Chao Praya Flood Plain
Bangkok
Bangkok Noi Flood Shelter Providing living and temporary shelter for a flooded Bangkok Noi District in 2050. Sirisan Nivatvongs Unit 22 - Izaskun Chinchilla & Carlos Jimenez
Site
Overview
Originally, “Bangkok” referred to a village in the area that today roughly corresponds to the neighbourhoods of Bangkok Noi. This vast district consists of the entire west bank of the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. After the sack of Ayutthaya in 1767, General Phraya Taksin made Thonburi the new capital of Siam for a chief period of time. It is hard to believe this was once the country’s capital, as the district is devoid of the grand structures seen in other former capitals. In fact, Thonburi stayed relatively isolated from Bangkok, and for centuries was an agricultural land filled with canals and fruit orchards. The traditional Thai way of life on the canals still exists here, as do the floating vendors and orchard farms.
[4]
Ba
[5]
ng
ko
k
No
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an
al
Ch a
oP
hra
ya
Riv
er
[6]
[1]
The original condition of Chao Phraya at the Bangkok Noi district.
A new route was created so that travellers would not have to take the longer way round the river.
The great river gradually reduced in size as more people migrated into the district.
[2]
[3]
[1] Khao Mao Community. Home district to Mao rice makers. A local delicacy of rice that requires only water to cook. No heat is needed. [2] Bangkok Noi adandoned railway station. Contains several old and rare Japanese steam trains. The station is no longer in use. [3] Ban Bu community. The only makers of Stone set bronze bowls in Thailand. [4] A small narrow canal backwater of the district. Local children frequently play in them. [5] Along the Bangkok Noi canal. On a concrete foot path enclosed by iron bars, locals restaurants spill out accros the path, making it a great place to converse. [6] The Royal Barge. Used in the Royal Barge procession, a ceremony of both religious and royal significance which has been taking place for nearly 700 years.
Chapter 1 Introduction Site Analysis
So mi uthw d-M e ay st M - m on id- soo Oc n W tob in er d
“Site Weather Patterns and Relevant Context”
d in ry W rua n b oo -Fe s d on i M r-m t s e ea b tr h cto No id-O m
N
Plan showing key climate conditions
Keys Sunpath
x
Prevailing Wind Site Boundary Bangkok Noi District
Map of Bangkok Districts
Area Prone to Flooding 0.2 -0.5 m in 2011 1.0 - 1.5 m in 2011 Tidal Flow
Site Bangkok Noi
12 3 14 0 Annual Rain Days
Rainy
Summer
Winter
Precipitation and Storm run offs from the North, Northeast and Central Planes
18 0 20 8
10 125 0
95
2 10 85
“Precipitation Projection for 2050”
North
West East
02 29 6
26 04 13 72
Annual Rain Days
Rainy
Summer
32 4 36 9
63
3 38 4
12
Winter
South
Average from 1985- 2011 (East + West Coast) Projected in 2050
11 3 12 9 Annual Rain Days
Rainy
Summer
Winter
12 144 1 18 7 21 3
90
3 10 30
Oceans rising
13 1 15 0 Annual Rain Days
Rainy
Summer
10
85 12 37
Average from 1985- 2011 Projected in 2050
11 7 13 3 Annual Rain Days
Rainy
Summer
In 2050 precipitation levels are expected to rise. Here I used the average of precipitation level rise in the past 50 years to create a constant, which is approximately 1.14. I multiplied the current precipitation levels with this number to formulate an approximate prediction of the precipitation level for 2050.
21 4 24 4
• By the 2050s, freshwater availability in Central, South,East and South-East Asia, particularly in large river basins, is projected to decrease. • Coastal areas, especially heavily populated megadelta regions in South, East and SouthEast Asia, will be at greatest risk due to increased flooding from the sea and, in some megadeltas, flooding from the rivers. • Climate change is projected to compound the pressures on natural resources and the environment associated with rapid urbanisation, industrialisation and economic development. • Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal disease primarily associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise in East, South and South-East Asia due to projected changes in the hydrological cycle.
Ocean Rise
72 82
Asia
Subsidence
Winter
River Run-off
Winter
18 218 4 25 0 28 6
14 17 16 15
Average from 1985- 2011 Projected in 2050
Average from 1985- 2011 Projected in 2050
North East
Central
6
Average from 1985- 2011 Projected in 2050
Precipitation Projection
“Future Unexpected Weather Conditions�
The frequency of tropical cyclones moving through Thailand during 61 years (1951 - 2011)
North North-East Central East
Total
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
South
Unexpected Weather Conditions According to data from the Meteorological Department of Thailand, rainfalls have become more unpredictable. The wet season has become wetter, and the dry season drier. There have been more flooding and flash flooding from huge downpours, and more drought and shortage outside the monsoon season. The Himalayan glaciers which feed all the great rivers of Asia, including the Mekong and Salween are already melting. As this gets worse, the river flow will initially increase, contributing to floods. After that, the flow will reduce, worsening off-season droughts. In the last 30 years, number of hurricanes or cyclones category 4 and 5 has doubled.
This data shows that the flooding caused by land subsidence in Thailand is inevitable. The best people can do is to try to anticipate the flood and to be prepared to live with the floods, both when the floods are beneficial and when they are harmful.
Showing height above Sea Level, Showing the water level rise during and Flood Barrier the 2011 flooding 1.0 - 1.5 m above sea level 0.5 - 1.0 m above sea level Less than 0 m Flood Barrier Site
0.2 - 0.5 m flood 1.0 - 1.5 m flood 1.5 - 2.0 m flood Site
Conclusion Constant x 1.14 for precipitation Hurricane Cyclone doubles Subsidence 3.0 m lower Ocean rise 32 cm - combined with tidal waves
Site
Along Bangkok Noi Canal (before a flood) Approximately 350 people in the comminuty
ple
m ara
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a uw
Usage of these sites and existing infrastructure as the sites for architectural implementation to serve the community.
Wat Thong Canal flushes into Bangkok Noi canal
S
e
Charan Saniwong Bridge
W at
er
Wat Thong Canal
Boat storage for the Royal Barge Museum
pip
t, es k w r s ko ue ang rive n i t a B y n co gh ra al hrou o Ph n Ca s t ha Derelict Building oi ard to C N Site w n k ko own ck i g a d n Ch Ba cles nal b ara nS cir i Ca Su an an Ya iwo ng int Luan oB g Ro an Can ad gk ok al flu No sh i C es an al Old Bangkok Noi Railway Garage
Bangkok Noi Canal intersects with Chao Phraya River
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Ba iC
No a an l
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Bang Khun Non Station approx 1 km away
BTS Skytrain orange extension line running through Bangkok Noi. Possible intersection with purple MRT line MRT purple extension line through Bangkok Noi to Bang Khun Non station
Site
Along Bangkok Noi Canal (flood) Approximately 1/4 of the population will move away from their homes
The Phr weste into aya, B rn sid e une the p angko has an kN xpe rote et o c cte d h ted ar i cana work o eav e l y ra as ins s prev f dyke ent s ide infa ll, th the ing fl along oo th ese dyk pro es. B ding e Cha f ved o ro u ine t due m flo win ffec to t g he tive in 2 011 .
ple
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Water pumps
Flood Water Western Bangkok 50 million cubic metres
Insufficient warnings were given to allow enough time to prepare for a flood. Most move to stay with family in a highrise or an unaffected part of the country.
Boa
t st
People with fears of losing their car to the water, park their vehicle on the bridges, blocking the route causing traffic
Wat Thong Canal
Water pumps
Ch
ara
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an
iwo
ng
ora
ge f Bar or the ge R Mu oyal seu m
Charan Saniwong Bridge
Ro
ad
m .0
m 1.
5
-2
.5
cm
-1
0
00
1.
-1
51
21
-5
0
cm
The discharge capacity in West Bangkok is 32 million cubic metres per day
ko ng
Ba k
BTS Skytrain will still run during a flood
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No Bangkok has been struggling to divert floodwater out of the city because its water drainage system was developed mainly for handling localised flooding caused by heavy rainfall, not massive run-offs from the North. Since then, canals and tunnels have been dug, retention ponds designated, and pump stations constructed to help drain the water. The water drainage system is based on a polder system, where dykes are built around the city, and floodwaters are directed to the sea by pumps, water drainage canals and tunnels. Flood effect on Bangkok Noi
MRT will be unoperational. All station entrances have been designed 1m above ground with regards to flooding. Flood gates prevents water from affecting the stations.
Site
Thailand’s Forecast Warning System
DDPM
TMD
Currently weather data is gathered hourly, however in the projected future, these recordings would be recorded automatically. Abnormal rainfal would be alerted to Thailand’s Meteorological Department HQ (TMD).
TMD cross-checks the validity of the warning and shares information with Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation (DDPM). DDPM cross checks information with other agencies (i.e. regional river management authorities, and offices, etc)
CIC
DDPM notifies warning and actions for regional and district level disaster coordinating councils as well as local DDPM offices. Climate Information Centre (currently does not exist) will also updated information as well as relaying information to HQ.
Currently warning is disseminated to community members and preparations are made. But what needs to be done is to establish a real-time line of communication to community members.
Bangkok has been struggling to divert floodwater out of the city because its water drainage system was developed mainly for handling localised flooding caused by heavy rainfall, not massive run-offs from the North. Since then, canals and tunnels have been dug, retention ponds designated, and pump stations constructed to help drain the water. The water drainage system is based on a polder system, where dykes are built around the city, and floodwaters are directed to the sea by pumps, water drainage canals and tunnels. This pictures detail the severity of what Bangkok had to endure during the 2011 flooding. 16 billion m3 of water flowed from the upstream provinces through Bangkok over one month. On a large scale, the flood walls and water pump directed the water sucessfully to the gulf. However, due to late warnings, delayed reactions to the weather pattern, many people lost their homes and were forced to relocate to relief centres. The images above showed some of the government attempts to provide temporary shelter.
Program Analysis
Disaster prevention and learning centre: water rescue, fire fighting, first aid
Provide medical assistance
Providing temporary shelter
For communities at high flood risk, trial preparedness, warnings and response through testing
Distribution of food and water supply
Vehicles had to be adandoned
Pulling together through hardship
Militery and Government officials organise relief efforts
Flooding along Chao Phraya
Food and water are limited
Some locals were left with no choice but to deal with the floodings themselves
Disaster
Preparedness
Response
Rehabilitation / Construction Prevention/ Mitigation
My proposal is to create a Flood Shelter. It will include a permanent structure as well as temporary ones. During a flood, it will provide shelter and supply for its inhabitants. As well as being a hub for emergency supply for other locals. After a flood it will provide those whos home are in need of repair , a place to stay, helping them make the transition easier. A workshop will also be set up in the permanent structures to educate, train decision makers and the public to be able to respond to future warnings.
Site
Bangkok Noi My proposal will appropriate three typologies of structures, the highway bridge, and the old adandoned Bangkok Noi railway station. [1] The old railway tracks runs through the neighbourhood and have a generous reach into local lives. [2] The old Bangkok Noi railway store keeps several old Japanese steam trains. This space will be used as the HQ for my proposal. [3] A panoramic view of the garage and outside. [4] A panoramic view of the bridge, community and railway garage
[1]
1
[3]
[4]
[2]
Site
Ba
ng
St Poli o s As ne A hed so rti cia sa tio n n
ko
kN
oi
Ca
na
l
Boat
Store
for R
oyal
Barg
e Mu
seum
Wa To ng Te ng Ma mple rk et Suw
an Tem naram Sch ple ool
gko
k No
i Ca
nal
Arun Amarin Bridge
Ban
Nava lT Depa ransport ation rtmen t
Bangkok No
i Canal
Arun Amarin
Road
Thon Buri Railway Station Sutthawat Templ
e
“Seasonal Changes to Building Timeline�
*This projection is based on the worst possible outcome. i.e. Cyclone combined with unprecedented precipitation and tidal waves, likely to occur every 3 - 5 years.
Bangkok Noi District Phra Nakorn District
Bangkok Yai District
Building is attached on to the brige/ public infrastructure. During the months of recovery it provides assistance in the rehab and resonstruction stages for the community.
Hydro energy collected from river flow and tides all year round
Each municipality is responsible for the maintenance and operation of their own buildings.
DRY SEASON
December November January Febuary March
Hydro energy is still collected. River tides maybe stronger, as precipitation causes higher water levels to flow to the gulf.
Construction of homes onto bridge structure begins in the rainy season. Precipitation each year is unstable, therefore only people who are affected may be in need of the building.
Some slight inundation may occur in flat plain areas and small canals. Preparation for the flood seasons begins.
A constant update provides locals with live update on the developement of cyclones and incoming flood.
RAINY SEASON
April May June July August
+
The accumulation of hydroenergy is used during the months of flooding to assist those in need. People move into their designated home. The building will provide necessities for those living there and also those whos homes were unaffected.
FLOOD SEASON
September October November
“Effect of Flood on Local Community�
+
+ All residents to evacuate
7.0 m
6.0 m
[D]
Scenario [A]
- Flood 4 m high - Requires evacuation of approximately 190 people
Scenario [B]
- Flood 5.0 m high - Requires evacuation of approximately 353 people
Scenario [C]
- Flood 6.0 m high - Requires evacuation of approximately 429 people
Scenario [C]
- Flood 7.0 m high - Requires evacuation of approximately 487 people
[C]
5/9
Unaffected or Non Residential
+
5.0 m
[B]
The Danish Hydrological Institute (DHI) estimates that the return period of the floods to be above the 100-year threshold, though the estimate is not specific. The estimation is based on the observed peak levels of water at different stations in Chao Phraya River Basin. At the moment, there are no fully developed commercial vendor models availiable to assess potential insured losses from the flood risk in Thailand. Station
6 4/9
7/14 5/20
8
3/6
3/9
6/12 5/12
8
5/12
6
5
16
7/16 12
15
17 12
15
13
5/18
12
11
13 12
15
5/11 12
2
7/15 9/15
Observed Peaks
2011
Estimated Return Period (Years)
1983
1995
2.0
5.0
10.0
25.0
50.0
Ayutthaya
4.7
5.1
5.9
3.4
4.1
3.7
5.1
5.4
5.6
Bank Sai
3.1
N/A
4.2
2.6
3.1
3.4
3.7
3.8
4.0
Pakret
2.2
2.6
3.2
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.9
3.0
3.1
Peak Water Levels Recorded on the Chao Phraya River in meters above mean sea level, estimated return periods
8/24
9/22
6
7
6/18
10
8
10
5
6
8
9
4
6/12
7
8
6
12/25
11
6 6/12
17
12
9
6/11
4/9
9/17
17/35 15
11
8 17
8
11 6/12
6 12/19
3 8
5
8 6 6
5
5
6
8
10
8
+
4.0 m
[A]
100.0
Proposal
1
This stage represents the situation under normal circumstances; ie no threat from flooding.
“People are back home but some find themselves with no home to go to, or left with an empty damaged home�.
2
Flooding occurs and the building is constructed next to a public highway bridge along the river. People affected make their journey from their homes to make this their new temporary home.
3
The flooding dies down and the building has no further use. However, elements of the structure remains as a workshop space to help educate locals about flooding mitigation and preparedness.
We have training and workshops for Bangkok volunteers. We teach them how to make tools to help in the floods .
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15482743 Local Resident
Worker at Flood Relief Centre
“Site Division and Organisation”
Flood Shelter- Space Configuration In the advent of a the flood, the flood shelter will appropriate the city’s infrastructure to create a series of interventions that will allow people to exist side by side with the water.
N
The spaces will include: Communal Spaces - The circulation is given a communal function to allow for more social interactions among residents. Access Points - There are 2 means of access into the building. 1.) From the bridge 2.) from the river by boat. Food/ Supply Points - This space turns the bridge into a food/ supply distribution hub for the local community. This will incude the organisation and distribution of outsourced food supply and locally grown foods, water collected and filtered from the resevoir and energy supply. Residential Units - Modular, Prefabricated living units
Keys Site Communal Spaces Access Points Access Journey Residential Units Food/ Supply Distribution Points Paths boats can pass through
Site Division and Organisation “Site Model and Early Development“
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Ban
nity
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Co Noi
Programme o
Cha
aya Phr
r
Rive
Site
N Keys Energy Provisions Water Collections Living Spaces Food/ Necessity Distributors Workshop Foundations (Basement) Storage/ Plant/ Energy Provisions
Bridge Level Living Units
During Flood After Flood
I used this model to study the density and supply demand of users. Temporary, easily constructed living units are required to house flood victims. Food and necessities distribution units are needed on the existing bridge level, for locals (who aren’t necessarily living there) to get access to foods and supplies. These distribution centre also double as workshops for educational purposes for locals to learnt about how to prepare and cope in the event of a flooding,
Vernacular Thai Architecture “Sensible Innovations adapted to a Thai Climate� High Angled Roof
Local sensibility/ Wisdom A Thai house is an architectural Typology that echoes the natural daily customs of Thai people. It is considered a work of art, not mearly a structure to shade such elements as the sun and rain. Its design is intertwined with the daily life of the users. It is heavily influenced by the geography, climate, jobs, the economic and social status of the user. 4 typologies are recognised in Thailand, each varying in material/ local beliefs and religion of that particular region; Northern, Eastern, Central and Southern. All Thai vernacular architecture must have a high angled roof. This is significant in two ways. 1.) The high pitch allows for a higher level of air convection. 2. A high angle lets rain trickle down faster. This is significant as puddles of water can get trapped and become a nesting place for mosquitoes.
East Orientated
N
The longer side of the house is oriented towards the East. This is to minimize direct exposure from the sun, during mornings and evenings and takes advantage of the prevailing winds. The long overhangs from the roof ensures that during midday, the rooms are shaded.
Stilted Foundations
Stilted foundations is a very noticeable characteristic of a Thai vernacular house. The purpose of stilts was to elevate the house sufficiently to avoid the main structure being flooded during the monsoon. Otherwise this space is used for storage of tools or agricultural equipment, parking, eating meals and other activities.
North
North East
Central
Flexible and Expandable
West East
Sleeping
Sleeping
Servant Toilet
South
Kitchen
Guest reception
Central Region’s example of a Thai House
Food store
Veranda
The planning of spaces are very flexible. All activities and spaces are spread out over one floor. One need only build additional decks and enclosures to increase the size of the house.
Decking and Overhangs
N
Large overhangs from the roof provide shading from direct sunlight.
Easily, Quick Construction
Construction details are simple and easily assembled. Modern vernacular houses are prefabricated and assembled on-site. The structure includes timber ribs and beams and columns.
Bangkok Noi Flood Shelter Proposal Final 1:20 Model
Overal Structural Strategy
Exploded axometric showing different structural elements of the proposal.
Canopy Structure
Craned Kitchen Structure
Bamboo Walkway Structure
Hanging Floor Structure
Hull Structure Ballast Tanks
Concrete Anchor
Initial Structural Development
“Initial Canopy Structure”
“Initial Crane Kitchen Structure”
o pr
rs d fo e s po
re tructu
Glu la
Connects to the canopy structure
Tim be r
Load from kitchen
m
Load from kitchen
Clamp Structure Load from carrier
Load from carrier
Early iteration of canopy structure
Kitchen carries supplies up and down
Early iteration of canopy structure xxx
The first iteration showed the scheme entirely suspended from the bridge, but when I realised this could not be done, the scheme was divided up into two elements, a hanging element suspended from a canopy structure on the existing bridge with two equal load on both sides, and a seperate floating element. This iteration of structure showed the Canopy being clamped onto the section of the bridge, suspending the hanging kitchen at two points. The canopy structure were partly inspired by the elegant structures produced by Le Ricolais.
Al
B
m Struct iniu ur e um
Kitchen operates using a pulley mechanism
Le Ricolais’s Canopy Structures
me ur
se Sal
In this previous iteration of the structure, the kitchen is shown to have a crane mechanism. When new goods are delivered by boat, it can be directly taken upwards to the kitchen stores. A glulam timber structure was proposed for the kitchen structure, being lightweight and easily assembled. Cross bracing is then added for further stability.
“Hull Structure”
“Anchor Structure”
Alumin iu m
Fra me St ru ct
e
ur
in th wi
ll Hu
GRP Panelling
i
m Struct iniu ur e um
Co
rced Pla info st
Al
Re
c
Gla ss
http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_stations/halley/halleyvi/
The hull structure was inspired by marine architecture and the Antarctica Halley Explorers. Aluminium trusses were proposed due to its lightweight and rust resistant properties.
nc
e ret
The role of the anchor structure is to keep the buoyant hull stable against the current of the flood. This structure was developed by looking at the conventional marine anchors and dead man anchors used to stabilise radio towers and utility poles.
Tri -B
“Initial Bamboo Walkway Concept” J boo am
oint
Str a
An g
Interlocking Bamboo Structure explored in Term 1 model
le
dg We
ht ig
e Joint
Joint Tip
Bam bo
10+ m
o
Ba
ll So
cket Joi
nt
mboo Ba
ode t l: La uni t Phrao Comm
loo yF
rlo te
g Joint ckin
120 °I
n
us
1
1: 10 M
Ho
rm Te
e
New iteration of bamboo joinery explored in 1:20
d
The inclusion of the Bamboo Walkway was promted by my previous exploration of Bamboo Structures from Term 1 and the innovative Bamboo Workshop during the Unit 22 Trip to Chiang Mai during Christmas. In Term 1 the 1:10 model allowed me to use an infinite length of Bamboo, however in reality rarely can you get a completely vertical log of Bamboo, over a certain height. The walkway is over 10 meters tall, therefore a new connection is proposed (above) and will be explored in detail further on in Chapter 2.
Bamboo Joinery Techniques explored in U22 ‘Future Natural‘ workshop in Chiang Mai
“Domestic Structural Development”
Solar Chimney Earthern Tiles Ceiling Fan
Metal Grating Walkways
Bamboo Structure
Steel Structure
Al
m Struct iniu ur e um
P
Previous iteration of Section (looking north) Scale 1:250
aw ar
ood
The aim of the domestic structure was to be lightweight, easily constructed pre-fabricated units. The frame for these structures were initially proposed as bamboo, taking on a similar precedence to the bamboo box structure developed in Term 1; interlocking joints bolted and roped, then cross braced at 3 sides for stability. However this structure was superseded by the hanging floor plate structure (explored further in chapter 2), to keep with the overarching theme of ‘hanging‘ structures.
Previous iteration residential massing
- 6.375 m from Bridge Level
-2 Level
- 3.275 m from Bridge Level
-1 Level
Âą 0 m from Bridge Level
0 Level
Clinic
Communal Dining Area
Single Family Unit
Courtyard
Toilets/ Showers
Craned Kitchen Attached to Canopy Structure; can be lowered to park on each floor
Food Storage
* Refer to GA drawings in A2 sleeve
Single Family Unit
Unit A (below) can be lifted up to be fited in this space
Communal Dining Area
Massage/ Lounge
Toilets/ Showers/ Changing Rooms
Exploded Axo Showing Block A (Refer to plan)
Hull Level
- 11.10 m from Bridge Level
Basement Level
- 9.325 m from Bridge Level
-3 Level
Communal Area
Storage for Unit above
N
Supporting Anchor
Ballast Tanks
Plant level : Waste Handling Compactor/ Water Treatment Tanks
Steel Core Structure (see Chapter 2 for more details)
Storage for Unit above
1-2 Person Unit (A) Supported by Hydraulic Posts below to allow it be to raised one floor higher in the case of expansion.
Chapter 2 Structural Strategy
The key structural and jointing strategies to explore in this chapter of the portfolio.
In te
ss Tru
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in ck
g/ C
ross brace d
oints oo J b m Ba
io ns e T
n Ca
b le s
L
ice att
F ram e
A
in lum
ium Frame C
e Anchor cret n o
Structural Aims and Intent This chapter of the portfolio will focus on various structural elements of the building. Some elements of the structure was influenced by the context of the site; proposing canopy structures to hang the kitchens, and having floor plates structures that hang from a large tray structure supported by two aluminium cores. The floating hull structure sits atop the water, in this case using Marine Architecture as a key precedence. The project also aims recognise the spirit of such craftsmanship and make use of traditional joinery skills to form a structure which is easily ‘readable’ to the people who in habit the building. It is hoped that local people will be able to easily understand the logic behind the structural elements thus keeping alive the tradition of working with this locally significant material. It is hoped as well that this approach will encourage the local people to maintain and adapt the building themselves in the future.
“Canopy Structure”
Centre of gravity
Keys
Equal amount of load on both side
The Canopy structure’s role is to support the Crane Kitchen and manoeuvre the pulley. This is a permanent intervention as oppose to the proposed housing structure. There are 3 components in this structure, • By counter-balancing the crane kitchen on both side, I can achieve structural stability without too much intervention on the existing bridge. • This element supports the pulley. This acts as a mini cargo lift for materials to be delivered on each level. • Cross bracing reinforces the structural stability of the overall system.
Structure to support kitchen Structure to support pulley Cross Bracing Crane Kitchen
There are several conventional types of Trusses used within construction. My proposal will be a custom built Truss, each Canopy Truss is comprised of 10 triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at nodes. Each Truss will be bolted down and welded onto the existing bridge at equal lengths to one another, and cross braced by tension rods. A solar shading fabric will be tied to the catilievered part of the structure, onto a triangle aluminium connection. [a] [d]
[e]
[g]
[c]
[b]
[f] [a] A Scissor-like joint between two tension rods. This arrangement allows flexibility in the transport of the rods. [b] Steak Eye Cable Connection [c] Node Connection [d] Hollow Square Aluminium Profile (75 x 75 mm) [e] Aluminium Restraint Clip. Welded onto the Aluminium Truss at one end, and bolted to a Steak Eye connection on the other. [f] 25 mm diameter tension rods [g] Circular Hollow Aluminium Rod (50 mm diameter) welded to Hollow Square Aluminium Profile (100 x 100 mm) to form a Truss Partial fabric shading over canopy structure
“Crane Kitchen Bay Section” Scale 1:25 Vertical Cable connected to the canopy struture on the bridge, hanging the crane kitchen at 4 points.
[a]
Steel Plate Connection Detail
Stall Tent Roof to Shelter Dining area from Rain
Lightweight plastic rod supporting the Tent roof
[d]
Louvred Top Window Panels, Parawood
[f]
[e]
Divider Panel made from reclaimed Parawood
Kitchen Exhaust Fan
Louvred Door Panel, Parawood Openable Vertical Swing Window made from reclaimed parawood panels.
Steel Cable to Brace Floor and Ceiling, 50 mm Diameter
Herb Planting Space
Dining Area
Cooking Bench Timber Paneling made from reclaimed parawood panels. Floorboard (35mm Thickness) with Floorbeams (75 x 75 mm Profile), Parawood.
Steel Plate Connection Detail Refer to Detail A (following page) Existing Bridge
[c]
[b]
Pulley to manoeuvre Kitchen. Kitchen is able to be lowered from Flr 0 - Flr -2
[a] Vertical Cable hanging off the Canopy Structure on the bridge, holding the kitchen at 4 points. 30 mm Diameter [b] Multi-Part Beam, Connected to Star Steel Plates, 75 x 150 mm Profile, Burmese Sal. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes. [c] Star of Steel Plates for multi-part beams and has an opening for Vertical Cable, with nail plates and hinges, 15 mm Thickness [d] Steel Plate Connection for Cross-Bracing Cables, 15 mm Thickness [e] Steel Bolt to tighten Vertical Cable, 15 mm Thickness [f] Cross Bracing Steel Tension Cable, 25 mm Diameter
“Bamboo Walkway�
The walkway connecting the building to the bridge uses similar bamboo technique I have explored previously in my term 1 1:10 model and also during the field trip. In term 1, the structure consist of interlocking bamboo logs connected by skewers and tightened by rope, additional cross bracing are also added to provide further stability.
Term 1 1:10 Model: Lat Phrao Community Flood House
This connection allows me to create canopies structures protruding from the walkway.
Steel foundations
A school project in the small village of Jar Maulwi
Crane Kitchen Bamboo Walkway Residential Building
“Bamboo Walkway Section” Scale 1:25
[a] Criss Cross Bamboo Bolt Joint [b] Large Size Bamboo Length, 100 mm Diameter, approx 20 mm Thickness [c] Bamboo Walkway provides main circulation to gap the Residential Building, Kitchen and Existing Bridge. [d] Floorboard (35mm Thickness) with Floorbeams (50 x 50 mm Profile), Parawood. [a]
[1]
[2]
[c] [3] [b]
[4] [5]
[6] [7]
[d]
Crane Kitchen See previous page for detail
Foundation Bamboo joint is similar but larger than other connections. The bamboo is filled with concrete to increase its strength.
‘Custom Made’ Steel I-Beam UB 356 x 171 x 101, with end cap, nailed and welded at each end.
Hardwood Timber Foundations, Burmese Sal, 300 x 300 mm Profile Cross Bracing
[1] Threaded Steel Rod, 10 mm Diameter, goes through 3 logs of Bamboo to tie them together. Bolted at both ends by a Steel Bolt and a Rubber Layer to allow for movement in the joint. [2] Bamboo Beams acting as horizontal bracing for the walkway. The floorboards rest on the beams, 50 mm Diameter, 10 mm Thickness [3] All threaded steel roads are bolted down by a steel bolt + Rubber Layer. [4] A shaped profile of bamboo to allow the horizontal piece to sit on. [5] Threaded Steel Rod, 10 mm Diameter, Inserted through 3 logs of Bamboo, at 3 intervals along its length. Bolted at both ends by a Steel Bolt and a Rubber Layer. [6] Steel Ring connection, allowing another Threaded steel rod to secure the connection. [7] A Square Strip of Timber is sloted in on each side of contact to stop the Bamboo from moving.
Hanging Floor Structure
Building the 1:20 Prototype created an opportunity for me to further understand the overall construction methodology of my building. I have chosen to build the Hanging Floor Structure, to test the structural competency of the scheme. The materials used in the construction are as follows: L-profile steel members, 10 mm steel strips, 3 mm nuts and bolts, 3 mm thick MDF, copper wires and customed made aluminium brackets. The sectional prototype shows that the structural strategy works, therefore an assumption can be made for the overall scheme. The summary of the structural scheme are as follows: Each floor plate is constructed with a beam lattice structure to spread the load thoughout each floor. Then the load is carried upwards via the cables and then distributed on the top floor and downwards via the metal core.
Overall Strategy for the Hanging Floor Structure
Sectional Model of Structure for Prototyping
Colon Towers in Madrid (during construction)
Top Floor Structure carries carries the load of the rest of the floors via suspended cables. It is made up of flat floor trusses and sits on top of the aluminium core structure, which carries the load downwards to the ground.
Bolt. Located at the connection between cable and floor beams. This component fixes each floor plate in position.
Structural Cables that carries the load upwards, distributing it over the top floor, then downwards through the metal frame.
Flat Floor Truss. This component helps spread the load throughout the top floor. Without the truss, the top floor structure would fail.
Aluminium Core Structure. There are two of these metal cores located on each block. They carry the load of the entire structure down to the ground. Therefore to be structrally competent, they needed to be made from metal.
Floor plates. This component consists of a beam lattice structure that helps to distribute the load throughout each floor plate. The floor plate sits on top of this and connects to the metal core. “Cats Gap“ see chapter 3. These stepped floors allows for the natural convection of air.
These are points of connection between the horizontal metal beam and the vertical metal column. The vertical elements not only helps by alleviating the amount of load the corner posts carry, but they also acts as bracing elements. They are fixed on the horizontal element with brackets.
Key Compression Tension Dead Load Live Load Displacement of Water
Fluid Displacement External Forces
Hanging Floor Structure “Corner I-Beam Joint Detail�
Circular Hollow Aluminium Rod (50 mm diameter) welded to Hollow Square Aluminium Profile (75 x 75 mm) to form a Truss
-Beam Detail Scale ne r I r 1: 2 o C 5
Hollow Square Aluminium Profile (75 x 75 mm)
Steel Brackets, bolted to both sides of the Hallow Square Aluminium Profile and then bolted down on to the I-Beam.
Aluminium I-Beam, UB 254 x 146 x 31 Profile, bolted onto another Aluminium I-Beam corner piece. Corner I-Beam Detail Corner Aluminium I-Beam, UB 254 x 146 x 31 Profile, bolted down onto the L-Profile beam.
Custom-made Aluminium L-Profile column. Same profile dimension as Corner Aluminium I-Beam.
Scale 1:10 Steel Core, bolted joints + aluminium brackets to brace.
Hanging Floor Structure “Details�
[a] Aluminium Structural Core See P.77 for corner detail [c] [b] Top floor carries the load from the floor plates below, this requires it to be thicker than other floors, contains floor trusses and aluminium joists.
[d]
Aluminium Floor Truss [e]
Floor Joist connect to I-Beam to allow more stability in the floor structure.
Steel Cable supports and balances the floor plates.
Floor Board (Detail P.79) sits on the Timber Lattice.
Timber Beam Floor Lattice Steel Cables are fixed with Star Steel Plates, which is also an essential connection for the floor beam lattice structure.
[a] Steel Tension Cable, hanging the floor structures, 30 mm Diameter [b] Multi-Part Beam, Connected to Star Steel Plates, 75 x 150 mm Profile, Burmese Sal. [c] Top Steel Bolt to tighten Tension Cable [d]Star of Steel Plates for multi-part beams and has an opening for Vertical Cables, with nail plates and hinges, 15 mm Thickness. [e] Bottom Steel Bolt to tighten Tension Cable
“Hull Structure�
Ballast Tanks are used to control the buoyancy of the entire building. These components are commonly used in submarine to remain buoyant underwater. This is to stop the building from changing levels as the the intensity of the flood flucuates. Once the Hull structure arrives on the site, it is anchored on to concrete piles with a steel cable.
Surfaced
Diving
Rising
Surfaced
Submerge
Diagram showing the Ballast Tanks in diffreent states
The Ballast Tanks are opened and water enters the Tank.
The compressed air displaces the water back into the river and makes the Hull more buoyant.
The Ballast Tanks makes the Hull less buoyant, and it dives.
Compressed gas is released into Ballast Tanks.
Research into Naval Architecture shows that SWATH Hulls (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull) are superior in their performance; having a lower magnitude and acceleration in both Pitch, Roll and Yaw. Using this principle, combined with the submerging Ballast Tanks is how I obtained my design of the Hull Structure of my building.
Centre of gravity of plant/ core/ circulation
Block A Section (looking north) Scale 1:200
www.bluebird-electric.net/SWASH_Submerged_Single_Hull_Active_Surface_Stabilization.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_motions
Centre of gravity of living units
Keys Structural Core
Circulation
Floor Plates
Stair Core
Heavy Plant Machinery
Ballast Tank changing position depending on the centre of gravity
“Anchor Foundation detail“
“Hull Structural Strategy“
The Anchor Structure utilises guy-wires, a tension cable designed to add stability to a standing structure. They are used commonly in ship masts, radio masts, wind turbines, utility poles. One end of the cable is attached to the structure, and the other is anchored to the ground at a distance from the structure’s base. The tension in the diagonal guy-wire, combined with the compressional strength of the structure, allows the structure to withstand lateral loads such as wind or the weight of cantilevered structures. They are installed at equal angles about the structure, in quads. This allows the tension of each guy-wire to offset the others. Hanging Floor Structure
GRP cladding
Aluminium beams and trusses make up the Hull Structure.
Construction barge arrives on site.
GRP Panels underneath
A hole is excavated for the steel pile.
Concrete is injected into the excavation to hold the pile in place.
Steel Plates and anchor are installed.
Concrete is casted to hold the anchor in place.
Ballast Tanks
Keys Truss Cross Bracing Beams Support Beams
In this type, a hole is excavated and an object with a large surface area is placed in it with the guy wire attached, and the hole is backfilled with concrete. In the traditional form of dead man anchor, a log is buried horizontally in a trench with the guy attached perpendicularly to its center. In my proposed concrete anchor, a diagonal rod with an eyelet extending in the guy direction is cemented into a hole filled with concrete.
Construction Sequence “Timeline of Construction Sequence cont’ ”
Off Site
Off Site
April
Keys Metal Work Rain Water Rise Timber Work Utilities Fit Out Room Construction Transported to ...
May
Components of structural core is manufactured at Asia Metal PCL.
On Site
June
Off Site Construction and Assembly
Shipped to BPC Centre Shipyard.
Top floor structure is lifted on the core structure and fixed.
Structure is fixed on the Hull Structure and is guided down Chao Phraya River to the site.
Construction Sequence “Timeline of Construction Sequence�
Bridge
Bridge
Bridge
July
August
September
On Site Construction
The structure is now on-site. The Floor Beam Lattice Structure is assembled on the 2nd highest floor starting where the cables connect to it, and spreading out, eventually completing the lattice. Then the floor boards are settled on top of them.
More floor structures are constructured depending on the number of people being displaced from their homes.
Once all the floor structures are completed, the fit-outs and construction of living spaces begins.
Building completed. But expansion may be required if more people require shelter. In this case, the construction of living spaces continues.
Chapter 3 Bio Climate Natural Material - Wood - Hay High Slope Roof - Drainage - Roof Ventilation
Concrete Tile Roof
Solar Radiation Direct Sun
Cool microclimate Concrete & Brick wall Heat Storage
Night Life Day Life
Natural Ventilation
Hot Microclimate
Hot Microclimate
Overall Environmental Strategy The overall environmental strategy is to use natural ventilation as a passive cooling system in the building. The characteristics of past and present Thai houses are analyzed in terms of climate, culture, and technology. Based on the thermal comfort requirements for the Thai people and the climate conditions in Bangkok, a study (Tantasavasdi, C. 2001. “Natural ventilation design for houses in Thailand,” Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 815-824.) found that it is possible to use natural ventilation to create a thermally comfortable indoor environment in houses in a Bangkok suburb during 30% of the year. This number can be increased even further as climate statistics show that floodings occur mainly in the later months of the year when the temperature is cooler. Traditionally The vernacular architecture of Thailand, such as the traditional Thai house in Fig. a, was designed to take advantage of the prevailing winds. The traditional Thai house is normally built with three notable characteristics: an elevated floor, a pitched roof with long overhangs, and a large open terrace. The elevated floor prevents sudden flooding, protects occupants from dangerous animals, and allows more wind to flow through the living space. The long overhangs provide shade protect the house from rain. There is a thermal stratification in the house; the air temperature in the lower part of the house is lower than that in the upper part. The occupant usually stays in the lower, more comfortable part of the space. The large open terrace, which occupies approximately 40% of the total floor area, serves as a space for outdoor activities, and was an important space for the typical extended families of the Thai people of the past. Summary The study cited (Tantasavasdi, C.) concluded that natural ventilation could be effective in the region during the winter (from December to February). Additionally recent studies have found that the Thai people can live comfortably with much higher temperatures than westerners, so natural ventilation could also work in other seasons. Measures that I have included in my designs are • have adjustable permeable wall panels for maximum air flow/ avoid wind shadow • using larger inlet apertures than outlet apertures (in panels) • floor plates are stepped to allow permeability in air circulation • keeping the indoor space as open as possible so that wind can travel freely • open/ communal spaces/ courtyards to provide cool microclimate Modern Vernacular Thai Housing Complex
Overall Energy Strategy *Refer to Legends on the next page
*Legend Ventilation (Active)
AC
Cool Air
The building uses a Water Cooled Condenser with a Centrifugal Chiller to utilise treated water to cool domestic spaces within the building. The Chiller is located at the base of the building, and cool air is blown via air ducts to cool the spaces. One chiller is shared for one block of the building, and can only be used for a couple of hours every day. Ceiling fans are also used throughout to cool the building.
Ventilation (Passive)
Prevailing Wind
The scheme takes advantage of the prevailing wind of the site, by having permeable facades, easily adjustable apertures, and orientated in a sensible direction. Passive ventilation works best in a single story building, therefore the scheme not only relies on natural ventilation but also utilises stacked ventilation and solar chimney effects. Average Shower - 10 L/min
WC
Water Circulation Water goes through a treatment process specifically for sewage treatment. It is then stored in tanks on each floor. A fire hydrant connection links the tanks to the showers and WCs. Flushing water for toilets are recycled from collected grey water and shower water.
Save 60% water
Average Shower - 10 L/min Water Pipe
Bucket Shower - 4 L/min
Water Tank
Water Treatment Tank
Use Greywater to flush
Save 80% water
Toilet Reuse Grey Water
Electricity Electricity is provided by a power generator located in the hull structure of the building. The energy source is collected from Hydro energy turbines installed in the Gulf of Thailand and also Water Dams within the country. Hydro Energy Turbine
Power Generator
Sanitation Waste and sewage will be stored inside a Waste Handling Compactor until they are collected by a garbage barge. The barge will pump sewage back into a municipal sewer. The waste will be take to undergo the appropriate processes depending on their type.
Bangkok Waste Average 0.7 kg/day per house hold
Waste Matter
Converted to useful energy for other sectors
Pumped to Municipal Sewage
Permeability
Apertures in the Facade (Front)
Apertures in the Facade (Back)
fig a
fig b
Permeability is essential to encourage natural ventilation within the structure, therefore I have allowed for many corridoors and openings in the facade as much as possible. But at the same time, retain privacy for residential units. It is important to note that equal aperture sizes in the house do not provide equal comfort levels. It is preferable to have a larger inlet aperture than a larger outlet aperture. This would reduce the stagnation zone in the house. Fig a, fig b shows the previous iteration of the wind facade for the residential units. Following the mentioned principle, fig a shows a larger area of openings than fig b. Previous Iteration of the East Facade Elevation of Block A
This facade emphasizes security yet retains permeability
Breathable Wall: weaved bamboo wall allows air to flow freely through
Breathable Wall: Vertical Timber Shutters suggests privacy but can be opened to allow air flow when required
Family Unit Planning
Fig a
Fig b
The position of the residential units are arranged in a fashion where they do not stack directly on top of one another. This takes precedence from vernacular Thai architecture; where the sleeping area is elevated and the ground floor used mainly for storage.This helps with cooling as the heat produced by occupiers are not stacked, therefore prevents overheating. Fig a. shows this arrangement used thoughout the building, most noticeably in Block B, C (refer to plan).
Block A Section (looking West) Scale 1:200
Keys Occupied Family Unit Corridoor Storage for above unit Courtyard
Another important feature is the stepped floors (Traditionally known as “the Cat’s Gap“). This allows for the convection of air: warmer air circulate upwards in the building, drawing in cooler air underneath. A leveled slab design actually creates a reverse flow that can greatly reduce the natural ventilation rate. Therefore I have chosen this vernacular precedence in my design.
This is the final iteration of the wind facade/ balustrade. It incorporates locally readable patterns and decorative elements that respond to the wind direction on the site. The facade elements are tilted in a way that creates an aperture for natural ventilation. Each frame is allocated in a way that maximizes the ventilation of the unit behind or above.
4
Balustrade Hybrid with Window frame
5
3
Wind Scooper
2
1
Permeable diamond timber frame
Wind Signaller
Balustrade
It was important to include a recognisable and readable aesthetics for the user, to help with rehabilitation and general comfortness. Jeans Prouve’s Tropical house helped me realised the importance of local sensibilities; his project successful it was, did not recieve warm welcome in procured context of Africa. It was percieved as alien by the locals. But once relocated to NYC for a exhibition, it was hailed as a success.
Natural Ventilation Planning
Prevailing winds during Winter Season (Northeast Monsoon Season) - Wind coming from East- Northeast
Prevailing winds during Rainy Season (Southwest Monsoon Season) - Wind coming from West- Southwest
fig a
Block B Plan Level -02 Scale 1:200
Block B Plan Level -02 Scale 1:200
fig b
fig c
Apertures in the facades, combined with openable wall panels, and communal corridoors allows for effective air flow though the building. An open plan for each room allows for the highest wind velocity in the interior space (Fig a.). The interior space of each residential unit allows for new partitions to be placed. It is important to place the partition in a way that creates a long room on either the West or East side depending on the season (Fig C). Additionally a large aperture area do not necessarily provide better natural ventilation. Some apertures may shortcut the wind (Fig. b). In my design, the panels can be closed to accomodate this.
Key Water Cooled Condenser unit.
Ceiling Fan
Natural Ventilation
Natural Ventilation Planning (Cont’)
Solar Chimney creates a stacked ventilation
Ceiling Fan
Block A Section (looking north) Scale 1:200 The addition of a ceiling fan can help to increase the air velocity if a large aperture area is not feasible. I have also included the use of a solar chimney to enhance the natural ventilation by buoyancy effect. Solar chimneys are not popular features in Thailand due to houses not being tall enough to recieve the full benefit of this effect. However, since my building is over 10 m in height, this would be a practical addition to the building. An elevated floor allows more wind to flow through the houses (Fig a.). Most of the materplans in today’s typical housing projects do not encourage the use of natural ventilation. Houses are mostly aligned with the street grid. This makes the houses upstream block wind from those downstream. Linear alignments create a wind shadow, which is a low-pressure area at the back of each house (Fig. b). The wall panels and the staggering of floor levels in my building reduces the wind shadow area at the back of each room.
http://design.epfl.ch/organicites/2010b/1-assignments/1-dynamic-mappings/overcoming-wind-shadow
fig a
fig b
Chapter 4 Vernacular Realisation Clay
Tiles
B am b o o
nium Structu mi r lu
e
A
a wo od P ar
ss
Re
inforced P la ic st
Gl a
Natural Building
C on
crete
A natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. Ways of achieving sustainability through natural building focus on durability and the use of minimally processed, plentiful or renewable resources, as well as those that, while recycled or salvaged, produce healthy living environments and maintain indoor air quality. Natural building tends to rely on human labor, more than technology. The basis of natural building is the need to lessen the environmental impact of buildings and other supporting systems, without sacrificing comfort or health. To be more sustainable, natural building uses primarily abundantly available, renewable, reused or recycled materials. The use of rapidly renewable materials is increasingly a focus. In addition to relying on natural building materials, the emphasis on the architectural design is heightened. The orientation of a building, the utilization of local climate and site conditions, the emphasis on natural ventilation through design, fundamentally lessen operational costs and positively impact the environmental. Building compactly and minimizing the ecological footprint, on-site handling of energy acquisition, on-site water capture, alternate sewage treatment and water reuse.
Vernacular Influences “Inherited Traits”
Traditional adornments
[a]
Vernacular Influence today
[a]
[b]
[b] Site
[c]
[c] [d]
[e] Wat Pho and Temple of Dawn approx 2 km from Site
[d]
[a] Thai style mural on a Wat Wang Tong, on Site [b] Temple Giant ornaments on the Temple of Dawn [c] Porcelain Floral ornaments on the Temple of Dawn [d] Gold leafing under a temple roof [e] Pearl engraving of the foor of the Reclining Buddha
[a] 2 stiled Thai houses in juxtaposition with one another. One Traditional, one with moden materials. [b] A moden Thai home influenced strongly by vernacular principles [c] A man built Thai house in a fishing village, using locally sourced materials [d] The modern city co-existing along side inherited traditional architecture.
The vernacular presence in Bangkok may be found everywhere. A majority of these precedence can be observed in Temples (in Bangkok, there are at least 1 temple in every 5 km radius within the city). In temples these precedence are not only brought out in murals, etchings, carvings, statues, ornaments but in its design synthesis. Thai architecture is characterised by a strong emphasis on environmental considerations, i.e. how to live comfortably (with regards to bio-climate) and cost effectively. These ‘sensibilities’ are handed down through generations and has become part of the modern city. With the increase of sophistication in production vernacular houses are now being industrialised; elements such as walls, roof gable and panels are now being fabricated as oppose to being made in-situ.
“Mordern Prefabricated System of Construction of a Vernacular House” 1
Proposal to revive local artisans and craftsman to collaborate in the design process.
B Excavation and digging for pillings are done. Formworks are erected to make way for house frame.
Investment in Sustainable Reconstruction
2
Rebuilding Centre
(
+ B
Technical Expertise Formwork is continued with the erection of main vertical posts. 3
=
)
Construction Capital
Economic Impact Small Business Owner
Partitions and roof elements arrive on site. 4
“It takes approximately 3 weeks and £2000 to contruct a prefabracated Unit of aThai house”
Hire Local Labour
Job Recovery/ Job Creation
Assembly of main structural elements is complete and the partitions are attached. 5
Local Architect
In the past, Vernacular Thai houses were made in-situ, logs of wood were carried on-site. They were cut and shaped into the required sizes. Everything were done to approximation. Many elements were made bespoke. Nowadays it is possible to order a prefabricated Thai house in a vernacular style. A large scale residential/ infrastructure project that excludes local skills and wisdom will set a bad precedence for the industry. Therefore I propose to include local artistans and craftsman into the design synthesis of the project. This is represented the trajectory on the right.
Other elements are attached after the primary structure is completed.
The local community will become a part of the construction process of the building, not just recipients. This will help intergrate social and cultural sustainabilty. The small businesses will be trained and supported through the construction process. This will create community resiliency, tying technical expertise with construction capital to a business framework to that creates local jobs by hiring locally and doing skills training and job creation.
“Fabrication // Craft”
Roof Structure // Prefabricated Roof Tiles // Locally Manufactured
Vertical Swing Window // Prefabricated Canopy Tiles // Locally Manufactured
Moving Furniture // Prefabricated Assembly of Furniture // Done by User Cable Decoration // Crafted by local artisan
Window Panels // Prefabricated
Moving Façade // Prefabricated
Chapter 5 Moveable Spaces // Façades “Translating Vernacular into a new Technique”
Timber Panelling for facades
Reinventing the Canopy Structure Top Middle Bottom
Panels are the most common types of partitions in vernacular Thai Houses. The panels usually have a division of 3 hierarchy. The sizes and openings on the window depend on the amount of apature you need in order to achieve good internal ventilation.
The two sides of the canopy structure in the model demonstrate the vernacular versus the reinvented vernacular; one that allows more flexibilty/ adaptability and is more current with regards to the production industry.
In Term 1 I sought to innovate a facade by having it connected to semophore devices
[a] [b] [c]
[d]
[e] Foldable shutters designed by Enric Miralles and Carme Pinós
[f]
[a] Gable End of a Thai House, 75 mm Thickness, (Burmese Sal) [b] Roof Beam, 100x100 mm Profile, (Burmese Sal) [c] Groove Cut in Roof Beam for connection [d] Secondary Rafter for Canopy, 35 mm Thickness, (Burmese Sal) [e] Bracing for Canopy,35 mm Thickness, (Burmese Sal) [f] Post 100 mm Diameter, (Burmese Sal) Vertical swing windows in a Thai House
[a]
“Fold Out Chair and Canopy“
[b]
[d] [c]
[e]
Closed Arrangement, Minimum Aperture
Open Arrangement, Chair and Canopy folded out, to reveal mosquito mesh windows.
Mesh Window Removed. Maximum Aperture
[f]
A sliding lower panel in a Thai House
[a] Star of Steel Plate Connection for multi-part beams and has opening for Vertical Cable, with nail plates and hinges, 15 mm Thickness [b] Steel Cable hanging each floor plate, connected to beam lattice on each floor, 30 mm Thickness [c] Private Balcony Space for user [d] Fold-out facade, Parawood [e] Floor Joist slotted between 2 caps, Parawood, 25 mm Thickness [f] Louvred Door Panel, Parawood
“Foldable Facade�
A secure facade is needed to prevent intruders from breaking in. Metal girlls will keep the storage units safe and also permeable for air convection.
Another vernacular reinvention allow the facade to dictate the space. The mechanics of this facade allows the entire room to retract into the ceiling. This is to allow the lower floor to become sacrificial.
“Moveable Furniture“
Secure Facade
An interior view of a storage room where the space is dictated by movable wardrobe partition.
Rotating Wardrobe
Shelf Facade
DIY Furniture
The DIY furniture allows the users to build their own furniture within their storage unit. Each furniture piece is designed to be easily assembled like an IKEA furniture set. In this situation the furniture allows the space to be used more flexibly.
Furniture Sets by Allan Wexler