Electric Buses for India

EV Buses for India Discussion at All India Smart Move / High Level Group meeting 23 November 2015, New Delhi

Indian Cities lack adequate bus service • On road 150,000 buses – 2001-02 : 89,812 buses – 2011-12 : 98,763 buses

• State Transport Undertakings 35% expenditure is on fuel.

– A Volvo BR7 gives 3.5-4/ Km diesel. It has a 6 Litre engine & weighs 16 tons.

• Buses consume 10% of diesel fuel in India – which is ~ Rs. 8,800 crores/year in under recovery due to fuel subsidy.

1993-94 : 2003-04 • Average Household Expenditure • Food, fell 56% to 45% • Transport 11% to 20%.

• Purchase & Running of Personal Transport is costly.

• Average household in Delhi, non-food expenditure • 15% is on conveyance; India average is 11%.

Delhi is the largest personal vehicle market

High Particulate Matter Pollution in Delhi

Fuel has to be upgraded; it is expensive

Diesel Engine Pollution is expensive to prevent • Reduce Particulate Pollution by burning at high efficiency.

– Then the air starts to break down to form NOx. – Use Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) to destroy NOx pollution.

– It is a “chemical factory at the tailpipe that traps the oxides” honeycombed chamber, liquid of 30% urea & 70% water.

Chemical reaction NO into nitrogen, oxygen, water

• Reduce NO by lean burn – Less air supply controls NOx formation. But uncombusted fuel makes particulate matter (soot, basically).

– Exhaust gas recirculation - back to the engine cylinders – will cool the engine chamber and reduce NOx emissions.

– Particulate Filter is needed to trap the soot; which is periodically burned off; and this reduces fuel efficiency.

• Stricter emission norms = expensive SCR/EGR & electronics – Future Diesel Buses will be expensive – Future Electric Buses will be less expensive

EV Urban bus service Best per-capita-reduction in Road Transport Emissions • City Buses have short routes with frequent stops, and operate in congested areas where pollution is a problem • Centrally managed fleets; low floor transit bus • Reduces use of personal transport • Government support/ State Road Transport Undertakings

EV Bus • Recovers braking energy, • Silent operation in populated areas • Centralized Battery Charging Facility • No local pollution • Extremely low Noise & Vibration

Bus Stop Charging via overhead terminals • Proterra EV Bus US – 11 m long light weight 12.5 tons. 38 seats & 60 passengers max

• 220-kW electric motor • Lithium–titanate battery Fast charged in 5-10 minutes for 42 km range • Fraunhofer led Consortium; Volvo & Siemens; … Others

India EV City Bus

EV Bus@Rs 15 million?

Technology Program

Lower cost = Small Battery @ 75 km Trip State Transport Undertaking EV Bus Fleets Opportunity Charging @ Bus Terminal Fast Charging Stations by Energy Utility

Electric Mobility Mission • Market Creation through Incentives Scheme (including retrofitting of in-use vehicles).

– Pilot Fleet Deployments for Public Transportation – Charging Infrastructure for Electric-drive Vehicles

• Technology Platform for Electric-drive Vehicles – Vehicle Testing & Homologation Infrastructure

Mission Goals • Target 6-7 million sales of xEVs in 2020 – Expected to save 9500 Million Liters of crude oil equivalent to Rs. 62000 Cr. savings.

– Phase-1 for two-years (2015-17) • • • •

outlay of Rs 800 crore, Rs 500 crore for demand incentives (FAME India) Rs. 190 crore for R&D Rest – Pilot Fleets, Charging Infrastructure etc.

• Importance to Technology Development

EV Bus Technology Platform Consortium Project under development by SIAM Frontier Technology Group. Cost Sharing by Industry & Govt.

Goal:

EV Bus @ Rs.1.5 crore; All India Deployment. 2 years.

Participants: Ashok Leyland, Tata Motors, Mahindra. Many academic labs, suppliers, technology providers

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Traffic, commuting and duty cycle studies Charging Infrastructure EV Bus Drive Train Development Modular battery for xEV Buses Design for Light Urban EV Bus Safety Studies

Charging Infrastructure • Charging Infrastructure criteria: – Affordable onboard & offboard chargers – Affordable cost per kWh for end users – Maximizing benefits from govt. investments – Preferably follow open standards • Policy Interventions – standard, regulatory and legislative provisions to set up widespread charging facilities at homes, offices and public areas.

– Regulatory amendments for commercial business of xEV charging, location of charging stations like petrol stations, standards and safety precautions and facilitating installation of the charging equipment by apartment blocks and office buildings.

Roadmap for PPP-in-R&D • Collaborative Mechanisms – 4-5 Centers of Excellence (CoE) – 2-3 Testing Facilities owned by government.

• A dozen Industry Technology Consortia (ITC), Industry expected to lead & make expenditure • Innovation Program – research agencies – New product development by private companies.

• + Technology Acquisition, where possible.

EV Bus Technology Platform Common under-the-hood-components to drive costs down • Indigenous Traction System; • Light weighting of super-structure; • Battery costs are high (for EV Bus, ~Rs.1 crore?!); so reduce Battery size by limiting to per trip charge.

Cells  Modules  Battery Pack Cell s

• Automotive Traction Battery use – Prismatic Cell (rigid cassette, less battery materials) or – Pouch Cell (floppy pouch, more material)

• A few cells are used to build module – In Nissan Leaf example, four A4 size Cells are packed into a “module” the size of a laptop – 48 modules make the full Leaf EV Battery Modul e EV Car Battery

Thank you!

EV Bus@Rs 15 million?

Technology Program