENTRE CO-ORDINATOR

Oude Westen // Interim

How is this applicable to Oude West?

Provide alternatives of public amenity intervention designs; multiple WSUD arrangements, waterpleins and WSUDS for discussion. Show proposals as sketched, not fixed.

Funding Model Illustrated 1.

Reinstate maker windows with live/work units housing social enterprising or local businesses providing ongoing community engagement. Active interfaces reprogram the public realm and offer flexibility to personalise businesses.

High rent rates also help repay loan faster.

2.

Re-structure housing stock; consolidate to offer more 3 bedroom units as per requests (Aktigrouepen interview) 3.

Provision of high end penthouses subsidises final loan repayments and ongoing improvements to the public realm. They also offer communal rooftop facilities for resident interaction.

This gives insight into phased upgrades to the public realm and possibilities of maker window interface personalisation.

Funding model illustrated to show new stakeholder engagement and my role as facilitator

en // Site COMMUNITY INFRASTRUTURE

n // Interim

PUBLIC NETWORK

SANS CULTURE/HISTORY OVERLAY

RE-PROGRAMMING CAR PARKING

CONSOLIDATED CAR PARKING POTENTIAL DEVELOPMENT SITES SANS CULTURE/HISTORY OVERLAY

Density of community activities, poor housing stock and public pleins or ‘plazas’

This network informed the initial site, Gerrit Sterkmanplein, for key interventions and upgrades to the existing housing. Pale pink represents proposals by my colleagues.

Testing density targets Consolidation before expansion Deltametropol Brief International density targets 80 dwellings per hectare or an additional 3 dwellings p/ha Equivalent to an additional 89 dwellings across our site boundary (27.1 ha) Proposal test 150-200 p/ha on key sites around public pleins

Building 1 Gerrit Sterkmanplein 39 Proposed 18 dwellings (196p/ha)

Existing 20 dwellings (218p/ha) Programme 1/2 bed (77m2)

1 398

Unused rear garden

828

Total 2 226m2

live/work (77m2) 1/2 bed (77m2) 3/4 bed pent (120m2) 3/4 bed (116m2) Public Green Roof

466 6 466 6 240 2 466 4 215

Total 1 864m2

Building 2 Gaffeldwarsstraat 23

I

II

Existing 24 dwellings (121 p/ha) Programme 3/4 bed (150m2)

2 211m2

live/work (150m2) 3/4 bed (150m2) 1/2 bed pent (85m2) Public rear garden & outdoor kitchen

Total

2 211m2

Total 2 547m2

Proposed 29 dwellings (147p/ha) = 3 additional p/ha

Building Co-operative Funding Existing Rent for two sites = 44 dwellings x € 500 p/month (half gov subsidies) = € 22 000 Proposed Phase 1 12 x live/work x € 700 p/month (€ 250 matched by government subsidies) 14 x 1/2 beds x € 500 p/month (half matched by government subsidies) 18 3/4 beds x € 500 p/month (half matched by government subsidies) = € 24 400, additional € 2 400 p/month, € 28 800 p/annum*

9 006 36 918 4 505 828m2

Proposed Phase 2 12 live/work x € 700 p/month (€ 250 matched by government subsidies) 6 1/2 beds x € 400 p/month (€ 250 matched by government subsidies) 5 1/2 beds (penthouse) x € 600 p/month 22 3/4 beds x € 500 p/month (half matched by government subsidies) 2 3/4 beds (penthouse) x € 700 p/month = € 26 200, additional € 4 200 p/month, € 50 400 p/annum* * Maintenance costs and renovation 4200?

Public intervention budget 4 200?

Profit for Building Corporations’ long term loan or social impact investor?

Participatory ecosystem

Intermediary

RE-STRUCTURING

Professional ecosystem

UNIVERSALLY ACCESIBLE

MAKER WINDOWS

INTERFACES BIKE INFRASTRUCTURE

HOUSING

AKTIGROUEPEN

FLEXIBLE PAVING

PARKLETS

PENT HOUSES

WIJKPELIS WORKSHOP

CAR SHARE SYSTEM

Intermediary

COMMUNAL SPACES

STREETS

INVESTOR Participatory ecosystem

HOUSE SWAPS

WSUDS

Professional ecosystem

RE-STRUCTURING MAKER WINDOWS

LIGHTING WATERPLEINS

SQUARES

UNIVERSALLY ACCESIBLE INTERFACES

HOUSING

BIKE INFRASTRUCTURE

Co-creation SHARE SHEDS

PARKLETS

FURNITURE SWAPS

FLEXIBLE PAVING WIJKPELIS WORKSHOP

CAR SHARE SYSTEM INVESTOR

Co-Creation Tree Re-framing designer as intermediary

STREETS WSUDS

AKTIWONEN

Could this understanding of community engagement be a physical service instead of a volunteer role at Aktigroepe once a week?

A physical gesture to the community through maker window initiative by providing an Aktiwonen (Active Living) ‘Store’.

It would re-instate design as a civil service for the community with open door policy for feedback and recommendations. Perhaps with 24/7 feedback wall for note writing in addition to the Beter Brueter phone app for public space clean-ups and recommendations.

Also serves important monitoring role to determine the success of impact investment and social impact; monitoring quantitative liveability, evaluation and valuation, future loan applications and open door design service.

It serves to assist individuals and businesses to write applications for social investments based on monitoring and metrics used in-house (more detail provided in ‘Monitoring and Metrics’ later chapter) Make the process transparent; a flexible and fun activity engaging the community having it feel like the neighbourhood can be constructed together.

Once a budget for community upgrades exists it could be viewed in a public space, workshopped and voted on quarterly How could this service and my role create opportunities for co-creation physically?

LIGHTING SQUARES

WATERPLEINS

Co-creation SHARE SHEDS

AKTIWONEN

Hijacking principles of cocreation for specific intermediary role in Oude West. Principal research via Accession Social Interprise, 2015, Designed to Scale

FURNITURE SWAPS

Gerrit Sterkmanplein Original Site

Gerrit Sterkmanplein Car Network & Cycle Infrastructure Prioritising pedestrians by re-organising the street layout.

Redefine nature of straight, one way streets for traffic calming winding streets. Alternating betweening left and right hand parking and landscaping bays.

Car parking spaces are reduced and replaced by electric & electric car share parking bays. Residents encouraged to resell cars or consolidate private vehicles to two major parking hubs (north and south of site).

Any assistance in applying for private electric vehicle funding or charging stations apply to Aktiwonen.

Businesses are given opportunity to use neighbouring park bay as ‘parklet’ for shop overspill if conform to water capture principles.

Clearly defined intersections where street meets pedestrian prioritised network. Here, uneven cobbles are used to slow.

On-street electric charging stations provided.

Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUDS) scheme to capture road and roof run off by filtering through permeable landscaping. (Cloudburst precedent) Better provision of street lighting Increasing cycle infracture; roads wide enough for one way car traffic and two cycleways. Additional bike parking.

Environmental and social impact indicators • Pollution Prevention (C02 p/household & p/ vehicle) • Improvements to the local area

Carsharing & Electric Vehicles European Precedents and Subsidies Carsharing is generally not cost-effective for commuting to full-time employment on a regular basis. Most carsharing advocates, operators, and cooperating public agencies believe that those who do not drive daily or who drive less than 10,000 kilometers (about 6,200 statute miles) annually may find carsharing to be more cost-effective than car ownership.[19] Occasional use of a shared vehicle costs significantly less than car ownership and makes automobile use more accessible to low-income households. The success of carsharing programs depends on providing consumers with “better mobility or sufficient mobility at reduced cost.” [1] Owning an automobile incurs may sunk costs independent of how much the car is driven (such as depreciation on the original purchase, insurance, registration and maintenance). People who have joined carsharing tend to sell either their primary, secondary, or another off-hand car, after using the service. This reduces their cost of transportation per month by an average of $135 – $435.

City Car Club Established in 2000 City Car Club is one of the oldest and largest providers in UK. Upon joining, members are issued with a smartcard (or their city transport card), a membership number and four-digit PIN. Bookings can done over the phone and extended via inbuilt computer databases. The company acquired two of its competitors in 2009 serving a customer basis of 500 cars between 20 000 members.

At a city scale, in Liverpool 7 cars were shared between 200 customers. (28-40 people per vehicle) In 2008 the fleet could house wheelchair facilities.

Momo Car-Sharing An Intelligent Energy Europe (IEE) project intended to promote a sustainable mobility culture supporting various transport options aside from car ownership. It has a total budget of €2.7 million and is 50% co-financed by the European Union.

The project acronym momo stands for more options for energy efficient mobility through Car-Sharing.

The City of Bremen – project coordinator – was selected with its Car-Sharing system as “Urban Best Practice” for its ability to achieve sustainability targets by engaging all stakeholders: local authorities and Car-Sharing providers, public transport providers, energy agencies and research facilities.

The project visions the following results: • more than 20,000 new Car-Sharers and 6,000 vechicles • Replace 10 private cars for every car-sharing vehicle provided • Reduce the energy consumption of car-sharing vehicles by between 7gCO2/km and 25gCO2/km per vehicle and achieve a 10% reduction in fuel consumption as a result of driver training. [2] • Replace 3,500 private cars and gain free space due to less parking spaces needed • Acquire new regions where no Car-Share is present at the moment, with a special focus on Ireland, Finland and Greece [3] 1.

2.

3.

4.

Shaheen, S et al. 2015 European Commision, 2014 Dravecka, P. 2015 Rotterdam Electric, 2015

Rotterdam Initiatives • In 2014 the municipal fleet had 25% electric vehicles. The new challenge is to increase the whole municipal fleet by 25% clean vehicles by 2018. The tank-to-

Investigation into changing on-street parking, incorporating electric car shares and creating traffic calming opportunities

wheel results showed that the electric vehicles reduced direct CO2 emissions by 67 per cent and particulate emissions by up to 20 per cent.

•

• •

•

Companies, organisations and owners of an electric vehicle parked on private property (such as a garage) can apply for a grant towards the purchase of electric charging station equipment, up to a maximum of € 1000 per station. City of Rotterdam has put together the manual ‘EV stations in car parks’.

Owners of an electric vehicle unable to be parked on own property can apply to the City of Rotterdam to have a public charging station provided.

Reduced tax rates for electric and semi-electric vehicles. Private ownership of a car is taxed at a reduced rate in accordance with certain CO2-emission criteria whatever its fuel system. If a vehicle (no matter how it is fuelled) emits no more than 50 grams of CO2 per kilometre, the owner is exempt from road tax.

Can apply for grant for a public station or with share car provider for communal charging stations. [4]

Recommendations for Oude West: • 3-10 car-share members per car • Currently 885 in Oude West, 89 - 221 cars to replace existing.

• 151 currently provided and allows for phasing of more parklets and WSUDS. • Most provide provision for fixed return spots. This is to ensure fleets are kept local and accessible • Use City Car Club model for a universal access fleet • Apply for grants for public charging stations and upgrade car provisions for electric vehicles.

Research Report Street Water Management Cloud Burst

Cloudburst Solutions in Copenhagen

Following a 2011 major rainfall, or Cloudburst, that caused approximately USD $1 billion of damage, Copenhagen took bluegreen solutions very seriously.

Engaging all stakeholders, a cost-benefit analysis was conducted on the 10km2 catchment and concluded that the potential of implementing a surface-first approach to mitigating Cloudbursts Preamble over solely pipe-based systems reduced investment costs by over $200 million.

As cities around the world focus on mitigation measures and reducing carbon emissions to implement the Paris Declaration and meet the ambition of the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21), C40 At a minor scale this resulted in 300 citywide pilot projects, the incorporation of flood management design guidelines within convenes the first conference to examine adaptation measures to complement mitigation measures. local developer requirements, and the testing of the Copenhagen This report shares lessons learnt from Copenhagen in managing stormwater challenges with Cloudburst Formula applicability throughout Europe, the Americas, cloudburst solutions. and Asia.

Making Copenhagen Climate-Resilient

WSUD Funding Availble for Oude Westen • Neighbourhood at most serious risk flooding and urban heat island effect in Rotterdam In July 2011, Copenhagen was hit by a devastating cloudburst, where 150mm of rainwater flooded • Using Benthemplein Waterplein funding as precedent; 1m2 = € 1 000 cellars, streets, and major roads in less than three hours. This set the political impetus to change • (1 703m3 stored for 36hrs, first flush to sewage) national legislation to focus on adaptation strategies. In the same year, the city unveiled the Climate • Currently, 607m3 possible water capture however predicted Adaptation Plan that combines surface, sewer-based solutions, and strategies to retain and drain to rise; • 1 518m3 in 1 hour (100yr surge = 50mm) water. The combined solutions consist of a network of parks, cloudburst boulevards (or streets) to • 3 036m3 in 1 day (100yr surge = 100mm) channel stormwater (Figure 1) and retention zones to delay water flow.

• Equates to € 6 000 - 30 000 for potential waterplein installations Bloemkwerkerstraat

Figure 1: Cloudburst boulevards are used

-

Walk

-

Two

Cycleways

-

1

Drive

-

Planter

-

Walk

-

to channel and direct cloudburst water through unique designs such as a V-shaped profile and raised kerbs to ensure water flows

STREET SYSTEMS

in the middle of the road, away from the buildings.

— Source: “Copenhagen Cloudburst Plans,” Ramboll in Brief, 20 April 2016, https://acwi.gov/climate_wkg/ minutes/Copenhagen_ Cloudburst_Ramboll_ April_20_2016%20(4).pdf

Proposal for typical street intervension, prioritising pedestrian

Cloudburst Water Management Design Arki_Lab Source: Wei Ping, M. 2016 1

Athis-Mons Atelier VongDC

Donnybrook Quarter Peter Barber Architects

Gerrit Sterkmanplein Maker Windows

Gerrit Sterkmanplein Housing Restructure

Providing Live/Work Spaces, prioritising social enterprises and local initiatives Upgrades to building interfaces Flexible transition to the public realm Aktiwonen ‘Store’ • • • • • •

Environmental and social impact indicators Improvements to the Local Area Employment Generation Income/productivity Growth Generate funds for the Community Equality and Empowerment

Alongside are examples of local talent that is currently restricted to temporary exhibition spaces. These would be wonderful candidates to consider relocating to the maker windows in Oude Westen and have their art and skills on display.

Providing greater housing mix. Greater provision of 1 bedroom and 3 bedroom units for social housing and integrating high end private homes Provision of communal facilities; using the Commons example; shared roof top, kitchen, laundry and gardens Allow tenants to swap to units that better suit their needs service to be held in Aktiwonen.

Nanny-Z-Stardust

Mode Oude West

Environmental and social impact indicators • Affordable Housing (and choice) • Human rights protection • Equality and Empowerment

Gerrit Sterkmanplein Pent Houses and Subsidies Providing high end pent houses for knowledge workers Expanding to meet density target of 3 additional houses per hectare Benefitting from close proximity to the city, views of the skyline and living in a vibrant neighbourhood and sharing experiences through communal spaces High end rental / ownership rates subsidise upgrades to the public realm, building maintenance and continuation of funding model.

Environmental and social impact indicators • Affordable Housing (and choice) • Human rights protection • Equality and Empowerment

Gerrit Sterkmanplein Public Realm Upgrades Water Management Waterpleins (Studio Vaulkan precedent) Aktiwonen to co-ordinate funding with Rotterdam City Water for funding opportunities for water capture.

Environmental and social impact indicators Water resource management Improvements to the local area

Athis-Mons Atelier VongDC

Donnybrook Quarter Peter Barber Architects

Increased Green Increased canopy Analysis used to determine what types of green space (urbanwild) and species Species to encourage biodiversity Environmental and social impact indicators Biodiversity Conservation (and expansion) Reducing Urban Heat Island Affect

Public Play Public furniture from workshop collaboration (Studio NO) (Studio DOFA)(Museumplatz Vienna) Share sheds provided at major pleins Play equipment upgrades, prioritised to where communal spacesspill out into public realm. See primary school by De Gaffel.

Pop-up parklets (DOGA/AHO Urbane Grendehus) Environmental and social impact indicators Improvements to the local area

Waterplein Studio Vulkan Arki_lab is an interdisciplinary urban design studio – defined by strong focus on democratic processes. We uncover local knowledge through our engaging tools and turn dreams into urban interventions, design and strategies. We’re securing people’s right to co-create the city and thereby developing vibrant and sustainable communities.’

for them to communicate their ideas and develop them further.

With adult groups this is a concrete starting point for discussion about different spaces. Furthermore, it enables the investors of the projects to imagine the final result and makes the communication between the designers/ citizens and the investors much easier.

They have developed a set of flexible user-involvement strategies called “arki_tools.”

Key Project Warwick Farm Sydney

Arki_nopoly Visualising the city as a board game makes us discuss our living environment, criticize it and see its beauty. It enables us to see our living environment as something we can have an influence on. We create a database of citizens’ ideas and suggestions for their city, which could largely benefit us in urban development. All games and processes are recorded digitally.

Arki_collag could be used for all age groups, but its playfulness makes it most suitable for the schoolage children. Giving them a clear and almost realistic visualization of their ideas, the collage makes it easier

This framework - not Masterplan - is to create a vibrant, sustainable, healthy and unique urban village where the value of all social networks are high and people want and can stay for their whole lifetime.

The color of Warwick farm is its people. A human focus is what will make this development successful. Warwick Farm, needs to be urbanized and become a place where there is life on the streets at all hours, so that people feel safe and take part in the community.

Urbanizing Warwick Farm is about creating a mixedused community, a sustainable suburb with a strong local identity.

Conceptual Design Prioritising pedestrian activity and provision for places to play and places to stay

Benthemplein Waterplein DE URBANISTEN This multi-activity public space sits in the heart of Rotterdam - it formed one of our site visits and Studio ZUS shed more light on the project. It marks the municipality implementing green-blue networks trhroughout the city to mitigate climate change stress.

It works via three basins to collect rain water: two undeep basins for the immediate surroundings will receive water whenever it rains, one deeper basin receives water only when it consistently keeps raining. Here the water is collected from the larger area around the square.

WSUD Funding Available Area at most serious risk flooding and urban heat island effect in Rotterdam Using Benthemplein Waterplein funding as precedent: 1m2 = â‚Ź 1 000 (1 703m3 stored for 36hrs, first flush to sewage)Currently, 607m3 possible water capture however predicted to rise; 1 518m3 in 1 hour (100yr surge = 50mm) 3 036m3 in 1 day (100yr surge = 100mm)Equates to â‚Ź 6 000 30 000 for potential waterplein installations

Rainwater that falls on the square runs via large stainless steel gutters over it, into the basins. When its dry, these places are fit for everybody; for skating, running, playing and sitting. The deep basin is a true sports pit, as well as a theatre to see and be seen. All that can flood is painted in shades of blue. All that transports water is shiny stainless steel.

Studio ZUS were also able to shed light on the funding available to designers implementing water catchment schemes.

Benthemplein Waterplein Source : DE URBANISTEN, 2014

Green Network The city as park Following our introduction to the green-blue network through TU Delft workshops, Rotterdam we developed concept diagrams to explain Oude Westen’s role in ‘plugging in’ to this network.

This diagram explores Oude West amongst a range of green experiences, from pocket parks, allotment initiatives, neighbouring ‘singles’ and larger parks of the zoo and Vrosenpaark. These are within a 10 minute cycle,the larger highlighted circle on the neighbouring map.The smaller circle represents a 1 km walk from the centre of Oude West or a 20 minute walk.

The central plein of Gerrit Sterkmanplein, and site one of this study clearly marks half way between the east and west singles and the new street WSUDS create biodiversity corridors running north south.

Originally Rotterdam’s was planned as a ‘city within the landscape’, with large areas of green protected between cities. Now the view is of ‘landscape within the city’.

This stresses the importance of micro green initiatives to create connections across and through Rotterdam.

Studies have found biodiversity thrives in cities (Green Network, 2016), particularly wild flowers and their attraction to nutrient poor soil. These are a great opportunity for brownfield sites. Once the soil regains nutrients more established species can be planted.

Rotterdam’s Urban Green and nearby Groen Network initiated by residents through community centre Wijkpleis. This clearly shows the green buffer around Rotterdam

Oude West Framework Community Land’s Trust My research has developed into a re-viewing my role as a communicator of local knowledge to engage relevant stakeholders to help fund these proposals.

Aligning with a social impact investor, like Impact Investing NL demands a rigour to the monitoring and evaluation of the improved liveability of Oude Westen; through improvements to affordable housing and mix, providing local employment opportunities, increased density for increased ‘knowledge worker’ influx and improvements to the public realm.

This framework creates subsidies for social and environmental improvements and realises the community aspirations, independance from municipality support services and investor return on investment. A success for each stakeholder.

Density : Electric Carshare On-street Parking : Tree canopy: Pedestrian prioritised street network Site One: Total Neighbourhood: C02 reduction: WSUDS: Water Collected:

Additional 3 p/ha (International Target Delta Met.) 150, 6 between residents with private vehicles now 50% increase +2 940m2 +13 484m2 1057-3775 p/vehicle 107gm/km Reduced CO2 emissions by 67 per cent + 14 180m2 reclaimed car space 3 036 m3

Current streetscape off Gerrit Sterkmanplein and Gaffelstraat

Impression of Aktiwonen store on Gerrit Sterkmanplein.

Window seat provides access to view neighbourhood model and feedbck wall hung by entrance.

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Public

Current interface off Gerrit Sterkmanplein

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Semi-private

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Proposed interface off Gerrit Sterkmanplein housing Aktiwonen store

Interface Study Interactions with public realm These sections compare the current impermeable and very inactive interfaces with possible variations utlising tilt-and-turn windows and flexible paving in different variations. Proposals provided are by a budding florist, bicycle co-operative.

Providing the same hardware but allowing user determining creates rhythm to the new pedestrian street, Gafflestraat. See impression overleaf.

Initial details for interaction spaces and possible flexible paving inspired by Hertzberger’s Diagoon Houses Private

Semi-private

Public

Private

Semi-private

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Current Gerrit Sterkmanplein

Impression of Gerrit Sterkmanplein upgrades.

Waterpleins for basketball and meeting pool. Public space by primary school is programmed for early years play space.

Monitoring & Valuation IRIS IRIS is a monitoring and metrics toolbox as part of the Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN). Impact investing is growing as such a fast rate that an international standard has been developed so all investors are using the same data for measuring social, environmental and financial benefits. This makes it far easier to measure and manage financial returns on investments.

This thesis framework proposes implementing a social impact investor to provide employment for social enterprises, local businesses and upgrades to the public realm. Acting as facilitator for funding applications, monitoring, evaluating and valuing the social gains, Aktiwonen has employed the relevant IRIS monitioring sets.

Methods & Metrics Social Impact Objectives Social Impact Objectives (IRIS OD 6247) • Affordable Housing (& greater rental choice) • Employment Generation • Income / Productivity Growth • Equality & Empowerment (Quantitative) • Generate funds for community development (Qualitative) • Improvement in local area (Quantitative) Environmental Impact Objectives (IRIS OD 4108) • Biodiversity Expansion (Qualitative) • Pollution Prevention (Qualitative) • Private motor vehicle reduction (Qualitative)

Affordable Housing (& increased mix) Additional housing provided from resident consultation and Aktigroeupe Housing representative • live/work social • ½ bed high end • 3/4 bed high end • 3/4 bed social Employment Generation Income / Productivity Growth • Site one; provides 6 live/work units.

Mininum of 6 additional jobs and income rise. These figures vary as does not dictate employee size, this number could rise, however business must be a social enterprise or offer on-going community benefits

Improvements to the local area Conduct residential interviews making note of impact of; WSUDS, waterplein, street furniture, share shed Engagement and Empowerment ‘Empowerment; making state institutions more responsive to poor people Removing Social barriers Buidling social institutions and social capital’ World Development Report (WDR) 2001 Q Methodology (Stephenson, W. 1953) Small sample group covering all minority groups and locally relevant situations. Maximum 40 participants makes for manageable consultation size. Applied to quantitative topics for qualitative measure. (Narayan et al. 2000) Measure increased density of social networks and associations Provision of lifts in residential blocks Generate funds for community development What percentage of rent re-payments is put towards public realm upgrades?

How could this increase post loan repayments?

Methods & Metrics Environmental Impact Objectives

Methods & Metrics Environmental Threat Reduction

Biodiversity Conservation (and expansion) Original canopy preserved and increased (m2) and landscaping provided (m2) Do species planted correlate to recommendations from Groen Network? Y/N What are the reduced distances between green spaces provided and original (see green network analysis)

Urban Heat Island Effect Air temperatures; Follow a consistent protocol for the location of monitors, the height and direction of sensors, shielding from sunlight, and other key factors that may influence recorded temperatures. For example, rooftops are a popular location for air temperature monitors, but recorded temperatures could be inaccurate if the monitors are too close to heating, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment on the roof.

Surface Temperatures; Ground-based thermal sensing (e.g., using hand-held instruments) Engage with existing data monitors (weather stations and other monitoring networks) to identify areas with information gaps in neighbourhood Place sites in ‘common’ open, well used spaces general study

Pollution Prevention C02 reduction from transitioning from a private vehicle to car share (per vehicle and per household) Private motor vehicle reduction Number of private cars swapped for car share

Image source : IRIS

Water Resource Management Measure max m3 water collected with current and future standard and 100 year flood analysis Current rainfall, 607m3 Predicted to rise; 1 518m3 in 1 hour (100yr surge = 50mm) 3 036m3 in 1 day (100yr surge = 100mm) Equates to € 6 000 - 30 000 for potential water infrastructure if can accomodate Measure max m3 amount harboured, this amount is subsidised by Rotterdam Water and crucial for collection.

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