nurturing new life an oasis of calm in the heart of Old Market; nurture and nature combine to empower the glory of motherhood Siân Trezise-Hardinge
contents 01 introduction p.006 02
master-plan & health
p.008
03 competition p.019 04
manifesto of nurture
p.022
05
study of nurture / birth
p.034
06
architectural themes p.050
07
the site p.056
08
architecture of birth
p.066
09 design process p.074 10 final design p.084 11 technical design p.110 12 appendices p.123
appendix I: marrakesh
appendix II: 1:200 plans
appendix III: inter-studio
appendix IIII: feedback
13
references & bibliography
p.129
UWE MArch Urbanism Unit: Healthy Cities Design Studio B : Siân Trezise-Hardinge [Document length approved by Louis Rice] Originally formatted to be printed as an A2 square.
IMPORTANT: Document to be viewed as a two-page spread via Adobe Acrobat: View_Page_Display_Two Page View (ticked)_Show Cover Page in Two Page View (ticked) and to be read in conjunction with the following documents in the order as shown:
00 health&design: a pocket book guide to well-being health&design @old market community engagement @old market self-sufficient city @old market
introduction
This design thesis project is part of the UWE MArch Urbanism Unit entitled ‘Healthy Cities’, which proposes a focus on the production of space that challenges issues of power, culture, identity and knowledge within the wider context of how a contemporary city might respond to these issues; in particular an examination from a perspective of human health and well-being.
01 For the purpose of this thesis, the widely accepted World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of health was adopted, by which health is classed “ as a state
of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity” (WHO, 1948).
006
007
m a s t e r- p l a n + health
All of the preceding analytical decoding of the site (refer to ‘health+design @old market’ document for the full site analysis), and the proposed master-plan, (refer to ‘self sufficient city @old market’ document for full masterplan manifesto), were addressed within the framework of human health and thereby split into four main areas in accordance with well-being, namely; physical, mental, social and ecological.
008
02
Urbanisation refers to the population shift from rural areas to urban areas and the way in which societies adapt to this change. With over 70% of the worlds population expected to live in cities by 2050, there is an urgent call for design decisions that will benefit this dramatic increase in urban density for future generations.
“ Architecture
is the frame in which we live. We don’t just look at architecture, we live in it…architecture is for much more than the eyes. It is for life. And that is why it is such a powerful tool- often devastating but potentially health-giving. [Day, 2004, p.1]
”
Although once a thriving market for social converse and local trade, Old Market (located in Bristol’s city centre) has been subject to decades of neglect. The removal of Bristol’s historic shopping centre from Castle Street to Broadmead and the construction of Temple Way Underpass and Easton Way, has left Old Market severed from Bristol’s central axis and thus incremented it’s decline. Statistics say this has resulted in a densely populated area where overcrowding is rife, facilities are limited, pollution rates are high and incidents of illness and crime are significantly higher in comparison with the rest of Bristol. This, however, is not to suggest there is a lack of community. The area has been praised for its inclusiveness and diversity, which begs for a solution that builds upon and supports existing cultural foundations. Our proposed regeneration scheme aims to reinstate Old Market as a self-sufficient future solution for Bristol’s urbanisation and focuses on the rehabilitation of such neighbourhoods through the...
...well-being of the built environment and the people within it; existing and future.
009
Hea th: A state of complete physical, mental and social...
...Wel -being ‘well-being’ is:
‘well’ is: ‘In good health; free or recovered from illness.’
health design
HAPPY
HEALTHY
COMFORTABLE
is the frame in which we live. We don’t just look at architecture, “weArchitecture live in it…architecture is for much more than the eyes. It is for life.
+
@old
the state of being...
[WHO, 1948]
And that is why it is such a powerful tool often devastating but potentially health-giving.
”
[Day, 2004, p.1]
Well-being can be categorised into physical, mental, social and ecological. These, however, can never be treated as seperate identities.
market
Well-being refers to a whole, whether this is in relation to an individual, collection or community.
what is well-being?
‘well’ is: ‘well-being’ is: Each stance feeds into the next and thus healthy design must seek to free employ ‘In good health; or all aspects. The state of being... recovered from illness.’
happy healthy comfortable
F o u n da tio n o f h e a lth + D esi g n: A n act i ve communi t y i s essent i al
Physicalphysical Health health 1. Health, relates to the body, the state
of being freebody... from illness or injury. The condition of your
2. The physical world, having material
taking into consideration everything from the existence; tangible or concrete. absence of disease to fitness level.
the solutions
mental health related to Health the mental and emotional Mental state of a person. 1. Of, affecting, or arising in the mind;
social health
ecological health
1. Relating to society or its organization.
1. Relating to or concerned with the relation of living organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings.
2. Needing companionship and therefore best suited to living in communities.
Of, affecting, or arising in the mind; related to the mental and...
emotional state of a person.
Social Health Ability to form meaningful relationships with other people and interact in healthy, positive way;
Active Design
View Preservation
individual and society. Community Visioning
Ecological Health
Enhancing Indoor
Relating to or concerned with the relation of living organisms to one another and to their...
physical surroundings. Ergonomics
High Ceilings
Public Social Spaces
Environmental Control
Travel
Biophilic Design
Integenerational Design
Daylighting
A CYCLE OF WELL-BEING
010
03 active planning: By re-routing the main Old Market road and making the whole area pedestrianised, air and noise pollution can be reduced. Introducing running lanes, bicycle tracks, and converting quiet roads into effective green corridors will all promote physical and mental health.
The site & master plan Instead of attempting to integrate Old Market back into the wider context of Bristol (as we believe the site could not compete with surrounding existing, commercial areas), our master-plan aims to reinstate Old Market as its own destination, to redefine its identity and give it a new lease of life and purpose. This will done by implementing the five stages, as shown (00-04).
physical
ecological
Old Market will become its very own self-sufficient city within a city.
a
ve c ti
plan
ning im pr o
ve
nity
de
n
on m p ti nsu o tc
spirit
c lle
ility usab tive
02 improve community spirit: In order to encourage community spirit and improve social/mental health within Old Market, accommodations must be made to enhance both day/night activity. This can be done by reinstating the market, introducing evening events, and providing opportunities for different social and minority groups to integrate.
mental
i nd ep en
lawrence hill
co
bristol
u mm co
04 independent consumption: To encourage autonomy in Old Market it is vital that all food is produced, sold and consumed within the area. The introduction of roof gardens, urban allotments, herb gardens, greenhouses, orchards, beehives, vertical farming, composting and water harvesting will ensure food selfsufficiency and provide much needed jobs.
social
01 collective usability: To ensure the site is both energy efficient and usable for all ages and demographics, provisions must be made in the following areas: an increase in access to public transport whilst improving the safety of pedestrianisation, introducing renewable energy practices, preparing the land for growing, and increasing mixed-use developments (primarily housing).
united kingdom
self-suff icient city within a city
00 active planning: To ensure the foundations for the following urban design strategies, and in order for Old Market to become a microcosm of the city, residents must have access to basic amenities that can be frequented by foot. By calculating the population, the appropriate public services can be introduced and implemented to resolve the current issues.
011
high death rate
high obesity
good air quality
There are 635.7 premature deaths in Lawrence Hill compared to 379.8 deaths in Bristol in people under 75 years old (per 100,000 population).
57% of the population of Lawrence Hill are overweight or obese, with 42.5% of children in Year 6 also being overweight.
The concentration of Nitrogen Dioxide in the Old Market is low; levels are highest next to the M32 due to heavy traffic.
no active spaces
poor mental health
overcrowding
Old Market only contains three massage centres, other facilities such as gyms, yoga centres and fitness studios are at least a 15-30 minute walk from the site.
Due to lower incomes and a higher proportion of minority groups such as homeless people, LGBTQ members and ethnic minorities, those living in Old Market are at a greater risk of experiencing poor mental health.
Over the last decade, 28% of the total increase in population in Bristol took place in Central and Lawrence Hill wards alone. The majority of homes are classified as social housing, with overcrowding being a serious issue.
young families
ethnically diverse
high social care
Bristol has a relatively young age profile with more children over old people. The average age of people living in Bristol is 32.5 years compared to 40 years in England and Wales.
The proportion of the Old Market population who are not ‘White British’ increased from 12% (2001) to 22% (2011).
The need for community based social care is almost three times higher in Lawrence Hill compared to the rest of Bristol.
poor education
disease and illness
low number of cars
In Lawrence Hill, students have lower achievement scores compared to the Bristol average - ranking in the lowest five wards in Bristol.
The percentage of cancer and cardiovascular diseases in people under 75 is almost double in Lawrence Hill compared to that of the rest of Bristol.
Due to good transport links to the city centre Lawrence Hill has a considerably low (the lowest in all of Bristol) car ownership figure, a mere 0.53 per household.
old market statistical conclusions 012
overcrowding The majority of the residential areas are classified as social housing and comprise of flats, (there is a high percentage of overcrowding). The addition of traditional housing in the area would invite higher income residents hence improving the local economy.
site opportunities & constraints
fitness 57% of people in Old Market are overweight, as there are no gyms in the site area and the outdoor spaces do not encourage physical exercise. The percentage of people with cancer and cardiovascular diseases is more than
listed building character area
evening activity/pedestrian flow
There are a over 60 listed buildings with architectural and historic merit within the Old Market conservation character area (some dating back to the 16th Century). These buildings provide constraints to development however, they are not well acknowledged on the site, and therefore there are opportunities to emphasise their importance and aesthetic quality.
In the evenings, Old Market Street has moderate footfall, but the smaller streets are empty, unwelcoming and devoid of activity. Even during the day, footfall is limited as Old Market lacks identity/has no niche reason for people to visit. Old Market needs reinvigorating with a specific purpose/new identity.
double the Bristol average.
crime spots Crime in the area is increasing, with reports of criminal damage, arson, sexual offences, vehicle crimes, anti-social behaviour, robbery and theft. The areas indicated have the highest rates of incidents. Only 45% of Lawrence Hill inhabitants feel safe at night, compared to 64% of the whole of Bristol. Equally 50.5% of those living in Lawrence Hill feel anti-social behaviour is a problem locally, compared to 35.3% in Bristol. Interventions designed to lower crime rates need to be considered. Links between crime and poor mental health are clear so there should be more accommodations to support mental health, whether this be through increasing greenery or custom-built facilities.
lack of public services With the exception of three schools, a church, the Trinity Centre and a police station, Old Market lacks public buildings such as; libraries, health services (including a doctor’s surgery/chemist), fitness centres, cinemas. In order to become a self-sufficient city, Old Market needs the essential services for daily life. There is even a lack of food/shopping facilities, hence residents must go to town.
social health deprivation With the exception of Trinity Community Arts Centre and the Wardrobe Theatre, Old Market lacks purpose built spaces which aid community interaction and promote social health. Also the lack of pedestrian areas and useable outdoor spaces inhibit social interaction.
poor connectivity Old Market lacks integration with the surrounding areas. There are poor links to Temple Meads and Cabot Circus. Footfall could be increased in Old Market if these networks were improved. It should be noted that unclear signage and a lack of clear orientation around the site also promotes feelings of frustration and confusion, which
promotes mental illness.
castle park
traffic splits the site
cycle paths
Although the site has good bus connections, the continual flow of traffic through the centre of the site make Old Market a passage way for cars rather than a destination for people. Re-routing the buses and cars to a different street would open up the main road in order to potentially reinstate the market and make it a fully pedestrianised area. Noise levels are higher and air quality is lower by the main roads.
There is the potential to extend the Bristol to Bath cycle route through the site and into the city centre in order to encourage bikes and walking and reduce vehicular traffic through the site. Additional new cycle and walking routes should be incorporated into Old Market connecting landmark areas such as Cabot Circus and
Castle Park. new development areas By moving the industrial units to the outskirts of the city (and making use of existing underutilised spaces) by implementing more mixed-use developments the site could become selfsufficient, with locals not having to travel out of Old Market. It could
anxiety zones Places that are poorly-lit, empty, not over-looked and detached from the main thoroughfare can feel unsafe, risky and induce fear in their users. Many of the smaller roads in Old Market unfortunately fit this description. By introducing more social spaces, increasing human activity, improving lighting and implementing more appropriate, welcoming landscape interventions, the smaller streets adjoining Old Market Street could improve mental health as opposed to causing further issues.
become it’s own eco-system.
ecological diversity quiet zones The quiet zones are predominantly car parks and pockets of space around the industrial zones. These areas should be utilised and given a new purpose/lease of life. They should either be filled with people and become hives of activity, or the quiet should be enhanced and areas of calm, solitude, and peace should be designed into the area. Both aid improvements in
mental and social health.
poor quality green space The quality of the green spaces in Old Market are fairly poor. Many being underused, and unloved hence encouraging anti-social behaviour. Many of the parks and green spaces are not respected and are often left littered and vandalised. There are no accommodations for improving physical
The central part of the site is severely lacking in green space and ecology due to the main road. The existing green spaces should be connected by green corridors in order to promote ecological diversity whilst improving user’s mental, physical and social health. Greenery should be commonplace and should bring the community together- perhaps through the implementation of urban allotments, meadows,
orchards and gardening opportunities.
health such as tennis/basketball courts etc.
013
0 Basic Amenities Existing foundations Care Home Health Facilities Housing Groceries Leisure Transportation Schools Outdoor Facilities
1
B
Areas of Contention
Site disruption linked with crime rates Overcrowding Poorly lit streets Lack of daytime entertainment
2 Site Usability
Site dominated by non community use Industrial zone Mass car parking for superstores
3 Traffic Density
B
Site enclosed by transportation links Higher noise + air pollution Poor pedestrian flow Poor connection to Bristol cycle route
4 Diversity
Lack of natural diversity Strong historical diversity Poor quality green space Fewer trees to the South -
Listed Building
EFFECTS + STATISTICS Higher social deprivation
014
Higher rates for illness and disease
POPULATION [approx. 5000]
Poor mental health
Young families
Higher death rate
Ethically diverse
High obesity
Reduced vehicular ownership per home
B
opportunities & constraints @ old market
observations :
responsive strategies:
the self-sufficient city @ old market
0 Basic Amenities
Improving the foundations
Care Home
A
Health Facilities Housing
B
Groceries
H D
F
H
Leisure
H
Transportation Schools
D C
1
C
Collective Usability Making the site usable by all
Bus Stops within 100m of every home Re-appropriation of non-inclusive retail space Safe site access via green corridors
C
Different sized housing
B
2 Improved Community Spirit
Creating shared value through public facilities Reintroducing the market
D
Amphitheatre
E
Outdoor gym
F
Greenhouse
G
D
3 Active Planning
Pedestrian priority zoning Central pedestrian zone Restricted vehicular access zone
4 Independent
Producing, selling and consuming locally Allotments
H
Orchards
J
Green roofs Vertical growing Solar panels energy storage
K
G
A
E
H
K
B
015
G
F
C
H
D
t h e v i s i o n
03
02
04
01
016
E
B
H
01
05
bridging the city
02
open market street
03
street allotments
04
amphitheatre/arboretum
“
Our cities should be greened, not just with parks, but with planting on roofs, balconies, terraces and in the spaces between. Food should be grown in the city and consumed within metres of its cultivation and every citizen should have the opportunity to spend time in nature. In our remarkable city, we could replace public squares with public parks, turn car parks into meadows and line the roads with fruit trees. [FieldenCleggBradleyStudios, 2019]
�
05
eating/living off the land
017
old market self-sufficient city exhibition The urbanism unit hosted an exhibition for the local community to present the master-plan proposal for the area. The centre of the display was a 3D printed/laser cut model, which mapped the design intentions for the urban regeneration of Old Market and annotated zones and routes of change. It illustrated new housing zones, pedestrian areas, green spaces, as well as marking our individual site proposals. The exhibition also enabled us to showcase our hand-bound booklets (as shown in the image below). [Please refer to the group work submission for the full booklets].
The urbanism unit produced four booklets which extensively demonstrate the unit themes and the site conditions of Old Market. The information collected in these booklets heavily influenced the outcome of my individual thesis. For a full understanding of my personal outcome and development within this unit, these booklets should be read beforehand or in conjunction with this document (as stated in the contents page).
018
competition
The competition stage required each student to introduce two proposals as competition submissions for two design projects, which then had to pass through an approval process; both proposals were presented to the group and a vote was taken as to which concept the student should take forward.
03 Two architectural competition proposals – each a building or group of buildings, set within the group’s masterplan and vision for the site. The building proposals should be of different typologies and have different locations within the site areas.
019
“
competition piece : a place for birth [winner]
[In Native cultures it has been said...] The labouring mother goes
The reinvention of a maternity centre whereby nature and the primitive act of giving birth become intrinsically linked once again. Childbirth restored to its natural origins, within a calm and empowering environment. The medicalised approach is rejected and the natural embraced. The centre will be a supportive hub for women and partners at all stages of birth, both pre and post. A sanctuary where parenthood is celebrated, and well-being is prioritised.
out to the night sky to collect her unborn baby from the stars. [Conscious Birth, 2019]
�
tactile materials a sensory journey biophilic connection the collective mother birth as a celebration
water birthing pods connected to nature to promote relaxation and aid natural birthing
semi-outdoor pregnancy pool to aid social interaction and promote physical health
wild-flower outdoor fitness track promotes mental and physical well-being
site location
landscaped gardens
screening/ appointments gy m
cha ng ing
reception
pre-natal classroom
activity space
yoga terrace
020
cafe/ lounge
meditation/ reflection pods communal kitchen
yoga suites
perimeter fitness track
ground plan
external roof terrace
am mm ha
birthing pod
material pallette: travertine / white limestone / wood
parenthood classrooms
birthing pod
communal lounge
pool
midwives station
’s wc
section
communal kitchen
first plan
“
There are no life sentences- so we are releasing your
competition piece : a place for re-birth
neighbour…If we treat inmates like animals in prison, then we will release animals on to your street. [BBC News, 2019]
”
A women’s prison for change which focuses on the natural principles of community, family connections, and growth- both in rehabilitative development and the physical act of farming the land. An environment that nurtures positive wellbeing, breaks taboos and prevents the risk of re-offending. By integrating the ‘eating off the land’ principle of the masterplan, inmates will grow fruit and vegetables which will feed the people of Old Market; creating a cyclic, inclusive economy whilst giving inmates a strong purpose by improving mental and physical wellbeing.
the commute from live to work connected to time and space nature to dwarf buildings communities of people natural materials
ribbon windows/skylights so inmates are connected with time, nature and the seasons
zen pods within cell units for inmates to reflect, meditate and work on mental well-being
provisions for child-friendly visitations which strengthen and improve social interactions
site location
tch pa dis ge cka pa
re sto
section
e duc pro
e duc pro rk wo p pre
grow
rk wo p pre raw ls ia ter ma e ng cha c /w
nal mu com
nal mu com
rn lea
nal mu com
rn lea
rn lea
g okin bo
ort yp sall
zen
nal mu com
zen
zen
zen
staff
nal mu com
tion ep rec
s cell ing hold
nal mu com
zen
zen
visitation rn lea
basement plan
ground plan
rn lea
rn lea
first plan
second plan
021
manifesto of nurture
By researching and critiquing the current birthing practices in the UK, the manifesto for nurtue aims to appease the current identifiable flaws, to improve how we perceive and deal with birth.
04 Improving the mental, physical and social health of all who come into contact with the Nurture Centre are the principle aims of this thesis project, and the following pages describe in detail how this will be achieved.
022
023
nurturing new life
is not only about making babies. It’s “birth about making mothers; strong, competent,
the manifesto
capable mothers who trust themselves and believe in their inner strength [Barbara Katz Rothman]
”
The nurture centre will be a stark contrast to the existing medical model of birth. It will be a sanctuary, a refuge, a place that promotes all aspects of health whilst evoking the familiarity, safety and comfort of home.
Water forms the core of the nurture centre, through bathing/ swimming pools, landscaping, and even the birth process itself. Water is the connecting device between all the stages and developmental journey of pregnancy.
The nurture centre aims to set the precedent for a new type of birthing approach within the UK. Every aspect of the birthing journey, in particular the mother’s experience is reflected in the physical spaces, in turn creating a new type of ritual.
sanctuary as a home
the journey of water
reinstate ritual
sensory design
nurture and birth
human camaraderie
worship the body
The nurture centre will reinstate the celebration of the pregnant female body. The hammam spa will represent the temple for birth, a church where instead of a God, the body is praised and worshipped through self-care, touch and moments of unadulterated serenity.
024
The nurture centre must utilise the heightened senses associated with pregnancy, namely smell and touch, through the implementation of phenomenological architectural devices (materiality, landscaping, temperature control, sounds and scents) to encourage emotional mindfulness, provoke calm and address mental well-being.
The nurture centre must encourage camaraderie, companionship, intimacy and togetherness for those on the universal journey of pregnancy. Social interaction will dictate the spatial planning at all stages.
nature underpins the entire journey
landscaping with water
the water birth
swimming pool/classes to encourage all aspects of well-being
ide gs to lon ate s l e t (a u s , re e n c y isg ies) peri ctilit x a d d vit oo nsiti ry e gh t df o ou r an l se ns ea ona d se d, th us e io m r na er lor of d ho tai th p ts r es e n n rat re a s d f o m o s c e e inc ne the 9 and the ring rials du mate of
swimming pool & the hammam
the relationship with water will occur in different doses and aspects throughout the building, but with central themes of relaxation and improving mental, social and physical well-being
swimming pool & the hammam
and tion gen a x re l a e s t ro re o a tes mo se in vities o r p i a t e i t tha n incr , sens ry t u a s t o a e r i f e e o ft e n c n m d r a mo a s eco pon f o r c o r re s n e s b o c c u r d s e o ne ing rm ctly t h e y d i re b y h o o d s w o e t r e m f e a h s nd ls w da leve htene g hei
feel ings of isol atio n and lone line ss duri ng and afte r preg nan cy will be add ress ed thro ugh soci al spac es for clas ses and bon ding in orde r to enc oura ge inte ract ions betw een thos e on the sam e jour ney
c e re m o n y
ce le b rati on cel
ny
10 months 9 months
the hammam
c e re
m
o
the journey
12 week scan
swimming pool
1 month
e b rat i on
12 months the journey
025
manifesto context In most industrialised countries, obstetric units within a hospital environment have become the primary setting for birth. However, steadily increasing birth intervention rates and studies of women’s perceptions of childbirth and well-being indicate that such clinical environments may not always provide optimal conditions for low-risk childbirth or even satisfy women’s individual needs. Hence, the introduction of midwifery/ birthing units have allowed women and their partners greater choice of place of birth.
clinical
non-clinical
settings such as free-standing birth centres. One reason being that the woman has the “higher status of ‘resident’ at home and the
midwife is constructed as a ‘visitor’, whereas in hospital these roles are reversed” [McCourt, C., et al, 2016]. Such a space is
therapeutic in supporting normal physiological birth and both physical and emotional comfort. Birth centres, unlike medical models, support a social model of birth, which recognises birth as a major life transition for women and families. The proposed centre will celebrate and elongate this life-changing event. This design thesis project is part of the UWE MArch Urbanism Unit entitled ‘Healthy Cities’, which proposes a focus on the production of space that challenges issues of of power, culture, identity and knowledge within the wider context of how a contemporary city might respond to these issues; in particular an examination from a perspective of human health and well-being; the World Health Organization (WHO) defines health
as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948).
obstetric unit
birthing unit
home birth
A midwifery/birthing unit is a location offering care to women with lowrisk pregnancies during labour and birth in which midwives take primary professional responsibility for care- whilst also being a venue for antenatal clinics, classes, postnatal clinics and breastfeeding support groups. It may be in the site of a hospital with an obstetric unit, hence termed an ‘alongside’ midwifery unit, or be a physically separated, free-standing unit where obstetric, neonatal and anaesthetic care requires ambulance transfer. As there is no current hospital in Old Market, the proposed birthing unit will be free-standing with emergency transfer links to Southmead Hospital Maternity Unit (located 18 minutes away). There have been many positive studies investigating the pros and cons of giving birth in a free-standing midwifery unit, compared to an obstetric unit. For the purpose of this design thesis, the study entitled ‘Freestanding midwifery unit versus obstetric unit: a matched cohort study of outcomes in low-risk women’ [Overgaard., et al, 2011] which analysed 1638 women, will form the basis for data reference and evidential support for the introduction of a free-standing birthing centre within Old Market, Bristol. This paper was selected as its findings are in line with the general conclusions of similar studies. The findings can be summarised as proving that birthing centres, with their spacious and calming interiors, continuous support and an “emphasis on the physiological birth
As has been proven by the aforementioned study, free-standing birthing centres have been found to have safety benefits for mothers in terms of lower rates of some serious complications. These clinical findings challenge the commonly accepted view that quality of experience in childbirth is distinct from, rather than related to safety. They also challenge the view that hospitals, with their provision of potentially life-saving high-technology equipment and a concentration of medical expertise, would automatically provide greater clinical safety [McCourt, C., et al, 2016]. Through the lens of physical health, therefore, the proposed centre will offer a beneficial service to the expectant mothers of Old Market and the surrounding areas. By emphasising the current classification as a social model of care, the
nurture centre will be a hub for all who have begun, or wish to begin their journey into parenthood . Although motherhood
will be a central theme, with classes and facilities tailored to women, there will be accommodations for partners (at designated times). It will become a community for people at all stages of pregnancy including the steps leading to conception, and those following the birth. The social, physical and mental health of all who come into contact with this facility, including staff, is integral to the building’s design and core values.
which aspects of health are the focus?
process and psycho-social well-being during childbirth, would entail a number of positive effects for the women, such as a higher rate of spontaneous vaginal birth, intact perineum, and use of non-pharmacological pain relief...” [Overgaard., et al, 2011], alongside fewer incidents of caesarean sections. Vitally, there were no differences in perinatal or maternal morbidity when giving birth in the less medicalised environment of a birthing centre. Midwifery scholars and social scientists have addressed issues of space and place in birth in relation to well-being, and it has been concluded that women feel more in control of their birth at home or in home-like
026
physical
physical & mental
obstetric unit
birthing unit
physical mental & social
proposed nurture facility
physical
obstetric unit
[Figure 20]
obstetric unit • • • • • • •
standardised and impersonal clinical and unwelcoming complex and threatening medical equipment sterile aesthetics and harsh lighting medicalised approach to birth (c-section, epidural etc.) only accessible when in labour no accommodation for partners/post-partum care
oxytocin is what you need... it’s your labour “Your hormone and brings on your contractions, and your
oxytocin is hugely inhibited by your fear hormone, your cortisol and your stress hormones.
”
[McCourt, et al., 2016]
physical & mental birthing unit
[Figure 21]
birthing unit • • • • • • •
natural light and views where possible comfortable and homely natural birthing approach (water birth, gas and air etc.) introduction of relaxing colours and softer lighting only accessible when in labour (some provide ante/pre-natal classes) accommodation for partners during labour (double bed) no immediate post-partum care
‘home-like’ space may be therapeutic in supporting “Anormal physiological birth and both physical and
emotional comfort... to mould hospitals into more therapeutic landscapes. [McCourt, et al., 2016]
”
027
physical mental & social nurture centre
nurture centre • • • • • • • •
natural light and materials immersive views of nature/water wellness centre (spa/massage/yoga) embodying water as a nurturing tool spaces to facilitate social interaction (spa) and family support (crèche) access during all stages of pregnancy, both pre and post-partum natural birthing approach (avant-garde birthing pool) accommodation for partners during labour (double bed) post-partum care provision (healing period of up to a week after birth)
“Architecture
is the frame in which we live. We don’t just look at architecture, we live in it…architecture is for much more than the eyes. It is for life... and that is why it is such a powerful tool-often devastating but potentially health-giving. [Day, 2004, p.1]
028
”
nervous, very nervous, but once I “Igotwasintoextremely the bath I sort of relaxed, you know the heat
of the water and so forth... to sort of relax and let it all happen, it was very soothing. [Maude, et al., 2007]
”
We understand what makes a healthy city... why don’t we apply it to designing for birth? designing for health: There is a multitude of medical and public health research to establish evidence-based interrelationships between health and architecture, (‘healthy architecture’), and the subsequent impact the built environment has on human illness. By studying ‘A health map for architecture: The determinants of health and well-being in buildings’, by Louis Rice, the four principle domains of architectural design affecting physical, social and mental health are: materials, environments, agency and behaviours. For the purpose of this thesis, these domains were considered and applied to birth, in order to present a new and improved, ‘healthier’ approach to the birthing journey.
[Figure 24]
concept image for the proposed nuture centre 029
statistics informing the programme
Bristol Royal Hospital For Sick Children : Provides a local service for Bristol children and a referral service for specialist care for families across the South West and nationally.
Bristol Royal Infirmary : A teaching hospital with close links to Bristol University, providing acute medicine and surgery, critical care, trauma, orthopaedic and accident and emergency services to the population of Bristol.
LLoyds Pharmacy
Charlotte Keel Medical Practice: GP practice serving a population from all corners of the world and from all walks of life. Offers full medical services.
Wellspring Healthy Living Centre: designing and delivering community health and well-being activities in Lawrence Hill. From physiotherapy, acupuncture, art groups, holistic massage, osteopathy, exercise classes, counselling, reflexology, group therapy and and activities etc.
medical facilities
The map to the left shows the existing healthcare facilities surrounding the Old Market site, namely clinics, pharmacies and hospitals. Due to its close proximity to the centre of Bristol, the area is fairly well equipped within a 20 minute walking distance however there are no immediate accommodations for healthcare in Old Market, especially in relation to well-being and maternity care. There are a number of ‘massage’ parlours along the main Old Market street (as shown below), which form part of a small redlight zone. There are no accommodations for genuine body massages, or other aspects of well-being such as meditation, swimming, yoga, pilates- especially ones tailored to pregnancy.
yoga centres
massage parlours
800m
400m
Southville Surgery : NHS GP practice.
Malago Surgery : NHS GP practice.
Broadmead Medical Centre : NHS GP practice, with adjoining pharmacy. Bedminster Family Practice with adjoining pharmacy.
“ 030
Central Health Clinic : Diagnostic and screening procedures, family planning services, termination of pregnancies, transport services, triage and medical advice provided remotely, treatment of disease, disorder or injury.
Lawrence Hill Health Centre : Pre-booked appointments and drop-ins available. Services range from a baby clinic, blood taking, women’s and children’s health, vaccinations, sexual health etc.
Old Market is severely lacking any facilities that promote well-being from either a holistic or medical approach
”
pools
“
Over the last decade, 28% of the total increase
in population in Bristol took place in Central and Lawrence Hill wards alone
”
Lawrence Hill Population Bristol Population
Ashley Avonmount & Lawrence Weston Bedminster Bishopston & Ashley Down Bishopworth Brislington East Brislington West Central Clifton Clifton Down Cotham Easton Eastville Filwood Frome vale Hartcliffe & Withywood Henbury & Brentry Hengrove & Whitchurch Park Hillfields Horfield Hotwells & Harbourside Knowle Lawrence Lawrence Hill Lockleaze Redland Southmead Southville St George Central St George Troppers Hill St George West Stockwood Stoke Bishop Westbury-on-Trym & Henleaze Windmill Hill Population
Live Birth Rates for Electoral Wards of Bristol, 2012 [Birth rate = live births per 1,000 total population]
Ashley 16.0 Avonmouth 17.7 Bedminster 17.7 Bishopston 15.4 Bishopsworth 15.0 Brislington East 17.9 Brislington West 16.1 Cabot 7.0 Clifton 8.8 Clifton East 9.8 Cotham 6.9 Easton 24.8 Eastville 19.1 Filwood 17.5 Frome Vale 13.2 Hartcliffe 16.5 Henbury 16.6 Hengrove 15.2 Henleaze 11.1 Hillfields 17.9 Horfield 16.8 Kingsweston 18.5 Knowle 15.3
Lawrence Hill
23.6
Lockleaze 16.5 Redland 9.5 St George East 15.4 St George West 19.1 Southmead 16.7 Southville 16.7 Stockwood 13.0 Stoke Bishop 10.6 Westbury-on-Trym 13.7 Whitchurch Park 17.6 Windmill Hill 18.9
0K
10 K
20 K
2018
2028
2038
463,400 people
506,000 people
541,500 people
Hill has the highest birth “Lawrence rate of any ward in Bristol ”
Bristol has a growing population. Since 2008 the total population is estimated to have increased by 11.7%, this compares to an increase of 7.8% in England and Wales. This increase can be attributed to factors including international migration, students, more births and less deaths. The Lawrence Hill ward (where Old Market is located), has one of the highest population increases, whilst also being the biggest contributor to the number of births in Bristol...
...however, there are currently no immediate provisions for obstetric care/support (holistic or otherwise) in Old Market.
031
[Brubaker, S-J., 2009, p.37]
”
A diagrammatic critique of the current UK birthing procedures and techniques, which focus solely on the clinical, factory-like, production-line process of birth. Even in existing birthing centres if a mother and baby need to stay longer than six hours post-natal they will often be transferred to a hospital ward. Every aspect of birth is under strict timings, medical interventions are rife, and women are exposed to distressing, high pressure environments at a time when calmness is vital. Staff are frequently stressed and over-worked, medical equipment is visible and frightening, and there are few provisions for personalised, individually-tailored care.
032
the dichotomy of natural versus medical
“
The hospital, while providing a ‘comfortable’, and even respectful atmosphere for some women in recent years, is still the ‘institution that produces that 70% epidural rate and that 29% caesarean section rate’
the dichotomy of natural versus medical
“ physical mental & social
,Unlike the medical model, the midwifery model [here the more “natural” model] consistently sees the needs of the mother and the foetus as being in harmony, the two as one organic unit and poses that both pregnancy and childbirth are ‘healthy and entirely normal conditions’ [Brubaker, S-J., 2009, p.37]
”
A diagrammatic representation of the proposed nurturing facility which is the reinvention of maternity care whereby nature and the primitive act of giving birth become intrinsically linked once again. Childbirth is restored to its natural origins, within a calm and empowering environment which, in turn, restores well-being at individual, professional and community levels- through higher rates of natural birth and improved experiences of providing and receiving care. The introduction of tactile materials, whilst creating a sensory journey and maintaining biophilic connections will enhance the collective experience for woman and their families and re-establish birth as a momentous celebration.
033
study of nurture/birth
“Giving birth can be the most empowering experience of a lifetime- an initiation into a new dimension of mindbody awareness.� - (Gaskin, 2003)
05 In order to determine the ethos and final programme for the building it was necessary to research the history and practice of birthing around the world. In the UK there is a severe lack of ritual or celebration during the journey of pregnancy, therefore the nurture centre aims to take influence from the birthing traditions of other cultures.
034
035
the birth process Oestrogen and progesterone are the chief pregnancy hormones. A woman will produce more oestrogen during one pregnancy than throughout her entire life when not pregnant; this rapid increase in oestrogen levels during the first trimester may cause some of the nausea associated with pregnancy. The changes in progesterone cause a laxity or loosening of ligaments and joints throughout the body. While these hormones are absolutely critical for a successful pregnancy, they also can make exercise more difficult (along with weight gain). Because the ligaments are looser, pregnant women may be at greater risk for sprains and strains of the ankle or knee. By acknowledging the key hormonal changes during pregnancy, I identified that water would play a major role in accommodating the changes to the female body; whether this would be through exercise, relaxation, or the birth itself.
Oxytocin
Progesterone
Oestrogen
Prolactin
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Relaxin
036
prevalence of mood swings food disgust nausea
the transformational journey At the heart of the Nurture Centre are the spa facilities (which are accessible from the birthing rooms), and have been tailored to enhance the transformational journey of pregnancy and child birth. By identifying the key negative issues/ hormonal changes associated with pregnancy, at both an emotional and physical level, the design and architectural expressions of the centre aim to appease such issues. Although the journey of pregnancy is linear, the journey through the spaces have been designed to be experienced in no particular order as to represent the constant fluctuation of symptoms associated with pregnancy. As such, The Nurture Centre will be an individual, personal experience to all who use it. Those experiencing pregnancy and those in the post-partum days/months will be able to tailor their visit to suit their own specific needs and wants.
Key negative issues associated with pregnancy:
isolation
weakness
overwhelmed
body insecurities
fatigue
stress
lost identity
anxiety
The tailored spa and birthing experience to provide spaces which encourage:
community
strength
acceptance
praise the body
invigorate
contemplation
clarity
calm
Although a short event in terms of the 40 week gestational period, the birth itself is the climax of the journey and therefore the birthing facilities are integral in enhancing and improving this transformational experience. Therefore, it was vital that the design of the birthing rooms, as with the spa facilities, also aimed to appease the issues associated with current birthing practices.
037
Childbirth was deemed a private and dangerous affair with more than one in three women dying. There was no way of monitoring the baby and thus women replied heavily upon other experienced women to support and help them. Childbirth was predominantly women’s business and physicians and doctors only attended under the most extreme circumstances. During their ‘lying-in’ period women would lay in dark rooms where men were prohibited from entering. The idea was to recreate the womb: warm, dark and quiet.
[Figure 10]
the timeline of childbirth
Midwifery (with-women) is as old as the history of the human species. Archaeological evidence demonstrates this existence.
During this period England was a Catholic nation. Religion and faith were part of everyday life and closely entwined with the act of childbirth. The pain associated with labour and childbirth was thought to be due to Eve’s fall in the Garden of Eden. Her original sin meant that all women were to suffer great pain. There was also the strong possibility that a mother in labour could die, so
Hippocrates, the father of scientific medicine, trained and supervised midwives. Later, Aristotle, the father or embryology described the uterus and the essential qualities of a midwife.
religion and faith played a hugely important role.
500 AD - 1300 AD
5000 BC
460 BC - 320 BC
1500 1400
1600
During the Middle Ages villages had a local woman who not only called upon to assist with births (occurring at home), but also cared for the sick. Usually these women used herbs and other folk remedies in their treatments. At times, midwives were suspected of witchcraft and sorcery, in part due to superstitions concerning infant deformities and deaths, and thus were persecuted, arrested, and even killed.
First midwifery school established in the Netherlands.
[Figure 6]
[Figure 7]
038
1650
The whole process of labour was embedded in ritual. The mother, who would deliver sat on a birthing stool not in a bed, might wear a gemstone on a girdle such as amber, sard or jasper which had first been rubbed against her thighs to ease the pain.
By the early 1600’s, midwives in England worked under the supervision of the state church, and were licensed by the priest. Midwives continued to be the usual attendant chosen to assist childbirth, with male doctors being called on only in cases of emergencies. Significant advances in the area of obstetrics were made throughout this period, one of which was the invention of the forceps but also several textbooks for midwives were first published.
Beginnings of acceptance of male presence during childbirth.
Births still occurred at home with the assistance of family and friends. Midwives were merely experienced women who had borne several children themselves. Doctors were
generally only called when births were prolonged and it was feared that the mother might die , but their intervention
Twilight Sleep was no longer used and was replaced by labouring techniques like
relaxation, patterned breathing, hypnosis, water immersion , and
brought grave risks as the danger of infection from medical intervention was very high due to transmitting contagion from previous patients. [Figure 8]
Opium and chloroform were introduced as pain relief.
[Figure 5]
Birthing centres and home births became increasingly popular. Provisions for pre and post-natal care were introduced, and wellbeing was considered.
Hospitals were places of last resort, sought only by the very poor and the desperate due to high death rates.
1900
the famous Lamaze method. Mothers and fathers were have encouraged to participate in the birthing process as much as possible. Epidural became popular as pain relief during labour.
1920 - 1960
2020
1800
1970 - 2010 The medical revolution, taking women from an almost totally natural labour and delivery to one with every known intervention at the time.
Births occurred at home as hospitals weren’t widely available yet and modern medicine was still in its infancy (although doctors understanding of infection and the gradual acceptance of principles of antisepsis in surgery had improved). Midwives were
Women were attended to by a doctor in hospital who believed childbirth was a “pathological process” and that “normal deliveries” were so rare that every procedure must be used. Hence, in addition to the still-popular Twilight Sleep (dosing the mother with morphine and scopolamine which put mothers to sleep for the entire delivery but had a high death risk). Doctors routinely forcibly dilated the cervix, gave ether during the second stage of labour, cut an episiotomy, delivered the baby with forceps, extracted the placenta, gave medications for the uterus to contract and then stitched up the episiotomy.
[Figure 9]
With 80% of expectant mothers claiming they would prefers to go drugfree and have minimal intervention, the research into and preference
for natural birthing (especially water births) has soared. The
hospital is no longer seen as the best option, with free standing birth centres and home births becoming increasingly popular again due to their relaxed environments which encourage family interaction and the fact that the “medicalisation” of birth has tended to diminish women’s satisfaction with their experience of childbirth.
still used but were increasingly replaced by doctors, especially among wealthier families. Anaesthesia
existed, but wasn’t commonly used for childbirth yet. This was natural childbirth in about every sense of the word.
[Figure 4]
039
birthing traditions around the world
Greenland The Greenland Inuit follow a traditional belief system revolving around fasting and abstinence. The woman preparing to give birth is not allowed to work or eat any flesh, except from the kills of her husband of which the entrails had not been wounded (fish is allowed). Two weeks prior to delivery she then may eat flesh, but the bones are not be carried outside the house. Similarly, leading up to giving birth the husbands are not allowed to work or do any barter for some weeks.
Holland Holland has the highest number of home births in the Western world and natural childbirth is embraced. All pregnant women are required to pick up a kraampakket that includes all of the medical supplies needed for a home birth. To announce baby’s birth, parents place a stuffed stork in a window facing the street so it looks like the stork just flew in make the delivery. A nationwide 2013 Dutch study found the risk of severe complications to be 1 in 1,000 for home births and 2.3 in 1,000 for hospital births.
Ecuador In rural areas, a father gives his wife a shirt that’s damp with his sweat after a hard day’s work while she’s in labour, which folklore says will give her strength. After the birth, Mother and baby are carefully shielded from sunlight, even inside the house, where a canopy is hung over the bed. Mothers are given a bath with herbs, perfume and a cup of milk or three rose petals to mark their re-entry into the everyday world.
Guyana Mothers forego a pre-birth baby shower in favour of celebrating when the baby turns nine days old. Guests bring gifts, including gold bangle bracelets for both boy and girl babies. This is also customarily when mothers take their first post-delivery bath. The placenta is saved in a container and burned during this celebration, as a symbolic celebration of the separation of mother and baby.
Ivory Coast In the southern part of the Ivory Coast, just before a baby’s due date women often go to their mother’s homes for help, staying there for about a month to rest, eat and heal from the birth process. Some also keep their babies inside for the first 40 days as protection from bad spirits.
Nigeria On the seventh day for a Yoruba girl and the ninth day for a boy, they are given water (to have no enemies), palm oil (for a smooth, stress-free life), kola nut (for a long and healthy one) and salt and pepper (to keep things exciting and spicy). Post-partum care is called omugwo, a key component of which is baby’s first bath, given to him by his grandmother. This first washing symbolises that the mother isn’t alone is raising her child, and that the community will always be there to help her. The grandmother’s other job is to help mother get back into pre-pregnancy shape with a routine that includes a belly-flattening massage with a towel dipped in hot water.
040
Spain A traditional practice started in 1621, parents in Spain’s Castrillo de Murcia allow their newborns to be jumped over by a man dressed as evil in the belief that by doing so, their young ones will be led “on a path to a good life.” It’s associated with the Catholic feast of Corpus Christi.
Turkey To celebrate the new baby and get milk flowing, mothers drink a traditional beverage called lohusa serbeti (“post-partum sherbet”). It’s made with water, sugar, cloves, cinnamon and red food colouring, and is first served to the new mother in the hospital. Mother and baby stay home for 20 days after the delivery, and friends stop by and also sip serbeti. Once 20 days have passed, mother and baby visit the homes of gift givers.
Japan Most Japanese women aim to deliver their baby without painkillers, an idea that stems from the Buddhist belief that labour pains must be endured as a test to prepare for the difficulties of motherhood. Fathers aren’t allowed in the delivery room unless they’ve taken a prenatal class. After baby arrives, the new mother traditionally stays at her parents home for at least a month, and rests in bed for 21 days to recuperate and bond with baby (ansei), while family members pitch in with chores. During this period, friends visit and eat the celebratory red rice and red bean dish osekihan.
South Korea Once mothers are discharged from hospital, some spend several weeks with their babies at a special post-partum care centre (Sanhujori), where staff members may include nurses, nutritionists, a chef and even a skin care team. They are treated to massages, yoga classes and help with caring for the baby. While the TLC comes with a price tag, many believe it’s critical to recovering well and preventing joint problems down the road.
Bali In this Hindu country, an important birthing tradition is burying the placenta, which is believed to be alive and almost like a twin sibling of the newborn and brings good luck. During the elaborate ceremony, the placenta is cleaned, put in a sealed container, wrapped in white cloth and then buried outside of the home. As for the babies, they’re treated like gods. Seen as divine beings descended from heaven, the baby’s feet can’t touch the ground for three months. When they finally do, it symbolizes their crossing over to our earthly realm.
Pakistan A popular tradition in Pakistan and other Islamic nations, ‘aqiqah’ is a naming ceremony of newborns that takes place on the 7th, 14th or 21st day after the baby is born. As part of this ceremony, the infant’s head is shaved and an animal is sacrificed on his or her behalf.
041
the practice of conscious birth
physiology of birth
psychology of birth
a rite of passage
informed & inspired
confident & ready
In relation to the holistic, natural childbirth model of this thesis, the process of conscious birthing suits the programme of the proposed nurturing centre. Through this process the mother and parent is prepared in the following way:
“
The Conscious Birth Vision :
Conscious Birth acknowledges birth as a transformative rite of passage. Conscious Birth acknowledges the rights of the mother/ or birthing person to have autonomy and decision making over her body, baby and birth. Conscious Birth acknowledges the important role of fathers and partners, both as co-parents as well as focusing on the changing nature of their relationship after childbirth.
Her head with the latest understanding of birthing options that help her feel safe and empowered in birth choices that best suit her.
Conscious Birth acknowledges medical intervention can be lifesaving when needed. Conscious Birth believes in the power of birth to be a somatic healing experience. Conscious Birth believes in the potential of birth to be an Ecstatic experience – ecstatic defined as – “involving an experience of mystic self-transcendence.” Conscious Birth acknowledges that childbirth is a major events in a woman’s life that she will remember for her life and when she feels good about that experience will be able to draw strength from it. Conscious Birth acknowledges that non-judgemental, nurturing and caring support is essential in the well-being of mother, child and family unit during the initiation phase of labour, birth and early postpartum.
”
042
[Conscious Birth, 2019]
“
Her body with the primordial knowing that sits deeply in-tune with her own body and the baby that lies within, trusting her own intuitive guide throughout the birthing journey.
Her heart with the spiritual awareness and ability to see how each footstep taken beforehand will meet her there at the moment of birth, and how those steps will impact her birth experience.
It is the unfurling of her coming into fullness, her evolution as a woman,
being present and doing her best in each moment, giving voice to her experience and being able to freely express her wild and dark authentic feminine self - maybe for the first time in her life - that is the focus of Conscious Birth preparation. [Conscious Birth, 2019]
”
birth doula
a birth doula is a non-medical assistant who is experienced with and knowledgeable about childbirth. She provides a continuous physical, emotional and informational support to a woman and her family during pregnancy, childbirth, and the post-partum period.
5 reasons to hire a doula 50% reduction rate in caesarean rate 25% shorter labour 60% reduction in epidural requests 40% reduction in Pitocin use 30% reduction in forceps delivery
Their purpose is to help women have a safe, memorable, and empowering birthing experience.
[Birth Chemistry, 2014]
from the Greek word meaning “mothering the mother”
building programme to accommodate for :
pre-pregnancy
antenatal
birth
postnatal
family planning
yoga/pilates
midwife attends to
access to spa facilities
aqua-natal &
baby/birthing process
birth healing class
advice
future parents’ support group
counselling service meet current parents for advice and story sharing
swimming
social bathing hammam massage classes: doula selection understanding labour, birth and post-partum exploring pain and
intensity at all stages mindful and practical exercises to help you cope during labour mythology and
storytelling as road maps for birth
transforming all
concerns/fears- doula birth intentions plan couples/fathers
and partner to-be preparation
the needs of the
doula attends to the
emotional well-being
for trauma and story sharing
of the mother by
counselling service
support, enthusiasm,
breastfeeding &
providing massage,
answer questions, and
childcare advice
calm
placenta planting
accommodation for
doula and midwife
promote a sense of
mother, partners
and families to stay
check-up rooms
together in one space
hammam massage,
social spaces for
bones massage &
closing the
friends and family to
acupuncture for new
water birthing pools
yoga/pilates/
visit the new mother
mothers
required to aid
aqua-robics/baby
accommodation for
mother to rest, be
relaxation
on call midwife/doula
For centuries, cultures around the world have considered self-consciousness an important part of pregnancy. They believed that the way we were conceived and the way we were carried in our mother’s womb, birthed and received into the world set the seeds of patterns that could enhance or affect us through our life. A conscious pregnancy and birth aims to best prepare mother and child for a seamless, calm, positive and empowering experience.
swimming
cared for and have precious bonding
time with the baby
in a calm, stress-free environment cafe/bar crèche
[Figure 1]
043
Instances of Domestic Abuse for Electoral Wards of Bristol, 2016
the importance of doulas in old market
[per 1,000 of adults over 16]
Domestic violence is unfortunately common during childbirth leaving women and their children exposed to increased risk of harm. Beyond the immediate complications that may result, this harm can extend into the lifespan of the mother and her child including developmental and attachment issues that can manifest as a result of the abuse and trauma alongside a variety of issues impacting their well-being and ability to thrive.
Hartcliffe & Withywood 42 Filwood 32
Lawrence Hill 21 Southmead 19 Henbury & Brentry 19 Avonmouth & Lawrence Weston 18 Brislington East 17 Lockleaze 17 Hillfields 17 Central 17 St George West 15 Eastville 15 Bishopsworth 14 Bristol average 14 Horfield 14 Stockwood 14 Hengrove & Whitchurch Park 13 Knowle 13 St George Central 13 Ashley 13 Frome Vale 13 Windmill Hill 12 Brislington West 12 Easton 12 Southville 12 Bedminster 11 Hotwells & Harbourside 9 St George Troopers Hill 9 Stoke Bishop 5 Bishopston & Ashley Down 5 Redland 5 Clifton 5 Cotham 4 Westbury-on-Trym & Henleaze 4 Clifton Down 3
There is currently a gap in childbirth services for domestic violence victims and research reveals that partnerships between domestic violence service providers and doulas may help create safer births that also help the mother and her child thrive. Domestic violence homicide, also known as femicide, is most common in the first trimester of pregnancy and is the leading cause of death for pregnant women. Screening women early in their pregnancy for domestic violence and intervening with meaningful services like assigning a doula will help women to achieve a safe and healthy childbirth experience and may be an effective way to respond to these alarming statistics. Doulas focus is to provide information and be a support system that is based on the needs and desires of the mother at all times. An intimate and confidential service women who are victims of domestic violence would massively benefit from (a service that midwives alone cannot provide). [Smyth, 2016]
[South Bristol Voice, 2016]
Hill has the third highest rate of “Lawrence domestic violence and the highest birth rate of any ward in Bristol
�
The average rate of domestic violence in Lawrence Hill is 21/1000, compared to the Bristol average of 14/1000. Such high rates can be attributed to low incomes, overcrowding and poor support networks- all of which are very apparent in the Old Market. Combine this fact with the high birth rates in the area and it is very apparent there is a need for maternal healthcare tailored to those experiencing domestic violence.
044
[Figure 1]
water births versus land births As water supports your weight, it is easier to move around and get into comfortable positions. Being enclosed and surrounded by water in a birth pool can also give you a sense of privacy, which in itself may help labour to progress.
Water is soothing, comforting and relaxing, therefore mothers who choose water births have less use of pain medication, reduced levels of anxiety and a higher satisfaction with the birth experience.
Buoyancy promotes more efficient uterine contractions and improved blood circulation resulting in better oxygenation of the uterine muscles, less pain for the mother, and more oxygen for the baby.
Water provides an environment similar to the amniotic sack. Water eases the stress of birth, thus increasing reassurance and a sense of security.
Evidence shows water births require less use of artificial oxytocin and possibly promote shorter labours.
Higher rates of normal vaginal birth.
[Figure 2]
Water causes the perineum to become elastic and relaxed, reducing the incidence and severity of tearing and the need for an episiotomy and stitches (conducive with lower rates of post-partum haemorrhage).
of people who had water births said they “72% would certainly choose water birth again, while
only 9% of those who had land births would choose that method of giving birth again
�
[Evidence Based Birth, 2018]
how many women use water for pain relief in labour? [Which?, 2018]
[Figure 2]
100% proposed nurture centre
free-standing midwife-led unit
alongside midwife-led unit
home
hospital labour ward
045
water as a nu
relaxation
046
birth
the hammam massage
views of wetland
social bathing
water birth
During a Hammam session, the therapist will pour warm water all over your naked body and then lather you with the “Beldi Black Soap� (made from olives) to prepare your skin for exfoliation. Using a special glove, every inch of your body is scrubbed, with warm water constantly being used to wash away the dead skin cells. Your hair is then washed and conditioned, evoking the memories of childhood and maternal intimacy.
Being in nature, or even viewing scenes of nature, reduces anxiety, fear, and stress and increases calmness. Exposure to nature results in both physiological as well as psychological change, by reducing blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension and the production of stress hormones.
Group bathing is a great platform for socialising within a relaxing atmosphere. The hammam spa offers opportunities for social connections and relationships to be formed, which is vital during pregnancy.
Nature helps us cope with painwe are genetically programmed to find trees, plants, water, and other natural elements fascinating, we are absorbed by them and so become distracted from our pain and discomfort.
Time in nature or scenes of nature are associated with a positive mood, and psychological wellbeing, meaningfulness, and vitality.
Warm water immersion also has physiological effects, reducing blood pressure, so pools of different temperatures will have different uses- warm water matching the body‘s own temperature will induce relaxation.
The water in the birthing pool will be at the same level of the exterior wetland so during birth the woman feels as though they are submerged in the landscape beyond, connected to nature at all times.
urturing tool
swimming
“lifts the load� of the child
helps during labour
good for overall well-being
the choice exercise
Especially during the third trimester, pregnancy adds many extra pounds and women feel weighed down and often uncomfortable. Swimming allows mothers to feel weightless and more carefree due to the buoyancy of water.
Aerobic exercises like swimming have been shown to significantly decrease the duration of the second stage of labour and the incidence of obstetric complications.
Swimming allows mothers to burn calories and all this exercise makes them feel more awake and less tired.
Adequate exercise is essential for a healthy pregnancy. Swimming is the choice exercise as it is low-impact and stress and weight is not added to the joints.
In addition, swimming strengthens core muscles and helps prevent poor posture. So swimming can help to relieve the back strain often associated with pregnancy.
Hence, swimming is beneficial for pregnant mothers as it increases the likelihood of smoother deliveries for their children.
Moreover, swimming has the effect of promoting better sleep at night. Mothers would feel better rested and be better able to handle the physical and emotional challenges of pregnancy.
In addition, overheating during pregnancy is a common concern and this may occur when engaging in other sports. Overheating seldom occurs when swimming due to the cooling effects of water.
[Figure 11]
047
The most influential and memorable event to occur on our study trip to Marrakesh was my visit to a local hammam. Hammams (from the Arabic word meaning “spreader of warmth�) are very traditional public bathhouses that date back to the days of the Ottoman and Roman Empires. Going to the hammam is a very important ritual in Muslim culture. People visit to be washed, scrubbed and cleansed for the purpose of rejuvenation and relaxation. Equally important are the social interactions that take place at the hammam. Personally, the physical experience itself provoked complex emotions, and a surprising revelation about Moroccan women.
Links to thesis: For new or expectant mothers this experience would be a valuable lesson in loving your body no matter what, being at peace with other women in an intimate, bonding environment, and rejuvenating your mental health in a safe, judgement-free space. A woman’s emotions, awareness and psychic sensitivities are dramatically increased during pregnancy and the hammam is a place of calm, self-care and safety.
048
reduces stress & anxiety detoxify the body and spirit soothe muscle tensions foster a mind and body connection improves sleep skin nourishing and rehydration reduce body insecurities and taboo feel part of the collective woman
the mor occan hammam:
Morocco is an Islamic country, and in public women modestly wear either the hijab or burka so their skin and hair is covered. However, take one flight of stairs down into the depths of the hammam spa and the woman are topless or nude, slowly and delicately washing their hair, scrubbing their skin, pre-occupied collectively with these personal acts. The hammam massage was intensely liberating as nudity no longer felt taboo. The woman giving me the ex-foliating full-body scrub felt like a mother, and I became her child, with my nudity contributing to the liberating sense of freedom and although fiercely intimate, the experience was purely platonic and practical. I was just a body, removing dead skin was the focus. This shedding of skin, was both literal and metaphorical as my anxieties and body insecurities were lifted.
deep sense of relaxation
liberating / empowering / intimate
marrakesh & the hammam
introducing birthing rituals to old market: Sanhujori - Korea Current western birthing traditions focus solely on pre-birth events such as baby showers and gender reveal parties, and pre-natal exercising/ yoga/birthing classes. With the exception of mandatory midwife check ups, women’s postnatal care is fairly limited. After birth (unless there are serious complications), women tend to be rushed back home within 24 hours. For some, this offers no respite or recovery time, and many women are immediately thrown back into the daily stresses of life.
Sanhujori is the Korean system of care for women after childbirth, a culturally specific form of postpartum confinement. Sanhujori include consuming healthy foods, doing exercise and warming up the body. Sanhujori period typically lasts approximately from 1 week to 1 month. It is said that ‘Sanhujori’ has a great impact on women’s life-long health conditions; mothers who do not properly perform Sanhujori practices may suffer from a range of illnesses, such as joint inflammation, urinary incontinence, low blood pressure, and depression. The nurture centre will accommodate such post-partum care, with new mothers encouraged to stay at the facility for at least a week in order to re-cooperate and bond with the baby and other new mothers. Access to the spa/hammam and yoga facilities, along with social spaces will play an integral role in promoting overall wellbeing of the mothers, within a safe, intimate, homely environment, a sanctuary. By introducing this type of post-partum care into Old Market, the nurture centre aims to set the precedent for a new type of birthing, where every aspect of the birthing journey is slowed down, elongated and celebrated.
Figure 19
Placenta burial - Bali A lot of Indonesians see the placenta as the “older sibling” of the foetus, and therefore, believe that it deserves a proper burial and brings good luck. These beliefs come from the fact that the placenta plays a vital role in providing the foetus with nutrients and oxygen.
In western countries where the childbirth process is highly medicalised, the placenta is typically whisked away to the incinerator... However, planting the placenta with a beautiful tree that can grow along with your child and commemorate the birth, or in some sad cases, immortalise the memory of a miscarriage or still birth, would be a cathartic postpartum ritual. The act of burying the placenta, and being in contact with the earth, would be very mentally-grounding, allowing the new mother/family to pay respect to the life-giving organ.
Figure 18
Due to the Nurture Centre’s proximity to the neighbouring arboretum, accommodations will be made for a natural placenta burial ground within the forest. Enabling new mother’s to walk directly from their birthing room on site to their allotted plot. Introducing this new birthing ritual into Old Market further emphasises the celebration of birth.
049
architectural themes
Shelter at and around the time of birth needs to be more than the medical model dictates. Functionality alone will fail to provide the optimal experience at this unique time for a woman and her family.
06 The following design themes guide you towards a space enriched with symbolism.
050
051
The womb is the most important and wellfunctioning space we will ever reside in. The features of the womb will be applied to the architecture of the nurture centre.
protective motherhood cocooned ergonomic sensory warmth bonding
worship ritual celebration sacred procession strength opulence
the womb
the dome Rounded forms reflect the feminine form and draw the eye upwards to a narrow point of light. A dome represents architectural mastery of space and is associated with early religious buildings of many faiths. It defies gravity yet is beautifully simple. Spirituality and birth encircled together.
the water The use of water both externally and internally connects and embodies all the themes.
052
Both before and after childbirth, parents need the intimacy of home. The home is domestic in scale, welcoming, judgementfree. It is a refuge, a sanctuary, which is exactly what the nurture centre will be.
domestic familiarity relationships relaxing safety respite care
nature tactile atmospheric intimate contemplative serene poetic
the home
the cave The primitive formation/aesthetics of the cave grounds us to our primitive ancestors, and connects us to our history and the wider world. Caves can be impressive and expansive, small and protective; variations that make each one unique.
053
054
“ Giving
birth can be the most empowering experience of a lifetime- an initiation into a new dimension of mind-body awareness [Gaskin, 2003]
� 055
the site
The Old Market area of Bristol, was the designated site for the MArch Urbanism Unit, allocated by our tutor. It formed the basis for the master-plan work as described in chapter 02 and in the supporting group work documents.
07 After completing the group site analysis, we, as individuals chose our own specific site within Old Market that would best support our thesis programme.
056
Where is the nurture centre? The chosen site is located in the southern part of the Old Market Quarter, and is a short walk from the main thoroughfare of Old Market Street. The site currently consists of a small terrace of houses towards the north, a scrap yard, an industrial unit and a sporting goods shop. The majority of the surrounding context are industrial units, retail headquarters, and offices, with the exception of the Hannah More Primary School to the south-west. The large car park to the north is often fairly empty and underused. Old Market possesses a high number of listed buildings and is part of a conservation character area, the chosen site does not contain any buildings of architectural merit and is therefore perfect for re-development.
United Kingdom
Bristol
Old Market
057
1 8 8 0
1 9 0 0
1 9 1 0
Why locate the nurture centre here? The following diagrams illustrate the key aspects of the site analysis (refer to self-sufficient city @ old market document for full site analysis) undertaken within Old Market, that directly informed my project and its location:
proposed blue space
existing blue space
existing green space
wood pigeon
gull
tawny owl
urban fox
brown Rat
starling/sparrow/thrush
butterfly the site
bees
urban rabbit
Being surrounded by nature, blue space and wildlife has been proven to improve our mental and physical health, which is integral during the stresses of childbirth and pregnancy. By analysing Old Market it is apparent there is a severe lack of biodiversity around my site, therefore my project will improve this by introducing more blue space to the area by means of an artificial wetland, which will in turn introduce different ecosystems and promote relaxation to all it’s visible to.
058
car parks to walk through anxiety street/road/alley quiet nodes areas typically quiet at night
Places that are poorly-lit, empty, not over-looked and detached from in their users. The location of my site currently fits this description. T destination (the hammam spa) which will not only improve the soc to this forgotten section of the site, creating a social atmosphere beyon
Historically, the site consisted of tightly packed terraced houses, a large residential area for those working in the surrounding industries/warehouses, namely the iron works, soap works and several breweries. The master-plan vision focused on re-developing this industrial part of Old Market (directly east of my site) with 150 new homes as part of a self-sustaining off grid housing village. The car park directly adjacent to the site will be re-developed as a large amphitheatre set within a large landscaped area/arboretum that will promote both social and ecological health of Old Market. Both these interventions influenced the location of the nurture centre.
2 0 2 0
1 9 5 0
towards cabot circus
old
et
tre
et s ark
m
prevailing winds
da
e tim ye s tr ped
ian fl ow
Site deliberately set back from the activity of Old Market Street as the nurture centre will be a place of calm and quiet, a refuge. Site to connect with redeveloped arboretum with a designated forest placenta burial site to introduce a sense of ritual to birthing.
gh ni t- t e im
p ed
estrian fl ow
m the main thoroughfare can feel unsafe and induce fear and anxiety The nurture centre will remove these issues by introducing a social cial well-being of its users, but will increase footfall and human activity nd the main Old Market Street.
Views of amphitheatre and arboretum from site.
proposed amphitheatre/ arboretum
Nurture centre requires privacy from adjoining buildings to become a protected sanctuary.
towards bristol temple meads
Site to become an artificial wetland to address biodiversity issues in the area.
sunpath
Site descends from public (NW arboretum) to private (SE birthing centre).
N Emergency ambulance access to birthing centre located towards the rear of the site.
059
Local comparative study: Cossham Birth Centre
Southmead Hospital midwife led & obstetrics unit
Currently the only free-standing natural birth centre in Bristol, offering four en-suite birth rooms furnished with floor mats, birth balls, a water pool, a double bed (for partners to stay with you), and use of a communal kitchen with light snacks. It is also the base for the local community midwives and a venue for antenatal clinics, classes, postnatal clinics and breastfeeding support groups.
[Figure 12]
[Figure 12]
[Figure 12]
This centre represents the best there is to offer in regard to current birthing practices. There has been an attempt to improve comfort, homeliness and relaxation (by enforcing a less clinical interior and natural birthing techniques). However, my key observations, in conjunction with my proposed programme, are that there is no accommodation for: • physical exercise tailored to aiding a healthy pregnancy/birth. • post-partum care/recovery time (women are transferred to a standard obstetric unit at Southmead Hospital after 6 hours if necessary). • access to high quality outdoor space to promote well-being. • views of green/blue spaces/nature. • social areas (other then educational classes) for women on the same journey. • easy central access; it is on the edge and not in the consciousness of the city.
3.9 miles/14 mins emergency vehicle route from site to Southmead Hospital
St Michael’s Hospital midwife led & obstetrics unit
Nurture Centre hammam spa & midwife led unit
1.6 miles/9 mins emergency vehicle route from site to St Michael’s Hospital
060
2 0 5 0
0.3 miles / 3mins bus from Cabot Circus Centre to site
It should be noted that my final proposal for the site will responded to our health focussed master-plan for the Old Market of the future (2050) and all design considerations were considered within the proposed surrounding context/infrastructures (refer to self-sufficient city @ old market document for full master-plan vision).
0.3 miles / 4mins walk from Cabot Circus Centre to site
emergency vehicle route from the site to St Michael’s Hospital
A40 44
old
et
tre
et s ark
m
outdoor
winter-garden
s
bu
p sto
s es e fitn ntr ce
Cossham Birth Centre midwife led unit
arboretum
re c
tre
e ho m
s
bu
ss
top
all
otm
en
ts
ca re
t en
en
ha pr nna im h m ary o sch re oo l
The main point of placing the nurture centre in the city centre, is that it is easily accessible. Within walking distance to local transport, offering a sustainable solution to people travelling to the site. Embedding the site into the city and the consciousness of its inhabitants to broaden their conception of birthing practices. As with other natural birthing centres, there will be equipment available and the staff trained for immediate care in emergency situations. However, the facilities for more intensive care or prolonged resuscitation are not available at midwife-led units and therefore if women or babies at the nurture centre need medical treatment they will need to be transferred to Southmead/St Michael’s Hospital’s maternity unit by ambulance, accompanied by a midwife. The average transfer time is one hour, from this site it would take under 15 minutes.
m
A404 4
How accessible is the site?
rtu
ot
0.7 miles / 5mins bus from Temple Meads Station to site
nu
all
A4044
amphitheatre
t lf- en se ffici ing u s s u ho
emergency vehicle route from the site to Southmead Hospital
0.5 miles / 10mins walk from Temple Meads Station to site
temple meads train station
061
gym
Cossham Birthing Centre St Michael’s Hospital
building
green space
blue space Southmead Hospital
The role of nature The majority of existing birthing centres/maternity units have not been designed with nature in mind. Although some birthing rooms have views of green space, hardly any have easy access to outdoor areas that would help to improve well-being and offer moments of refuge, calm and contemplation during an emotional and stressful period. The proposed nurture centre will combine the traditional concept of a walled garden (which represents safety/protection and references the hidden gardens of Marrakesh) with the introduction of pavilion-like structures submerged within the constructed wetlands. In doing so, the users of the site will be connected to nature at all times, but within a private, intimate setting. Water, as investigated in chapter 05, plays a major role in supporting and enhancing the journey of pregnancy therefore the implementation of wetlands seemed more appropriate than more generic landscaped green areas.
proposed artificial wetland integral in aiding the journey of pregnancy juxtaposing arboretum (refer to master-plan document)
Proposed Nurture Centre
062
Glenstone Museum- Thomas Phifer & Partners The artificial wetland juxtaposed with the stark, minimal buildings creates a beautiful harmony between man-made and natural elements. The buildings appear to be pavilions growing out of the water. Sharp right angles are visually blurred by the reeds and bulrushes.
All images on this row are: Figure 15
Tower of Bricks- Interval Architects The warmth of the red brick enhances the surrounding natural elements, and creates an earthy, primitive aesthetic. The reflection of the buildings seem just as beautiful and important as the building themselves. The rustic, wild planting softens the rigidity of the structures.
All images on this row are: Figure 16
Le Jardin Secret, Marrakech Hidden between unassuming high walls, this secret garden offers a moment of solitude and escape from the busy city. The wall is protective, embracing, and creates a sanctuary in the midst of chaos. This will also be the duty of the nurture centre, offering refuge for those embarking on their journey into motherhood.
All images on this row are: Figure 17
063
site to descend from public to private areas
designing a new approach to birth the journey of water to connect all elements
building the programme: The programme comes as a result of combining the following key factors. All of which dictated the spatial planning and organisation of the buildings: 1: Integrating and prioritising the manifesto points of: reinstating ritual, the journey of water in relation to the journey of pregnancy, worshipping the body, encouraging human camaraderie, employing sensory design, and creating a sanctuary.
buildings to appear to ‘grow’ out of the wetland
2: Understanding the physical requirements and services that fall within the conscious natural birthing approach and accommodating for them. 3: Keeping the improvement of well-being and all aspects of health: mental, physical, social and ecological, at the core of all the design decisions.
the site as a wetland where nature thrives
“A perfect garden,
no matter its size should enclose nothing less than the entire universe [Luis Barragan]
reclaiming the existing, underused, poor quality site
064
”
065
architecture of birth
“Birth spaces designed for ‘housing’ the psycho-physical expressiveness of the woman and child, and the emotive and affective expressiveness of the family require a radical shift built on an understanding that physical spaces are not only our spatial environments but also places of the soul within us” -(Lepori et al., 2008)
08 As the proposed nurture centre embodies a combined programme that currently doesn’t exist, theoretical literature and investigations into precedent studies of spas and hammams form the basis of understanding how to redefine the architecture of birth.
066
067
a dinner party with a group of fellow “atarchitects, I was asked for my view of the
“mindbodyspirit architecture : creating birth space” The text explores the moving, feeling and dreaming body guides of architectural design in accordance with birthing rooms. It critiques the functionality and institutional settings, the “fleshless skeletons” which do not consider the phenomenology of birth. The medical approach has resulted in women assuming a passive role in childbirth and physiological childbirth all but disappeared. From a design perspective the focus shifted from the woman and the baby and their needs, to the needs of the medical technologists who became the major actors in the space. The paper aims to rethink how architects can create woman-centred spaces.
City of London master-plan... My reply was that I was primarily concerned with one room only; the first room we enter when we come into this world
”
[Lepori et al., 2008]
[Figure 3]
[Figure 3]
01
the moving body needs...
space and freedom to move; to be able to dance of labour; to respond to the inner movements of the baby; to walk, kneel, stretch, lay down, lean, squat, stand and be still.
[Figure 3]
02
the feeling body needs...
soft and yielding surfaces; or firm and supportive surfaces; to experience different textures; the right temperature; to be touched/or not; to be immersed in water, flowing or still; to feel respected, safe, protected and loved.
03
the dreaming body responds...
to images, archetypes, colours; responds to soft curves rather than sharp angles; may need to hide in the darkness or dim light; responds to nature; needs to remain focused and therefore needs to avoid rational language, harsh sounds, bright lights (these stimulate and distract the neocortex).
women thought the physical surroundings affected how easy or “9/10 hard it was to give birth... it is no longer possible to simply dismiss the bricks and mortar of the birth space as irrelevant... [Lepori et al., 2008]
068
”
factors to consider when creating optimal birth environments that respect the sacredness of birth...
female space
shapes
space
nature
feminine archetypes
soft curves
symbols of beauty
rounded corners
corridors leading to birth room for privacy
views of sky, water, mountains , flowers and trees
cleanliness & order
ergonomic
peacefulness
circular
pleasant walking spaces both inside & outside
indoor landscaping
water
texture
privacy
light
shower available
textural variety on walls, floors, ceilings, furniture & fabrics
lockable doors
maximise natural light
medical equipment hidden
views visible from bed
one-way glass
no overhead lights
screened entry door
dimmer lights
bath as part of birth room
soft furnishings
can’t see bed from door & door to one side, not central
windows
bath deep enough for full immersion
firm, supportive furniture
bath to accommodate woman & partner
natural materials
colour
support
noise control
thermal comfort
chakras / colour energy spectrum
birth stool, beanbag, gym mat, exercise ball, chairs, bed, bath
sound reducing acoustics
consider walls & furniture
ceiling hooks for hammock or stretch ropes
adjustable to enable the woman to be naked & comfortable
colours to encourage different moods
bars on walls for leaning
music system cannot hear staff/medical equipment
heating for mother & baby blanket warming cupboard
breastfeeding chair
cannot hear other women in labour
air quality
companions
nourishment
safety
aromatherapy
comfortable place to sit/sleep
call bell system in room
landscaping
companions to feel welcome
available to woman & family at all times
fresh air ventilation
access to parking
avoid odoriferous cleaning agents
access to food & drink
ability to cook own food
resuscitation equipment in room but not visible
place to sit/eat comfortably
suitable non-slip flooring
cafeteria/vending machine
clear circulation routes
069
Euphoria Spa - DecaArchitecture The Euphoria Spa is 3,000 square metres of varied and carefully articulated experiences. It is meant to be at the same time peaceful and subversive, meditative and hallucinatory, orderly and free-flowing. This occurs through a choreographed transition of spaces in which light, sound, temperature, humidity, textures, materials and smells create immersive sensory experiences. The sequence of spaces is designed to engage the skin - the largest sensory organ in the human body - making it sweat, expand and contract. The faรงades are articulated using pale-red exposed concrete. These faรงades, with the imprint of the wooden boards and the breakdown of their monolithic mass by using a clap-board formwork technique, blend into the scale and context of the forest.
All images on this page are Figure 23
070
Casa das Histórias Paula Rego Eduardo Souto de Moura The pyramid forms of this art gallery/museum are impressive and evoke grandeur, whilst maintaining a stripped back minimal exterior. The simplicity of the facade allows for the animation of nature’s shadows. It was requested that the building should be “fun, lively and also a bit mischievous”. The red-coloured in-situ concrete provides a beautiful contrast to the surrounding natural landscaping; it was integral that the existing mature trees of the park were incorporated into the design. The bold, monolithic forms are very striking within the context of the lowdensity, low-rise urban environment.
All images on this page are Figure 22
071
The Red Mountain Resort - Johannes Torpe The Red Mountain Resort is a spa and wellness retreat that offers guests a sensory escape into the void of the breath-taking Icelandic nature and simultaneously invite them to embark on a journey of self discovery. The architecture is hence designed so as to expose the guest to nature in various ways. Numerous panoramic views remind guests of nature’s presence; her power and her fragility, her hostility and her warmth. Sky courtyards enclosed by glass panels invite the rocky landscape inside, while the lagoon literally flows through the reception, blurring the line between outside and inside. The use of reflecting glass on the building’s exterior creates a mirror effect, evoking the illusion of a building that disappears into the landscape.
All images on this page are Figure 13
072
A Hammam in Yzad - Elisa Moro Although only a conceptual project, the ethos of; “A hammam is not just a space of wellness where take care of yourself, but it is also a space for social connections and relationships,� played a major role in confirming the need for such a building that could be tailored to pregnancy. The idea behind the project arose from a sequence of different rooms which follow the natural ability of the human body to adapt and acclimatise to different spaces, whilst also allowing for them to find their own personal, optimal space. The implementation of so many unique, yet considered and tailored spaces traditional and the nod to traditional Persian constructions played a huge role in planning what types of spaces I would need in the nurture centre.
All images on this page are Figure 14
073
design process
Throughout the design process, sketching and iterative CAD drawings were integral tools in exploring ideas and understanding the spaces.
09 The previous pages show the narrative journey and the theoretical underpinning, and this chapter expresses how these thoughts have been manifested into a piece of architecture. The manifesto points were consistently returned to in order to inform all decision making.
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075
01
views of nature integral to the birthing period to promote relaxation and restore calm
04
contrast between the protective womb-like pavilions, and the exposed moments in nature
design drivers
076
02
appeasing the issues associated with pregnancy are the intrinsic functions of each space
03
the buildings to be immersed in nature and wildlife to promote mental health and biodiversity
05
the role of water as a social connector for women on the same journey into motherhood
06
to create a walled sanctuary whereby the buildings appear to be growing out of the wetland
initial design sketches
077
social hub for bonding and sympathetic comradeship
the sanctuary embraces the natural in every sense
key principles
heightened sensory experience
domestic/ home scale juxtaposed with opulence & celebration
water integral to the entire journey
interim critique At the interim critique stage, the nurture centre was very developed from a theoretical standpoint (which was met with approval and interest) but such embedded theories did not come across in the initial spatial planning and massing on site. The forms were too literal in evoking the sense of home and the importance of the hammam had been downplayed. After this initial feedback I worked heavily on reinforcing the manifesto of the Nurture Centre within the organisational planning and made clear what types of spaces would be required to best celebrate a new type of birthing process. I also looked at the programme of a hammam in much greater depth and increased its presence and importance.
078
aromatherapy/group bathing pools to promote social interaction and story sharing, to prevent women feeling isolated
taking elements from the identifiable architectural aesthetics of the primitive cave and making them comfortable and warm
introducing sensory elements that provide mental grounding, namely water, sand, warm wood and framed views of nature
promoting physical fitness and improving mental health during pregnancy with open air corridors and views of the sky
079
00
06 080
birthing centre and hammam spa to be separate but connected by radial walkways and an outdoor pool.
birthing centre to become the gatehouse to the site with an important circulation route to the spa.
01
07
hammam to follow the boundaries of the site and become physically connected to the birthing centre.
finalising the spa rooms to create a circular circulation route separate (but connected to) the birthing centre.
02
08
decision for the buildings to become pavilions in the landscape called for a larger site to ensure sufficient views.
considering the voids and heights of the spaces in plan in order to understand the site in section.
03
09
decision to flood the site and create a constructed wetland in which the pavilion buildings would grow out of.
the location of the birthing rooms to maximise views of the wetland dictated the birth centre organisation.
04
10
placing the spa rooms and the finished birth rooms on site to gauge their scale and impact on views.
all treatment rooms/staff facilities to also benefit from views over the wetland and to be naturally lit.
05
11
following the boundary of the site by implementing a perimeter wall to create a hidden sanctuary.
creating an outdoor courtyard so all users of the birth centre have unlimited access to nature.
081
the birthing room as the microcosm The principles embodied in the design of the birthing room were applied across the entire site, namely; the enveloping, protective walls (the womb), the consistent rock-like materiality (the cave), the double height space above the birthing pool (the dome), and the safe, welcoming interiors you share with friends and family (the home).
the womb
the dome
most ex rooms a lack vie
to incorporate the new architectural themes
082
the cave
the home
to create a new typology of the birthing room
cave be ca solid
conne birthin extern
xisting birthing are small and ews of nature
initial spatial reorganising to be more open plan, larger and more luxurious
losing all harsh angles and focusing on the ergonomics of the space
like structures to arved out of the d protective layer
double skin construction with contrasting materials; concrete and curved timber
reintroducing scaled items to dictate necessary sizing and orientation
ecting the internal ng pool to the nal wetland
celebrating the focal point of the birthing pool and adding integrated seating
the bedroom to be a dark, cosy, cocoon space for refuge and relaxation
imagining the birthing room as a more fluid, less rigid/modular shape
curved timber walls envelop the user and direct them to the birthing pool
seating area with views over the wetland, bathroom and bedroom in timber pods
defining solids and voids in order to emulate the womb
rationalising the walls and considering views from the birthing pool
ensuring a space for active birthing (exercise ball, yoga mat and a hanging birth sling)
the birthing pool as the feature and focal point of the room
maximising efficient use of the birthing room and considering access
resizing the room to better fit the site, birth pool seating to only face outwards with wetland views
083
final design
As a result of all the preceding pages, the final design is the output and attempted solution for the issues and flaws currently found within our medicalised approach to childbirth and pregnancy. The final design of the ‘Nurture Centre’ embodies all of the manifesto points and birth research in one unified programme.
10 ‘‘Architecture is a spatial art, as people always say. But architecture is also a temporal art. My experience of it is not limited to a single second...That means thinking about the way people move in a building.’’ -(Zumthor, 2018)
084
085
site plan 1:5000
086
ground floor plan 1:500 [see appendix ? for 1:200 plans]
1 - cafe/crèche entrance 2 - spa entrance 3 - yoga studio (or natal classes space) 4 - spa reception 5 - male changing (only at set times) 6 - female changing 7 - staff lockers/dda wc 8 - store/plant 9 - spa: calm 10 - spa: contemplation 11 - spa: praise the body 12 - spa: acceptance 13 - spa: invigorate 14 - outdoor lounge 15 - spa: clarity 16 - spa: community 17 - spa: strength 18 - board-walk (exclusive access to spa for new mothers/parents) 19 - birthing room [bedroom with crib, bathroom with bidet/bath/shower, seating area, birthing pool, fold out resuscitaire, hidden storage) 20 - emergency vehicle access/parking 21 - kitchen 22 - patient living/dining 23 - courtyard garden 24 - midwife station 25 - birthing centre reception 26 - triage/check up 27- weighing/clinical 28 - mixed public toilets 29 - consultation 30 - staff office 31 - staff room 32 - on call midwife/doula accommodation 33 - clean room 34 - soiled room 35 - placenta natural burial site
35
10 9 8
11
8
6
7
5
4
13
12 3 1
14
17 14
2
8 18 16 19 21 15 19
22 27
19
26 26
24
23
28
19
25 29 8
20
30 34
33
31 32
N 087
roof plan 1:500 first floor plan 1:500
[see appendix ? for 1:200 plans] 36 - reception 37 - crèche 38 - cafe/bar 39 - outdoor terrace [overlooking wetland] 40 - outdoor terrace [overlooking arboretum] 41 - kitchen 42 - public toilets
40
41
38
37 39 36 42
N 088
a b
N
a
b
section a-a 1:200
section b-b 1:200
089
d
c
N
d
c
sectional elevation c-c 1:200
long section d-d 1:500
090
“ There is a strong identity between naked skin and the sensation of home. The experience of home is essentially an experience of intimate warmth. [Pallasma, 2012, p.63]
�
091
medicalised birth
natural birth
Once labour begins expectant mothers will be welcomed into the calm sanctuary of the birthing chamber. The one-way glass allows total privacy whilst enabling you to feel immersed within the wetland beyond; you are constantly connected to nature as you complete your journey into parenthood. In the bedroom you are enveloped within curved wooden walls, a homely cocoon for refuge. The spacious birthing pool offers skylight views- again, affirming the connection to the outdoors. Your doula/ partner/both can join you in the pool. Midwives can easily access maternal and baby gases if required (hidden in storage until needed), and the baby fold out resuscitaire (concealed within the wall by the door). The third stage of labour (delivering the placenta) cannot happen in water, and is therefore possible in bed or on the gym ball assisted with a birth sling (which is also part of the active labour process). In line with the week-long post-partum ‘Sanhujori’ ritual [see p.49], new mothers have meals provided in the shared living/dining area where they can be joined by their families and meet other new parents. They also have unprecedented access to the spa/yoga facilities by means of a private outdoor timber walkway across the wetland.
092
093
anxiety
calm
Pause to gather your thoughts and practise mindfulness whilst looking across the wetlands, focusing on the expanse of nature beyond. Focus on your breathing, inhaling the lavender scents, you immediately feel calmer. Allow this place of quiet relaxation to restore your well-being.
094
095
stress
contemplation
When an intimate space for reflection, meditation, or an opportunity for internal stillness is required, encompass yourself within curtains of falling rain, while comfortably immersed in warm water. Concentrating your vision up towards the sky above, allow the solitude and tranquillity to focus your thoughts, the hypnotic patterns of the rainfall aiding your relaxed state.
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097
body insecurities
praise the body
Group treatment within the hammam tradition to bathe, exfoliate and detoxify in a collective experience will build confidence and comradeship as women shed their doubts and fears and are reborn themselves during this unique period of their lives. Therapeutic massage to ease the discomfort of hormone induced sacral and pelvic dysplasia, or simply to rebalance muscles under the strain of adopting new postures as your pregnancy progresses. You will leave this area empowered, relaxed and restored for your onward journey.
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overwhelmed
acceptance
Starting at the deep end, wade through the waters of the ramped pebbled stream. The journey of accepting the challenges ahead is symbolised by the water becoming lower, and movement becoming easier. The slight discomfort of the pebbles underfoot concentrating the mind. The darkness is pierced by light shafts of clarity.
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fatigue
invigorate
Reinvigorate in our open roofed chamber of cooling waters, where the sky will bring you clarity of thought and physical connection to nature. The light and airy atmosphere will lift your mood and flood you with endorphins.
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lost identity
clarity
When you feel overwhelmed by all the changes that pregnancy imposes and need to rediscover yourself, descend from the light and spiral through the labyrinth deep down to the underground steam area and search for clarity guided by a single shaft of light.
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isolation
community
Woman can feel a sense of isolation and fear at the realisation of the powerful journey they will travel through their pregnancy. Opportunity for sharing experiences whilst immersed in warm water, cradling and supporting them will give immense psychological uplift, whilst the physical buoyancy will rejuvenate. Allow the citrus and ginger scents from our steam filled aromatherapy pool to ease your nausea and the beauty of the natural light dancing on the water will distract and calm your symptoms. Feel transported by the power of your senses, within a supportive, informative setting of mothers and mothers-to-be.
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weakness
strength
Physical preparation for childbirth and postnatal restoration of posture and strength are safely supported in the outdoor heated pool, by swimming or aqua-aerobics. Enjoy indoor yoga/pilates in a calming studio overlooking the wetland beyond whilst surrounded by a moat of cooling water. Nature will inspire you to strengthen and stretch your body in the company of others who share your journey.
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technical design
The following pages communicate in detail the technical execution of the ‘Nurture Centre’ project which not only supports, but aims to further reject the medicalisation of birth by embedding nature into the journey of birthing through the building construction itself.
11 The choices for lighting, heating, ventilation and landscaping are all in direct response to how the design could be most in-tune with the buildings function, atmosphere, experiential ideas and the embedded manifesto.
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Nurture Centre structural strategy: In order to aid the building’s economic efficiency, particular attention was paid to the attainment of a robust and simple construction, the usage of only a few materials, and in keeping the work stages to a minimum. Furthermore the sensible choice of materials ensures a high durability and reduced maintenance costs.
constructed wetland & timber walkways A horizontal flow constructed wetland filter is an ideal environmental strategy solution for the treatment of lightly/ moderately polluted waste water (from the birthing pools and spa water) whilst also promoting biodiversity and improving mental health. The timber walkways are to be constructed as shown: anti-slip timber board-walk decking with timber stringers, ledgers and piles with concrete foundations into the earth.
Elev.
Elev.
ft
ft
glazed walkways All glazed walkways to have an integrated anti-condensation mechanical ventilation system concealed within the wall to the length of glazing to reduce overheating/condensation, and underfloor heating/cooling throughout to ensure the comfort of the bare-foot users. (See p.117-118). In contrast to the inward facing concrete pavilions, the glazed walkways offer moments of exposure, to be at one with nature. Precedent (taken from Dezeen): Spanish House Extension Architect: Jordi Hidalgo TanĂŠ A curtain wall of glazing connects a house to its annexe. This glazed corridor allows for uninterrupted panoramic views of the surrounding landscape. It allows the distinction between indoors and outdoors to be blurred, an immersive experience.
in-situ concrete All the concrete construction on site is in-situ. Due to the different spa pavilion sizes/shapes the thickness of the concrete needed for each structure varies throughout. See following page for construction build ups. Precedent (taken from Dezeen): Rose of Vierschach Architect: Pedevilla Architects Lightweight rose tinted concrete (LiaPor) was used for the outer shell construction. By adding lighter artificial lightweight aggregates (expanded clay), the concrete achieved high thermal insulation properties. The outer surfaces were rendered water-repellent and slightly re-grinded. All surfaces have been realized with pigmented concrete to remark the building’s monolithic character.
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in-situ concrete structural calculations
c g a a
Area ‘a’- The calculations for the in-situ concrete slab depths for both ground and first floors follow a standard 1500mm grid scheme, with a maximum spanning capacity of 7500mm. Using the calculation of 7500mm/27, the concrete slabs for the basement and ground floors equate to a depth of a minimum of 300mm. The addition of 200mm squared concrete columns located at 1500 centres when necessary.
d
Area ‘b’- For the yoga studio, the desired open span increases to a maximum of 13,500m, therefore the depth of the roof slab increases to 13,500mm/27 which equals a minimum of 500mm. Area ‘c’ - For the ‘contemplation’ space, the desired open span increases to a maximum of 12,000m, therefore the depth of the roof slab increases to 12,000mm/27 which equals a minimum of 445mm.
first floor 1:500
b
Area ‘d’ - For the ‘praise the body’ space, the desired open span increases to a maximum of 8,000m, therefore the depth of the roof slab is 8,000mm/27 which equals a minimum of 300mm.
e
Area ‘e’ - For the ‘community’ space, the desired open span increases to a maximum of 7,500m, therefore the depth of the roof slab is 7,500mm/27 which equals a minimum of 300mm.
ground floor 1:500 f
Area ‘f’ - For the ‘clarity’ space, the desired open span increases to a maximum of 9,000m, therefore the depth of the roof slab increases to 9,000mm/27 which equals a minimum of 335mm.
a
Area ‘g’ - For the ‘clarity’ space, the desired open span increases to a maximum of 9,600m, therefore the depth of the roof slab increases to 9,600mm/27 which equals a minimum
[Table taken from: Lepori et al., 2008]
concrete pigmentation chakras/colour & energy spectrum By employing an understanding of the body energy system known as ‘chakras’ (from Eastern philosophy/medicine/ spirituality), and playing to generic connotations, colour can be used to evoke sensory responses. This can unconsciously assist women to be grounded, and in their power for birth. Within the context of the Nurture Centre, the colour red can be said to represent the following: THE WOMB AS THE GIVER OF LIFE ORGANIC LANDSCAPES SCULPTED BY NATURE BLOOD AS THE ESSENCE OF LIFE FERTILE SOIL AND LAND FOR GROWTH FIRE AS WARMTH AND THE SAFETY OF HOME
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construction sketches
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7
“ Every step is magnetised to its surface. It is the architectural element [the floor] that is almost always touching the body [Easterling, 2016, p.4]
8 9 10 11
�
21
29
19 20
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20
birthing room sectional detail 1:20 1 - Silicone sealed window frame profile with condensation gutter.
2 - Double glazed, insulated safety glass ‘frameless’ rooflight offering views from the birthing pool to the sky to aid relaxation during labour. 3 - Aluminium fixing and capping. 4 - Timber form work. 5 - 50mm Rigid Insulation to prevent cold bridging. 6 - 100mm Liapor Waterproof concrete cast In-Situ. 7 - Steel wall ties at 450mm spacing. 8 - 150mm rigid insulation. 9 - Damp-proof membrane layer. 10 - Steel reinforcement bar. 11 - 200mm reinforced Liapor waterproof ‘terracotta red’ concrete, cast In-Situ. 12
22
23 24 25 26 27 28
[Concrete made up of expanded clay aggregate offering red pigmentation and insulating qualities helping the pools to maintain desired temperature.]
12 - Internal curved timber partitions: 15mm Red Western Cedar timber boarding to either side, 50mm timber stud frame with soft insulation. Integrated hidden sliding doors to maximise internal space and storage cupboards. [Introducing natural materials into the birthing room to soften the interiors and add warmth and tactility.]
13 - 100mm Liapor terracotta red waterproof concrete finish. 14 - Underfloor heating/cooling system at 200mm centres. 15 - 150mm rigid insulation. 16 - Damp proof membrane layer. 17 - 300mm reinforced concrete floor slab. 18 - Crushed hardcore. 19 - 500x600mm reinforced concrete foundation with concrete piles.
20 - Water drainage outlet to septic/treatment tanks: Septic Tank: Black-water from pools is drained into the septic tank where it is stored and hard matter is collected. Inspection chambers to the tank allow for maintenance (to be hidden by planting among wetlands). Biological Filter Treatment Tank: The Black-water once separated from most of the hard matter enters the biological filter where it passes through several layers to cleanse the water into Grey-water. The water is tested for waste and pH level before being discharged into the wetlands through an irrigation system.
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14
15 16 17 18
21 - Rentention Tee 22 - Wild-flower bedding. 23 - 150mm engineered soil. 24 - Filter fabric layer. 25 - 30mm aeration layer. 26 - 100mm drainage layer. 27 - Root barrier protection course. 28 - Thermoplastic waterproofing membrane.
29 - Constructed wetlands: Wetlands vegetation: A mixture of emergent, floating and submerged foliage such as cat-tails, water lilies, bull rushes, sedges, tamarisk, different grasses and rusk, all of which clean the water and enhance bio-diverse environments for wildlife. Planting substrate containing: Water layer, Hydro soil layer, planting media with a protective soil layer at the bottom. Impermeable liner around the bottom of the wetland pools to prevent leakage. Drainage channel to the side of buildings/along the perimeter walls to prevent wetland flooding. Access from plant/store rooms.
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1
2 3
4
birthing pool window detail 1:10 1 - Cast in-situ Waterproof Liapor concrete. Clay aggregate providing terracotta red pigmentation to concrete and providing greater insulating qualities. 200mm concrete,150mm rigid insulation, 200mm concrete sandwich wall. 2 - 25mm rigid insulation alongside frame to prevent cold bridging. 3 - Aluminium concealed frame screwed into concrete wall. 4 - ‘Frameless’ double glazed window. 5 - Integrated anti-condensation mechanical ventilation system concealed within sill. 6 - Bespoke pre-cast Liapor concrete sill to slope towards water level. 7 - Infinity drainage gutter with removable grill for cleaning.
5
Elev.
8 - Support handrail [for to use during labour] concealed within concrete wall.
6
9 - Birthing pool to be maintained at between 36.5 – 37.5 C (regulated by the underfloor heating channels). Water drainage outlet to septic tank.
7
10 - 220x220mm concrete slot drainage to perimeter for constructed wetland.
ft
11 - 100mm Liapor terracotta red waterproof concrete finish. 8 9
12 - 150mm rigid insulation. 13 - Underfloor heating/cooling system at 200mm centres. 14 - Damp proof membrane layer. 15 - 300mm reinforced concrete floor slab.
10 11 12 13 14 15
8 CELL ONE
1
2
3
parapet wall - roof detail 1:10 [main spa block only]
4 5
1 - Lead capping on timber framework. 2 - Metal rainwater outlet spout to drain flat roof. 3 - Cast in-situ Liapor concrete. Clay aggregate providing terracotta red pigmentation to concrete and providing greater insulation qualities. 200mm concrete,150mm rigid insulation, 200mm concrete sandwich wall. 4 - Steel rebar. 5 - 150mm rigid insulation. 6 - Steel wall ties. 7 - Damp proof membrane layer. 8 - 100mm Liapor Waterproof concrete cast In-Situ to roof and 200mm to walls. 9 - 150mm rigid Insulation with steel wall ties at 450mm spacing.
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10 - 200mm reinforced Liapor Waterproof concrete with steel rebar cast In-Situ. 11 - Damp-proof membrane layer.
6 7
9
10
11
partially glazed walkway detail 1:20 1 - Integrated Anti-Condensation mechanical ventilation system concealed within wall to length of glazing. 2 - Aluminium framed doubled glazed walkway with integrated hidden gutter. Downpipe in glazing bars at regular intervals. 3 - Integrated Anti- Condensation mechanical ventilation system concealed within floor to length of glazing. 4 - 100mm Liapor terracotta red waterproof concrete finish. 5 - Underfloor heating/cooling system at 200mm centres. 6 - 150mm rigid insulation. 7 - Damp proof membrane layer. 8 - 300mm reinforced concrete floor slab. 9 - Aluminium edge capping.
1 2 Please refer to parapet wall roof detail for full wall construction.
3
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fully glazed walkway detail 1:20 1 - Aluminium framed doubled glazed walkway with integrated hidden gutter. Downpipe in glazing bars at regular intervals. 2 - 100mm Liapor terracotta red waterproof concrete finish. 3 - Underfloor heating/cooling system at 200mm centres. 4 - 150mm rigid insulation. 5 - Damp proof membrane layer. 6 - 300mm reinforced concrete floor slab. 7 - Aluminium edge capping. 8 - 220x220mm concrete slot drainage to perimeter.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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environmental sections Water in the yoga studio acts as a passive cooling device for the space. In-situ concrete acts as a proficient thermal mass and acts as a passive air conditioning system, hence reducing emissions from heating, lighting and cooling and reducing the need for excessive air-conditioning or space heating.
The arboretum located alongside the site promotes and enhances ecological biodiversity within the immediate area. An ideal habitat for wildlife.
Both the cafe/bar/crèche facilities on the first floor are all naturally lit and ventilated by top opening windows (in order to follow health and safety precautions due to small children being in the vicinity). Passive cooling in operation. The building features underfloor heating throughout, for a suitably sized unit can heat a larger area than an individual radiator, and works at a lower temperature, hence reducing power usage. It distributes heat evenly and consistently around each room which is necessary for areas which will be predominantly used by people with bare feet.
The constructed wetland acts as a recyclable filtration unit for the site. The black-water from the birthing pools enters the biological filter where it passes through several layers to cleanse the water into grey-water. The water is tested for waste and pH level before being discharged into the wetlands through an irrigation system.
Using only sustainably sourced timber for the outdoor walkways.
Foliage providing seasonal solar shading for outdoor seating areas. Magnolia trees also have a strong, beautiful scent which aids relaxation for the pregnant women using the site. The perimeter wall around the entire site offers shading to the majority of the glazed walkways, reducing solar gain and overheating issues.
All glazed walkways to have an integrated anti-condensation mechanical ventilation system concealed within the wall to the length of glazing to reduce overheating/condensation on the windows.
All walkways are fitted with integrated hidden gutters, downpipe in glazing bars at regular intervals. All rainwater is directed and drained into the constructed wetland.
The majority of the spa spaces are naturally lit by sky lights in order to create dramatic light shafts, but are mechanically ventilated in order to maintain temperatures. When natural daylight isn’t sufficient, atmospheric artificial up-lighting embedded into the floor of the spa rooms is turned on.
Wetlands also encourage new types of wildlife to the site and encourage biodiversity by introducing new animal habitats. Plants act as natural filters and therefore promote the ecological health of the site by improving air quality.
A wild-flower green roof benefits wildlife by increasing biodiversity, whilst and easing the load on drainage systems by reducing water run-off. They provide additional insulation and prolong the life of the roof by protecting its surface from the elements.
Using only sustainably sourced timber for the internal curved partition walls of the birthing rooms.
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ground floor
Part M: access and ramps Highlighted (in blue/green/yellow) are the ramp elements across the full site. Those highlighted in blue follow the regulations to 5m length ramps at 1:15 degree angle. Those highlighted in green follow the regulations of 10m length ramps at a 1:20 angle. Those highlighted in yellow are nominal gradient ramps to merely ensure water pooling and follow the <2m length ramps at 1:12 gradient. The entire site is fully accessible to all. However, it should be noted that for wheelchair access to the spa facilities the female changing room (on the LHS) must be used in order to avoid the floor level water elements. Wheelchair users can access the pools by means of a mobile hoisting system (kept in storage until required and manned by trained staff on site). There is a fully accessible lift to the first floor (highlighted in orange). Those areas highlighted in red show the fully accessible areas of the site. This is everywhere with the exception of the ‘acceptance’ tunnel stairwell, however users can access this tunnel from the opposite end and experience the spa journey in reverse (going downhill as opposed to uphill). The pools which have steps down to them were unavoidable but have not been highlighted. In accordance to ‘Part M Diagram 18’ unisex wheelchair- accessible toilets with corner WCs, are available in all public and staff spaces.
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first floor
28m/ 33m
24m/ 43m 22m 11m
15m/ 22m/ 37m
15m
18m/ 22m
23m/ 44m 18m
35m
23m/ 26m
13m
15m/ 20m
29m/ 38m
32m/ 42m
13m 18m 17m/ 32m
36m/ 43m
18m 14m 18m
ground floor
first floor
Part B: Fire regulations: distances and escapes Both stairways act as protected stair wells with fire protected walls with a 30 minute minimum (building regs part B: 5.2). Protected stairwells are highlighted in blue. This was necessary to fully adhere to the relevant building regulations in regard to the safe travel distances as stated. All travel distances are within the 45m stated for an assembly/ recreation premises where travel is possible in more than one direction. Sprinklers are in use on the first floor. Part K diagram 1.6: At the top and bottom of every flight, landings provided with the width and length at least as great as the smallest width of the flight. In this case either 2000mm for main entrance stair well/protected fire stair, or 1100mm for the emergency protected fire escape stair (located in the cafe). A generous, wide stair for the main entrance seemed appropriate in order for pregnant women to not feel claustrophobic and to allow for large passing space. Part K diagram 1.12: Tread rise 150mm and a going of 400mm (general access stair: riser of 150 to 170mm, tread of 250 to 400mm). Due to the fact the majority of the people using the site will be pregnant women the widest, and lowest riser steps seemed appropriate for ease of movement. Part B diagram 4.36: Both exits from protected stair directly (see ground floor plan). All fire exits either take users onto the perimeter pavement of the site, or onto outdoor platforms which are located within the wetland and act as an outdoor safe space. Part B table 7: Main entrance staircase to serve a maximum of 2 floors with a maximum number of users being 360, therefore a minimum unobstructed stair width min. of 1100mm is required. The larger entrance stair has a unobstructed stair width min. of 2000mm and therefore can accommodate 360 people. Part B diagram 24: Both stairwells adhere to the additional minimum 1800mm beyond minimum landing zone requirements.
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appendices
Please refer to this chapter for all supporting documents which aided the development of the main thesis. The provision of 1:200 snapshots of the floor plans enable close-up viewing and further clarity of all the programme elements. The first inter-studio project and the Marrakesh task heavily influenced the investigation into the sensory aspects of different locations and the impact that has on both your mood and lasting memories of a space.
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the scents & smells of marrakesh A collage exploring the key scents of Marrakesh, the ink splats indicating areas of stronger smells, namely the souks and market areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s selling fresh meat, spices and perfumes. Key location photographs have been overlaid to add visual texture.
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the scents & smells of marrakesh
Links to thesis: During pregnancy a womanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s body softens and becomes easily flexed, while the senses, particularly smell, are heightened. Smell is a very powerful sense and can be directly linked to our mental well-being. Therefore, for expectant mothers within the birthing centre, scents could be tailored for each stage, whether they be utilised for calming, invigorating, relaxing or celebrating.
1:200 plans
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inter-studio project 2019
the brief inter-studio project 2019 songline:skyline - river, field, town & city scoping record and describe (in your own chosen analogue media) your journey along a specific traverse to create a perceptual/ conceptual cut-through/ extra-large scale ‘visual poem’ that consists of: topography, features, stories, fluidity, social encounters, types of resources, poetry, conflict or celebration. simultaneously identify a series of ‘issues’ along the traverse and prepare a series of ‘interventions’ on or in your cut-through.
(dis)orientating the frome frome (dis)orientating the
the final outcome will be a large sectional representation of your traverse, to be displayed as an exhibition piece.
11
the locations
the (dis)orientation
Location 4 Riverside Park
key: walking route required to negotiate the river and the required 11 key locations
bicycles
9
How (dis)orienting?
river frome
birds
7 10
6 5
There is a clear pedestrian route alongside the river. The large expanses of greenery and trees evoke a sense of calm and peace- a stark contrast to the busy commercial district we have navigated through in order to find the river again. Distant noises of traffic are combined with the noise of bicycles, and office workers socialising.
water
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visual analysis
3
larger pins to denote the 11 key traverse points
marking the intervention nodes with 3D miniatures (location corresponds with larger pins + visual aid only)
using touch (user blindfolded) to negotiate the River Frome
sensory analysis
the (dis)orientating walking route becomes physically realised as the user is obstructed by the wire
River Frome visible: yes River Frome accessible: yes
audio analysis
to proceed past the obstructing path the user must use their sense of touch to renegotiate their journey
this is repeated down the entire length of the ‘sensory’ river
the app “(dis)orientating the frome” Each of the eleven nodes along our traverse will display a QR Code which, when scanned, will allow the user to access the “(dis) orientating the frome” application. you are here
The proposed app will contain a virtual map of the exact pedestrian route required in order to directly follow the River Frome from Castle Park to Bury Hill Fort. This app is a direct response to our investigations of the traverse, and aims to solve our main issue of not being able to find the Frome at most points, let alone successfully follow its path on foot. In creating this app, not only would we be providing a solution to the disorientation we felt, but we would also be raising awareness of a once predominant landmark of Bristol. Currently there are no other mapping tools which focus purely on the Frome, therefore our app will offer a new way to explore and discover forgotten parts of Bristol.
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Eastville Park
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Bridge Farm
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9 eastville park
Under the M32 Skate Park
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birds
the approach
the audio
water footsteps music
By taking away the user’s sense of sight we force them to use the sounds played as a way to guide themselves from Bury Hill Fort to Castle Park. This mimics our personal disorientation and blindness to the river’s location, as at points our only way of re-finding the river was by sound. The user’s senses are also heightened by the matching noises and textures, guiding them through our cars skateboards experience of the journey.
chatting cars
9 water
birds
people
don’t depend on sight
engage with touch
focus and listen
how (dis)orientated are you?
water
silence
birds
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chains traffic beeping
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revving
3
rustling
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bicycles
chatting
birds
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footsteps
skateboards
cars
shouting
birds
traffic
silence
the model “(dis)orientating the frome” Our concept was to produce a physical model that encompassed the disorientating, sensory experience of attempting to ‘Follow the Frome’. Leading on from the analysis of the traverse which focused on the audio and touch aspects of each location, we aimed to recreate and re-represent the journey as an interactive exhibition piece. The following images will detail the progressive development of our model, and explain the reasons how we took each step and why:
physically tracing the route of the river frome
collating the artefacts gathered from each location
the nodes
finalising the sensory route (materials used are individual to each location)
adding wire to the pins showing (dis)orientated walking route
the node locations
1
Locations 1 to 11 Castle Park to Bury Hill Fort
using pins to map our (dis)orientated walking route
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3
3
The nodes have been designed as way-finding points unique to the project. They will guide and direct people along the River Frome. They have been designed in two different sizes. The taller nodes will be placed in busy public spaces. Their height aims to draw attention from the public in visually competitive urban areas. The smaller nodes are designed to maintain interest along the route and create a coherent experience. The nodes are key gathering points that connect people to place through a combination of aesthetic and strategic value.
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10 2
1 way-finding arrow indicating direction to next node 2
2 location of scannable QR code (see ‘the app’ page) 3 adaptable notice board area
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the interventions
the exhibition
Location 8 Under the M32 The ‘orientation node’ acts as a poster board for semi-outdoor events that would increase footfall and make use of the large mainly unused space under the M32. Such events could be: outdoor cinema nights, flea markets, skateboard competitions, live music gigs etc. Our future intervention proposes the construction of permanent shop fronts, that would activate the surrounding and bring a new lease of life to the somewhat run-down, dull area of Bristol.
user blindfolded + headphones playing audio
current
user response a:
proposed
node 8
“The river is deceptively hard to follow, and layered with the wire foot route I felt further disorientated and detached from the river. The textures and sound do mostly reflect each other, and the fact the trafffic noise on occasion is much stronger than the river emphasises how the river has been taken over by urban development, and you lose all awareness of its existence. If your hand trails off from the textured river route, it is surprisingly hard to navigate back again (even though I viewed the exhibition piece before I started the sensory journey). Overall, if the purpose of the piece was to demonstrate the disorientation of attempting to follow the River Frome, I would say it was very successful in doing so.”
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feedback sheets
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references
Literary research was integral to the creation of this thesis project. A deep understanding of the nature of child birth, its history and its different methods of practice both in the UK and throughout the world was invaluable when constructing the manifesto and the building programme.
13 Conversations with; NHS health-workers, midwives, mothers over the past three generations and women who are currently pregnant, with their wealth of different experiences played a very important role in broadening my breadth of knowledge into all aspects of the journey into parenthood.
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references
bibliography
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capture-those-magically-intimate-moments-1.23307273 [Accessed on 22 January 2020].
Figure 12: Flickr (2013) North Bristol NHS Trust. Flickr [online] Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ northbristolnhstrust/8569129628/in/photostream/ [Accessed on 14 April 2020].
Mansfield, B. (2008) The social nature of natural childbirth.Elsevier. Social Science & Medicine. Vol. 66, pp. 1084-1094.
Figure 13: Torpe, J. (2017) The Red Mountain Resort. Johannes Torpe [online] Available from: http://johannestorpe.com/projects/ the-red-mountain-resort [Accessed on 14 April 2020].
Townsend, B., Fenwick, J., Thomson, V., Foureur, M. (2016) The birth bed: A qualitative study on the views of midwives regarding the use of the bed in the birth space. Elsevier. Women and Birth. Vol. 29, pp. 80-84.
Figure 14: Moro, E. (2018) A Hammam in Yzad. CAGE [online] Available from: http://archicage.com/portfolio/a-hammam-in-yazd/ [Accessed on 14 April 2020].
figures
Figure 1: Mama Shark: loving the business of motherhood. (2019) The Benefits of a Birth Doula. MamaShark [online]. Available from: https://www.mamashark.blog/benefits-of-a-birth-doula/#comments [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 2: Piatek, L. (2019) Birth Photography – Experience 48 of the most powerful Birth Photos. Available from: https://www. lookslikefilm.com/2019/01/03/birth-photography/ [Accessed on 21 January 2020]. Figure 3: Barbosa, P. (2019) Priii_barbosa. Instagram [online] Available from: https://www.instagram.com/priii_barbosa/ [Accessed on 24 February 2020]. Figure 4: Hilton-Anderson, C. (2016) What It Was Like Giving Birth In Every Decade Since the 1900s. Redbook [online] Available from: https://www.redbookmag.com/body/pregnancy-fertility/g3551/ what-it-was-like-giving-birth-in-every-decade/?slide=2 [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 5: Wallis, L. (2013) How it became almost mandatory for dads to attend the birth. BBCNews [online] Available from: https://www. bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21701683 [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 6: Hokin, C. (2016) Childbirth Rituals in Medieval England. The History Girls [online] http://the-history-girls.blogspot. com/2016/05/childbirth-rituals-in-medieval-england.html [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 7: Moss, R. (2015) Medieval Midwifery: An Interview With Dr Alaya Swann. Rachel E. Moss [online] Available from: https:// rachelemoss.com/2015/05/06/medieval-midwifery-an-interviewwith-dr-alaya-swann/ [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 8: Costume Cocktail (2016) Woman with Chloroform inhaler, 1858. Costume Cocktail [online] Available from: https:// www.costumecocktail.com/2016/08/18/woman-with-chloroforminhaler-1858/ [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 9: Boothby, L. (2018) Birth photographers capture those magically intimate moments. The Squamish Chef [online] Available from: https://www.squamishchief.com/birth-photographers-
Figure 15: Howarth, D. (2018) Thomas Phifer expands Glenstone Museum with minimalist galleries The Pavilions. Dezeen [online] Available from: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/09/24/glenstonemuseum-minimalist-pavilions-thomas-phifer-partners-pwplandscape-architecture/ [Accessed on 16 April 2020]. Figure 16: Griffiths, A. (2018) Interval Architects uses red brick for botanic art centre in a wetland park. Dezeen [online] Available from: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/13/interval-architects-tower-ofbricks-art-centre-china/ [Accessed on 16 April 2020]. Figure 17: Richardson, T. (2019) Le Jardin Secret: an Islamic garden in the heart of Marrakech. Gardens Illustrated [online] Available from: https://www.gardensillustrated.com/gardens/international/ le-jardin-secret-islamic-garden-marrakech/ [Accessed on 18 April 2020]. Figure 18: Be A Tree (2018) Natural Burial; the Ultimate Back-to-theLand Movement. Be a Tree [online] Available from: https://www. beatree.com/2007/09/natural-burial-.html [Accessed on 18 April 2020]. Figure 19: Enjoying Motherhood (2020) Rooming In. Enjoy Motherhood [online] Available from: http://enjoymotherhood.gr/ rooming-in/ [Accessed on 20 April 2020] Figure 20: All images from google image search ‘obstetric unit’ Figure 21: All images from google image search ‘birthing unit’ Figure 22: Designboom [2011] eduardo souto de moura: casa das histórias paula rego. Designboom [online] Available from: https:// www.designboom.com/architecture/eduardo-souto-de-moura-casadas-historias-paula-rego-3/ [Accessed on 20 May 2020] Figure 23: DECA Architecture [2019] Euphoria. DECA Architecture [online] Available from: https://deca.gr/project/euphoria/ [Accessed on 20 May 2020] Figure 24: Rice, L. (2019). A health map for architecture: The determinants of health and wellbeing in buildings. In M. Jones, L. Rice, & F. Meraz (Eds.), Designing for Health and Wellbeing: Home, City, Society. pp.155-184. Vernon Press
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Figure 14: Moro, E. (2018) A Hammam in Yzad. CAGE [online] Available from: http://archicage.com/portfolio/a-hammam-in-yazd/ [Accessed on 14 April 2020].
Figure 2: Piatek, L. (2019) Birth Photography – Experience 48 of the most powerful Birth Photos. Available from: https://www. lookslikefilm.com/2019/01/03/birth-photography/ [Accessed on 21 January 2020].
Figure 16: Griffiths, A. (2018) Interval Architects uses red brick for botanic art centre in a wetland park. Dezeen [online] Available from: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/12/13/interval-architects-tower-ofbricks-art-centre-china/ [Accessed on 16 April 2020].
Figure 1: Mama Shark: loving the business of motherhood. (2019) The Benefits of a Birth Doula. MamaShark [online]. Available from: https://www.mamashark.blog/benefits-of-a-birth-doula/#comments [Accessed on 12 January 2020].
Figure 3: Barbosa, P. (2019) Priii_barbosa. Instagram [online] Available from: https://www.instagram.com/priii_barbosa/ [Accessed on 24 February 2020]. Figure 4: Hilton-Anderson, C. (2016) What It Was Like Giving Birth In Every Decade Since the 1900s. Redbook [online] Available from: https://www.redbookmag.com/body/pregnancy-fertility/g3551/ what-it-was-like-giving-birth-in-every-decade/?slide=2 [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 5: Wallis, L. (2013) How it became almost mandatory for dads to attend the birth. BBCNews [online] Available from: https://www. bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21701683 [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 6: Hokin, C. (2016) Childbirth Rituals in Medieval England. The History Girls [online] http://the-history-girls.blogspot. com/2016/05/childbirth-rituals-in-medieval-england.html [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 7: Moss, R. (2015) Medieval Midwifery: An Interview With Dr Alaya Swann. Rachel E. Moss [online] Available from: https:// rachelemoss.com/2015/05/06/medieval-midwifery-an-interviewwith-dr-alaya-swann/ [Accessed on 12 January 2020]. Figure 8: Costume Cocktail (2016) Woman with Chloroform inhaler, 1858. Costume Cocktail [online] Available from: https://
Figure 15: Howarth, D. (2018) Thomas Phifer expands Glenstone Museum with minimalist galleries The Pavilions. Dezeen [online] Available from: https://www.dezeen.com/2018/09/24/glenstonemuseum-minimalist-pavilions-thomas-phifer-partners-pwplandscape-architecture/ [Accessed on 16 April 2020].
Figure 17: Richardson, T. (2019) Le Jardin Secret: an Islamic garden in the heart of Marrakech. Gardens Illustrated [online] Available from: https://www.gardensillustrated.com/gardens/international/ le-jardin-secret-islamic-garden-marrakech/ [Accessed on 18 April 2020]. Figure 18: Be A Tree (2018) Natural Burial; the Ultimate Back-to-theLand Movement. Be a Tree [online] Available from: https://www. beatree.com/2007/09/natural-burial-.html [Accessed on 18 April 2020]. Figure 19: Enjoying Motherhood (2020) Rooming In. Enjoy Motherhood [online] Available from: http://enjoymotherhood.gr/ rooming-in/ [Accessed on 20 April 2020] Figure 20: All images from google image search ‘obstetric unit’ Figure 21: All images from google image search ‘birthing unit’
Figure 22: Designboom [2011] eduardo souto de moura: casa das histórias paula rego. Designboom [online] Available from: https:// www.designboom.com/architecture/eduardo-souto-de-moura-casadas-historias-paula-rego-3/ [Accessed on 20 May 2020] Figure 23: DECA Architecture [2019] Euphoria. DECA Architecture [online] Available from: https://deca.gr/project/euphoria/ [Accessed on 20 May 2020]
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