Year 4 - DR by Sirisan N

Chao Praya Flood Plain

Bangkok

Bangkok Noi Flood Shelter Providing living and temporary shelter for a flooded Bangkok Noi District in 2050. Design Realisation Sirisan Nivatvongs Unit 22 - Izaskun Chinchilla & Carlos Jimenez

Morning markets along the Chao Praya river in Bangkok, circa 1900

The Venice of the Far East â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the capital still wrapped in mystery...From the crowded dock-roads of the River... which reminds one of the Giudecca across the intricate mass of... the Chinese quarter... which, whilst resembling Canton, is still more Venetian. Were it not for queues, almond eyes, and odours, decidedly Oriental, the illusion would very often be complete... the Quarter of the Legations, the European residences and sporting clubs, all... shady and surrounded by canals which reminded me of Stra... the canals ploughed by sampans, which the rowers guide standing as in Venice... little bridges and tiny gardens, reflecting in the quiet water the drooping foliage of ancient trees... as in the remotest corners of the City of the Doges...the Royal Quarter, rich in parks, temples, and palaces... all a dazzling variety of colour and cadences...which give one the impression of being in Venice... a wild primitive Venice.

Venice of the East - Anonymous

Content

Thailand

0.0 Introduction

3.0 Building Performance (15%)

0.1 Unit 22 Agenda and Project Starting Point 8 0.2 Context 10 0.3 Government Intervention 13

3.1 Building Life Cycle and Environmental Impact 104 3.2 Overall Energy Strategy 106 3.3 Water Treatment 108 3.4 Waste and Sanitation 110 3.5 Ventilation Strategy 112 - Passive 112 - Active 114 3.6 Lighting Strategy 116

1.0 Building Form Systems, Planning and Context 1.1 Site Analysis 16 1.2 Program Analysis 21 1.3 Site Devision and Organisation 25 1.4 General Accommodation Arrangement 29 1.5 Local Sensibility 38 1.6 Overall Environmental Strategy 40 1.7 Access and Circulation 45 1.8 Overall Structural/ Construction Strategy 48 1.9 Overall Construction Sequence 53 1.10 Health and Safety 54 1.11 M&E and Sanitation Systems 55 1.12 Acoustics 60

4.0 Building Delivery (15%) 4.1 Contraints and Challenges 120 4.2 Local and Financial Context 122 4.3 Contract and Procurement 124 4.4 Key Roles and Relationships 127 4.5 Risk Management & Health and Safety 128 Bibliography

2.0 Building Construction (30%) 2.1 Material Selection and Performance 64 2.2 Structural Aims and Intent 67 2.3 Overall Structural Development 70 2.4 Hanging Floor Structural Model/ Prototype Test 74 2.5 Key Details 83 - Crane Kitchen 83 - Bamboo Walkway 86 - Canopy 88 - Domestic Structure 90 - Foundations 97 2.6 Construction Sequence 100

0.0 Introduction

Bangkok

0.1 Unit 22 Agenda and Project Starting Point 8 0.2 Context 10 0.3 Government Intervention 13

0.0 Introduction 0.1 Unit 22 Agenda and Project Starting Point 8 0.2 Context 10 0.3 Government Intervention 13

FACMU International Workshop Series Presents:

FACMU x BARTLETT UNIT 22 INTERNATIONAL DESIGN & FABRICATION WORKSHOP EXHIBITION In Association With: UNDERGRADUATE AND GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, FACMU

UNIT 22 BARTLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, UCL

[

02.12 - 07.12.2013

[

FUTURENATURAL

Group 4- Louver

Solar Blossom 8

Concept: Group 4 is redefining the traditional louver with a series of dynamic recycled CD solar reflecting panels that not only protect us from sunlight, but also to commodify sunlight,

P ly

This year Unit 22 want to explore in depth, the real necessity of innovation, and analyse its commitments with a critical eye. Today, our approach to innovation must be adapted to address multiple global conditions. Innovation can no longer be linked exclusively with growth, but to improving an equal quality of life for people in every part of the world. We face enormous challenges today. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;house of the futureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; should be one that does not deplete all existing resources and does not dismiss vernacular building knowledge such as solar orientation, cross ventilation or habitual human practices. During the first term we concentrated in the production of interactive models responding the necessities of a community and a context freely selected by each student. In addition, during the first term we will also design the up-coming exhibition anatomy, allowing new, forthcoming results to fit within the established formats accounting for an appropriate flexibility. For seven days in December, we joined 20 contemporaries from The Faculty of Architecture, Chiang Mai University in a fabrication workshop that redesigned and fabricated a set of architectural interfaces that would not only act as protection mechanisms for human inhabitants inside buildings, but also as wider protection strategies for nature against human actions. During this second term a detailed production of our term 1 proposals will be materialised. The last part of second term and during third term, we will test and demonstrate the life improvements we have created by inhabiting our own architecture through various graphic means, animations or others.

Project Starting Point

Innovations for Living- Scheme summary My scheme is an architectural response to the pressures vanacular canal houses face when frequent floodings occur in the city of Bangkok. My proposal seeks to alleviate the predicament local residents face in and out of flooding season. The proposal is an amalgamation of insfrastructural and domestic elements. It is important to distinguish what occurs in the buildings between these 2 situations.

During Flooding Season- City Infrastructure This will be the period of time when the building will be most heavily used. 3 local families will operate and maintain the building, provide various services for local residents and commuters. During this time the building will have civic funtionalities, serving a larger context of the local area. It will provide

• a safe passage across the canal • transportation on floating platforms • the clean up waste in the vacinity • amennity spaces for commuters/ locals • public restrooms and bathrooms • clean drinking water • weather data updates

During Regular Season- Domestic Infrastructure During this period of time the building will function only as a private domestic infrastructure. As a reward for maintaining and providing for the locals in times of difficulty, the 3 familes will be able to enjoy and use this building as their own enterprise.

Future Natural Workshop - Solar Blossom The capacity to protect nature occurs indirectly, such as in my Future Natural project, Solar Blossom. This installation reimagines an adjustable louvre composed of a series of dynamic recycled CD petals mounted on a bamboo frame that can be reconfigured by the user accordingly to provide shading during different times of the dat. The sunlight reflected from the petals breaks down and project the full spectrum of sunlight on to the facade of the Faculty building, creating a multi-coloured three dimensional lighting display. Through the interaction between the petals and the effect of the sunlight, the designers hope to raise awareness of nature and its resources.

Context

0.0 Introduction

“Bangkok, Venice of the East”

0.1 Unit 22 Agenda and Project Starting Point 8 0.2 Context 10 0.3 Government Intervention 13

Chao Praya Basin Route of the 7 main rivers

Chao Praya Flood Plain The expanse of the Chao Phraya River and its tributaries form the Chao Phraya watershed. The Chao Phraya watershed is the largest watershed in Thailand, covering approximately 35% of the nation’s land, and draining an area of 157,924 square kilometres.T he watershed is divided into 6 basins. One of these is the Chao Phraya Basin. It is defined as the portion of the Chao Phraya Watershed drained by the Chao Phraya River itself, and not by its major tributaries or distributaries. As such, the Chao Phraya Basin drains 20,126 square kilometres of land. The landscape of the river basins is a very wide, flat, well-watered plain continuously refreshed with soil and sediment brought down by the rivers. The Lower Central plain is a flat, low area with an average of 2m above sea level. Further north the elevation is over 20m. Then the mountains that are the natural boundary of the Chao Praya watershed form a divide, which has, to some degree, historically isolated Thailand from other Southeast Asian civilisations.

Thailand

Bangkok

1835 - Flood City

Flooding was a natural occurance. Locals learnt to adapt to it.

Context â&#x20AC;&#x153;1980 and the Deterioration of Environmental Conditionsâ&#x20AC;?

In the late 20th century, Bangkok experienced more severe floodings. These were caused by such things as:

19 major Canals in Bangkok to irrigate Chao Phraya River

1. Overbank flow : The overflow from the rivers results in widespread flooding. During the peak flood in 1995, the flow in the Chao Phraya River passing through Bangkok metropolis to the Gulf of Thailand was much higher than the capacity of the Chao Phraya River and caused severe flooding in the Chao Phraya Delta and Bangkok metropolis. 2. Uncoordinated development : In urban development, the surface areas covered with houses, roads or paved surfaces have low water absorption properties, thereby converting rainwater immediately into run-off flowing into the drainage system. This phenomenon is in contrast to that in rural areas, where rainfall can be retained by vegetationcover and absorbed by soil. 3. Pollution : Uncontrolled dumping of sewage and garbage may obstruct the flow and cause siltation in the drainage streams. As a consequence, combined with uncoordinated development, many parts of the country has resulted in decrease in drainage efficiency both inland and river courses. 4. Torrential Rainfall : Heavy local rainfall is usually the main cause of inland floods, as it often exceeds the drainage capacity of the local areas or streams. Gulf of Thailand

Site

5. Deforestation : This is the most significant man-made cause that increases flood peak from rainfall and reduces the lag time between rainfall and run-off. In a deforested area, surfacerun-off and peak flood discharge tend to be higher, since there are no trees to obstruct the flow. Moreover, the rapid run-off will increase erosion of soil surface particles, resulting inhigher turbidity and more serious sedimentation. This results in reducing function of the riverand water sources.

4. Torrential Rain

1980s - Flood Blocked City

1. Overbank Flow

2. Uncoordinated Development

3. Pollution

Context “Bangkok, Flood Chocked City”

Severe flooding occurred during the 2011 monsoon season in Thailand. Triggered by the landfall of Tropical Storm Nock-ten, the flooding soon gushed through the provinces of Northern, Northeastern and Central Thailand along the Mekong and Chao Phraya river basins.

2011 Flood Barriers (in red) to mitigate water overflow in Bangkok

2011 - Flood Chocked City

Keys Site Flood Barrier in 2011 Rivers The 5 factors mentioned previously continued to exacerbate. This, combined with record breaking rainfalls and a tropical storm, developed into the worst flooding disaster ever to occur in Thailand, with an estimated damage projection at 6,000,000,000 USD.

Noticable Floods in the City of Bangkok since 1785 Economic Cost (THB)

Year

Flood Description

1785

4.25 meter flood height

N/A

1819

3.20 meter flood height

N/A

1831

Flood waters reached top of protective wall

1917

All roads underwater for at least one month’s time

N/A

1942

1.50 meter flood height, which persisted for 2 month’s time

N/A

1975

Flood caused by tropical depression

1980

4 days of excessive rainfall in city promts widespread flooding

700 million

1982

Heavy rainfall promts flooding

1.1 billion

1983

Remnants of multiple tropical cyclones promts 3-5 months of flooding in the city

6.6 billion

1995

Chao Phraya River measured at 2.27 meters above sea level

3.0 billion

1996

Water level measured at 2.14 meters; flood dike overtopped

1.5 billion

1.1 billion

The dykes designed to block the overflooding were ineffective in most cases because of the abundance of waste. Water flow was slow on many major canal routes. Many locals have now resulted in their own clean up efforts rather than relying on government assistance.

0.0 Introduction

“What can be expected” Approximately 1/4 of the population will move away from their homes

ple Water pumps

a nn

ram

m Te

The dyk weste kok es alo rn sid n e from Noi c g the has ana C fl ha a ne o insi l de wing s prev o Phr twork exp into the aya ent of ine ected dykes the p ing flo , Ban ro g ffec o h . tive eavy But d tecte ding in 2 rain ue t d ar o ea 011 fall, the the un s . se pro ved

Water pumps

Wat Thong Canal

0.1 Unit 22 Agenda and Project Starting Point 8 0.2 Context 10 0.3 Government Intervention 13

Flood Water Western Bangkok 50 million cubic metres

Insufficient warnings were given to allow enough time to prepare for a flood. Most move to stay with family in a highrise or an unaffected part of the country.

People with fears of losing their car to the water, park their vehicle on the bridges, blocking the route causing traffic Charan Saniwong Bridge

ara

nS Ro aniw ad on g

The discharge capacity in West Bangkok is 32 million cubic metres per day BTS Skytrain will still run during a flood

Ba k

Ph ra y

R iv

Flood effect on Site

-5 0 c -1 m 00 1. c 0 -1 m . 1. 5 5 m -2 .0 m

MRT will be unoperational. All station entrances have been designed 1m above ground with regards to flooding. Flood gates prevents water from affecting the stations.

A major water retention pond in the South can hold up to six million cubic metres of water. On the eastern side, His Majesty the King’s dyke, which runs north to south, and around 20 retention ponds help retain up to six million cubic metres of water before it is pumped out and drained to the sea. Seven giant tunnels have also been installed to help speed drainage. The main protection measures against run-off are HM King’s dyke and Pasak Cholsid dam in Saraburi further northeast of Bangkok, which can help hold up to 800 million cubic metres of water. The rest of the run-off usually goes to the Chao Phraya and Thachin rivers. But another mass of water is travelling to Bangkok from the North, and the city has hardly any infrastructure to cope.

Bangkok has been struggling to divert floodwater out of the city because its water drainage system was developed mainly for handling localised flooding caused by heavy rainfall, not massive run-offs from the North. Since then, canals and tunnels have been dug, retention ponds designated, and pump stations constructed to help drain the water. The water drainage system is based on a polder system, where dykes are built around the city, and floodwaters are directed to the sea by pumps, water drainage canals and tunnels. This pictures detail the severity of what Bangkok had to endure during the 2011 flooding. 16 billion m3 of water flowed from the upstream provinces through Bangkok over one month. On a large scale, the flood walls and water pump directed the water sucessfully to the gulf. However, due to late warnings, delayed reactions to the weather pattern, many people lost their homes and were forced to relocate to relief centres. The images above showed some of the government attempts to provide temporary shelter.

Site Analysis “Bangkok Noi”

Originally, “Bangkok” referred to a village in the area that today roughly corresponds to the neighbourhoods of Bangkok Noi. This vast district consists of the entire west bank of the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok. Bangkok, for centuries was an agricultural land filled with canals and fruit orchards. The traditional Thai way of life on the canals still exists here, as do the floating vendors and orchard farms.

[4]

[5]

ray

ive

[6]

[1]

Site

The original condition of Chao Phraya at the Bangkok Noi district.

A new route was created so that travellers would not have to take the longer way round the river.

The great river gradually reduced in size as more people migrated into the district.

[2]

[3]

[1] Khao Mao Community. Home district to Mao rice makers. A local delicacy of rice that requires only water to cook. No heat is needed. [2] Bangkok Noi adandoned railway station. Contains several old and rare Japanese steam trains. The station is no longer in use. [3] Ban Bu community. The only makers of Stone set bronze bowls in Thailand. [4] A small narrow canal backwater of the district. Local children frequently play in them. [5] Along the Bangkok Noi canal. On a concrete foot path enclosed by iron bars, locals restaurants spill out accros the path, making it a great place to converse. [6] The Royal Barge. Used in the Royal Barge procession, a ceremony of both religious and royal significance which has been taking place for nearly 700 years.

1.0 Building Form Systems, Planning and Context

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Site Weather Patterns and Relevant Contextâ&#x20AC;?

1.1 Site Analysis 16 1.2 Program Analysis 21 1.3 Site Devision and Organisation 25 1.4 General Accommodation Arrangement 29 1.5 Local Sensibility 38 1.6 Overall Environmental Strategy 40 1.7 Access and Circulation 45 1.8 Overall Structural/ Construction Strategy 48 1.9 Overall Construction Sequence 53 1.10 Health and Safety 54 1.11 M&E and Sanitation Systems 55 1.12 Acoustics 60

So mi uthw d-M e ay st M - m on id- soo Oc n W tob in er d

Site Analysis

d in ry W rua b n o e so d-F on mi tM ras be e o rth ct No id-O m

Plan showing key climate conditions

Keys Sunpath

Bangkok Noi District

Prevailing Wind Site Boundary

Map of Bangkok Districts

Area Prone to Flooding 0.2 -0.5 m in 2011 1.0 - 1.5 m in 2011 Tidal Flow

“Wind Data”

“Temperature Data”

N N40 N N40

30 20 30

20 10 20

10 10

W W W W

N Feburary

N March N40 N N40

N40 N N40

30 40 40 30

30 20 30

20 10 20

20 10 20 10

E E E E

10 10

W W W W

S S S S

May N

N40 N N40

30 20 30

20 10 20

10 10

W W W W

E E E E

10 10

W W W W

20 10 20 10

E E E E

10 10

W W W W

S S S S

July

August

September

N N40 N N40

30 20 30

20 10 20

10 10

W W W W

E E E E

10 10

W W W W

10 10 10

W W W W

Southwest Monsoon and Wind Direction

China

India

India Southeast Asia

Indian Ocean

Rainy Seasons The Rainy Season (Southwest Monsoon Season) occurs between mid-May and mid-October. During this time, the Southwest Monsoon pattern prevails over central and northern regions of the country - spawning abundant amounts of rainfall - with the peak levels of precipitation normally received in August-September. The monsoon is supported by a stream of very warm, moist air from the Indian Ocean. In addition, an active Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the arrival of Tropical cyclones also provides enhanced moisture.

S December S

Northeast Monsoon and Wind Direction

E E E E

S November S

According to the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD), the country’s climate endures three separate seasons: Rainy, Winter and Summer. The various regions of Thailand are typically prone to seasonal flash floods and river flooding even though dams, irrigation canals and flood detention basins have been buildt in recent years to mitigate flood damage.

20 10 20

E E E E

S October S

What is considered a Normal Meteorological Year in Thailand?

30 40 40 30

E E E E

December

30 20 30

November

30 40 40 30

Average Low Temperature (°C)

N June

N40 N N40

October

April N

September

S S S S

E E E E

August

10 10

W W W W

July

E E E E

June

10 10

W W W W

Average High Temperature (°C)

May

30 40 40 30

April

N40 N N40

March

N January

E E E E

S S S S

Average Temperature (°C) Graph for Bangkok

E E E E

Feburary

W W W W

January

E E E E

Temperature (°C)

W W W W

30 40 40 30

Southeast Asia

Indian Ocean

Winter Seasons The Winter Season (Northeast Monsoon Season) occurs between mid-October and mid-February. During this time, the Northeast Monsoon pattern brings cool and dry air acrss northern and northeastern regions of the country. While this pattern brings dry and cool to the north, it also signals the start of a mild and rainy season for southern regions of the country - particularly along the east coast. Summer Season The Summer Season (Pre-Monsoon Season) occurs between mid-February and mid-May. This time is marked as a transitional period from the Northeast Monsoon to the Southwest Monsoon. Climatology suggests that the weather will become warmer, with April normally being the hottest month in Thailand.

04 13 72

Annual Rainfall Averages (in mm) for the Region of Thailand

Average from 1985- 2011 Projected in 2050

West

Rainy

Average from 1985- 2011 (East + West Coast)

Projected in 2050

Region

Winter Season (mm)

Summer Season (mm)

Rainy Season (mm)

Annual # of Rainy Days

North

105.5

182.5

952.1

123

Northeast

71.9

214.2

1085.8

117

Central

124.4

187.1

903.3

East

187.9

250.9

1417.6

131

- East Coast

759.3

249.6

707.3

148

- West Coast

445.9

383.7

1895.7

176

South

2 10 8

East

Annual Rain Days

32 4 36 9

Average from 1985- 2011 Projected in 2050

Summer

Winter

13 1 15 0 Annual Rain Days

Rainy

Summer

18 218 4 25 0 28 6 Winter

11 7 13 3 Annual Rain Days

Rainy

Winter

North East

Central

Summer

72 82

North

21 4 24 4

3 38 4

85 12 3

Precipitation Projection for 2050

17 16

02 29 6

“Precipitation Projection for 2050”

Average from 1985- 2011 Projected in 2050

Annual Rain Days

12 3 14 0 Rainy

Summer

18 0 20 8

10 125 0 Winter

11 3 12 9 Annual Rain Days

Rainy

Summer

South

Winter

12 144 1 18 7 21 3

3 10 3

Asia

Average from 1985- 2011 Projected in 2050

• By the 2050s, freshwater availability in Central, South,East and South-East Asia, particularly in large river basins, is projected to decrease. • Coastal areas, especially heavily populated megadelta regions in South, East and SouthEast Asia, will be at greatest risk due to increased flooding from the sea and, in some megadeltas, flooding from the rivers. • Climate change is projected to compound the pressures on natural resources and the environment associated with rapid urbanisation, industrialisation and economic development. • Endemic morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal disease primarily associated with floods and droughts are expected to rise in East, South and South-East Asia due to projected changes in the hydrological cycle.

In 2050 precipitation levels are expected to rise. Here I used the average of precipitation level rise in the past 50 years to create a constant, which is approximately 1.14. I multiplied the current precipitation levels with this number to formulate an approximate prediction of the precipitation level for 2050.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Future Unexpected Weather Conditionsâ&#x20AC;?

The frequency of tropical cyclones moving through Thailand during 61 years (1951 - 2011)

Subsidence

Tidal Waves

River Run-off

North

North-East

Ocean Rise

Central East

Total

Dec

Nov

Oct

Sep

Aug

Jul

Jun

May

Apr

Mar

Feb

Jan

South

Unexpected Weather Conditions According to data from the Meteorological Department of Thailand, rainfalls have become more unpredictable. The wet season has become wetter, and the dry season drier. There have been more flooding and flash flooding from huge downpours, and more drought and shortage outside the monsoon season. The Himalayan glaciers which feed all the great rivers of Asia, including the Mekong and Salween are already melting. As this gets worse, the river flow will initially increase, contributing to floods. After that, the flow will reduce, worsening off-season droughts. In the last 30 years, number of hurricanes or cyclones category 4 and 5 has doubled.

This data shows that the flooding caused by land subsidence in Thailand is inevitable. The best people can do is to try to anticipate the flood and to be prepared to live with the floods, both when the floods are beneficial and when they are harmful.

Showing height above Sea Level, Showing the water level rise during and Flood Barrier the 2011 flooding 1.0 - 1.5 m above sea level 0.5 - 1.0 m above sea level Less than 0 m Flood Barrier Site

0.2 - 0.5 m flood 1.0 - 1.5 m flood 1.5 - 2.0 m flood Site

Conclusion Constant x 1.14 for precipitation Hurricane Cyclone doubles Subsidence 3.0 m lower Ocean rise 32 cm - combined with tidal waves

Provide medical assistance

Distribution of food and water supply

Disaster prevention and learning centre: water rescue, fire fighting, first aid Vehicles had to be adandoned

Pulling together through hardship Militery and Government officials organise relief efforts

Food and water are limited

Some locals were left with no choice but to deal with the floodings themselves

My proposal is to create a Flood Shelter. It will include a permanent structure as well as temporary ones. During a flood, it will provide shelter and supply for its inhabitants. As well as being a hub for emergency supply for other locals. After a flood it will provide those whos home are in need of repair , a place to stay, helping them make the transition easier. A workshop will also be set up in the permanent structures to educate, train decision makers and the public to be able to respond to future warnings.

Flooding along Chao Phraya

Program Analysis â&#x20AC;&#x153;Typhoon Occurances in 2011â&#x20AC;?

May: Heavy Rainfall Late July: Tropical Storm Noc Ten develeoped

July

August

September October November Time taken for flood to arrive in Bangkok.

Typhoon, Cyclones and Hurricanes developed during the 2011 Cyclone Season

Year

Duration

Nock-ten

July 30-31, 2011

Average Rainfall by Basin (mm)

Runoff Volume by Basin (million cubic meters)

Ping

Wang

Yom

Nan

Ping

Wang

Yom

Nan

97.1

117.1

126.2

46.9

1000.0

370.0

900.0

110.0

Disaster

Preparedness

Response

Rehabilitation / Construction Prevention/ Mitigation 22

Severe Tropical Storm Nock-ten was a powerful tropical storm that developed in an area of low pressure to the east of the Philippines. It cased damages estimated at US$126 million to the Philippines, China, Vietnam, Laos and Thailand. Meteorological data P.19 suggests that in the future, Cyclone combined with unprecedented precipitation and tidal waves, likely to occur every 3 - 5 years. In the case of 2011, Nock-ten was largely what caused the unprecedented amount of rain in the North of Thailand. The travelled south over the course of approximately 2 months to reach Bangkok.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Seasonal Changes to Building Timelineâ&#x20AC;?

Bangkok Noi District Phra Nakorn District

Bangkok Yai District

Building is attached on to the brige/ public infrastructure. During the months of recovery it provides assistance in the rehab and resonstruction stages for the community.

Hydro energy collected from river flow and tides all year round. See Section 1.11 for more details on Hydroenergy

Each municipality is responsible for the maintenance and operation of their own buildings.

DRY SEASON

Construction of homes onto bridge structure begins in the rainy season. Precipitation each year is unstable, therefore only people who are affected may be in need of the building.

Some slight inundation may occur in flat plain areas and small canals. Preparation for the flood seasons begins.

December November January Febuary March

Hydro energy is still collected. River tides maybe stronger, as precipitation causes higher water levels to flow to the gulf. A constant update provides locals with live update on the developement of cyclones and incoming flood.

RAINY SEASON

April May June July August

The accumulation of hydroenergy is used during the months of flooding to assist those in need. People move into their designated home. The building will provide necessities for those living there and also those whos homes were unaffected.

FLOOD SEASON

September October 23 November

Proposal

This stage represents the situation under normal circumstances; ie no threat from flooding.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;People are back home but some find themselves with no home to go to, or left with an empty damaged homeâ&#x20AC;?.

Flooding occurs and the building is constructed next to a public highway bridge along the river. People affected make their journey from their homes to make this their new temporary home.

The flooding dies down and the building has no further use. However, elements of the structure remains as a workshop space to help educate locals about flooding mitigation and preparedness.

We have training and workshops for Bangkok volunteers. We teach them how to make tools to help in the floods .

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-15482743 Local Resident

Worker at Flood Relief Centre

Site Division and Organisation

1.0 Building Form Systems, Planning and Context

“Site Model and Early Development“

Site model to study the density and supply demand of users. Temporary, easily constructed living units are required to house flood victims. Food and necessities distribution units are needed on the existing bridge level, for locals (who aren’t necessarily living there) to get access to foods and supplies. These distribution centre also double as workshops for educational purposes for locals to learnt about how to prepare and cope in the event of a flooding, Programme

gkok

Ban

ity

mun

om oi C

Keys

Foundations (Basement)

Storage/ Plant/ Energy Provisions

Energy Provisions Water Collections Living Spaces Food/ Necessity Distributors Workshop

Bridge Level

a hray

Cha

Rive

Living Units

During Flood After Flood

Site

N 25

Site

Bangkok Noi My proposal will appropriate three typologies of structures, the highway bridge, the old adandoned Bangkok Noi railway station and its tracks, and a neighbourhood of houses in the community. [1] The old railway tracks runs through the neighbourhood and have a generous reach into local lives. [2] The old Bangkok Noi railway store keeps several old Japanese steam trains. This space will be used as the HQ for my proposal. [3] A panoramic view of the garage and outside. [4] A panoramic view of the bridge, community and railway garage [1]

[3]

[4]

[2]

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Effect of Flood on Local Housesâ&#x20AC;?

7.0 m

[D]

This diagram plots the numbers of people who are in danger of losing their homes during a flood against the rise in water.

6.0 m

[C]

All residents to evacuate

Scenario [A]

- Flood 4 m high - Requires evacuation of approximately 190 people

Scenario [B]

- Flood 5.0 m high - Requires evacuation of approximately 353 people

Scenario [C]

- Flood 6.0 m high - Requires evacuation of approximately 429 people

Scenario [C]

- Flood 7.0 m high - Requires evacuation of approximately 487 people

5/9

The Danish Hydrological Institute (DHI) estimates that the return period of the floods to be above the 100-year threshold, though the estimate is not specific. The estimation is based on the observed peak levels of water at different stations in Chao Phraya River Basin. At the moment, there are no fully developed commercial vendor models availiable to assess potential insured losses from the flood risk in Thailand.

Unaffected or Non Residential

5.0 m

[B]

Station

Site 6 4/9

5/20

3/6

3/9 7/14

6/12 5/12

5/12

12/25

Observed Peaks

2011

Estimated Return Period (Years)

1983

1995

2.0

5.0

10.0

25.0

50.0

100.0

Ayutthaya

4.7

5.1

5.9

3.4

4.1

3.7

5.1

5.4

5.6

Bank Sai

3.1

N/A

4.2

2.6

3.1

3.4

3.7

3.8

4.0

Pakret

2.2

2.6

3.2

2.2

2.6

2.7

2.9

3.0

3.1

8/24

9/22

6/18

6/12

Peak Water Levels Recorded on the Chao Phraya River in meters above mean sea level, estimated return periods

7/16 12

17 12

5/18

13 12

5/11 12

7/15 9/15

6 6/12

6/11

4/9

9/17

17/35 15

8 17

11 6/12

6 12/19

3 8

8 6 6

4.0 m

[A]

Vernacular Thai Architecture “Sensible Innovations adapted to a Thai Climate”

Flood Shelter- Space Configuration In the advent of a the flood, the flood shelter will appropriate the city’s infrastructure to create a series of interventions that will allow people to exist side by side with the water. The spaces will include: Communal Spaces - The circulation is given a communal function to allow for more social interactions among residents. Access Points - There are 2 means of access into the building. 1.) From the bridge 2.) from the river by boat. Food/ Supply Points - This space turns the bridge into a food/ supply distribution hub for the local community. This will incude the organisation and distribution of outsourced food supply and locally grown foods, water collected and filtered from the resevoir and energy supply. Residential Units - Modular, Prefabricated living units

Keys Site Communal Spaces Access Points Access Journey Residential Units Food/ Supply Distribution Points

Paths boats can pass through

-1 Level - 3.275 m from Bridge Level

-2 Level - 6.375 m from Bridge Level

-3 Level - 9.325 m from Bridge Level

Basement Level - 11.10 m from Bridge Level

Hull Level

Key Plan

- 6.375 m from Bridge Level

-2 Level

- 3.275 m from Bridge Level

-1 Level

Âą 0 m from Bridge Level

0 Level

Clinic

Communal Dining Area

Single Family Unit

Courtyard

Toilets/ Showers

Craned Kitchen Attached to Canopy Structure; can be lowered to park on each floor

Food Storage

Single Family Unit

Unit A (below) can be lifted up to be fited in this space

Communal Dining Area

Massage/ Lounge

Toilets/ Showers/ Changing Rooms

Exploded Axo Showing Block A (Refer to plan)

Hull Level

- 11.10 m from Bridge Level

Basement Level

- 9.325 m from Bridge Level

-3 Level

Communal Area

Storage for Unit above

Supporting Anchor

Ballast Tanks

Plant level : Waste Handling Compactor/ Water Treatment Tanks

Steel Core Structure (see section 1.8 for more details)

Storage for Unit above

1-2 Person Unit (A) Supported by Hydraulic Posts below to allow it be to raised one floor higher in the case of expansion.

18x

11x

N Scale 1:250

A Food/ Medical/ Necessity Distributary Point B Arun Amarin Bridge C PV Cells

Block C 1 Entrance 2 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 3 Herb Garden 4 Truck Access 5 Food Storage/ Fridge 6 Toilet/ Shower 7 Family Unit 8 Prayer/ Study Room 9 Family Unit 10 Prayer/ Study Room

Block A 1 Entrance 2 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 3 Loading Dock 4 Herb Garden 5 Truck Access 6 Food Storage/ Fridge 7 Toilets/ Showers/ Changing Rooms 8 Courtyard 9 Massage Parlour

Block B 1 Entrance 2 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 3 Herb Garden 4 Loading Dock 5 Toilet/ Showers 6 Family Unit 7 Prayer/ Study Room 8 Family Unit 9 Prayer/ Study Room 10 WC/ Shower 11 Family Unit 12 Prayer/ Study Room

Âą 0 m from Bridge Level

0 Level

N Scale 1:250

A (under) Arun Amarin Bridge

Block C 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Loading Docking 4 Freezer 5 1-2 Person Unit 6 Toilet/ Shower 7 Storage for Unit above 8 1-2 Person Unit 9 Storage for Unit above

Block A 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Loading Dock 4 Courtyard 5 Toilet/ Showers (Share) 6 Freezer 7 Toilets 8 Commual Dining Area

Block B 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Loading Docking 4 Toilet/ Shower 5 Storage for Unit above 6 1-2 Person Unit 7 Storage for Unit above 8 1-2 Person Unit 9 Storage for Unit above

- 3.275 m from Bridge Level

-1 Level

20x

N Scale 1:250

A (under) Arun Amarin Bridge

Block C 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Communal Dining Area 4 Single Family Unit 5 Prayer/ Study Room 6 Single Family Unit 7 Prayer/ Study Room 8 Toilet/ Shower 9 Single Family Unit 10 Prayer/ Study Room

Block A 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Commual Dining Area 4 Loading Dock 5 Single Family Unit 6 Prayer/ Study Room 7 Thai Herbology Shop 8 Clinic 9 Toilet/ Shower 10 Single Family Unit 11 Prayer/ Study Room

Block B 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Loading Docking 4 Toilet/ Shower 5 Storage for Unit above 6 1-2 Person Unit 7 Storage for Unit above 8 1-2 Person Unit 9 Storage for Unit above

- 6.375 m from Bridge Level

-2 Level

18x

16x

14x

11x

N Scale 1:250

A (under) Arun Amarin Bridge

Block C 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Loading Docking 4 Storage for Unit above 5 1-2 Person Unit 6 Toilet/ Shower 7 Single Family Unit 8 1-2 Person Unit 9 Storage for Unit above 10 Water Cooled Chiller/ Condenser

Block A 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Loading Dock 4 Storage for Unit above 5 1-2 Person Unit 6 Communal Dinging Area 7 1-2 Person Unit 8 Storage for Unit above 9 Boat Entrance 10 Water Cooled Chiller/ Condenser

Block B 1 Crane Kitchen/ Dining 2 Herb Garden 3 Loading Docking 4 Toilet/ Shower 5 Storage for Unit above 6 1-2 Person Unit 7 Storage for Unit above 8 1-2 Person Unit 9 Storage for Unit above 10 Water Cooled Chiller/ Condenser

- 9.325 m from Bridge Level

-3 Level

Short Section

12 13

14 Predicted Flood Level +4.0 m 15 Normal River Level

Block A 1 Existing Bridge 2 Canopy Structure 3 Cranes for Loading Docks 4 Crane Kitchen/ Dining Area 5 Food/ Medical/ Necessity Distributary Point 6 Cooling Towers/ Risers (extended from Basement Chillers/ Condensers) 7 Toilets/ Showers/ Changing Rooms 8 Toilets/ Showers 9 Storage for Unit above

10 Communal Dining Area 11 Clinic/ Herbology Shop 12 Communal Dining Area 13 Water Cooled Chillers/ Condensers 14 Waste Handling Compactor/ Water Treatment Tanks 15 Ballast Tanks 16 Supporting Anchors

1:200 Section

Key Plan

Long Section

Predicted Flood Level +4.0 m

Normal River Level

Block A 1 Massage Parlour 2 Courtyard 3 Toilets/ Showers/ Changing Rooms 4 Food Storage/ Fridge 5 Communal Dining Room 6 Court Yard 7 Toilet/ Showers 8 Freezer 9 Single Family Unit 10 Thai Herbology Shop 11 Clinic

12 Single Family Unit 13 Storage for Unit above 14 1-2 Person Unit 15 Communal Dining Area 16 1-2 Person Unit 17 Storage for Unit above 18 Food/ Medical/ Necessity Distributary Point 19 Crane Kitchen 20 Ballast Tanks 21 Supporting Anchor

1:200 Section

Key Plan

Vernacular Thai Architecture

1.0 Building Form Systems, Planning and Context

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Sensible Innovations adapted to a Thai Climateâ&#x20AC;?

Local sensibility/ Wisdom A Thai house is an architectural Typology that echoes the natural daily customs of Thai people. It is considered a work of art, not mearly a structure to shade such elements as the sun and rain. Its design is intertwined with the daily life of the users. It is heavily influenced by the geography, climate, jobs, the economic and social status of the user. 4 typologies are recognised in Thailand, each varying in material/ local beliefs and religion of that particular region; Northern, Eastern, Central and Southern.

High Angled Roof

All Thai vernacular architecture must have a high angled roof. This is significant in two ways. 1.) The high pitch allows for a higher level of air convection. 2. A high angle lets rain trickle down faster. This is significant as puddles of water can get trapped and become a nesting place for mosquitoes.

East Orientated

The longer side of the house is oriented towards the East. This is to minimize direct exposure from the sun, during mornings and evenings and takes advantage of the prevailing winds. The long overhangs from the roof ensures that during midday, the rooms are shaded.

Stilted Foundations Stilted foundations is a very noticeable characteristic of a Thai vernacular house. The purpose of stilts was to elevate the house sufficiently to avoid the main structure being flooded during the monsoon. Otherwise this space is used for storage of tools or agricultural equipment, parking, eating meals and other activities.

Vernacular Thai Architecture “Sensible Innovations adapted to a Thai Climate” Flexible and Expandable

Sleeping

Servant Toilet

Guest reception

Veranda

Central Region’s example of a Thai House

North

Kitchen

Food store

The planning of spaces are very flexible. All activities and spaces are spread out over one floor. One need only build additional decks and enclosures to increase the size of the house.

Decking and Overhangs North East

Central West East

N Large overhangs from the roof provide shading from direct sunlight.

South

Easily, Quick Construction

Construction details are simple and easily assembled. Modern vernacular houses are prefabricated and assembled on-site. The structure includes timber ribs and beams and columns.

Natural Material - Wood - Hay

Overall Environmental Strategy The overall environmental strategy is to use natural ventilation as a passive cooling system in the building. The characteristics of past and present Thai houses are analyzed in terms of climate, culture, and technology. Based on the thermal comfort requirements for the Thai people and the climate conditions in Bangkok, a study (Tantasavasdi, C. 2001. “Natural ventilation design for houses in Thailand,” Energy and Buildings, 33(8), 815-824.) found that it is possible to use natural ventilation to create a thermally comfortable indoor environment in houses in a Bangkok suburb during 30% of the year. This number can be increased even further as climate statistics show that floodings occur mainly in the later months of the year when the temperature is cooler.

High Slope Roof - Drainage - Roof Ventilation

Cool microclimate

Traditionally

Night Life Natural Ventilation

Day Life

Concrete Tile Roof

Solar Radiation Direct Sun

The vernacular architecture of Thailand, such as the traditional Thai house in Fig. a, was designed to take advantage of the prevailing winds. The traditional Thai house is normally built with three notable characteristics: an elevated floor, a pitched roof with long overhangs, and a large open terrace. The elevated floor prevents sudden flooding, protects occupants from dangerous animals, and allows more wind to flow through the living space. The long overhangs provide shade protect the house from rain. There is a thermal stratification in the house; the air temperature in the lower part of the house is lower than that in the upper part. The occupant usually stays in the lower, more comfortable part of the space. The large open terrace, which occupies approximately 40% of the total floor area, serves as a space for outdoor activities, and was an important space for the typical extended families of the Thai people of the past. Summary The study cited (Tantasavasdi, C.) concluded that natural ventilation could be effective in the region during the winter (from December to February). Additionally recent studies have found that the Thai people can live comfortably with much higher temperatures than westerners, so natural ventilation could also work in other seasons.

Concrete & Brick wall Heat Storage

Hot Microclimate

Measures that I have included in my designs are • have adjustable permeable wall panels for maximum air flow/ avoid wind shadow • using larger inlet apertures than outlet apertures (in panels) • floor plates are stepped to allow permeability in air circulation • keeping the indoor space as open as possible so that wind can travel freely • open/ communal spaces/ courtyards to provide cool microclimate • no living space directly underneath one another to reduce vertical heat gained • including a solar chimney to encourage stack ventilation • natural materials for better cooling • roof overhangs for shading • source energy from hydro power collected from the river (see section 1.11 for more details) • source energy from PV cells on the bridge (see section 1.11 for more details)

Permeability

Apertures in the Facade (Front)

Apertures in the Facade (Back)

fig a

fig b

Permeability is essential to encourage natural ventilation within the structure, therefore I have allowed for many corridoors and openings in the facade as much as possible. But at the same time, retain privacy for residential units. It is important to note that equal aperture sizes in the house do not provide equal comfort levels. It is preferable to have a larger inlet aperture than a larger outlet aperture. This would reduce the stagnation zone in the house. As shown above, figure a. shows a larger area of openings in the facade than figure b. East Facade Elevation of Block A

Model from Term 1 Project: Lat Phrao Community Flood House

Breathable Wall: weaved bamboo wall allows air to flow freely through

Breathable Wall: Vertical Timber Shutters suggests privacy but can be opened to allow air flow when required

Natural Ventilation Planning

Prevailing winds during Winter Season (Northeast Monsoon Season) - Wind coming from East- Northeast

Prevailing winds during Rainy Season (Southwest Monsoon Season) - Wind coming from West- Southwest

fig a

fig b Block B Plan Level -02 Scale 1:200

Block B Plan Level -02 Scale 1:200

Apertures in the facades, combined with openable wall panels, and communal corridoors allows for effective air flow though the building. An open plan for each room allows for the highest wind velocity in the interior space (Fig a.). The interior space of each residential unit allows for new partitions to be placed. It is important to place the partition in a way that creates a long room on either the West or East side depending on the season (Fig C). Additionally a large aperture area do not necessarily provide better natural ventilation. Some apertures may shortcut the wind (Fig. b). In my design, the panels can be closed to accomodate this.

fig c

Natural Ventilation Planning

Solar Chimney creates a stacked ventilation

Ceiling Fan http://www.akdn.org/architecture/project.asp?id=4032

The addition of a ceiling fan can help to increase the air velocity if a large aperture area is not feasible. I have also included the use of a solar chimney to enhance the natural ventilation by buoyancy effect. Solar chimneys are not popular features in Thailand due to houses not being tall enough to recieve the full benefit of this effect. However, since my building is over 10 m in height, this would be a practical addition to the building.

Wind Shadow

http://design.epfl.ch/organicites/2010b/1-assignments/1-dynamic-mappings/overcoming-wind-shadow

fig a

fig b

An elevated floor allows more wind to flow through the houses (Fig a.). Most of materplans at todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s typical housing projects do not encourage the use of natural ventilation. Houses are mostly aligned with the street grid. This makes the houses upstream block wind from those downstream. Linear alignments create a wind shadow, which is a low-pressure area at the back of each house. The permeable wall panels and the staggering of floor levels in my building reduces the wind shadow area at the back of each room.

Block A Section (looking north) Scale 1:200

Family Unit Planning

Fig a The position of the residential units are arranged in a fashion where they do not stack directly on top of one another. This takes precedence from vernacular Thai architecture; where the sleeping area is elevated and the ground floor used mainly for storage.This helps with cooling as the heat produced by occupiers are not stacked, therefore prevents overheating. Fig a. shows this arrangement used thoughout the building, most noticeably in Block B, C (refer to plan).

Fig b

Block A Section (looking West) Scale 1:200

Keys Occupied Family Unit Corridoor Storage for above unit Courtyard

Another important feature is the stepped floors (Traditionally known as “the Cat’s Gap“). This allows for the convection of air: warmer air circulate upwards in the building, drawing in cooler air underneath. A leveled slab design actually creates a reverse flow that can greatly reduce the natural ventilation rate. Therefore I have chosen this vernacular precedence in my design.

Circulation and Safety Provisions

The building is compliant with section K of the building regulations in relation to the safety of stairs, ramps and handrails in dwellings for the ‘private’ dwelling areas and for a Public building in the areas accessible for non residents. General Access Stairs Flood House

Approved Documents within Part K, M

Riser of 160 Going of 300 Width of 1200 mm Handrails at 1100 mm Varies but always > 2 m Compliant

Minimum riser of 150 mm, Maximum of 170 mm Minimum going of 250 mm , Maximum of 400 mm Minumim width of 1200 mm Handrails at a height of 1100mm on both sides A headroom of at least 2m No more than 12 risers between landings

Private Stairs Flood House

Approved Documents within Part K, M

Riser of 160 Going of 270 Handrails at 1100 mm Varies but always > 2 m Width of 1200 mm Pitch of 40°

Minimum riser of 150 mm, Maximum of 220 mm Minimum going of 220 mm , Maximum of 300 mm Handrails at a height of 1100 mm on both sides A headroom of at least 2m All private stairs have no more than 16 risers per landing Maximum pitch of 42°

Ramps

Public Private

Flood House

Approved Documents within Part K, M

Compliant Compliant

Max Slope of 1:12 1000 mm or more wide: provide a handrail on both sides.

Corridors and Gangways Flood House

Approved Documents within Part K, M

Compliant

All private corridors and gangways have a minimum width of 900 mm All General access corridors and gangways have a minimum width of 1200mm. Wherever there is a risk of falling from height, corridors and gangways have a balustrade at a minimum height of 1200 mm

Compliant Compliant

Means of Escape

The building is compliant with section B of the building regulations. B1: To ensure satisfactory provision of means of giving an alarm of fire and a satisfactory standard of means of escape for persons in the event of fire in a building. B2: To ensure fire spread over the internal linings of buildings is inhibited. B3: To ensure the stability of buildings in the event of fire; to ensure that there is a sufficient degree of fire separation within buildings and between adjoining buildings; to provide automatic fire suppression where necessary; and to inhibit the unseen spread of fire and smoke in concealed spaces in buildings. B4: To ensure external walls and roofs have adequate resistance to the spread of fire over the external envelope and that spread of fire from one building to another is restricted. B5: To ensure satisfactory access for fire appliances to buildings and the provision of facilities in building to assist firefighters in the sacing of life of people in and around buildings

Firefighting Equipment

The Building Regulations 2010, Fire Safety, Approved Documents B, (P. 8)

One of the key concepts of the building is to allow for as much natural ventilation as possible therefore much of the circulation space is semi enclosed with a roof but no walls. Enclosing each space and splitting the building up into compartments would be detrimental to the design concept and therefore the fire strategy and means of escape needs to utilise several methodologies in order to comply with section B of the Building Regulations.

A temporary staircase can be provided here 0 Level

Same as Bridge Level

First Aid Kit

Another key factor to consider is that the building is on a river and the closest land is approximately 20m away. Emergency services have two ways of accessing the building 1. via boat 2. via bridge. With this in mind, 2 areas have been designated as an assembly point, one on the ground floor and one on the bridge. The ground floor will act as a fire assembly point and refugee area for wheelchair users and also contain radio equipment, life jackets and life rafts, first aid kits and fire fighting equipments. A life raft will immediately be set up to take residents away from the building. Each Block of the building will have access to the assembly point from a choice of 2 staircases, a retractable wheel chair accessible gangway will also be avaliable. Since there are levels in the building that are above 4.5m in height, two alternatives are provided for emergency exits for all units in accordance with B1 section 2.

Life Raft and Vest

-3 Level

- 9.325 m from Bridge Level

Keys Fire Assembly Area Diagram highlighting fire escape routes to the Safe Area, Cores and Fire Shutters

Fire Resistant Core Fire Shutter Zone Route for escape

GRP used as structural components architecture under extreme weather conditions.

In compliance with section B1 of the of the building regulations, sprinklers and fire detection systems are included in the corridoors, kitchens and residential units. All timber windows, door panels and floor boards are treated with a special fire resistant coating from a local Thai manufacturer (Euro Thai Industry Ltd.) who is a distributor EnvirografÂŽ coating products. All private corridoors will be fitted with fire shutters. As the escape corridors are semi-enclosed and raised from the ground supported by a bamboo structure, the bamboo will be treated with a fire resistant coat rating of 60, so that its stability will be maintained for a reasonable period, in compliant with B3. The staircore will be the main route of escape for the residents. Therefore to maintain its stability in the event of a fire, the fire rating for this has to be very adequate. I have chosen glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) or fibre glass for the staircore due to its reletive cheapness lightness and strength. There are two components in GRP: a mat of fine glass fibres and the resin that infuses them. To meet the fire requirements, a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;fillerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, aluminium trihydrate shall be added to the resin. This has the effect of giving off water vapour in a fire, and so improves performance.

Accessibilty

The building is fully compliant with section M of the building regulations. Part M access to and use of buildings M1. Reasonable provision shall be made for people to: (a) gain access to; and (b) use the building and its facilities. The Building Regulations 2010, Access to and use of buildings, Approved Document M (P. 8) 0.14 ii. Dwellings a. so that people, including disabled people, can reach the principal, or suitable alternative, entrance to the dwelling from the point of access; b. so that people, including disabled people, can gain access into and within the principal storey of the dwelling; and c. for WC provision at no higher storey than the principal storey. The Building Regulations 2010, Access to and use of buildings, Approved Document M (P. 14)

• I have provided wheelchair accessible ramps as an alternative to the stepped access. • The Ramp is fully compliant with the regulations set out in part M and Part K and has; 0 Level

Same as Bridge Level

Flood House

Approved Documents within Part K, M

Compliant Compliant Compliant Compliant

Max Slope of 1:12 1000 mm or more wide: provide a handrail on both sides. Minimum 1500mm width Head height greater than 2m

• A disabled lift has been provided as per the requirements of Part M 3.17 • A wheelchair accessible WC is provided on the principle storey • The vernacular typology allows flexible expansion of space. Ramps can be easily added to over step the “Cat’s Gap“.

-3 Level

- 9.325 m from Bridge Level

Keys Disabled compliant ramps and walkways Diagram highlighting disabled lifts and ramps

Additional Ramps added to allow disabled access

Timber ramps to accomodate small changes in levels

Disabled Lift shafts

Canopy Structure P.47

Bamboo Walkway Structure P.50

Hanging Floor Structure P.48

Hull Structure P.49

Exploded isometric showing structure (only)

“Canopy Structure”

Centre of gravity

Equal amount of load on both side

Keys The Canopy structure’s role is to support the Crane Kitchen and manoeuvre the pulley. This is a permanent intervention as oppose to the proposed housing structure. There are 3 components in this structure, • By counter-balancing the crane kitchen on both side, I can achieve structural stability without too much intervention on the existing bridge. • This element supports the pulley. This acts as a mini cargo lift for materials to be delivered on each level. • Cross bracing reinforces the structural stability of the overall system.

Structure to support kitchen Structure to support pulley Cross Bracing Crane Kitchen

The International Aluminum Institute projects that the aluminum industry will be carbon neutral by 2020.

“Aluminium is well suited for application in the offshore industry. It does not rust, requires little maintenance and weighs only a third of steel,”

Location of canopy structure on Lv 0 plan

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hanging Floor Structureâ&#x20AC;?

The floor plates are supported by 2 steel frame cores. The floor plates are then suspened from cables connected to steel beams from the highest level. This minimises the weight of the system and allows flexibilty in the floor to ceiling height of each level. See section 1.9 for more information on construction sequence.

Keys Structural Core Floor Plates Steel Cable hung from Beams

Isometric of Block C showing structure only

Location of structural core on Lv 0 plan Colon Towers in Madrid (in construction)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hull Structureâ&#x20AC;?

Ballast Tanks are used to control the buoyancy of the entire building. These components are commonly used in submarine to remain buoyant underwater. This is to stop the building from changing levels as the the intensity of the flood flucuates. Once the Hull structure arrives on the site, it is anchored on to concrete piles with a steel cable.

Surfaced

Diving

Rising

Surfaced

Submerge

Diagram showing the Ballast Tanks in diffreent states

The Ballast Tanks are opened and water enters the Tank.

The compressed air displaces the water back into the river and makes the Hull more buoyant.

The Ballast Tanks makes the Hull less buoyant, and it dives.

Compressed gas is released into Ballast Tanks.

Research into Naval Architecture shows that SWATH Hulls (Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull) are superior in their performance; having a lower magnitude and acceleration in both Pitch, Roll and Yaw. Using this principle, combined with the submerging Ballast Tanks is how I obtained my design of the Hull Structure of my building.

Centre of gravity of plant/ core/ circulation

Block A Section (looking north) Scale 1:200

www.bluebird-electric.net/SWASH_Submerged_Single_Hull_Active_Surface_Stabilization.htm

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_motions

Centre of gravity of living units

Keys Structural Core

Circulation

Floor Plates

Stair Core

Heavy Plant Machinery

Ballast Tank changing position depending on the centre of gravity

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Bamboo Walkwayâ&#x20AC;?

The walkway connecting the building to the bridge uses similar bamboo technique I have explored previously in my term 1 1:10 model and also during the field trip. In term 1, the structure consist of interlocking bamboo logs connected by skewers and tightened by rope, additional cross bracing are also added to provide further stability. 0 Level

Same as Bridge Level

-1 Level

- 3.275 m from Bridge Level

-2 Level

- 6.375 m from Bridge Level

This connection allows me to create canopies structures protruding from the walkway.

-3 Level

- 9.325 m from Bridge Level

Term 1 1:10 Model: Lat Phrao Community Flood House Steel foundations (More detail on this in Section 2)

A school project in the small village of Jar Maulwi

Location of walkway on Lv 0 plan

Core Structure arrives on-site at this state

Hull is assembled from B.P. Centre Shipyard Co. Ltd and guided down to the site 40km away by a tug boat.

Aluminium structures will be manufactured at a Thai company, Asia Metal PCL. Taken to B.P. Centre Shipyard and assembled along with the Hull.

The supporting cable anchors the hull to the concrete piles to hold the building in place.

Extra levels are added to the hanging structures depending on the severity and the stages of the flood.

Site

The construction of the Crane Kitchen and canopy structure is not contingent with the flooding timeline.

Levels are added in situ depending on the severity of the flooding

Walls and rooms erected to accomodate people who move in.

Ladders Platform

Site

Maintenance To obtain the greatest value over their life span, the new and retained elements of the building require access provision for cleaning and the necessary inspection, maintenance and repairs, replacement of components and equipment.

CDM Construction Design management (CDM) regulations outline the designer’s responsibility for health and safety during the construction process and for any foreseeable building maintenance.

A secure maintenance walkway will be brought out along the East Elevation during maintenance. The upkeep of the roof tiles can be reached via ladder, whilst on top the specialist will be provided ro protect against falling.

The Health and Safety Executive legal guidance states that the designer must:

Access frequencies will ultimately need to be discussed with the building occupier and the building operator and consideration should be given to warranty requirements of any components installed. At present, I anticipate that the upkeep will happen every 3 month. And in accordance to Construction Design and Management Regulations 2007 Approved Code of Practice, “temporary means of access such as ladders are acceptable for maintenance if access is needed less than once a month” P. 80. Therefore access to the maintenance platform will be via pull down ladders on the deck level. These ladders will be locked so that they can only be accessed by an authorised, trained person and cannot be climbed on by children. Hooks will be provided along the maintenance platform for use with a harness system to protect against falling. Although the building is ephemeral the timber structure will need to be repainted with fire retardant varnish every 10 years, this will be done by contractors with specialist safety equipment such as masks, goggles. The permanent steel structure on the bridge will be affected by atmospheric agencies, especially when it comes in contact of moisture. Steel structures need regular maintenance with inspection and monitoring. Therefore it is essential to layer it with a protective surface coating, and remove defective or loose rivets immediately.

• Eliminate hazards and reduce risks during design • Provide information about remaining risks • Check that the client is aware of their duties and that a CDM coodinator has been appointed. • Provide information required for the health and safety file. In the case of this project a CDM coordinator will be appointed from an early stage in the project. Consultation from Stage C onwards will ensure that work on site is carried out with good conduct and in compliance with CDM regulations.

Construction The Hull and foundations of Block A, B, C and the entire Block A will be constructed off-site and guided down to the site via Chao Praya River. So there are 2 construction phases i.) Off site - The floating deck will be constructed in a specialist boat building yard to minimise on site risks.This will be done at B.P. Centre Shipyard, which is located on Chao Phraya River just 40km away. ii.) On site - When the Hulls have arrived, the assembly of timber structure such as the roof trusses, and triangulated vertical timber columns will take place. This allows for flexible planning, in accordance to the level of flooding that occurs. The required materials for further expansion will be housed close by in the Royal Barge Museum Storage. Measures will be taken to reduce potential risks on site during construction. The contractor has a responsibility to ensure that the appropriate safety equipment is worn by workers on site. A site office with first aid supplies will be set up for use during the construction process and all entries, exits and safe routes across the site will be clearly signposted. Temporary sanitary facilities will also be provided nearby for workers.

Hydroenergy

Khwae Noi Hydropower Project

Hydropower is a renewable and clean energy source. According to the Thailand 15 year power development plan for 2008 to 2022 (Power Policy Bureau, 2010), the total hydropower potential from every region in Thailand is about 328 MW. This figure is expected to grow in the future, as there are 64 potential sites for new hydropower projects in the Chao Phraya Basin alone. Therefore it is possible in conclude that hydroenergy will be a valuable source of renewable energy in 2050.

Naresuan Hydropower Project Chao Phraya Hydropower Project

Cross Flow Turbines will be placed along the course of the river to collect energy throughout the year in preparation of the flooding. Energy company Mae Fae Luang said a tidal energy farm would generate enough electricity to power 35,000 homes in one year.

Pasak Jolasid Hydropower Project Tap Saela Dam Khun Dan Prakanchon Hydropower Project Mae Klong Hydropower Project

Chao Phraya Hydropower Project

Pasak Jolasid Hydropower Project http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-13443663

A Hydro Turbine in the Thames

showing Chao Phraya Flood Plain Kra Seaw Dam

Royal National Hydropower Projects

Phra Rama Dam

Royal Dam projects producing electricity from turbine systems in the Chao Phraya Basin

http://travel.truelife.com/htravel/detail/1812092

A newly finished barrage project in Bangkok able to produce electricity from its turbine system.

Water Treatment “Flood Water is treated as Sewage”

Water is abundant in a flood, however there is a high risk of the flood water being contaminated with sewage, therefore the process chosen to filter water is to use the appropriate treatment to treat sewage water. More details in how the water is treated will be discussed further in section 3. All plants and treatment facilities are situated on the basement level away from used spaces, and is seperated with a louvred screen. After the treatment water is stored inside water tanks and in smaller tanks within the riser on each level. This is to allow the Crane Kitchen to be able to connect to these points on each floor. The connection at these points are similar to that of a hose’s connection with a hyrant.

Toilets

Kitchen Sink

Water Tank connection on each level for kitchen is manually connected through a hose Riser http://chicagoareafire.com/blog/2011/12/13/

Flood Water Treatment Process Grit Removal Sludge Tanks Anoxic Zone Sludge Tanks Aerobic Zone Chlorine Chamber UV Treatment Water is drawn up from the Ballast Tanks Water Storage Tanks

Waste & Sanitation â&#x20AC;&#x153;Using Offshore Processesâ&#x20AC;?

Waste and sewage will be stored inside a Waste Handling Compactor until they are collected by a garbarge. The barge will pump sewage back into a municipal sewer. The waste will be take to undergo the appropriate processes depending on their type.

Toxic

Combustion

Plastic Landfill

Toilets Access from platform on level -2

Biogas

Food Scrap

Fertilize Composting

Agricultural Organisms

Gas

Gasification

Waste Handling Compactor Each type of waste should be distinguished from another, so that each may be recycled, reused, or converted into useful energy. However this is not a process that takes place in my building, therefore it will not be touched upon in my report.

http://www.delitek.no/System-Solutions/Offshore/Complete-Waste-Handling-Systems/MORTIM

Mortim Waste Handling System, used to retain waste until collection time

Sewage is stored until it can be be collected and pumped into a municipal sewer

http://www.solidscontrolsystem.com/portfolio-item/ cosl-offshore-drilling/

Offshore drilling structure having its waste collected

Air - Conditioning “Using Treated flood water to Cool Spaces” Freezer

Lives in the past two decades have changed dramatically. People are more accustomed to air-conditioned environments. Statistics show that 90% of urban indoor environments are air-conditioned. However in suburban houses, air-conditioning is used only during the hot hours of the days. During the cooler hours, people are still willing to open their windows and let fresh air in. Therefore, almost all windows in suburban houses can be opened. This is a significant factor in my design (for more information about the natural ventilation design in building, see Section 1.6 and 3). In my building there are 2 cooling systems: • An active system with an air-conditioning for the hot months • A passive system with natural ventilation in the cool months (combined with a ceiling fan) The cool air is produced by a water cooled chiller, this is different from a conventional AC in that an AC has a condenser that is cooled by the environment air instead of water. A water-cooled chillers have a water cooled condenser connected with a cooling tower and are better suited when there is sufficient water (refer to section 3 for more detail).

Air Conditioned Rooms

The water cooled chiller is also capable of making ice. Blocks of ice will be used to preserve food in the freezer. Ice blocks can be craned up by the crane structures.

Condenser Water Pump

Ice being carried to freezer

Cooling Tower

Air Conditioned Rooms

Fan Cool Water Chiller Air

Chilled Water Pump

Riser Very Cool Water

Air Handling Unit Cooling Coil

Cooling Pipe in Cooling Tower

Water Cooled Condenser/ Chiller

Water Cooled Condenser with a Centrifugal Chiller Water chiller is an integral part of an HVAC system. It removes heat from the system by cooling and dehumidifying the air. The hot vapors enter the condenser and are cooled down by the water from the cooling tower that circulates through the condenser. The vapors move through the tubes of the condensers releasing heat to the water. The water is pumped with help of the condenser pump. The water then goes back to the cooling tower where it releases the heat to the air outside. This goes on till the whole gas is converted to hot liquid. The liquid then flows through the liquid line.

Clinic

Treated water used for chillers

Photovoltaics

Another developing technology very likely to become conventional in 2050 is the industry of Photovoltaics. Solar road panels are a product being researched and developed on currently in the US. This would be a good means to provide extra provisions of energy for my building. The PV comes in panels, each individual panel consists of three basic layers: • Road Surface Layer - translucent and high-strength, it is rough enough to provide traction, yet still passes sunlight through to the solar collector cells embedded within. • Electronics Layer - Contains a microprocessor board with support circuitry for sensing loads on the surface.The on-board microprocessor controls lighting, communications, monitoring. Solar Road Panel™

• Base Plate Layer - The base plate layer that distributes power (collected from the electronics layer).

Keys Solar Road Ways Sun Path

The site is based next to a public railway, therefore there are times when noises will become an issue. Previous scenarios describe the bridge being relatively undisturbed during a flooding as the flood levels will be too high for a car/ motorbike to travel. Therefore during this time, noise pollution from public transport is not an issue. However within the building acoustic conditions are very important, where up to 25 people can be sharing one Block at the same time during its highest peak. And assuming that people will be under stressful conditions, each family unit must be acoustically private. This is especially important in Thai culture as it is looked down upon when couples show affection for each other publicly. With this in mind the bedroom spaces must feel acoustically private from other areas of the house. Studies have shown that social interaction helps to alleviate depression. In my design, I have allowed for communal spaces/ dining to be slotted in between private living spaces to encourage social interaction. Therefore the private family units will have to be acoustically proficient. Typically there are 2 areas in acoustics to be considered: Soundproofing and Sound absorption. â&#x20AC;˘ Soundproofing is all about creating an acoustic barrier. Soundproofing products are specially designed and manufactured to perform as an acoustic barrier by reducing the amount of sound entering or leaving a room. â&#x20AC;˘ Sound absorbers are designed to absorb the sound within a room and help to reduce the amount of reverberation or echo within the space.

JCW Silent Board

http://www.acoustic-supplies.com/products/jcw-silent-board

There are two fundamental ways in which sound moves around the rooms and spaces in which you hear them: Airborne Sound (Sound waves reflecting within a space) and Impact Sound (Door slam or footsteps) In Private Rooms Internal Acoustic Boarding - A key design concept is that parts of the rooms can be openable with a system of louvres to allow cross ventilation, however in the fixed walls Internal acoustic boarding such as a JCW Silent Board will be used to minimise sound travelling between rooms. In the case where a room is next to one another this would also be used. Impact Sounds - Because no one living unit is directly underneath one another, this should not be so much of a problem, but Internal Acoustic Boarding will still be applied, to prevent the sounds of foot steps. Soundproof Panelling - Each openable panel should be able to soundproof when closed, with the appropriate seals in the frame of the panels, and a medium acoustic performance of 35 - 42 Rw dB. In most cases the private rooms are sperated by a corridoor, this would also act as a buffer zone between each private unit.

Model from Term 1 Project showing a traditional fabric

Acoustic Ceiling Banners

http://www.acousticsfirst.com/cloudscape-banners.htm

In Social Areas Acoustic Banners will be used as an economic way to reduce sound pressure levels and lower reverberation times in the communal areas. The chosen fabric will be a aesthetically Thai.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Acoustic Strategy - Absorbtion and Soundproofingâ&#x20AC;?

Block A. -3 Level

Block B. -3 Level

Block A. -2 Level

Family Unit Storage - Used as storage, no acoustic performance necessary.

1-2 Person Unit - Possible snoring/ talking/ playing

Family Unit - Possible snoring/ talking/ playing

Sounds coming from other users in communal areas or circulation

Panels with soundproofing qualities are used for the 2 single units. Acoustic Banners are hung from the ceiling of the communal dining space and crane kitchen. Soundproofing floorboards are not required as this is the lowest floor.

Panels of each room has soundproof qualities. The corridoor acts a buffer zone between each units. All floor boards indicated in light blue also have acoustic properties. Banners are hung from the ceiling of the crane kitchen.

Clinic - Possible Crying/ Children Screaming

Sounds coming from other users in communal areas or circulation On this level there are no family units as it is designated mainly for clinical purposes. Therefore the only soundproofing required is for the clinic. Banners are hung from the ceiling of the crane kitchen and also the clinic.

Keys Internal Acoustic Boarding Acoustic floorboarding Acoustic Banners for absorbing sound

2.0 Building Construction 2.1 Material Selection and Performance 64 2.2 Structural Aims and Intent 67 2.3 Overall Structural Development 70 2.4 Hanging Floor Structural Model/ Prototype Test 74 2.5 Key Details 83 - Crane Kitchen 83 - Bamboo Walkway 86 - Canopy 88 - Domestic Structure 90 - Foundations 97 2.6 Construction Sequence 100

Material Selection and Performance “Key Materials and Location of suppliers”

ay Cl

m bo o Ba

Nakorn Pathom

400 km to Bamboo Forest

Chiang Mai

Tiles

oo d aw ar

4 50 km to GRP manufacturer

Bangkok

5 km to Local Earthern Tile Makers

r Ho u s

eM er

la acu rn

1 Bangkok

Nakorn Pathom

Bangkok

10 km to Asia Metal PCL

m Struct iniu ur m e u

800 km to Parawood Forest

rced Pla info st

e ret

Trang

Gla ss

2.0 Building Construction

a Cl

es y Til

Clay tiles will be used for the roof cladding. This material is malleable, water resistant and insect resistant. It is common to find this material on the roofs of vernacular Thai houses or Temples. It has a long life span, requires little maintenance, and is found naturally in abundance in Thailand. Therefore it is an environmentally and financially viable option. It is also a part of local vernacular architecure, and therefore be produced quickly and cheaply by local artisans and crasts-men. Bangkok Noi being infamous for its artisan community will be able to contribute directly with the construction. For more information on Local Economical Impact, see section 4.2.

2.1 Material Selection and Performance 64 2.2 Structural Aims and Intent 67 2.3 Overall Structural Development 70 2.4 Hanging Floor Structural Model/ Prototype Test 74 2.5 Key Details 83 2.6 Construction Sequence 100

m bo o Ba

Bamboo is used to form the primary structure of the main circulation of the building, due to its strength and stability. The bamboo walkway is constructed as a scaffolding element during the construction phase of the design, and will remain there once the building is completed to be used as circulation. Bamboo is abundant in many parts of Thailand. It grows fast, making it a cheap and sustainable building material. The bamboo will be shipped from a Bamboo forest in Chiang Mai. oo d aw ar

House Make r

Vern a

ar ul

Parawood is wood from the Parรก rubber tree. It has become very popular in the last few decades in SouthEast Asia. There are extensive Parawood plantations in Thailand. It is a softwood, but strong enough to be used various structural elements; such as planks, batters, doors and window frames, louvre panels and studs. Salvaged timber will be used to construct doors and window panels, except for some special facades. Timber has relatively little thermal mass and therefore it does not absorb solar radiation during the day and emit it at night, this makes it a suitable material for the bedroom accommodation. For more information about Timber Properties and its Usage in Construction, see Section 2.5.

Thai vernacular houses are no longer made in-situ but mass-produced in factories and shipped to the site where it is assembled. Timber such as Parawood and Burmese Sal that are used as the domestic structures will be shipped to the local vernacular house making factories, where they will be made to the requirement of the specs. The locals of Bangkok Noi district will be responsible for the co-ordination of its construction.

in Re

forced Plas ti

Gla ss

m Struct iniu ur m e u

This is one element in the material selection that is not sourced locally but since it will be used in much of the buildings core structure and hull structure, therefore it is an essential part of the material selection. It has all the properties required; it is light (a third of steel) therefore reduces dead-weight and energy consumption while increasing load capacity. It is also extremely corrosive resistant, therefore perfect for use in off-shore structures. Aluminium is 100 percent recyclable with no downgrading of its qualities. The re-melting of aluminium requires little energy: only about 5 percent of the energy required to produce the primary metal initially is needed in the recycling process.

Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) is used to clad the hull structure and ballast tanks, due to its durability, flexibility, lightness and resistance to extreme temperatures. GRP combine reinforcing fibres (such as glass fibres, carbon fibres, natural fibres, etc.) with plastics such as epoxy, UP resins or amino resins and various additives. Different combinations of these components during production give rise to component parts/materials with highly variable properties that may be adjusted depending on the area of application. It is possible to create cast GRP from a mold, this allows for mass production in a fast and economical way.

Material selection and Performance A key aim of the project is to use locally sourced materials. The main benefits of this is that it benefits the local economy and reduces the carbon footprint of the building as locally sourced materials requires less transportation. Taking precedence from vernacular architecture and its materiality ensures that the project takes full advantage of the local material and their performative properties, most of which have been tried and tested over many centuries. This project aims to apply this material knowledge in the best way.

“Mordern Prefabricated System of Construction of a Vernacular House”

Excavation and digging for pillings are done. Formworks are erected to make way for house frame.

Formwork is continued with the erection of main vertical posts.

Partitions and roof elements arrive on site.

4 Assembly of main structural elements is complete and the partitions are sloted in.

“It takes approximately 3 weeks and £2000 to contruct a prefabracated Unit of aThai house”

Local Architect

5 In the past, Vernacular Thai houses were made in-situ, logs of wood were carried on-site. They were cut and shaped into the required sizes. Everything were done to approximation. Many elements were made bespoke. By implying ‘modern‘ or ‘prefab‘, one might picture all parts done by a 3d milling machine, but in the context of Thai houses, prefabrication still means ‘hand made‘, but with the assitance of machinery. Parts are still hand carved, cut and shaped but done so much faster with the help of modern equipments.

Other elements are sloted in after the primary structure is completed.

Aluminium Truss + Cross Bracing 1:20 detail

Canopy Structure P.86-7 Aluminium Truss + Cross Bracing 2 1:20 detail

Crane Kitchen 1:25 section

Craned Kitchen Structure P.83-5

Glulam + Cross Bracing

1:10 detail

Bamboo Joint 1:5 detail

Bamboo Walkway Structure P.88-9 Steel Connection 1:10 detail

Bamboo Walkway

1:20 section

Aluminium Core Structure 1:100 section

Floor Plates

Hanging Floor Structure P.74-82

1:50 section

Hull Structure P.97-9

Concrete Anchor 1:50 detail

Exploded isometric showing structure (only)

“Key Structural Strategies to explore”

The key structural and jointing strategies to explore in this section of the document.

In te

ss Tru

rlo

in ck

g/ C

ross brace d

Joints boo m Ba

io ns Te

n Ca

b le s

ice att

F ram e

in um l A

ium Frame

n Co

e Anchor cret

Structural Aims and Intent This Section of the report will focus on specific structural elements of the building. Some elements of the structure was influenced by the context of the site, i.e. creating canopies to hang off the kitchen, having floor plates that hang from two aluminium cores, ‘hanging‘ being an overarching theme of these structures. Floating hull structure that sits atop the water, in this case using Marine Architecture as a key precedence. The overall structural development will be illustrated first, then the Aluminium Core Structure/ hanging floor structure will be focused on, in contingent with the developent of the 1:20 prototype structural test. Then each structural elements indicated above will be closely looked at and analysed.

Overall Structural Strategy The section opposite summarises the overall strategy for the habitable building. This section shows the coming together of the previously discussed and developed ideas. In the next chapter I will go back to explain the developing ideas for each elements.

Insulation/ Ventilation and Condensation Bangkok has a tropical climate with temperatures never dropping below 20 °C. With this in mind there is no need for thermal insulation to be installed. As the temperature never reaches dew point, and more than 5% of the external wall is formed of openable louvres, there will be no need to further protect against the risks of interstitial condensation. In view of the tropical humid climate, a comprehensive ventilation strategy has been incorporated throughout the project. This is described in greater detail in Section 1.3 and 3.5 of this document.

Internal Fire Spread Several measures will be taken in order to prevent the spread of internal fire in the timber frame parts of the building. The louvred wall system will be linked up to the smoke alarm system so that in the event of a fire they shut automatically. These will be coated in a 60min fire retardant paint so that they form a fire curtain helping to prevent the spread of fire from one area of the building to another. The building the escape corridors which are semi-enclosed and raised from the ground will comply with section B 2.10 of the building regulations for Balconies and Flat Roofs. “part of the roof forming the escape route and it’s supportive structure, together with any opening within 3m of the escape routes should provide 30 minutes fire resistance.” Approved Document B P.62 To ensure that the structural elements of a building designed to support a load (i.e. Floor Joist that bear the overall floor structure), maintain their load-bearing capacity in the event of a fire, a fire retardant coating will be applied to parts of the timber structure that form the escape corridors. Due to the flood it may take extra time for the emergency services to arrive by boat, therefore such products as Envirograf® coatings, will be used which provides 60 minutes fire protection and satisfies SBI: B/s1/ d0 of the European fire classification of materials, construction products and building elements and part B of the building regulations. See Section 1.7 for the overall fire safety strategy and evacuation procedure.

Overall Structural Development

2.0 Building Construction

“Initial Canopy Structure”

“Initial Crane Kitchen Structure” s for ed s o op pr

re tructu

Glu la

Connects to the canopy structure

Tim be r

Load from kitchen

Clamp Structure Load from carrier

Load from carrier

Early iteration of canopy structure

Kitchen carries supplies up and down

Early iteration of canopy structure xxx

The first iteration showed the scheme entirely suspended from the bridge, but when I realised this could not be done, the scheme was divided up into two elements, a hanging element suspended from a canopy structure on the existing bridge with two equal load on both sides, and a seperate floating element. This iteration of structure showed the Canopy being clamped onto the section of the bridge, suspending the hanging kitchen at two points. The canopy structure were partly inspired by the elegant structures produced by Le Ricolais.

m Struct iniu ur e um

Kitchen operates using a pulley mechanism

Le Ricolais’s Canopy Structures

me ur

se Sal

In this previous iteration of the structure, the kitchen is shown to have a crane mechanism. When new goods are delivered by boat, it can be directly taken upwards to the kitchen stores. A glulam timber structure was proposed for the kitchen structure, being lightweight and easily assembled. Cross bracing is then added for further stability.

“Hull Structure”

“Anchor Structure”

Alumin iu m

Fra me St ru ct

in th wi

ll Hu

GRP Panelling

m Struct iniu ur e um

rced Pla info st

Gla ss

http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/living_and_working/research_stations/halley/halleyvi/

The hull structure was inspired by marine architecture and the Antarctica Halley Explorers. Aluminium trusses were proposed due to its lightweight and rust resistant properties.

e ret

The role of the anchor structure is to keep the buoyant hull stable against the current of the flood. This structure was developed by looking at the conventional marine anchors and dead man anchors used to stabilise radio towers and utility poles.

Tri -B

“Initial Bamboo Walkway Cocept”

J boo m a

oint

Str a

An g

Interlocking Bamboo Structure explored in Term 1 model

dg We

ht ig

e Joint

Joint Tip

Bam bo

10+ m

cket Joi ll So nt

mboo Ba

ode t l: La uni t Phrao Comm

loo yF

r te

king Joint loc

120 °I

1: 10 M

rm Te

New iteration of bamboo joinery explored in 1:20 [see section 2.3]

The inclusion of the Bamboo Walkway was promted by my previous exploration of Bamboo Structures from Term 1 and the innovative Bamboo Workshop during the Unit 22 Trip to Chiang Mai during Christmas. In Term 1 the 1:10 model allowed me to use an infinite length of Bamboo, however in reality rarely can you get a completely vertical log of Bamboo, over a certain height. The walkway is over 10 meters tall, therefore a new connection is proposed (above) and will be explored in detail further on in Section 2 (P.87).

Bamboo Joinery Techniques explored in U22 ‘Future Natural‘ workshop in Chiang Mai

“Domestic Structural Development”

Solar Chimney Earthern Tiles Ceiling Fan

Metal Grating Walkways

Bamboo Structure

Steel Structure

m Struct iniu ur e um

Previous iteration of Section (looking north) Scale 1:250

aw ar

ood

The aim of the domestic structure was to be lightweight, easily constructed pre-fabricated units. The frame for these structures were initially proposed as bamboo, taking on a similar precedence to the bamboo box structure developed in Term 1; interlocking joints bolted and roped, then cross braced at 3 sides for stability. However this structure was superseded by the hanging floor plate structure (P.74-82), to keep with the overarching theme of ‘hanging‘ structures. Previous iteration residential massing

Building the 1:20 Prototype created an opportunity for me to further understand the overall construction methodology of my building. I have chosen to build the Hanging Floor Structure, to test the structural competency of the scheme. The materials used in the construction are as follows: L-profile steel members, 10 mm steel strips, 3 mm nuts and bolts, 3 mm thick MDF, copper wires and customed made aluminium brackets. The sectional prototype shows that the structural strategy works, therefore an assumption can be made for the overall scheme. The summary of the structural scheme are as follows: Each floor plate is constructed with a beam lattice structure to spread the load thoughout each floor. Then the load is carried upwards via the cables and then distributed on the top floor and downwards via the metal core.

Overall Strategy for the Hanging Floor Structure

Sectional Model of Structure for Prototyping

Hanging Floor Structure “Load and Distribution Diagram”

Key Applied Force Compression Tension Dead Load Live Load Fluid Displacement External Forces

Top Floor Structure carries carries the load of the rest of the floors via suspended cables. It is made up of flat floor trusses and sits on top of the aluminium core structure, which carries the load downwards to the ground.

Flat Floor Truss. This component helps spread the load throughout the top floor. Without the truss, the top floor structure would fail. Bolt. Located at the connection between cable and floor beams. This component fixes each floor plate in position. Aluminium Core Structure. There are two of these metal cores located on each block. They carry the load of the entire structure down to the ground. Therefore to be structrally competent, they needed to be made from metal. Structural Cables that carries the load upwards, distributing it over the top floor, then downwards through the metal frame.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cats Gapâ&#x20AC;&#x153; see section 1.6. These stepped floors allows for natural convection of air.

Floor plates (see P. 74, 76). This component consists of a beam lattice structure that helps to distribute the load throughout each floor plate. The floor plate sits on top of this and connects to the metal core. These are points of connection between the horizontal metal beam and the vertical metal column. The vertical elements not only helps by alleviating the amount of load the corner posts carry, but they also acts as bracing elements. They are fixed on the horizontal element with brackets. (P. 75)

Hanging Floor Structure â&#x20AC;&#x153;Corner I-Beam Joint Detailâ&#x20AC;?

Circular Hollow Aluminium Rod (50 mm diameter) welded to Hollow Square Aluminium Profile (75 x 75 mm) to form a Truss

-Beam Detail Scale ne r I 1: 2 Co r 5

Hollow Square Aluminium Profile (75 x 75 mm)

Steel Brackets, bolted to both sides of the Hallow Square Aluminium Profile and then bolted down on to the I-Beam.

Aluminium I-Beam, UB 254 x 146 x 31 Profile, bolted onto another Aluminium I-Beam corner piece.

Corner I-Beam Detail

Corner Aluminium I-Beam, UB 254 x 146 x 31 Profile, bolted down onto the L-Profile beam.

Custom-made Aluminium L-Profile column. Same profile dimension as Corner Aluminium I-Beam.

Steel Core, bolted joints + aluminium brackets to brace.

Scale 1:10

Hanging Floor Structure â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cross Bracingâ&#x20AC;?

Hollow Aluminium Column, 75 x 250 Profile. Nailed to Bracket to Brace Structure Aluminium I-Beam, UB 254 x 146 x 31 Profile

Steel Bracket Connections, 5 mm thickness. Nailed to Aluminium I-Beam

Scale 1:10

Core Structure Elevation Scale 1:100

Core Structure Plan Scale 1:100

Cross Bracing Components

Three face cross braced

Hanging Floor Structure â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hanging Structure Core and Floor detailâ&#x20AC;?

In vernacular Thai architecture, the floors consists of timber boards and planks nailed to the floor beams. But rarely does a thai vernacular house goes higher than one living floor. In this case, the building will be inhabited by many users at the same time, this requires a floor board with acoustic panelling. Also given the climate in Bangkok, no insulation is required.

Floor Board, Parawood, 25 mm Thickness Acoustic Layer Floor Joist slotted between 2 timber caps, Parawood, 25 mm Thickness.

oo Fl

rP e lat

Thai vernacular house, with 1 floor for living and 1 floor for storage.

De tail 1:10

Ceiling, Parawood, 20 mm Thickness Aluminium U Profile to suspend ceiling Acoustic Panel Scale 1:50

Hanging Floor Structure â&#x20AC;&#x153;Floor Plates Connection to Coreâ&#x20AC;? Aluminium I-Beam, UB 254 x 146 x 31 Profile Floor Joist slotted between 2 timber caps, Parawood, 25 mm Thickness. Sloted into I-Beam

Floor Joist connect to I-Beam to allow more stability in the floor structure.

In the Prototype an aluminium bracket is used to support the floor plates where it touches the metal core.

Hanging Floor Structure â&#x20AC;&#x153;Floor Beam Latticeâ&#x20AC;? Aluminium Structural Core See P.77 for corner detail

Top floor carries the load from the floor plates below, this requires it to be thicker than other floors, contains floor trusses and aluminium joists.

Aluminium Floor Truss

Floor Joist connect to I-Beam to allow more stability in the floor structure. See P.80 for detail. Axo showing the timber lattice beams under the floor plates and their relationship to the top floor.

Steel Cable supports and balances the floor plates.

Floor Board (Detail P.79) sits on the Timber Lattice.

Timber Beam Floor Lattice Steel Cables are fixed with Star Steel Plates, which is also an essential connection for the floor beam lattice structure. See P.82 for Detail

Hanging Floor Structure “Floor Beam Lattice Detail”

Timber Beam, Connected with Steel Brackets, 75 x 150 mm Profile, Burmese Sal. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes.

Steel Bracket Connections, 5 mm thickness. Nailed to Timber Beams.

Steel Tension Cable, hanging the floor structures, 30 mm Diameter Multi-Part Beam, Connected to Star Steel Plates, 75 x 150 mm Profile, Burmese Sal. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat. Top Steel Bolt to tighten Tension Cable

Star of Steel Plates for multi-part beams and has an opening for Vertical Cables, with nail plates and hinges, 15 mm Thickness.

Bottom Steel Bolt to tighten Tension Cable

Timber beams joined with brackets and steel plates and bolted to create a timber lattice to support the floor structure.

Key Sections - Crane Kitchen

2.0 Building Construction 2.5 Key Details 83 - Crane Kitchen 83 - Bamboo Walkway 86 - Canopy 88 - Domestic Structure 90 - Foundations 97

6 1

Section A 1: 20

0 Level Âą 0 m

Same as Bridge Level

Block C 1 Crane Kitchen Cooking Area 2 Dining Area 3 Existing Bridge 4 Entrance 5 Storage Loading Area (Trucks) 6 Kitchen

indicates

Detail A

1: 10 Scale 1:100

“Crane Kitchen Bay Section” Vertical Cable connected to the canopy struture on the bridge, hanging the crane kitchen at 4 points. Refer to Detail A (following page) Steel Plate Connection Detail Refer to Detail A (following page)

Stall Tent Roof to Shelter Dining area from Rain

Lightweight plastic rod supporting the Tent roof Louvred Top Window Panels, Parawood Divider Panel made from reclaimed Parawood

Kitchen Exhaust Fan

Louvred Door Panel, Parawood All Parawood Panels coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat

Openable Vertical Swing Window made from reclaimed parawood panels. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes.

Steel Cable to Brace Floor and Ceiling, 50 mm Diameter

Herb Planting Space

Dining Area

Cooking Bench Timber Paneling made from reclaimed parawood panels. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes. Floorboard (35mm Thickness) with Floorbeams (75 x 75 mm Profile), Parawood. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes.

Steel Plate Connection Detail Refer to Detail A (following page) Existing Bridge

Pulley to manoeuvre Kitchen. Kitchen is able to be lowered from Flr 0 - Flr -2 Section A

Crane Kitchen Bay Section

1: 25

Location of canopy structure on Lv 0 plan

“Star Steel Plate Detail”

Vertical Cable hanging off the Canopy Structure on the bridge, holding the kitchen at 4 points. 30 mm Diameter

Star of Steel Plates for multi-part beams and as openhas opening for Vertical Cable, with nail plates and hinges. 15 mm Thickness Multi-Part Beam, Connected to Star Steel Plates, 75 x 150 mm Profile, Burmese Sal. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes. Steel Plate Connection for Cross-Bracing Cables 15 mm Thickness

Steel Bolt to tighten Vertical Cable 15 mm Thickness

Cross Bracing Steel Tension Cable 25 mm Diameter

Detail A

Star Steel Detail Connection for Crane Kitchen

1: 10

2.0 Building Construction 2.5 Key Details 83 - Crane Kitchen 83 - Bamboo Walkway 86 - Canopy 88 - Domestic Structure 90 - Foundations 97

Detail B 1: 5

Criss Cross Bamboo Bolt Joint See P.87 for detail

West Side of Residential Building See P.95 for detail Large Size Bamboo Length 100 mm Diameter, approx 20 mm Thickness

Bamboo Walkway provides main circulation to gap the Residential Building, Kitchen and Existing Bridge. Floorboard (35mm Thickness) with Floorbeams (50 x 50 mm Profile), Parawood. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes. Crane Kitchen Bamboo Walkway Residential Building 3d model is represented on P. 87 Crane Kitchen See P.84-5 for detail

Foundation Bamboo joint is similar but larger than other connections. The bamboo is filled with concrete to increase its strength.

‘Custom Made’ Steel I-Beam UB 356 x 171 x 101, with end cap, nailed and welded at each end.

Hardwood Timber Foundations, Burmese Sal, 300 x 300 mm Profile

Cross Bracing

“Bamboo Joint Detail”

Threaded Steel Rod, 10 mm Diameter, Goes through 3 logs of Bamboo to tie them together. Bolted at both ends by a Steel Bolt and a Rubber Layer to allow for movement in the joint.

Floorboard (35mm Thickness) with Floorbeams (50 x 50 mm Profile), Parawood. Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes.

Bamboo Beams acting as horizontal bracing for the walkway. The floorboards rest on the beams, 50 mm Diameter, 10 mm Thickness

Bamboo Beam, Floor support

All threaded steel roads are bolted down by a steel bolt + Rubber Layer.

A shaped profile of bamboo to allow the horizontal piece to sit on. Threaded Steel Rod, 10 mm Diameter, Inserted through 3 logs of Bamboo, at 3 intervals along its length. Bolted at both ends by a Steel Bolt and a Rubber Layer.

Steel Cross Bracing, See P. 89 Detail C1 for more details

Steel Ring connection, allowing another Threaded steel rod to secure the connection.

A Square Strip of Timber is sloted in on each side of contact to stop the Bamboo from moving. ‘Custom Made’ Steel I-Beam UB 356 x 171 x 101, with end cap, nailed and welded at each end. Welded and Nailed to another Steel Connection Detail B

3d Representation of Connection, Cut through Connection

1: 5

Steel Wire Cross Bracing

Hardwood Timber Foundations, Burmese Sal, 300 x 300 mm Profile

Key Sections - Canopy Structure

2.0 Building Construction

“Bridge Level Plan showing Canopy Structure”

2.5 Key Details 83 - Crane Kitchen 83 - Bamboo Walkway 86 - Canopy 88 - Domestic Structure 90 - Foundations 97

Detail C1 1: 20

Detail C2 1: 20

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Alunimium Joint Detailsâ&#x20AC;? Hollow Square Aluminium Profile (75 x 75 mm) Aluminium Restraint Clip. Welded onto the Aluminium Truss at one end, and bolted to a Steak Eye connection on the other.

25 mm diameter tension rods

Circular Hollow Aluminium Rod (50 mm diameter) welded to Hollow Square Aluminium Profile (100 x 100 mm) to form a Truss

Welded to achieve triangulation

Academic use only]

Cross braced

There are several conventional types of Trusses used within construction. My proposal will be a custom built Truss, each Canopy Truss is comprised of 10 triangular units constructed with straight members whose ends are connected at nodes. Each Truss will be bolted down and welded onto the existing bridge at equal lengths to one another, and cross braced by tension rods. A solar shading fabric will be tied to the catilievered part of the structure, onto a triangle aluminium connection.

Detail C1

Showing detail of the Tension Rod

1: 20

A Scissor-like joint between two tension rods. This arrangement allows flexibility in the transport of the rods.

Steak Eye Cable Connection

Node Connection

Detail C2

Partial fabric shading over canopy structure

Showing Detail of the Restraint Clip and Steak Eye Connection

1: 20

Key Details - Domestic Structure

2.0 Building Construction 2.5 Key Details 83 - Crane Kitchen 83 - Bamboo Walkway 86 - Canopy 88 - Domestic Structure 90 - Foundations 97

Detail D1 1: 10

Detail D2 1: 10

3 4

1 2

1:50 Section through Block A through Floor 0

Key 1 Massage Parlour 2 Courtyard (Behind) 3 Toilets 4 Private Resting Area

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Roof Detail and Load Distributionâ&#x20AC;?

The domestic structures form the living and recreational spaces within the building. These components include, wall partitions, doors, windows and roofs. They are inspired from vernacular Central Thai Architecture. The purpose of this is to create a locally recognisable user experience within the building, as most Thais have an endearing connection to the traditions of Thailand. All the components are constructed with timber with the hopes of providing the inhabitants with a warm and restful environment. This page illustrates the load and distribution properties of each structural element in a Thai roof.

Load from Ridgepole

Verticle Load into Purlin Perpendicular Load into Purlin Load into Purlin Parallel to Roof Total Force down into Post

Tensile Strength

Keys

Load from Connection into Post and Canopy

Gable end of a Thai houses Rafters

Load from Bracing into Post

Purlin

Load from Floor

Secondary Rafter

Load from Post down to ground

Posts Load from Ridgepole

Middle Post

Load Distribution Diagram of Roof Load from Purlin into Canopy

Load from Ridgepole

Load from Purlin

Load from Canopy

Dist between Purlin

Dist between Middle Posts

Dist between Posts

Clay Tiles Flat Profile 10 mm Thickness Clay Tiles Semi Circle Profile 10 mm Thickness Gable End of a Thai House 75 mm Thickness (Burmese Sal) Ridgepole Diamond Profile (Burmese Sal)

Gable End of a Thai House 75 mm Thickness (Burmese Sal)

Purlin 25 mm Thickness (Parawood)

Roof Beam 100x100 mm Profile (Burmese Sal)

Rafter 25 mm Thickness (Burmese Sal)

Groove Cut in Roof Beam for connection

Secondary Rafter for Canopy 35 mm Thickness (Burmese Sal) Bracing for Canopy 35 mm Thickness (Burmese Sal) 3d showing the connections of roof and post

Detail D1 1: 20

Cut though xxx showing xxx

Detail D2 1: 10

Post 100 mm Diameter (Burmese Sal)

3d showing the connections of roof and post

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Timber Properties and Usage in Constructionâ&#x20AC;&#x153;

Timber that has undergone processing and can be used in construction are as follows: Planks A flat piece of timber, used as floor finishes, partition finishes, roof eaves and gable ends. The common species used for planks in Thailand are Siamese Sal, Rose Wood, Iron Wood and Para Wood. The species selected to be used in my building is the Para Wood, due to its abundance and low cost.

Bark Sapwood

Beams and Joists This timber has the role of carrying the load from the ground, therefore a hardwood must be used. The common species used for beams in Thailand are Siamese Sal, Rose Wood, Burmese Sal, Padauk wood, Makha Wood. The species selected to be used in my building is the Burmese Sal, due to its low cost and slightly lower strength compared to the other options. This would help ease the construction process.

Heartwood Pitch

Roof beams and Rafters -

Spring Growth

These timber carries the load of the roof structure. They too need to be hardwood, because they are structural. The common species used for beams in Thailand are Siamese Sal, Rose Wood, Burmese Sal, Padauk wood, Makha Wood. The chosen species for the roof structure is the Burmese Sal.

Summer Growth Cabium

Posts This element carries the load of the entire structure, therefore a hardwood will need to be chosen. Nowadays most houses will use rectangular profiles, wheras circular profiles can only be found in vernacular houses. The chosen species for the roof structure is the Burmese Sal. Purlin or Batten -

Applied Pressure

This element only supports the weight of the roof tiles, therefore softwoods can be chosen. The species selected to be used in my building is the Para Wood. Sample Timber

Form Work -

Metal Plate to support

This element is used as supports during the construction phase. Plywood will be used here.

Plank

Door or Window Frames Usually a medium strength wood is used, because of its high strength and can be easily ornamented. Para Wood will be chosen here.

Timber undergo resistance test before chosen

Point of Contact

Stud This timber element is used to support the load between floor and ceiling. However, it is only a secondary structure and does not carry as much load as the posts, a hardwood is not required. Para Wood will be chosen here.

Different ways of Failing

Simple Tension

Cross-grain Tension

Compression

Brash Tension

Splintering Tension

Horizontal Sheer

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Timber Panelling and Enclosure Detailâ&#x20AC;?

Detail E 1 1: 5 Timber Panelling for living units Top Middle Detail E 2 1: 5

Bottom Top Middle (Open)

Section E1,2 1: 20

Traditionally a Thai house is cladded with panels. These panels usually have a division of either a top and main window panel. The sizes and openings on the window depend on the amount of apature you need in order to achieve good internal ventilation.

Term 1 1:10 Model: Lat Phrao Community Flood House, proposes modular panels

A Central Thai modern vernacular house. Components are pre-fabricated.

“Timber Panel Detail 1 - Top Window“

Floor Board Parawood, 25 mm Thickness

Star of Steel Plate Connection for multi-part beams and has opening for Vertical Cable, with nail plates and hinges. 15 mm Thickness (See P.82 for detail)

Floor Joist slotted between 2 caps, Parawood, 25 mm Thickness Acoustic Layer Ceiling, Parawood, 20 mm Thickness

Steel Cable hanging each floor plate, connected to beam lattice on each floor. 30 mm Thickness

Star Steel Plate Connection (See P.82 for Detail) Muti Part Beam, connected to Star Steel Plate, Burmese Sal 75 x 150 mm Profile

Private Balcony Space for user

Header (Burmese Sal) Pulley

Louvred Door Panel, Parawood Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes.

String, with direction of pull Top Window Panel Openable by a pulley mechanism, Parawood

Mosquito Mesh Floorboard (see detail- right)

Header Bottom, Parawood

All Parawood timber is coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes. Section E1 1: 20

Facade Enclosure Section E1

Detail E1 1: 5

Top Window Panel Detail

“Timber Panel Detail 2 - Fold Out Chair and Canopy“

Fold-out Panel, into Canopy, Parawood Star of Steel Plate Connection for multi-part beams and has opening for Vertical Cable, with nail plates and hinges. 15 mm Thickness (See P.82 for detail)

Fold-out Panel Frame, Parawood 50 mm Thickness Timber Panel Header, Parawood, 150 x 300 mm Profile

Steel Cable hanging each floor plate, connected to beam lattice on each floor. 30 mm Thickness

Removable Inner Panel, Hand Weaved Palm Leaves Mosquito Mesh Window

Timber Skewer to lock the Canopy and Chair together, closing the aperture of the facade entirely.

Private Balcony Space for user

Fold-out facade, Parawood (see detail- right) Coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes. Fold-out Panel, into Chair, Parawood Fold-out Panel Frame, Parawood 50 mm Thickness Floor Joist slotted between 2 caps, Parawood, 25 mm Thickness

Chair Leg, Parawood 50 mm Thickness

All Parawood timber is coated with Envirograf® Fire Coat to achieve fire rating of 60 minutes. Section E2 1: 20

Facade Enclosure Section E2

Detail E2 1:5

Fold-out Chair and Canopy Detail

Key Details - Foundations

2.0 Building Construction

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Timber Panelling and Enclosure Detailâ&#x20AC;?

2.5 Key Details 83 - Crane Kitchen 83 - Bamboo Walkway 86 - Canopy 88 - Domestic Structure 90 - Foundations 97

Detail F 1 1: 5

Detail F 2 1: 50

1:200 Section

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Hull Structural Strategyâ&#x20AC;&#x153; The aluminium frame structure of the Hull is formed with 3 structural components; Trusses, Cross Bracing, and Beams, shown in the Axo (right). Aluminium is a common metal used in offshore drilling structure due to their lightweight and rust resilience properties. The metal will produced in a factory located in Bangkok. The connection will be bolted and welded together in the conventional fashion, and cladded with Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) panels.

Hanging Floor Structure

How to produce a GRP cast Inside the mold is highly polished & coated with a release agent

GRP cladding Mold Thin layer of Gelcoat painted on surface of mold

Fibreglass Fabric and Resin is added until required thickness

Aluminium beams and trusses make up the Hull Structure.

GRP Panels underneath Hull Mounted on the Structure

Fiberglass is a lightweight, extremely strong, and robust material, and is used for many products. Although strength properties are somewhat lower than carbon fiber and it is less stiff, the material is typically far less brittle, and the raw materials are much less expensive. Its bulk strength and weight properties are also very favorable when compared to metals, and it can be easily formed using molding processes. It will be produced in a factory in Nakon Prathom, 50 km away from Site. Common uses of fiberglass include high performance aircraft (gliders), boats, automobiles, baths, hot tubs, septic tanks, water tanks, roofing, pipes, cladding, casts, surfboards and external door skins.

Ballast Tanks

Keys Truss Cross Bracing Beams Support Beams

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Anchor Foundation detailâ&#x20AC;&#x153;

The Anchor Structure utilises guy-wires, a tension cable designed to add stability to a standing structure. They are used commonly in ship masts, radio masts, wind turbines, utility poles. One end of the cable is attached to the structure, and the other is anchored to the ground at a distance from the structureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s base. The tension in the diagonal guy-wire, combined with the compressional strength of the structure, allows the structure to withstand lateral loads such as wind or the weight of cantilevered structures. They are installed at equal angles about the structure, in quads. This allows the tension of each guy-wire to offset the others.

Steel Rod

Cable Extender

Steel Plate connecting Antenna and steel Rod

Structural Antenna Steel Profile connecting the anchor to the antenna

Construction barge arrives on site.

A hole is excavated for the steel pile.

Concrete is injected into the excavation to hold the pile in place.

Steel Plates and anchor are installed.

Within the concrete Anchor another steel profile connects the to the pilling underneath

Concrete is casted to hold the anchor in place.

Concrete Piling Concrete Foundation holding the pile in place

Detail F2 1: 50

Anchor Structure Detail

In this type, a hole is excavated and an object with a large surface area is placed in it with the guy wire attached, and the hole is backfilled with concrete. In the traditional form of dead man anchor, a log is buried horizontally in a trench with the guy attached perpendicularly to its center. In my proposed concrete anchor, a diagonal rod with an eyelet extending in the guy direction is cemented into a hole filled with concrete.

Off Site

April

May

On Site

June

Off Site Construction and Assembly

Keys

100

Metal Work Rain Water Rise Timber Work Utilities Fit Out Room Construction Transported to ...

Components of structural core is manufactured at Asia Metal PCL.

Shipped to BPC Centre Shipyard.

Top floor structure is lifted on the core structure and fixed.

Structure is fixed on the Hull Structure and is guided down Chao Phraya River to the site.

Bridge

July

August

September

On Site Construction

The structure is now on-site. The Floor Beam Lattice Structure is assembled on the 2nd highest floor starting where the cables connect to it, and spreading out, eventually completing the lattice. Then the floor boards are settled on top of them.

More floor structures are constructured depending on the number of people being displaced from their homes.

Once all the floor structures are completed, the fit-outs and construction of living spaces begins.

Building completed. But expansion may be required if more people require shelter. In this case, the construction of living spaces continues.

101

The German Council for Sustainable Development summarises the basic principle of sustainable development as follows: “Sustainable development means that environmental aspects are to be considered equally and on the same level as social and economical factors. Thus, ‘fit for the future’ means that we must leave behind an intact ecological, social, and economic system for our children and grandchildren. One is inconceivable without the other.” Germany is known to have one of the highest standards and awareness of environmental design in the world.

102

3.0 Building Performance 3.1 Building Life Cycle and Environmental Impact 104 3.2 Overall Energy Strategy 106 3.3 Water Treatment 108 3.4 Waste and Sanitation 110 3.5 Ventilation Strategy 112 - Passive 112 - Active 114 3.6 Lighting Strategy 116

103

Building Life Cycle and Environmental Impact

3.0 Building Performance

“Overall Building Life Cycle”

3.1 Building Life Cycle and Environmental Impact 104 3.2 Overall Energy Strategy 106 3.3 Water Treatment 108 3.4 Waste and Sanitation 110 3.5 Ventilation Strategy 112 3.6 Lighting Strategy 116

Clay

Tiles

B am b o o

Overall Building Life Cycle It is important to introduce architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space. Sustainable architecture uses a conscious approach to energy and ecological conservation in the design of the built environment.

a wo od P ar

nium Structu mi r lu

Natural Building A natural building involves a range of building systems and materials that place major emphasis on sustainability. Ways of achieving sustainability through natural building focus on durability and the use of minimally processed, plentiful or renewable resources, as well as those that, while recycled or salvaged, produce healthy living environments and maintain indoor air quality. Natural building tends to rely on human labor, more than technology. As Michael G. Smith observes, it depends on “local ecology, geology and climate; on the character of the particular building site, and on the needs and personalities of the builders and users.”

einforced Pl a sR

ic st

Gl a

Smith, Michael G. “The Case for Natural Building,” in Kennedy, Smith and Wanek (2002), p. 6

C on

104

crete

The basis of natural building is the need to lessen the environmental impact of buildings and other supporting systems, without sacrificing comfort or health. To be more sustainable, natural building uses primarily abundantly available, renewable, reused or recycled materials. The use of rapidly renewable materials is increasingly a focus. In addition to relying on natural building materials, the emphasis on the architectural design is heightened. The orientation of a building, the utilization of local climate and site conditions, the emphasis on natural ventilation through design, fundamentally lessen operational costs and positively impact the environmental. Building compactly and minimizing the ecological footprint, on-site handling of energy acquisition, on-site water capture, alternate sewage treatment and water reuse.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Environmental Impacts of chosen materials & Material Storageâ&#x20AC;?

Clay Tiles

There are 5 factories manufacturing Clay Tiles in Bangkok. Due to the durable properties the material holds, and its thermal properties in effectively keeping the environmental cool, this resource is common in vernacular houses and temples. Although the aggregate of tiles vary by application (ceramic, baked clay, concrete), the most common one and readily available roof tile is the cement tile, being cheap and requiring little in maintenance. However the chosen tile material will be clay as Natural Materials takes precedence in the domestic side of the architecture. It also evokes a warmer and homelier ambience to locals. The tiles have a guarenteed lifespan up to 30 years but it is known to last for 100s of years. The tiles will be serviced via the maintenance platforms every 5 years to patch up and re-glaze any damaged units. In order to limit the miles of transportation required to get the tiles to site, a temporary storage will be set up inside a local garage. The tile modules can be recycled by incorporating them into other buildings, once the housing has been demolished at the end of its life.

B am b o o Bamboo is used to form the primary structure of the main circulation of the building, due to its strength and stability. The bamboo walkway is constructed as a scaffolding element during the construction phase of the design, and remains there once the flood subsides and the building is no longer in use. The bamboo will be treated every 5 years to protect it from insect infestation and has a lifespan of about 20 years. Bamboo grows naturally and quickly in Thailand, making it a cheap and sustainable building material. The fact that it is lightweight reduces the carbon footprint of transportation of the material to site.

Parawood is wood from the ParĂĄ rubber tree. It has become very popular in the last few decades in South-East Asia. There are extensive Parawood plantations in Thailand. It is advertised as an environmentally friendly wood, as it makes use of plantation trees that have already served a useful function. Rubberwood is used only after it completes its latex producing cycle, generally when it is 25-30 years old. When the latex yields become extremely low, the trees are then felled, and new ones are usually planted. This wood is therefore eco-friendly in the sense that it is being used when it would normally be thrown away. It also has very little shrinkage making it suitable for domestic structural elements in the building. It can be easily transported to site via a boat or truck. Reserves will be kept inside the material storage garage.

einforced Pla

s tic

Gl as

nium Structu mi r u l

Parawood

300 m distance between abandoned garage and site

Aluminium is a very light metal, about a third that of steel. The use of aluminium in structure will reduce dead-weight and energy consumption while increasing load capacity. Its strength can be adapted to the application required by modifying the composition of its alloys. Aluminium naturally generates a protective oxide coating and is highly corrosion resistant, and is used commonly in off shore architecture. Aluminium is 100 percent recyclable with no downgrading of its qualities. The re-melting of aluminium requires little energy: only about 5 percent of the energy required to produce the primary metal initially is needed in the recycling process. Initial production of aluminum requires tremendous energy. It also produces greenhouse gases that directly contribute to global warming. However, due to recent discoveries the production of aluminium is projected to become carbon neutral in 2020. GRP combines reinforcing fibres (such as glass fibres, carbon fibres, natural fibres, etc.) with plastics such as epoxy, UP resins or amino resins and various additives. Different combinations of these components during production (by various techniques) give rise to component parts/materials with highly variable properties that may be adjusted depending on the area of application. Various examples and studies demonstrate that reinforced plastics, for instance with regard to the amount of CO2 needed, may be much more effective than other materials. Thanks to the high corrosion resistance of GRP, their utilisation, for instance for offshore purposes, is significantly less costly than steel, since they reduce the need for demanding repair work. One downside is the difficulties in the recycling of GRP, as it is required to undergo a complicated process, involving heavy machineries.

Material Storage It is important and keep conditions in the building comfortable for habitation and rehabilitation. Therefore reserves of building materials will be housed 300 m away from the site, inside an abandoned railway garage.

105

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Overall Energy Strategyâ&#x20AC;?

Cool Air

Ventilation (Active)

Sanitation

The building uses a Water Cooled Condenser with a Centrifugal Chiller to utilise treated water to cool domestic spaces within the building. The Chiller is located at the base of the building, and cool air is blown via air ducts to cool the spaces. One chiller is shared for one block of the building, and can only be used for a couple of hours every day. Ceiling fans are also used throughout to cool the building.

Waste and sewage will be stored inside a Waste Handling Compactor until they are collected by a garbage barge. The barge will pump sewage back into a municipal sewer. The waste will be take to undergo the appropriate processes depending on their type.

Ventilation (Passive)

Prevailing Wind

The scheme takes advantage of the prevailing wind of the site, by having permeable facades, easily adjustable apertures, and orientated in a sensible direction. Passive ventilation works best in a single story building, therefore the scheme not only relies on natural ventilation but also utilises stacked ventilation and solar chimney effects.

Water Circulation Water goes through a treatment process specifically for sewage treatment. It is then stored in tanks on each floor. A fire hydrant connection links the tanks to the showers and WCs. Flushing water for toilets are recycled from collected grey water and shower water.

Water Pipe

Water Tank Water Treatment Tank

Toilet Reuse Grey Water

Electricity Electricity is provided by a power generator located in the hull structure of the building. The energy source is collected from Hydro energy turbines installed in the Gulf of Thailand and also Water Dams within the country. Hydro Energy Turbine

Power Generator

107

3.0 Building Performance

3.1 Building Life Cycle and Environmental Impact 104 3.2 Overall Energy Strategy 106 3.3 Water Treatment 108 3.4 Waste and Sanitation 110 3.5 Ventilation Strategy 112 3.6 Lighting Strategy 116

Average Shower - 10 L/min 4

Bucket Shower - 4 L/min

Save 60% water

Average Shower - 10 L/min

Use Greywater to flush

Save 80% water

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Water Treatment Strategyâ&#x20AC;? 1

Water collected on the roof is stored in seperate grey water tanks ready for use.

Bucket showers are used instead of conventional showers to save water. Bucket showers are commonly used in vernacular Thai houses.

Grey water are used to flush the toilets in order to reduce the consumption of water within the building.

If the Crane Kitchen moves upwards or downwards, the water pump would have to be reconnected, to the tank on each floor. [Details below]

The treatment plant, located on the basement of the building. Water is treated here and is stored in tanks, ready for use.

The main source of water in the building is the flood water. It is drawn up from the Ballast tanks.

Water used in the Crane Kitchen

Pressurized Flotation Device Air

PAC

NaOH Polymers Reuse

Air

Water collected from roof run off

Flood Water

Aeration Tank Raw Water Adjustment Tank

Water Quality Monitoring Tank

Sedimentation Tank

Coagulation Reaction Tank Tank Air

Polymer

Pressurized Tank

Water used in toilet and showers

Dispatch Sludge Resevoir

Pump connection

Water Tank

The connectio between pipes and tanks are similar to that of a fire hydrant

Water Tank

Water storage tanks

109

Bangkok Waste Average 0.7 kg/day per house hold

Waste Matter 3

Converted to useful energy for other sectors

Pumped to Municipal Sewage

“Waste and Sanitation Strategy” 1

Food waste fron Kitchen will be disposed through a rubbish shoot into a Handling Unit to await its collection.

Waste matter from toilets are flushed into its own Handling Unit in the basement.

The waste disposal system is similar to that used in offshore vessels. Waste is collected and is retained in a Waste Handling System until collection time. [see section 1.11 for more information on the compactors]. In this case, the food waste and rubbish is collected and taken to a landfill to to converted to useful energy.

Human waste is stored in a seperate Handling Unit. The Handling Unit is then collected by a garbage barge.

After collection the sewage is pumped into a municipal sewer.

Nakorn Pathom

Landfill Gas to Electricity Project

Site

The Building will dispose its waste to a new energy project currently developing in Nakorn Pathom, 50 km away from site.

Landfill

Composting

Gasification

The new energy project, named the “Landfill Gas to Electricity Project” will aim to extract, capture and utilize landfill gas to generate electricity. The Landfill Gas will be extracted and captured and the electricity generated will be exported to the Thailand grid, which would then be distributed into various sectors as useful energy.

Move to Preservation Tank

Open for Aenorobic Bacteria to React 5 -20 Days

Mines 446.186 KW/hr

Industrial 4319.26 KW.hr

Boiler to Mechanical Energy

Burn for Energy

Cover with Grinded Soil

111

Prevailing Winds from Northeast

General Movement of Air Air intake from Cats Gap Solar Chimney

A closer look at a room on Block C on Level -2 during a Southwest Monsoon Season

“Ventilation Strategy (Passive)”

Southwest and West-South-West Wind Direction enters through the louvred barrier. The adjustable blades in the barrier can control the amount of air coming through.

Pop out facade [detail on p.96] opens outwards and allows air to flow into the room. The windows are removable, shown in the model below.

Cooler air from floor below enters the room via the ‘Cats Gap‘.

Air also gets drawn in from the Top window.

Air gets drawn into the Solar Flue.

The ventilated air leaves the building.

Storage Room for Unit above. No units are directly above one another. This reduces occupancy heat gain within the building.

The flue is cladded with Black Ceremic Gravel, a material with good heat absobtion properties. The flue heats the air up and out of the chimney, whilsts the displacement of hotter air draws cooler air from the basement. See section 1.6 for more detail on Planning for Passive Ventilation

4 Residential Unit

1 2

Storage Room for Unit above

Closed Arrangement, Minimum Aperture

Open Arrangement, Chair and Canopy folded out, to reveal mosquito mesh windows.

Mesh Window Removed. Maximum Aperture

Power Generator

Water Intake

Hydroenergy Turbine

“Ventilation Strategy (Passive)” A closer look at a room on Block C on Level -2 during a Southwest Monsoon Season 1

Chair/ Canopy Facade closes and seals the room for cooling.

Timber floor board closes the Cat’s Gap to make sure cool air does not escape the room when being air-conditioned.

Air Handling unit blows in chilled air.

Air ducts situated in riser, distributes cool air to each residential unit. See section 1.11 [p.58] for more detail on Active Ventilation

4 2 2

3 Residential Unit

1 1

115 Axo showing riser and residential units fitted with AC

3.0 Building Performance

“Natural Lighting Strategy”

3.1 Building Life Cycle and Environmental Impact 104 3.2 Overall Energy Strategy 106 3.3 Water Treatment 108 3.4 Waste and Sanitation 110 3.5 Ventilation Strategy 112 3.6 Lighting Strategy 116

One of the key site issues addressed is the lack of canopy provided by trees due to the the site being situated next to a bridge infrastructure. The project addresses this issue by creating shade and protection from the monsoon rains with the clay tile roof, fabric roofing and a court yard in the centre of Block A. Clay tiles are commonly used as a roofing material in Thailand and can cheaply mass produced. The clay tile roof will fully enclose the bedroom areas on the top floor and act as a canopy for the semi- enclosed circulation and communal living space. The clay roof will overhang to provide protection from the monsoon rains. The barrier on the east facade will shield the building from the morning sun, and the fabric roof on the canopy structure will shade the building from the mid-day sun.

Block A

N 10°

Key 18:48 Block B

Roof Shading Canopy Structure Shading Courtyard Tree Shading

Block C

116

10:00 am

12:00 am

14:00 am

16:00 am

Bangkok Latitude: +13.73 (13°43°48”N) Longitude: +100.5 (100°30’00”E) Time Zone: UTC +7 hours

5:52 18 15

80° 12

S Sun path in June (shown in figures)

18:00 am

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Mechanical Lighting Strategyâ&#x20AC;? One consideration into energy efficient design is the choice of light bulbs to use when mechanically laminating the spaces within the building. Compact Fluorescent Lightbulbs (CFL) are used to light the residential units. CFL lights are energy efficient lights, being 4 times more efficient and last up to 10 times longer, whilst only using 50 - 80% energy than that of Incadescent lights. It is less expensive than other types and reduces CO2 emissions. Recent technological advances have produced higher quality CFLs, traditionally only available in a cool white, it is now available in a warm colour. This is significant as insects do not register warm light as well as white. Therefore reduces the amount of mosquitoes and insects within the building.

Electrical Consumption (W)

140 120 100 80 60 40 Block A. -3 Level

Plan showing location of CFL light bulb and bug zappers locations on a typical floor. 500

1000

1500

2000

Initial Luminous Flux (Im) Key

CFL bulbs

Bug zappers are installed for the lights in the circulation.

Incandescent 240 V

Compact Fluorescent

Incandescent 120 V

Halogen

Bug Zapping Lights

A comparative chart of Luminous Efficacy between different kinds of light bulbs.

Bug Zapping lights placed outside the rooms to draw in bugs to electrocute them.

Warm light is used in the rooms. Insects do not register warm light as well as white.

Light Bulbs are connected to the floor beam lattice structure.

118

4.0 Building Delivery 4.1 Contraints and Challenges 120 4.2 Local and Financial Context 122 4.3 Contract and Procurement 124 4.4 Key Roles and Relationships 127 4.5 Risk Management & Health and Safety 128

*Note: As the project is set to take place in 2050, a number of assumptions will have to be made prospectively. Due to limited informations about Policies and Planning in Thailand, the UK standard will be discussed instead.

119

4.0 Building Delivery

“Man-made Constraints”

Office of Communications Built Environment

Highway Authority

lan

nin

Port Authority of Thailand

Navigation Authority

Public Land Owner

Local Planning Authority

Harbour Authority

Limited Resources The most pressing of all the attributes is the Lack of Funding. The problem of flooding are attributed with many causes, sea level rise, heavy rain, subsidence. Thailand does not have sufficient funds to defend the entire coastline, much less Bangkok. The Property and Insurance markets have a significant amount of influence on the situation. Properties lose nearly all their market value if they can no longer be insured. Until 2013 the insurers will provide cover to properties with less than a 5% chance of flooding per year. This may change and higher risk areas will face increased premiums or lose their cover. The insurance sector has no incentive to ‘better’ homes and make them more flood-resistant following a claim; however, if customer loyalty was guaranteed, there could be a strong financial argument for improving the flood resilience of homes.

Communication Water Companies

Communications Department Thailand

Developers

Water Service Regulation Authority

Private Land & Home Owners

Ministry of Defense Thailand

Insurance Sector

Gas and Electricity Market Authority

ida g Policy Gu

Crown Property Bureau

Central Government Resevoir Managers

National Planning Policy: Coastal Planning P

Land Owners

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

em g Policy Stat

e Se

Office of the Minister

nin

la n

Ministry of Water Transport Thailand

Department of Groundwater Resources

120

National Planning Policy: Development and Flood Risk

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

The Public

Department of Drainage and Sewage

Regional Flood Defence Committee

e Se

District Douncil

Historic Buildings and Monuments Commision

Thai Meteorological Department

Lead Local Flood Authority

Maritime & Coastguard Agency

4.1 Contraints and Challenges 120 4.2 Local and Financial Context 122 4.3 Contract and Procurement 124 4.4 Key Roles and Relationships 127 4.5 Risk Management & Health and Safety 128

The huge number of stakeholders involved in issues to do with flooding lead to serious problems in communication.This can drastically slows and complicate the decision making process, leading to inaction or delayed responses. The diagram opposite begins to show the complications involved. There is much concern with flooding in the Chao Phraya Floodplain, where Bangkok and the Ancient City of Ayuthaya resides. On the other hand, living in close proximity to water is desired by many. There also appears to be a lack of understanding of flood ‘risk’, and what should be considered as an acceptable risk.

Timescale Architects/ Engineers/ Designers

Department of Land Transport

In the timescale that coastal stakeholders work to, there is a dramatic difference. Coastal Groups draw up 100 year Shoreline Management Plans (SMP), while local planning usually has a 15-20 year horizon. The political term of four years will cause a lack of consistency in political leadership.

Diagram showing the complications involved in communication when trying to organise an intervention for flood relief. signifies key players relevent in the design of the building

“What needs Changing?”

Limited Resources

Creating Incentive for Developers

Locals

Tourists

Before Flood

During Flood

After Flood

Government subsidies insurance of homes located in highly affected neighbourhoods.

Locals pay a fee and in turn gets a space allocated for them within the flood building.

Local District invest in the building as a workshop space to teach about awareness during flooding. The rooms also becomes available to tourists.

Introducing a Flood and Water Management Bill

Regional Flood Defence Committee

Local Planning Authority

Highway Authority

Office of Communications

Architects/ Engineers/ Designers

This bill will reduce the complications involved in communications and efficiently direct different parties directly with one another.

We need to think creatively about more economically sustainable solutions to flood risk management. Developers will only take on flood-management if there is commercial gain. This private sector funding will be needed to fill the gap if Government funding does not increase sufficiently. While government funding is set to increase, and has doubled in recent years, it is still not enough to tackle the problem alone.Therefore initiatives will be taken to set up multi-objective projects that could be multi-funded. (see Section 4.2 for Funding) The role of architects and engineers will be to embrace flood risk within design. Today innovation and creativity is starting to emerge in a growing body of architectural and engineering design work relating to flood risk. By finding positive solutions to adapt, to future flood risk, the value of the development will be added.

Communication The large number of stakeholders involved with flooding makes this a complicated process, therefore a joined-up, co-ordinated thinking and action by all the interested and affected parties will be set up. I will call this the “Flood and Water Management Bill”. This bill will establish much clearer responsibilities for all parties involved. i.e. In the case of this project, the Transport and Highway Authority will have to be contacted immediately to set up a special case project to allow a temporary building be built on public infrastructure. The issue of flooding needs one central, strategic body and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has been chosen for this task. There also needs to be much better community engagement efforts in the process. The communities will need to fully understand the actual risk they face, as well as the incentives to act now and have a long term vision. The public will be consilted with regularity during the decision making process to help them understand the long-term history and future of ocean changes.

Timescale

Central Government

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

There needs to be a long-term strategic vision embedded into current planning. The 100 year Shoreline Management Plan (SMP) needs to address the future of coastal towns and cities. At the same time, local planning in coastal cities needs to see beyond its usual 15-25 year horizon and begin the process of adapting the urban environment to face the rising tides. Both local planning timescales and SMPs will require strong leadership from the Government and an ability to take tough decisions.

121

International Federation of Red Cross Key Stakeholders

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Client Agency

Government Bodies Private Companies International Conglomerate Groups

Crown Property Bureau

Private Developers

Local Community Authorities

Department of Drainage and Sewage

Thai Meteorological Department

Architecture Practice

Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

Quantity Surveyor

Consultants - Service Engineers - Structural Engineers - Marine Engineers - Access Consultants - Acoustic Consultants - Environmental Consultants - Health & Safety Consultants - Fire Consultants - Planning Consultants - Traffic Engineer

Client: Central Thai Government

Architects

CDM Co-Ordinator User

Gov & Developers

Bangkok Noi Community & Tourists

The client will be the Central Thai Government, with support from the private sector.

The final building will be used by displaced local families during the flood occupation, and both locals and tourists during normal periods.

Support & Management

Wider Community

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Members of the Public

This is a Cabinet ministry in the Government of Thailand. It has a wide variety of responsibilities, this include the protection of the nation’s natural resources. In this case, it will be the central strategic body of the project.

It is important to consider the impact of the development on the wider community. As part of planning process the community will be engaged from an early stage in the design so that their feedback can be incorporated.

Contractor

Subcontractor

Who funds the Flood Shelter Project • The prospective future government will run their election campaign with the promise of delivering this project. A part of the funds will come directly from the Government. • In 2004 the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) launched a fund to support environmental projects in the region. The fund is worth over $80 million. The fund will be organised by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (a Cabinet Ministry of the Central Thai Government) and its affiliates. The Department of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation of Thailand since the 2004 Tsunami have set up a partnership with the U.S. National Institute of Health and works on this matter with support and researchers from the University of New Mexico and the University of California Santa Barbara. Its resources and personnel have been mobilized to assist local relief efforts and disseminate aid made available through the ASEAN environmental funds. • The International Federation of Red Cross is funded by statutory contributions from National Societies, the delivery of field services to programme partners, and voluntary contributions from donors such as governments, corporations and individuals. The IFRC will not directly fund the project but will assist in matters of humanitarian efforts.

122

Client

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Local Economic Impactâ&#x20AC;?

Investment in Sustainable Reconstruction

Economic Impact

Rebuilding Centre

( Technical Expertise

+ B

Small Business Owner

)

Construction Capital

Hire Local Labour

Job Recovery/ Job Creation

Techical Services - Debris Removal, Re-use - Demolition Experts - Land Tenure - Seismic and Structural - Architecture - Solid Waste Management - Traffic Engineering - Urban Planning - Historic Restoration - Landscape Architecture

Communication

Multiplier Effect Economic Recovery

Sustainable Rebuilding

Social Safety Net

- Business Recovery - Job Creation - Job Recovery - Income Generation

- Safe Building Practices - Environmental Stewardship - Job Training and Development - Creation of Skilled Labour Pool

- Family Cohesion - Job Training and Development - Community Participation

Expanding on the previous point on P.121 on Community Engagements. It is important that the building affects the community in a positive way. The local community will become a part of the construction process of the building, not just recipients. This will help intergrate social and cultural sustainabilty. The small businesses will be trained and supported through the construction process. This will create community resiliency, tying technical expertise with construction capital to a business framework to that creates local jobs by hiring locally and doing skills training and job creation.

123

Introduction

1. Traditional Design Contract

In a construction project, the three most important criteria for a client to take into consideration are cost, time and quality. It is at the clientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interest to achieve the highest quality, at the lowest cost, in the shortest time (The Aqua Group, 1999). These three criteria can be demonstrated in a triangle as the figure shown below.

2. Designâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Build Contract Chosen Procurement Method

C T T - Time C - Cost Q - Quality

Q Architect

Time: The project does not need earlier completion time, but completing on-time is very important. Certainty over project duration is very important.

Quantity Surveyor

Complexity: The flood shelter has simple construction principles but needed to achieve all client requirements. Most structural elements are assembled off site. It does not need to be high aesthetically designed.

Division of responsibility: The client will have experience in construction projects. Thus, the division of responsibility is not an essential factor. Risk may transfer to contractor by using design and build procurement.

124

Licenses

Contractor Consultants Clerk of Works Contractual Link Functional Link

Quality: The floodshelter must provide all the facilities for living and leisure. It must be designed based on proper living standard requirements. Certainly: The project must complete before Jan 2050 and within the allocated budget. The client might have limited funding and require the reassurance of a fixed price with no risk of fluctuation.

Client

Licenses

Start of Construction

Flexibility: Flexibility is needed when the client decided to make variations during the construction process. There may have variation for allow more residential units.

DESIGN

Client

Factor Affecting Procurement Choice

Cost: Firm price is needed because the project must complete within the budget specified.The client might have limited funding and price must be firmed before operations start on site.

Contractor Nominated Subcontractor

Architect

Domestic Subcontractor

Quantity Surveyor

Nominated Suppliers

Consultants

Domestic Suppliers

Domestic Subcontractor Domestic Suppliers

Contractual Link Functional Link Consultant Switch

CONSTRUCTION Design-Bid-Build project timeline

Client has a major role, requiring certain quality standards to be shown or described. Contractor is wholly responsible for achieving the stated quality on site. Quality and cost is prioritised at the expense of Time.

Less flexibility for the client once contract is signed. Design and construction integrated into a single contractual agreement. Cost and time is prioritised at the expense of quality.

3. Management Contract

2. Design–Build Contract

Analysis of chosen procurement

COST

Pre-tender time largely depends on the amount of detail in the client’s requirements. The construction time is reduced because design and building proceed in parallel. It is efficient single contractual arrangement integrating design and construction expertise within one accountable organisation. There is a guaranteed cost and completion date. This procurement is benefits in cost and time but at the expense of quality.

Advantages –

5 4

Client

3 2

Licenses

Disadvantages –

Contractor

E TIM

Client can modify design and requirements during construction. Managing contractor can adjust programme and costs. Design and construction skills integrated at and early stage. This allows for an early start on site. Quality and time is prioritised at the expense of Cost.

Functional Link

Contractual Link

Clerk of Works

• Cost pressure on builder’s side can lead to short cut in the design, and designing only to meet the minimum performance requirements of the contract. • Promotes cheapest capital cost options which could have significant life cycle ramifications in terms of cost and durability for the client.

Consultants

QU A LIT Y

Quantity Surveyor

Work Contractor

Architect

• Builder adopts a major portion of the project risk through the design development of the initial concept. • Builder can retain control of the design process and has the ability to ‘fast track’ in order to be more cost effective, at the expense of quality. • Single point of responsibility from the client’s perspective.

The Diagram above shows how the most important aspects have been evaluated in order to make an informed decision about the most appropriate method of procurement for my project. The identification for selecting a proper procurement system is through the procurement system selection matrix which in this case, the design and build has found to be more suitable for this project.

The same contractor will be employed to carry out phase 1 (Canopy Structure) and phase 2 (Housing). The client will it make a condition that the same architect will be appointed by the contractor to carry out the detailed design stages as that employed by the client at the initial design stages. This will ensure the key design concepts are fulfilled. A further condition will be that a percentage of the construction workforce employed will be from the local community. This will ensure that the community have a deeper understanding of the architecture, which will be beneficial in terms of maintainance. It will also improve the future employment prospects of those involved.

125

“Contractual Relationship in Design-Build Procurement”

“Timescale of Work”

RIBA Work Stages

New RIBA Work Stages

Consultant Switch

Contractor

Preparation of Employer’s Requirements Stages AB (CD)

Design

(Stage C-D) - L Tendering of Contract may happen at any given time after Stage B

Consultants

Domestic Subcontractor Domestic Suppliers Key Contractual Link Functional Link

To ensure that the key design concepts are protected. The client will include a clause in the contract stating that the same architect will be used to produce the construction information as that used at the early stages (A-C) to produce the initial designs.

Construction

Consultant Switch

Design Brief

Concept

Design Development

Technical Design

F Pre-Construction

Architect

Appraisal

F1 F2

Consultants

Advice

Consultants Contractor

Outside consultants advise client on Tender information. The consultants are appointed by the Client.

126

Client

Advice

Appointment

Contractor

Consultant switches from being appointed by the client to being appointed by the contractor.

Use

Client

Tender Documentation

Tender Action

Mobilisation

Construction to Practical Completion

L2 L3

G H

Preparation

Concept Design

Developed Design

Technical Design

Specialist Design

Construction

Production Information

L1 Appointment

Consultants

Licenses

Post Practical Completion

Contractor

Preparation

Client

F K L

One of the benefits of a Design and Build procurement method is that work stages can overlap and through parallel working fast tracking the time can be reduced overall. This is in contrast with Tradition Contracts.

(Offsite & Onsite)

Use & Aftercare

4.0 Building Delivery Client : Central Thai Government The Crown Property Bureau is a government agency responsible for managing the property of the Crown of the Kingdom of Thailand and are the owners of the site. They will liaison with the Central Thai Government to grant them them permissions for a special project to be commisionned on the public site. The Client will be the final owner of the completed building and is responsible for the appointment of the architect and Main Contractor.

4.1 Contraints and Challenges 120 4.2 Local and Financial Context 122 4.3 Contract and Procurement 124 4.4 Key Roles and Relationships 127 4.5 Risk Management & Health and Safety 128

Main Contractor Architect All Architects of Thailand must be registered with The Assiciation of Siamese Architects under Royal Patronage (ASA). The main role of the architect is • To create a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. • To deal with local and federal jurisdictions about regulations and building codes. • To act as the coordinator integrating the work of designers and specialists into the overall scheme. Following the consultant switch: A requirement at tender by the client will request that the same architecture practice be kept on by the contractor to produce the detail designs this will ensure that the key design principles are fulfilled.

Consultants The Client will need to appoint consultants to advise them on design requirements and costs, if the client does not have this expertise available within the ministry. During the initial stages of design (A-C) and before the Main Contractor is appointed the client will appoint the following consultants. Following the switch, these consultants will then be employed by the contractor. Structural Engineers: to work with the architect on the structural designs, carrying our necessary calculations of loading and forces acting on structure to ensure the building is structurally sound. Environmental Engineer: to work with architects and M&E engineers on the natural ventilation, materials, and PV cells on the bridge. Marine Engineers: to work with the architect on the structure of the hull of the building, ballast tanks and anchor design, making sure they are working together cohesively. M&E Engineers: to advise on the water treatment systems, active ventilation system and the electricity distribution of the building. Traffic Engineers: to advise on building a structure on the existing highway, and find alternative routes for traffic during Phase 1 (Canopy Structure). Acoustic Engineers: to advise on how to achieve acoustic balance within the building yet maintain maximum natural ventilation. CDM Coordinator: to assist with the health and safety and risk assessments. See Section 4.5 for more information. Key Contractual Link before Main Contractor is appointed Contractual Link after Main Contractor is appointed

Employed directly by the government, the Contractor is responsible to a greater or lesser extent for the design, as well as for carrying out the work and may appoint its own consultants. The arrangement may be for total design and construction, or for design development and production information based on a scheme design supplied by the client’s consultants. Subconsultants will be employed by the Main Contractor to carry out specialist services.

Subcontractor The Subcontractor is appointed by the Main Contractor and is responsible for different areas of the design and construction. Concrete Contractor: To carry out the concrete anchor foundations and pilings. Aluminium Contractor: As a large part of the structure is formed of an aluminium structure, a specialist aluminium contractor will be emplyed to co-ordinate the manufacture of the elements off site and assemble the structure with the buoyant elements at the specified location. Shipbuilding Contractor: The Shipbuilding Contractor will work closely with the aluminium contractor. They will be responsible for co-ordinating the manufacture of the ballast tanks and the GRP cladding. Timber Contractor: A large part of the building is partitioned with timber panels; some salvaged and some new. These will be done with local artisans using vernacular techniques. They will also be responsible for coordinating the maunfacture the timber structural elements. Clay Tile Roofing Contractor: A Roofing contractor will be employed to produce and install the roof tiles. It will be a requirement of the contract that local unemployed people will be employed by the roofing contractor to produce the tiles.

Vernacular Thai House Panels Bamboo

Roof Tile

Aluminium Structure

GRP

Suppliers Suppliers will be the responsibility of the specialist sub Consultants, agreed with the architects and engineers. A contract requirement will be that supplier are sourced locally to reduce environmental impact. (See section 3.1) Several main structural systems requiring different materials will be sourced from different suppliers. Shipbuilding Concrete Timber Contractor • GRP • Concrete mix • Planks • Ballast Tanks • Beams, Joists • Roof Beams Clay Roof • Posts Aluminium Contractor • Clay • Batter • Trusses • Glaze • Formwork • Beams •Panels • Columns • Stud

Concrete

127

Risk No.

Person at Risk

Description of Hazard and Risk Exposure

Site Risks 1

Contractors

Drowning

Contractors

Attacked by Monitor Lizard or Crocodiles

Disruption to the Public

Dust, noise and Vibrations (during onsite construction)

Contractor

Injury from Falling- due to the nature of the project this is impossible to avoid

Contractor

Injury from Falling Objects

Mitigation of Risk (Potential or Achieved)

• Man safe systems to be installed and used when working at height. • Life jackets to be work when travelling between construction sites by boat. • Life raft/rings to be well sign posted and ready to be used in the event of an emergency. • No work to be carried out in storms where there is deemed to be a risk. • All personel to travel on boats at all times and not swim in the river. • Food is kept out of reach of construction site.

Construction Risks

128

Contractor

Equipment Failure

Injury from Scaffolding or Formwork

• Extent of demolition and drilling minimised as much as possible in the base design. • Further mitigation measures to be considered include the use of diamond drilling and other methods to minimise the amount of dust and vibration. • Noisy Equiptment will be limited to certain hours of the day. • Mitigation measures being considered by the team include the use of prefabrication and the use of the top floor as a lay down area for assembly of larger components before lifting into position. • Safety harness must be worn at all times. • All restricted access for only or workers or inspectors • All workers to wear hard hats at all times on site. • Nets to be erected to catch falling objects when there is a risk of workers below being injured by falling objects. • All equipment should be checked before use to ensure it is safe and fit for purpose. • All equipment should have regular maintainance checks of which record should be available on request. • All steel scaffolding will be checked for signs of rusts and bamboo scaffolding and timber formwork checked for signs of insect infestation or damage before use and treated regularly with protective coatings. • All scaffolding poles will be carried by 2 workers who have been trained. • Hard hats to be worm at all times. • Protective, water resistant canopies will be erected to protect scaffolding. • Ladders will be located at several points to allow quick escape should the excavation supports fail.

Risk No.

Person at Risk

Contractors

Description of Hazard and Risk Exposure

Injury from slipping during rainy days

Contractors

Excavation

Public Commuters

Blockage of highway routes - half the highway will remain in operation throughout the works

Contractors

Size and weight of materials

Contractors

Toxic and other Hazardous materials

Contractors

Risk from M&E Systems during maintenance

Contractors

Risk from Fall during roof maintenance

Mitigation of Risk (Potential or Achieved)

• All trapped pooled water must be drained asap. • Water resistant canopies will be erected to shelter floor from rain. • A survey will be carried out prior to excavation to ensure no gas pipes or water piper are to be hit during excavation. • The excavation area will be fenced off using buoyant construction cones • Only workers with the correct level of training will be allowed to operate excavation machinery. • A detailed construction methodology needs to be developed and agreed with the contractor. • The half of the highway will be fenced off using high visability tape. • Depending on their size and weight it will assumed that all heavy objects will be lifted to its proper floor by crane. A unitized system is being considered for the building in order to minimize working at height. • Survey to ascertain existing services & close liaison with estates during planning of methodology • Paint, Surface Treatment, adhesive etc are toxic materials. When dealing with them, suitable clothing should be worn.

Construction Risks • Maintainance of the water pipes, water tanks, electrical generator, should only be carried out by a fully certified M&E engineer. • All M&E related plant spaces must be locked at all times and labelled clearly with the appropriate warning symbols. See Previous Page

129

Bibliography

Books Ruth Slavid, “Extreme Architecture, Building for Challenging Environments”, (Laurence King Publishing Ltd. 2009) David Chapell and Andrew Willis, “The Architect in Practice”, (Blackwell Science Ltd. 2000) Sarah Lupton, Stanley Cox, Hugh Clamp and Koko Udom, “Which Contract? Choosing the Appropriate Building Contract”, (London, RIBA Publishing, 2007) Online Documents “Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change”, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2001) Plan to Prevent and Mitigate Flooding in Bangkok Report for 2012, (The Department of Drainage and Sewage, 2012) HSE, Health and safety in construction, (HSE BOOKS, 2006) Living in a Timber Framed Home, (TRADA Technology Ltd. 2011) Tantasavasdi, C., Srebric, J., and Chen, Q, “Natural ventilation design for houses in Thailand, Energy and Buildings”, 33(8), 815-824, 2001 (UK) The Building Regulations: Approved Documents Part B Volume 2 - Buildings other than Dwelling Houses, (NBS Publications, 2010) (UK) The Building Regulations: Approved Documents Part K - Protection from Falling, Collision and Impact, (NBS Publications, 2010) (UK) The Building Regulations: Approved Documents Part M - Access to and Use of Buildings, (NBS Publications, 2010) Deciding on the Appropriate JCT Contract, (Sweet and Maxwell Publications 2001) Website http://www.tmd.go.th/en http://www.karoonthaihouse.com http://www.design.epfl.ch http://bamboostories.blogspot.co.uk https://www.ipcc.ch http://www.brighthubengineering.com http://www.constructionandproperty.net http://www.envirograf.com/

130