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Issue 32
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TIDBITS® EXPLODES WITH FACTS ON MOUNT VESUVIUS by Kathy Wolfe
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August 24 has been named Vesuvius Day, making this week a good time to take a closer look at this famous volcano and a few other notable ones. Follow along as Tidbits brings you these explosive facts. • Mount Vesuvius is mainland Europe’s only active volcano, the only one to have erupted within the last 100 years. (The island of Sicily is home to Mount Etna, which is Europe’s most active volcano, having experienced a series of eruptions since 2001.) • Vesuvius is a strato volcano, because it has explosive eruptions as well as pyroclastic flows. This means it emits a fast-moving current of hot gas and rock that can reach a speed of up to 450 mph (700 km/ hr) and reach a temperature of 1,830 degrees F (1,000 C). Vesuvius was formed from the collision of two tectonic plates. Volcanoes are usually found where plates are either moving away from each other or colliding. • The most lava ever recorded from an eruption from Vesuvius was in 1906. Italy was preparing for the 1908 Summer Olympics when the disaster occurred, causing extensive damage to the city of Naples and killing more than 100 people. Because Italy did not have the funds to rebuild Naples, the Olympics were switched to London.
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Page 2
Tidbits® of Sheridan and Johnson Counties
MOUNT VESUVIUS (continued): • Most folks know that Mount Vesuvius destroyed the city of Pompeii in 79 A.D., with a death toll estimated at 16,000. The cloud of volcanic ash reached heights of 20.5 miles (33 km) and a flow of molten rock and pumice at a rate of 1.5 million tons per second The rapidly-falling ash made it difficult to breathe with millions of tons quickly burying the city, resulting in a well-preserved scene of the ancient city’s life. Strangely enough, pockets of air within the ash hardened around the victims, enabling excavators to pour plaster into the openings forming a mold for the remains. The ruins were discovered in 1748 by a surveying engineer during the digging of a water line. Excavation on the ruins began, with archaeologists finding loaves of bread and jars of fruit preserves still intact. The project has continued for more than 260 years, the longest continually excavated site in the world. • About 250 years into the excavation of Pompeii, nearly 1,050 casts had been created from impressions of bodies found in the ash. It’s believed that nearly one-third of the city still lies buried. In 1980, 300 more bodies were found in nearby Herculaneum. • One eyewitness account survived from the 79 A.D. eruption of Vesuvius, that of Pliny the Younger, who observed the tragedy from across the Bay of Naples. Pliny, a Roman statesman, documented the details of the death of his uncle, who was attempting to rescue people during the early stages of the eruption. Pliny later interviewed survivors and recorded the information in letters to his historian friend. Those who study volcanoes use the term “Plinian” to refer to large volcanic eruptions in which streams of gas and ash are violently sent to a height of several miles. • There have been many eruptions since the annihilation of Pompeii, at least once every century, although none has been as large as the 79 A.D. eruption. Vesuvius erupted at least six times in the 12th and 18th centuries, and eight times during the 1800s. The 20th century experienced three eruptions with the most recent in 1944, when a two-week-long eruption occurred. American airmen were stationed at the Pompeii Airfield during World War II, a few miles from the base of the volcano, and fled when the eruption began, leaving behind 88 aircraft, all of which were a total loss. Twelve lives were lost as a result of this eruption. • Today the slopes of Vesuvius are covered with heavy vegetation and shrubs, and vineyards have been planted. Although its current activity seems to produce nothing but occasional steam from vents at the bottom of the crater, geologists who study the mountain maintain that it is a very dangerous volcano that will erupt again. Because it is the most densely-populated volcanic region in the world, with more than 3 million people living within 20 miles of the crater, an eruption today will be much more devastating than previous ones. While the 79 A.D. eruption destroyed Pompeii and Herculaneum, many cities would now be buried, including Naples, which is Europe’s 9th most populated urban area and Italy’s 4th largest urban economy. • In 1995, the Italian government officially declared the area around the volcano a national park, thereby prohibiting further building in an attempt to reduce the population in the danger zone. They have demolished illegally constructed buildings and even offered financial incentives to citizens for moving away. • Tourists are allowed access by road to 660 feet (200 m) of Vesuvius’ summit, and a spiral walkway continues around the mountain from there to the crater.
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The island of Iceland has 35 active volcanoes on or around the island, in an area about the size of the state of Virginia. An ash plume from a 2010 eruption disrupted air travel across northern Europe for weeks, and was accompanied by 3,000 earthquakes near the volcano’s epicenter. A 2011 eruption threatened to do the same as thousands of tons of ash were spewed into the sky to a height of 7 miles (12km).
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MOUNT VESUVIUS (Continued): • Scientists consider a volcano to be active if it has erupted within the last 10,000 years. There are about 1,500 worldwide that meet this criteria, with most along the Pacific Ring of Fire. About 50 erupt each year. More than 160 volcanoes in the United States fit in the active category, the majority of those in the Cascade Range, stretching from southern British Columbia to northern California. • Indonesia has 130 active volcanoes, including Mount Tambora, responsible for the most violent eruption in recorded history, In 1815, Tambora’s eruption resulted in an estimated 71,000 deaths in an explosion heard more than 1,200 miles (2,000 km) away. It produced such climate-changing effects that 1816 was known as “the year without a summer.” Indonesia’s Mt. Krakatoa erupted in 1883, killing 36,000 and destroying two-thirds of the island. It has erupted as recently as 2008. • Geologists consider Mt. Rainier “potentially the most dangerous” mainland U.S. volcano, with 3.2 million people living in its vicinity, although it hasn’t erupted since the 1840s. Also within the Cascade Range, Mt. St. Helen’s 1980 eruption was one of the U.S.’s worst, killing 57. It reawakened in 2004 with four explosions sending steam and ash 10,000 feet (3048 m) above its crater. • There are five active volcanoes in Hawaii. Kilauea is one of the world’s most frequently active volcanoes, having erupted 62 times in 245 years. It has been erupting continuously since 1983. Mauna Loa has erupted 15 times 1900, most recently in 1984.
Of Sheridan & Johnson Counties Published weekly by Kysar Publishing. Call (307) 655-5095 bkysar@sjtidbits.com
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Tidbits® of Sheridan and Johnson Counties
Page 4
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PAUL BUNYAN August 10 is the date set aside to honor Paul Bunyan, the lumberjack of legend. Is this giant fact or fiction? We’ll probably never know! • Several places have laid claim as the birthplace of Paul Bunyan, including Michigan, Maine, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and St. Eustache, Canada. Some tales are entirely imaginary, such as the myth that it took five storks to bring Bunyan to the world, and that he was nearly 8 feet tall (2.4 m) with a stride of 7 feet (2.1 m). One of the more logical tales tells of the role of lumberjacks in Canada’s 1837 Papineau Rebellion. When French Canadians in the St. Lawrence River region rebelled against their new ruler, the Queen of England, many loggers armed with axes stepped up to battle English troops. A tall bearded bellowing man was among the loggers became famous for his part in the battle. • Tales of Bunyan’s heroics were told around loggers’ campfires for years to come, each one being embellished a bit more. By the 1880s, there wasn’t a logging camp that didn’t know the story of the giant. In 1910, writer James MacGillvray, who had worked in a Michigan camp, put the accounts on paper in the Detroit News Tribune. In 1914, the Red River Lumber Company of Minneapolis used the image of a giant lumberjack and created a colossal blue ox as his companion in an advertising pamphlet. Over 100,000 of the brochures were distributed and Bunyan’s popularity grew. A 1924 collection of tales by Esther Shephard and another anthology the following year by James Stevens fueled the fire of the legend. Famed poet Carl Sandburg wrote that Bunyan lived “around the hot stoves of winter, among socks and mittens drying, in the smell of tobacco smoke and the roar of laughter mocking the outside weather.” • According to folklore, Bunyan formed the Great Lakes out of a need for a large enough watering hole for Babe the Blue Ox to drink from. He supposedly cleared North Dakota of its forests and Minnesota’s 10,000 lakes were reportedly formed by his and Babe’s footprints as they stumbled through a huge blizzard. When he called his fellow loggers to dinner in the camp, he did so by blowing through a hollow tree or bellowing loudly enough to cause limbs to fall from trees. His monumental logging camp was on the fictional Big Onion River.
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Tidbits® of Sheridan and Johnson Counties
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Page 7
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PAUL BUNYAN (Continued): • There are more than 200 roadside statues of Paul Bunyan across the United States and Canada, from California to Oregon to British Columbia to Idaho, Oklahoma, North Dakota, Indiana, Missouri, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and New York. Perhaps the tallest is in Klamath, California, towering 49 feet (15 m) above that town’s Trees of Mystery attraction. A 35-ft.-tall (10.7 m) Babe stands beside him. • Oscoda, Michigan, has declared itself Bunyan’s official home because James MacGillivray’s early documents came from there. But they need to get in line behind Bemidji, Minnesota, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, and Bangor, Maine. • The state of Maine claims it has a birth certificate. Hackensack, Minnesota maintains that Bunyan’s sweetheart Lucette hails from that community and they have constructed a statue of her and their son, Paul, Jr. in a downtown park. Two places contend they are home to Bunyan’s grave – Kelliher, Minnesota, and Wausau, Wisconsin.
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