Efficient & Sustainable City Bus Services Nupur Gupta, Sr. Transport Specialist, The World Bank, India
India is rapidly urbanising ‌
Urbanisation 26%
28%
30%
40%
GDP Share
54%
58%
69%
46%
India is rapidly urbanising ‌
India will have 68 cities with a population of one million and above by 2030
Growth in Registered Vehicles in India in million 180.0
158.0
160.0
142.5
140.0
127.2
120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0
55.0
58.9
67.0
72.7
81.5
89.6
96.2
105.1
114.4
40.0 20.0 0.0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Source: Census of India
But alternatives to personal modes are limited ‌
Public transport mode shares are declining ‌ resulting in increasing dependence on personal modes and an unsustainable demand for more road infrastructure – costs, land scarcity, congestion, accidents, GHG
But alternatives to personal modes are limited … • Traffic & Transportation study indicates that only 20 of 80 (0.5 mn) cities have formal public transport systems (2007) • A large majority of STUs have declining fleet sizes, are loss making and have inadequate resources for service and infrastructure upgradation • Proliferation of fragmented and unregulated IPT resulting in congestion and poor quality of service City bus services a cost effective and efficient solution for most cities ensuring widest coverage
NUTP, JnNURM Scheme • GoI’s NUTP emphasizes priority to public trasnport, in particular bus transport • JnNURM bus funding scheme focussed on bus fleet replenishment in existing cities and launch of bus service in new cities • Overall, $1 bn, 15260 buses and 65 cities
Progressive policies and schemes of GoI addressing the situation
4669
1000
545 633
688 839
2000
417 493
2872 3444
3000
3449
4000
2825
5000
1186 1307
6000
4736
5800
7000
6069
Fleet Strength of STUs in Major Indian Cities (million)
0 DTC
BEST
CSTC
MTCL
2007-08
BMTC
AMTS
PMPML
CTU
2011-12 Source: CIRT – Profile and Performance of STUs
EPK & CPK, 2011-12 25000 20000
19606 15072
15000
13041
11905
11660
9177
10000
10865 9826
9418
7258 7160
6790
9664 7052
5286 3791
5000 0 DTC
BEST
CSTC
MTCL
Earnings/Bus/Day
BMTC
AMTS
Cost/Bus/Day
PMPML
CTU
Profitability 2.00
DTC
BEST
CSTC
MTCL
BMTC
AMTS
CTU
1.18 1.01 1.00 0.77 0.70
0.77
0.89 0.81
0.50
0.84 0.73 0.56 0.41
0.35
0.25 0.25
0.26
0.13
2007
2012
Infrastructure • Most cities failed to provide adequate depot facilities at the time of service launch – Mira Bhayandar: buses parked under flyover and cannibalization of parts to keep some buses running – Jaipur: 2 depots from RSRTC to maintain and park 400 buses
• Terminals and bus stops either did not exist or in poor state
Institutions & Systems • SPVs created as per NURM requirement but neither manpower, nor resources nor capacity • Limited use of ITS - efficiency enhancing systems, user responsiveness • Scientific route planning techniques
User Satisfaction Levels – Based on a Recent Survey Conducted Across 12 Cities Chandigarh
61.6
Bangalore
13.1
25.3
59.5
Raipur
31.3
57.5
Bhopal
20
56.4
Lucknow Chennai
33.2 34
37.6
Jaipur
42.5
32.1
44.4
21.7
Mira Bhayandar
43.7
14.8
52.8
38.5
10% Satisfied
34.6
32.4
Overall (12 cities)
0%
29.5
33.1
23.5
Kolkata
30.6
36.8
24.4
Kochi
25.9
31.9
33.7
Navi Mumbai
16.7
25.3
40.1
Delhi
22.5 26.9
41.4
20%
30%
32.7
40%
9.1
50%
60%
Neither Satisfied nor Dissatisfied
70%
28.9
80%
Dissatisfied
90%
100%
Reasons for using city bus services Economical
72.4
Easy availability
43.4
Time saving
35.2
Good Connectivity
32.2
Safety
30
Comfort
28.9
Directness of the service
26.4
Only Choice
16.2
Good facilities
14.2 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Reasons for non-usage of city buses (non users) Overcrowding
36.5
Longer commuting time
36.5
Non-availability during commuting time
21.1
Non-comfort
12.3
Not safe
11.1
No seat availability
10.1
Costlier
7.4
Pick pocketing
4.4
Need to change buses
4.3
Bus stops far away
3.2
Poor connectivity
2.4
Feel insecure
2.2 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Perception on Women Safety Overall (12 Cities)
19.8%
44.3%
Delhi
23.8%
Kolkata
23.1%
26.3% 23.2%
Bangalore
79.2%
Chennai Navi Mumbai
67.7% 17.5%
Lucknow
Jaipur
51.1%
22.6%
56.8%
18.8%
35.2%
24.6%
25.1%
Chandigarh
38.2% 68.0%
Bhopal Mira Bhayandar
14.9%
18.4%
Raipur Kochi
4.4%
85.3% 23.0%
In Delhi, Kolkata, Kochi, Navi Mumbai and Jaipur higher proportion of people feel women are unsafe while traveling on city buses than those who feel otherwise
18.7%
Safe
Unsafe
18.7% 4.7%
Bhopal, Chandigarh, Raipur, Chennai, Bangalore considered safer
Paradigm Shift • Basic transport for those that do not have other travel options and with a focus on keeping costs low • Paradigm shift: to serve people that have choices and so the emphasis is on attractive, comfortable, efficient services to attract ‘non users’ • Inherent conflict between attractive services and maintaining low costs
Key Challenges Institutions
Loss Making
Resources
Attractive Alternative
Infrastructure Competition
City bus services operating in a challenging environment
Modern Bus Systems • Enabling Policy, Regulatory and Fiscal environment • Modern Physical infrastructure such as terminals, depots, bus shelters • Modern systems, ITS/ MIS such as PIS, AFCS, Scheduling etc. • Route planning and rationalisation; integration with other modes • Private operations contracting and monitoring • Business and financial planning • Driver training and improved maintenance practices resulting in fuel savings In order to ensure sustainability the other aspects of the spectrum require attention
Efficient and Sustainable City Bus Services • National Capacity Building COMPONENT I
COMPONENT 2
– Technical Assistance in Policy Notes – Capacity Building in Urban Bus Sector (Training, Knowledge exchange)
• City Demonstration Projects (Bhopal, Chandigarh, Jaipur, Mira Bhayandar) – Technical Assistance & Investments
Showcasing Modern City Bus Systems
National Capacity Building • Policy Notes to address key areas of Policy, Regulatory & Fiscal constraints • Training Toolkits and programs in key areas of city bus operations and management • Knowledge events and exchanges to help develop a vibrant urban bus community
City Demo Projects Activity Depot Modernization – Equipment Modern Management Information System (MIS)
Bhopal
Chandigarh
Jaipur
MB
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Modern Fare Collection System – ETM/smart card
X
X
Intelligent Transport System (ITS) - GPS/AVLS and PIS
X
X
ITS/ MIS Implementation
X
X
X
X
Fuel Efficiency Program
X
X
X
X
Comprehensive route planning study/Business Plan
X
X
X
X
Capacity building initiatives
X
X
X
X
Marketing & branding program
X
X
X
X
TA on PPP in operations and options for mainstreaming informal transit Study on institutional & funding options for CBS
X
Operating expenses
X
X X X
X
X
GEF Grant & Cofinancing In USD Mn
State/ MoUD City
GEF TOTAL
Component 1: TA - PMC and Policy Notes Component 2: Demo Projects
2.8
- Demo with 4 cities
58
Project Management
1.4
Total
62.5
50.8
50.8
0.7
3.5
8.1
116
0.4
1.8
9.2
122.4
Thank You
Nupur Gupta ngupta1@worldbank.org