The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015
EFFECT OF 4-WEEKS OF SURYA NADI PRANAYAMA (RIGHT NOSTRIL BERATING) ON RESPIRATORY PARAMETERS Baljinder Singh Bal Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India bal_baljindersingh@yahoo.co.in
Abstract Aim: This study analyses the effects of surya nadi pranayama (right nostril berating) on respiratory parameters. Methods: Thirty, university level girls of Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 21-26 years (Mean ± SD: age 22.37 ± 1.54 yrs, height 5.47 ± 0.18 ft, body mass 60.22 ± 3.56 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects from Group-A: Experimental were subjected to a 4-weeks training of surya nadi pranayama. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pre-test and the post-test. Results: Significant differences were found in Tidal Volume (VT), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of university level girls and insignificant differences were noted in Vital Capacity (VC) and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV). Conclusion: The result further indicates that no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group. Key words: Surya Nadi Pranayama, Tidal Volume (Vt), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Vital Capacity (VC) And Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
1.
INTRODUCTION
The great Indian seer Patanjali (200 BC) has compiled and codified the knowledge regarding yoga and defined pranayama as “Regulation of the incoming and outgoing flow of breath with retention”. As a deep breathing technique, pranayama reduces dead space ventilation and decreases work of breathing. It also refreshes air throughout the lungs, in contrast with shallow breathing that refreshes air only at the base of the lungs [1]. Breath is a dynamic bridge between the body and mind [1]. Breathing is not only an instinctive reflex to satisfy the need of the body for oxygen but it has been considered that consciously controlled breathing can be used as a technique for enhancing mental and physical powers [2]. Pranayama produce different physiological responses in healthy young volunteers [3, 4]. Pranayama is a method of breathing and chest expansion exercise which has been reported to improve cardio respiratory function in health and disease. The practice of pranayama has been known to modulate cardiac autonomic status with an improvement in Cardio respiratory functions [5]. The practice of breathing exercise increases parasympathetic activity and decreases sympathetic activity, improves cardiorespiratory functions by affecting oxygen consumption, metabolism and skin resistance [6, 7]. Breathing exercises have been recommended in physiotherapy to improve respiratory and bowel function, in occupational therapy to facilitate spiritual emergence. It has been assumed single nostril breathing can be used to therapeutically influence autonomic function and may significantly affect other hemisphere- specific functions [8]. It is thought that practicing yoga over a period of time leads to a decrease in respiratory rate, muscular relaxation along with calming of the mind, which might be interpreted at least partly as a decreased state of arousal [9, 10]. But various studies show that respiratory parameters improve after yoga & pranayama. A significant increase in the vital capacity, tidal volume increase in expiratory and inspiratory pressures and breath holding time [11, 12]. 2.
METHODS
2.1 Subjects Thirty, university level girls of Department of Physical Education (T), Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar between the age group of 21-26 years (Mean ± SD: age 22.37 ± 1.54 yrs, height 5.47 ± 0.18 ft, body mass 60.22 ± 3.56 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were purposively assigned into two groups: •
Group-A: Experimental (n1=15)
•
Group-B: Control (n2=15)
All the subjects were informed about the objective and protocol of the study. Distribution and demographics of subjects are brought forth in table-1.
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015 Table1. Distribution and Demographics of Subjects Sample Size (N=30) Variables
Total
Experimental group
Control group
(N=30)
(n1=15)
(n2=15)
Age
22.37±1.54
21.00±1.69
22.73±1.33
Body Height
5.47±0.18
5.527±0.21
5.42±0.15
Body Mass
60.22±3.56
60.34±3.37
60.10±3.84
2.2 Procedures This study is designed as a retrospective cross-sectional study. The subjects from Group-A: Experimental were subjected to a 4-weeks training of surya nadi pranayama. This lasted 4 weeks and consisted of daily sessions. The following respiratory parameters were measured 3 times with the use of a wet spirometer, the respective average values being used in the analysis:
Figure1. Subjects Performing Tidal volume (VT)
Figure 2. Subjects Performing Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Figure 3. Subjects Performing Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015
Figure 4. Subjects Performing Vital capacity (VC)
Figure 5. Subjects Performing Inspiratory capacity (IC)
Figure 6. Study Design Table 2. Experimental Treatment
Weeks 1st Week
2nd Week
3rd Week
4rd Week
4-Weeks Surya Nadi Pranayama Training Programme Schedule Time Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute Practice of Surya Nadi pranayama 10 Minute (9 Rounds X 1 Set) Relaxation Posture 5 Minute Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute Practice of Surya Nadi pranayama 15 Minute (9 Rounds X 2 Set) Relaxation Posture 5 Minute Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute Practice of Surya Nadi pranayama 20 Minute (9 Rounds X 3 Set) Relaxation Posture 5 Minute Preliminary Yogic Exercises 5 Minute Practice of Surya Nadi pranayama 25 Minute (9 Rounds X 4 Set) Relaxation Posture 5 Minute
Duration 20 Minute
25 Minute
30 Minute
35 Minute
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015
Figure 7. Subjects Performing Surya Nadi Pranayama 3. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Statistical analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences for Windows version 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Data is expressed as the mean ± SD. Student t test for paired samples was utilized to compare the means of the pretest and the post-test. The level of significance was set at 0.05. 3.
RESULTS
The results of Respiratory Parameters (i.e., Tidal Volume (VT), Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), Vital Capacity (VC) and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of university level girls are brought forth in table-3-7. Table 3. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Tidal Volume (VT) of University Level Girls Tidal Volume (VT) Group
Number
Mean
Standard Deviation
Standard Error
t-
p-
of the Mean
value
value
4.9912*
0.0002
1.7235
0.1068
Experiment (Pre-test)
15
354.93
11.22
2.90
Experimental (Post-test)
15
362.27
13.62
3.52
Control (Pre-test)
15
343.73
10.94
2.83
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015 Control (Post-test)
15
346.27
14.11
3.64
Tidal Volume (VT) The results of Respiratory Parameters in group (Experimental) and group (Control) are shown in Table-3. The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Tidal Volume (VT) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 354.93 ± 11.22 and 362.27 ± 13.62 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Tidal Volume (VT) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 343.73 ± 10.94 and 346.27 ± 14.11. The t-value in case of experimental group was 4.9912* and for control group it was 1.7235. Significant between-group differences were noted in Tidal Volume (VT) since the calculated value of (t=4.9912*) is greater than tabulated value of t .05 (14) = 2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.
Figure 8. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Tidal Volume (VT) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls Table 4. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of University Level Girls Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) Group
Number
Mean
Standard Deviation
Standard Error
t-
p-
of the Mean
value
value
1.8548
0.0848
0.3529
0.7294
Experiment (Pre-test)
15
725.93
15.61
4.03
Experimental (Post-test)
15
728.47
13.62
3.52
Control (Pre-test)
15
724.73
14.22
3.67
Control (Post-test)
15
725.07
15.81
4.08
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015 The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 725.93 ± 15.61 and 728.47 ± 13.62 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 724.73 ± 14.22 and 725.07 ± 15.81. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.8548 and for control group it was 0.3529. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) since the calculated value of (t=1.8548 is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14) = 2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.
Figure 9. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls Table 5. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of University Level Girls Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) Group
Number
Mean
Standard Deviation
Standard Error
t-
p-
of the Mean
value
value
2.0856*
0.0558
0.7797
0.4486
Experiment (Pre-test)
15
2269.07
75.03
19.37
Experimental (Post-test)
15
2273.00
78.54
20.28
Control (Pre-test)
15
2246.07
80.61
20.81
Control (Post-test)
15
2247.93
83.59
21.58
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 2269.07 ± 75.03 and 2273.00 ± 78.54 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 2246.07 ± 80.61 and 2247.93 ± 83.59. The t-value in case of experimental group
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015 was 2.0856 and for control group it was 0.7797. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) since the calculated value of (t=2.0856) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14) = 2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.
Figure 10. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls Table 6. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Vital Capacity (VC) of University Level Girls Vital Capacity (VC) Group
Number
Mean
Standard Deviation
Standard Error
t-
p-
of the Mean
value
value
1.5995
0.1320
1.4293
0.1748
Experiment (Pre-test)
15
3349.93
80.53
20.79
Experimental (Post-test)
15
3380.67
86.83
22.42
Control (Pre-test)
15
3314.53
79.54
20.54
Control (Post-test)
15
3319.27
83.14
21.47
Vital Capacity (VC) The Mean and Standard Deviation values of Vital Capacity (VC) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 3349.93 ± 80.53 and 3380.67 ± 86.83 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Vital Capacity (VC) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 3314.53 ± 79.54 and 3319.27 ± 83.14. The t-value in case of experimental group was 1.5995 and for control group it was 1.4293. Insignificant between-group differences were noted in Vital Capacity (VC) since the calculated value of (t=1.5995) is less than tabulated value of t.05 (14) = 2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015
Figure 11. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Vital Capacity (VC) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls Table 7. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Paired Sample t-test of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of University Level Girls Inspiratory Capacity (IC) Group
Number
Mean
Standard Deviation
Standard Error
t-
p-
of the Mean
value
value
2.1663*
0.0480
1.6719
0.1167
Experiment (Pre-test)
15
3704.87
81.85
21.13
Experimental (Post-test)
15
3745.27
90.38
23.34
Control (Pre-test)
15
3658.27
77.59
20.03
Control (Post-test)
15
3665.53
82.67
21.34
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) The Mean and Standard Deviation value of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of pre-test and post-test of experimental group was 3704.87 ± 81.85 and 3745.27 ± 90.38 respectively. However, the Mean and Standard Deviation values of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of pre-test and post-test of control group were 3658.27 ± 77.59 and 3665.53 ± 82.67. The t-value in case of experimental group was 2.1663* and for control group it was 1.6719. Significant between-group differences were noted in Inspiratory Capacity (IC) since the calculated value of (t=2.1663*) is greater than tabulated value of t.05 (14) =2.14 for the selected degree of freedom and level of significance.
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015
Figure 12. Descriptive Statistics (Mean & Standard Deviation) and Standard Error of the Mean of Inspiratory Capacity (IC) of (a) Experimental (Pre & Post) and (b) Control (Pre & Post) group of University Level Girls
4.
CONCLUSION
Considering that research results clearly show that the significant differences were noted in Tidal Volume (VT), Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) in the experimental group subjected to 4- week training of surya nadi pranayama and insignificant differences were noted in Vital Capacity (VC) and Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) of university level girls.However, no significant changes over that 4- week period were noted in the control group.
5.
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The Swedish Journal of Scientific Research ISSN: 2001-9211.Vol. 2. Issue 7. July. 2015 10. Nagendra, H.R., & Nagarathna, R. (1977). New Perspectives in Stress Management. Bangalore Vivekananda Kendra Prakashana. 11. Gopal, K.S., Bhatnagar, O.P., Subramanian, N., & Nishith, S.D. (1973). Effect of Yogasans and Pranayama on Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate and Some Respiratory Functions, Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 17(3), 273-276. 12. Singh, V., Wisniewki, A., Britton, J., & Tattersfield, A. (1990). Effect of Yoga Breathing Exercises (pranayama) on Airway Reactivity in Subjects with Asthma. The Lancet, 335, 1381-1383.
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