Urbanity and Sanity; A Manifesto

URBANITY and

SANITY [ a manifesto for the avant-garde psychiatric unit as a microcosm of how our cities should be designed in order to foster positive behavioural changes in mental wellbeing at an urban scale ]

Urbanity and Sanity A Manifesto for the avant-garde psychiatric unit as a microcosm of how our cities should be designed in order to foster positive behavioural changes in mental wellbeing at an urban scale.

By Siân Trezise-Hardinge Advanced Cultural Studies 2 Word Count: 4129 ID: 17017786

THE AVANT-GARDE PSYCHIATRIC UNIT AS A MICROCOSM OF THE FUTURE CITY The avant-garde psychiatric unit must:

#1 CHALLENGE PERCEPTIONS When our environment embodies how society should behave, positive empowerment will follow.

#2 ENGAGE EMPATHETIC SENSITIVITY A rejection of generalised solutions due to the complexity and specific nature of different mental disorders.

#3 CONNECT TO THE LIFE CYCLE Re-establishment of a relationship with the cycles of life and death can tackle our sense of detachment from reality, and the detachment from our true selves.

#4 REFLECT THE MORPHOGENETIC NATURAL ORDER By possessing a morphogenetic understanding of the formation of the built environment, we can become reconnected with an archetypal level of human experience.

#5 ENABLE SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS To facilitate positive, safe, natural interactions amongst people in order to foster a sense of community, integration and belonging.

#6 EMPOWER INDIVIDUALITY Promoting participatory design at both a macro and micro level to foster positive behavioural changes in mental wellbeing at an urban scale. Occupiers to become King!

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INTRODUCTION :

“

Architecture is the frame in which we live. We don’t just look at architecture, we live in it… architecture is for much more than the eyes. It is for life. And that is why it is such a powerful tooloften devastating but potentially health-giving. .

-[Day 2004, p.1]

greatly misunderstood and ostracised by their community. Prevailing theories and subsequent ‘treatments’ of psychopathology throughout time have ranged from; trephining to release demonic possession; imprisonment for making pacts with the devil; burning at the stake for witchcraft and the institutionalisation of people simply exhibiting ‘abnormal behaviours’ (for example, women conceiving a child outside of marriage).

Patients were routinely chained to beds, beaten and given electroconvulsive treatment in filthy, overcrowded, windowless asylums (Rössler, 2016).

”

When designing for mental health, the psychiatric unit is often the focus. However, with mental illhealth costing the UK economy an estimated £70 billion a year through lost productivity, social benefits and health care, with over 15 million work absence days and almost one in six people with diagnosable mental health conditions, [Public Health England, 2016] it is clear that, as architects, our current approach to considering mental wellbeing within good design needs to not only be reinvestigated and reevaluated, but also applied on a much larger, urban scale. By analysing existing typologies of the psychiatric unit and proposing innovative, non-linear architectural and sociological design strategies, this manifesto aims to highlight how such ‘avant-garde’ solutions could become integral to our cities by fostering positive behavioural change and ultimately improvements in mental wellbeing. The ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’ will, for the purpose of this paper, act as a microcosm for the future of our cities.

In contrast to the concept of the ‘avant-garde’, ideas about disease, health and overall life satisfaction have influenced both the location and design of our cities for thousands of years.

In “Air, Water and Places”, Hippocrates, the Greek Philosopher, stated that the ‘healthy cities’ were those with desirable terrains and winds. However, in the United Kingdom, it took until the Nineteenth Century before legislations and policies were even established to ensure adequate waste disposal, clean water, fresh air and green open spaces within our cities. This sanitary movement was a retaliation against the deplorable living conditions of the masses, which were the bi-product of the industrial revolution [Lindholm 1985, p.17]. Sadly, despite society’s attempt to improve environments for the benefit our physical health, judgements in respect to mental illness have always been predominantly negative and stigmatised, with those suffering from mental ill health often poorly treated,

Thanks to the work of a series of reformers, the subsequent deinstitutionalisation movement of the twentieth century, and advancements in medical care, the Western psychiatric units of today, along with our societal judgements around mental health have come along way from the inhumane ideologies of the past. It should be argued that there is still a long way to go, with the presentation of severe mental illness increasing significantly since the early 1990s, suicide being the leading cause of death among young people aged between 20 to 34 [National Suicide Prevention Alliance, 2019], and depression predicted to be the world’s biggest health problem by 2030 [MQ: Transforming Mental Health through Research, 2016].

The mental health pandemic is here, and as architects we have a responsibility to use design to promote mental health rather than illness, for architecture has the ability to have;

“

...such profound effects on the human being, on place, on human consciousness, and ultimately on the world, that it is far too important to bother with stylistic means of appealing to fashion. It can have such powerful negative effects that we must also think, can it, if consciously worked with, have equally strong positive effects?… Architecture has responsibilities to minimise adverse biological effects on occupants, responsibilities to be sensitive to and act harmoniously in the surroundings, responsibilities to the human individualities who will come in contact with the building, responsibilities not only in the visual aesthetic sphere and through the outer senses but also to the intangible but perceptible ‘spirit of place.’ .

-[Jenks et al. 1997, p.149]

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”

In reference to CURRENT mental health design practices within the built environment :

At the present time the city is reflective of a traditional psychiatric unit: poor understanding of the problem, intention for change, however unaware of most effective interventions.

At the present time the city on occasion is reflective of a contemporary psychiatric unit: application of well building standards ™, open spaces, greenery, external areas, natural light etc.

The future city should be reflective of an ‘avant-garde’ psychiatric unit: challenging perceptions, engaging empathetic sensitivity, connecting to the life cycle, reflecting the morphogenetic natural order, enabling social connectedness and empowering individuality...

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#1 CHALLENGE PERCEPTIONS :

“

Because we so readily take our surroundings for granted and rarely bring them to full consciousness, they can influence us powerfully. This has human, social, biological and ecological implications. We only need to live briefly in a different environment to recognise how much our surroundings have informed us and our society in sensitivities, in values, in way of life. .

-[Day 2004, p.5]

and stay within their communities [Lumen, 2019]), it could be said, that the implementation of the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’ as an embedded, customary part of our cities would symbolise a secondary phase of the deinstitutionalisation movement. For the treatment of mental health would then not be able to be differentiated from the fabric of the city itself, let alone confined to simple, vernacular institutions [See Figure 1].

”

Although we no longer burn, imprison or kill the mentally ill, the stigmatisation and ignorance in regard to mental health is still prevalent today, which in turn fuels many of the associated illnesses such as anxiety and depression. Therefore, the effect that our built environment has on society’s values and judgements should be considered paramount when designing the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’, and utilising its application in the broader context. Reversing the taboo and stigmatisation surrounding mental health, must be integrated within the walls, streets and open spaces of our cities. For stigma, in this instance, can kill.

When we push mental health facilities to the edge of cities, to the countryside, to difficult to find wards in labyrinth-like hospitals, we are are hiding the problem. We are generating a population where in Wales alone, “66% of people would not rent a room in a shared flat to someone with a mental health condition”, and “46% of people think that those who have experienced depression are unsuitable to work as primary school teachers” [Time To Change, 2016]. However, with “1 in 6 people of working age having a diagnosable mental health condition” (Public Health England, 2016), it is clear that the facts and figures don’t and can’t match up. The location of the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’ must be a bold statement in advancing society’s relationship with mental health; it must be stationed at the core of our cities, not pushed to the outskirts.

Figure 1: The Layers of Deinstitutionalisation Within the City, diagram by author.

To summarise, as a population we need to be confronted with mental health on a daily basis in order for a constructed, but seemingly natural societal shift in attitude to occur. Architectural features and spaces that promote well-being should be praised and emphasised, but they should also be in such excess that they become seamless and commonplace within our surrounding environment. By forcing people to face, and be in direct contact with architecture, urban design and landscaping that unashamedly promotes positive behavioural changes in mental wellbeing, we, as designers, can utilise our power and strive to extinguish the shame, concealment and embarrassment felt by many of those living with mental illness. For when our environment embodies how society should behave, positive empowerment will follow.

Similar to the deinstitutionalisation movement of the mid-twentieth century, (when community health centres replaced the large, isolated asylums, enabling people to be treated locally 4

#2 ENGAGE EMPATHETIC SENSITIVITY : Current practice for design to improve mental health depends broadly on the wants and needs of the specific client, and the ethos of the practice in question. There are no statutory demands for this to be considered. The creation of organisations such as the ‘International WELL Building Institute’ which pioneered “the world’s first building standard focused exclusively on human health and wellness” and combines the “best practices in design and construction with evidence-based medical and scientific research– harnessing the built environment as a vehicle to support human health and wellbeing” [International Well Building Institute, 2014] is a huge step forward for architecture. However, due to the complexity and specific nature of different mental disorders a generalised solution can overlook more issues than it attempts to fix.

may [also] have more direct and immediate benefits for mental health and wellbeing” [Wentworth, 2016], is over-simplistic. For one person large expanses of green, open space may give great solace, however for someone suffering from anxiety, paranoia, autism or OCD, it may generate fear and panic. It is not enough for architects to assume adding green space to a design will improve mental health; not only can poorly managed or inaccessible green space become threatening, encourage dangerous behaviour and engender intimidation, but also the very size, nature and level of occupancy of a green space can heighten negative responses of those with varying mental health issues.

Certainly the causes and consequence of mental disorders can be complex, but this is equally true of many physical disorders. Therefore, it is the architect’s...

“

As humans, our response to our surroundings is a very personal thing. Consider how we take great efforts to personalise our homes and workplaces in order to express ourselves and either aid relaxation or focus. When suffering mental ill health, responses are heightened and individuals may not only be super-sensitive to their environments, but also lack the capacity to control them [See Figure 2]. For example, the common opinion that “access to green spaces

empathetic sensitivity and skill… [of] being able to imagine human life, human emotion, and human situations…atmospheric qualities...

”

-[Havik et al., 2013, p.43]

which should be paramount when considering the city as an ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’.

DEMENTIA

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DEPRESSION

OCD

SCHIZOPHRENIA

DYSLEXIA

ANXIETY

DISSOCIATIVE

PARANOIA

ALZHEIMERS

INSOMNIA

PHOBIAS

ANOREXIA

NARCOLEPSY

Figure 2: Babina. F (2017) Archiatric.

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#3 CONNECT TO THE LIFE CYCLE : In a world where your postcode can not only determine your age but also your income, where areas have been segregated according to lifestyle choices and stereotypes, it is not surprising that we, as people, have become “divorced from the barnyard realities of life” and are suffering as a consequence [Lindholm, 1985, p.26]. Consideration of how our mental health is affected by not only our connection with nature, but also with the life cycle is paramount. The acceptance and acknowledgement of the fact we are born, grow old, and die enables us to understand who we are, where we come from and where we are going and this cycle grounds us as humans. Unfortunately, in Western culture these cycles are generally hidden from us, and this loss of a connection with nature can lead to a sense of detachment from reality, a detachment from our true selves. Such estrangement not only stems from the institutionalisation of both birth and death, but also the division of neighbourhoods according to age. The old are concealed within nursing homes, families are pushed into the suburbs, and the young are left to colonise the trendy, bar filled streets. One could postulate that this lack of age-related integration contributes to the high rate of mental illness within our cities [Lindholm, 1985, p.26]. Therefore, this manifesto proposes that the microcosm of the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’ would be fully inter-generational.

improve childrens’ “wellbeing, language skills, social interaction and empathy” [CMM, 2019].

Although current intergenerational practices are beginning to be introduced within architecture, such as ‘Wild Strawberries’, (an intergenerational centre located in Gland, Switzerland) in which housing is integrated with a kindergarten, in order to “take advantage of a mixed program and the presence of various generations to allow for the growth of a community, destined to be active, united and integrated to the urban context,” [Microcities, 2019] the evolution of such a mental health improving approach needs to evolve and be applied to the city as a whole.

The ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’ will be a democratic representation and voice of children, young adults and senior citizens. It will challenge current age assumptions, and will be planned and designed in order to encourage beneficial opportunities for interactions between the young and old within all aspects of daily lifebe that in “areas of education, health, family and civic life” [Manchester et al,. 2016]. As such, the infrastructure would act as a platform for the creation of relationships and networks in which co-occupation and multi-use spaces could be imagined [See Figure 3]. So we as humans, can once again be connected to nature’s cycle in an attempt to rebalance our inner equilibrium and improve our mental health.

The use of evidence-based design for mental health is arguably one of the strongest factors for ensuring the success of the ‘avant-garde’ city. Following the aftermath of the Great Recession in Europe, the number of “children staying longer or moving back to the parental home in response to the high unemployment rates associated with the recent economic downturn” [Avendano, et al., 2016] has increased, and according to studies, has had positive health benefits to the older generations.

There has been an improvement in physical health, loneliness and social mobility which, by default, can moderate mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. Equally, intergenerational interaction between the young and old can

Figure 3: All-Age Friendly City Proposal.

Catapult Future Cities, 2014.

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#4 REFLECT THE MORPHOGENETIC NATURAL ORDER :

“

The environment that we have created in the past hundred years is at odds with the physical and psychological nature of people. .

-[Lindholm 1985, p.24]

In contrast to the primitive architecture of our past, we no longer possess a morphogenetic [See Figure 4] understanding of the formation of the built environment, and have become detached and disconnected from an archetypal level of human experience “reaching across centuries, across continents, across cultures, across technology, across building materials and climates” [Wikipedia: The Nature of Order, 2019].

As the architect Christopher Alexander implores, we need to rediscover “living architecture” and its life-giving properties. He criticises modern techniques of building where every member of the team has their distinct roles and are divorced from seeing the “process itself as a budding, as a flowering, as an unpredictable, unquenchable unfolding through which the future grows from the present” [Alexander, 2002, p.12].

”

As human beings we are part of nature, we are merely animals who have been conditioned by our environment and development, which has by default tenaciously dictated how we respond, think and act. In terms of evolution, “human beings lived for nearly 2 million years on the savannahs of East Africa,” [Kahn, 1999, p.9] by which open expanses of grassland (threats were always visible), large bodies of water (attracted animals), high canopied trees (unblocked views) and notable landmarks (for legibility) offered the greatest chances of survival. It is therefore unsurprising that certain natural landscapes that have, throughout history, encouraged reproductive success and survival would still continue today to“nurture human physiology and promote a sense of emotional well-being” [Kahn, 1999, p.13] This explains the current success of biophilic design (ie, “love of nature”) within architecture, as it promotes a “fundamental, genetically based human need and propensity to affiliate with life” [Kahn, 1999, p.2]. By means of sustained engagement with nature, with a focus on how people both positively interact and adapt to the natural world in order to advance health and fitness, biophilic design aims to “encourage ecologically connected, mutual reinforcing, [and] integrated design solutions,” [Kellert, 2015] that improve well-being. But how can the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’ incorporate biophilic design but take it a stage further?

Figure 5: Harbin Opera House / MAD Architects.

As with morphogenesis, which is a gradual evolution of form, his theories insist that to create a “living” building, architecture must always embody, as with all classical architecture,“the trace of the processes of its construction” [Alexander, 2002, p.14]. As architects we are free to base architecture on life, to capture life, however in the past hundred years it could be said we have lost touch with this. So within the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’ a connection to nature is formed by expressing the craft of construction as it re-engages our primitive relationship to making. Equally important is the use of natural materials such as wood, as it has been proven to induce feelings of calm and reduce negative pattern thinking, anxiety and rumination associated with depression [The Building Centre, 2017] [See Figure 5].

morphogenesis noun 1.BIOLOGY

the origin and development of morphological characteristics.

2.GEOLOGY

the formation of landforms or other structures.

Figure 4: Google Dictionary, 2019.

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#5 ENABLE SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS :

“

Loneliness has been alleged to have the same impact on life expectancy as smoking fifteen cigarettes a day…

A lack of social contact can also speed up cognitive decline, heart disease, depression and suicide. .

-[Orange,. et al, 2019]

social relationships can be formed [See Figure 6], we should be to blame for inadvertently harming the population; the power of the choreography of architectural gestures must be utilised in order to promote wellbeing. It should be noted, however, that architecture alone cannot create or cause connectedness, but can facilitate it through the introduction (from concept stage) of a “holistic and systems-based manner” [Layne, 2007] that is designed to encourage human experience.

”

With dark facts emerging on the consequences of loneliness, to the extent that in 2018 the UK appointed the world’s first ‘Minister for Loneliness’ [John, 2018], this manifesto proposes that it should be a moral duty for architects to design our environment in a way to facilitate social connections, and enhance people’s interactions in as many different ways as possible. It is therefore vital that the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’ promotes social connectedness.

With those suffering from poor mental health often already enduring stigmatism and societal detachment, the disparities provoked from physical segregation in relation to urban living can further intensify feelings of social inferiority, hopelessness, low self-esteem and a sense of not belonging- all of which can contribute to worsening mental health disorders. In response, architecture should “facilitate positive, safe, natural interactions amongst people and foster a sense of community, integration and belonging” [Design Council, 2017]. Whether this be derived from flexible public spaces that encourage participatory engagement, or simply adapting and configuring entrances to promote social greetings, it is of the utmost importance to design with social connectivity in mind.

Figure 6: Designing cities to counter loneliness [author’s edit].

Shafique, T. (2018).

Loneliness is both a symptom and a cause so it is important when considering the city as an ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’, that we also consider architecture as reciprocal; can architecture engender connectedness? And vice verse? These two questions form the basis for the design of the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’. In response, the following architectural considerations should be explored; placing community values at the centre of all stages of design, from inception to completion; harnessing accessible-to-all transport networks that support social connections, such as group walking or cycling; the integration of both internal and external, flexible ‘conversation starting’ spaces (the incorporation of music, sport, food and art acting as social connectors); the proposal of ‘tech-free’ zones that quiet the constant interruptions and stresses of daily life but enhance the formation of relationships; and ultimately the unification of the city as a working, playing and living environment that cultivates “social connectivity, spontaneity and a richness that fosters empathic co-existence” [Shafique, 2017].

As a society it is very easy to ascribe the increasing prevalence of loneliness purely to the manifestations of our socio-culture, by which our exposure and addiction to new technologies, social media and digital news not only inhibit faceto-face interaction, but contribute to collective anxiety, helplessness and disconnection from the real world. However, such idle blaming and shifting of responsibility from the built environment to technology can cause iatrogenic harm if left unresolved. Unless architects consider the city as an integrated network of pro-social places in which both natural or tailored, new or unexpected 8

#6 EMPOWER INDIVIDUALITY :

“

Architecture is just one tool of the urban planner, but it is essential in propagating mental health benefit to a city’s residents… design should be… built in collaboration with those who will live and work in their buildings and environments… and participatory design strikes at the heart of how architecture can foster effective mental health-promoting features of design…

-[King, 2017]

to create an adaptable surrounding simply means giving your users options and choices in order to create an environment best suited to their needs; be this through the manipulation of daylight, temperature, views, noise levels, freedom for movability and the rejection of static spaces.

”

Our current failure as architects to provide healthy workspaces, (due to generic design assumptions), has contributed to an explosion of mental health illness, with over 15 million work days lost a year in the UK alone [Public Health England, 2016].

Contrastingly, in Sweden “the relationship between participation and health is regarded as so important that new legislation has been instituted,” [Lindholm 1985, p. 22] and as a result architectural design has to include more human content and be more meaningful to its users; a technique that not only improves wellbeing but can even reduce rates of coronary heart disease; for the enablement of users “implies not just using their experience, but creating and fostering an environment where they can feel empowered to express their ideas” [Gregory, 2003, p. 66].

Empowerment improves self-respect, which in turn leads to higher self-esteem. It could be said, therefore, that our “participation in and control of the significant events that shape our lives may be even more important than the circumstances in which we find ourselves” [Lindholm 1985, p. 24].

With environments becoming more technically complex, the opportunity for individual control is decreasing. Historically, humans were involved in the collective process of building their own shelters, an experience that not only demanded social cooperation but also resulted in a very personal, functional space tailored to the individuals wants and needs for, “hands which work with loving feeling imprint a kind of soul into a building” [Day, 2004, p.200]. However, modern means of building design and construction often completely destroy such ancient democratic methods of participation, by which users of a space gained a sense of control and management within their own lives through crafting, labour and verbal input; even though such participation has been proven to lower rates of disease [Lindholm 1985, p. 22]. As architects of the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’, methods need to be introduced in order to promote participatory design at both a macro and micro level, and therefore foster positive behavioural changes in mental wellbeing at an urban scale. Occupiers are to become King!

The ‘avant-garde city’ will be designed in a collaborative way where those destined to use the systems will play critical roles in designing them. At conception, the birth of the city will be a result of democratic analysis: community noticeboards, street polls, a community living room, design workshops, open offices, idea markets, interactive exhibitions, crowdsourcing, 1:1 prototyping etc. [P!D, 2019]. During the lifespan of the city, spaces will constantly adapt and evolve as a result of the ever-changing physical and mental needs of the inhabitants.

As exemplified in Figure 7 (see following page), the need for the empowerment of individuality must be combined with the acknowledgement of ‘empathetic sensitivity’ [refer to #2] when considering the city as the microcosm of the ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’. Fortunately, this combination of proposals are in turn both the solution and the quandary to the nature of inclusive design, for, as previously stated, a generalised architectural solution cannot embody the complexity and specific nature of different mental disorders, and as a result can often overlook more issues than it attempts to fix. As such, the ability

The overriding form of the city will represent a hive of synergetic individualism.

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Figure 7: If you designed your own asylum, what would it be like?

MadLove. (2014).

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CRITICAL CONCLUSION :

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This manifesto, through the theoretical framework of six key sociological and physical architectural interventions, proposes a future city based on the design principles that are instrumental in creating the conceptual ‘avant-garde psychiatric unit’. The focus of the microcosm being a mental health institution reflects the current conversations on health-improving design at a narrow, institutionalised level, but emphasises the need for this approach at an urban ‘avant-garde’ scale. With this in mind, the directives of ‘The WELL Building Standards’ are just the beginning.

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As evidence has proven, architects have the power, but also the responsibility to minimise psychological effects on the occupants of their spaces by; acting harmoniously and in accordance to the cycles of nature; by designing collaboratively and empathetically and by integrating community at its core.

Architecture which is attuned to the “needs of the soul” [Day, 2004, p.32], in which human beings may once again have their existence affirmed by the beauty of their surroundings.

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As architects we must attempt to create unique spaces...

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where mutual care blossoms, stigma and discrimination are actively challenged, divisions understood, and madness can be experienced in a less painful way.

-[MadLove,2014].

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Figure 8: The ‘avant-garde’ psychiatric unit as a microcosm of the future city (Author’s edit).

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Day, C. (2004) Places of the Soul: Architecture and Environmental Design as a Healing Art. Oxford: Architectural Press. 2nd Ed. Design Council. (2017) Designing good mental health into cities: the next frontier for urban design. Design Council [online] Available from: https://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/designing-good-mental-health-cities-next-frontier-urbandesign [Accessed on 12 April 2019].

Gregory, J. (2003) Scandinavian Approaches to Participatory Design. International Journal for Engineering Education [online] Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228872045_Scandinavian_Approaches_to_Participatory_Design [Accessed on 12 April 2019] Havik, K., & Tielens, G. (2013). Atmosphere, Compassion and Embodied Experience. A conversation about Atmosphere with Juhani Pallasmaa. Building atmosphere, OASE [online] Available from: https://www.oasejournal.nl/en/ Issues/91AtmosphereCompassionAndEmbodiedExperience [Accessed on 25 March 2019].

International Well Building Institute. (2014) Explore the Standard. International Well Building Institute [online] Available from: https://www.wellcertified.com/en/explore-standard?_ga=2.180578471.1243739769.1555076109-587103966.1555076109 [Accessed on 10 April 2019].

John, T. (2018) How the World’s First Loneliness Minister Will Tackle ‘the Sad Reality of Modern Life’. Time [online] Available from: http://time.com/5248016/tracey-crouch-uk-loneliness-minister/ [Accessed on 12 April 2019].

Kahn, P. (1999) The Human Relationship with Nature: Development and Culture. MIT Press.

Kellert, S. (2015) Nature by Design: the Practice of Biophilic Design. Interface [online] Available from: https://blog.interface. com/nature-by-design-the-practice-of-biophilic-design/ [Accessed on 12 April 2019].

King, J. (2017) Innovation in architecture for mental health: report from the East London conference. UD/MH [online] Available from: https://www.urbandesignmentalhealth.com/blog/innovation-in-architecture-for-mental-health-report-from-the-eastlondon-conference [Accessed on 27 March 2019].

Layne, A. (2007) The Role of Connectedness Theory in Sustainable Architecture. ARCC Spring Research Conference [online].

Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f43b/b5d5ea703c9b9f0364f14a3de64c58bad2b0.pdf [Accessed on 12 April 2019].

Lindholm, R. (1985) New Design Parameters for Healthy Places. Places: Vol. 2, No. 4. USA. MadLove. (2014) Data. MadLove [online] Available from: http://www.madlove.org.uk/data [Accessed on 12 April 2019] Manchester, H., Facer, K. (2016) A Manifesto for All-Age Friendly Cities: Working Paper 2 of the Bristol All-Age-Friendly City Group. Research Gate [online] Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/299513256_A_MANIFESTO_FOR_ ALL-AGE_FRIENDLY_CITIES_Working_Paper_2_of_the_Bristol_All-Age-Friendly_City_Group [Accessed on 10 April 2019].

Microcities. (2010) Wild Strawberries, Intergenerational Center at Glad, Switzerland. Microcities [online] Available from: http:// microcities.net/portfolio/wild-strawberries-intergenerational-center-at-gland-switzerland/ [Accessed on 10 April 2019].

MQ : Transforming Mental Health through Research. (2016) Mental Health. MQ [online] Available from: https://www. mqmentalhealth.org/articles/workplace-mental-health [Accessed: 10 January 2019].

National Suicide Prevention Alliance. (2019) Local Suicide Prevention Resources: Infographics [online] Available from: http:// www.nspa.org.uk/home/our-work/joint-work/supporting-local-suicide-prevention/resources-infographics/ [Accessed: 5 January 2019] Orange, E., Weiner, J., Ranasinghe, E. (2019) A Mental Health Panemic: Is the World Getting More Addicted, Anxious, and Lonely? Medium [online]. Available from: https://medium.com/positive-returns/a-mental-health-pandemic-is-the-worldgetting-more-addicted-anxious-and-lonely-4e45bf533ae5 [Accessed on 27 March 2019].

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