The Traditional Aboriginal Languages of Original-A and Original-B in western New South Wales: Part 3

the traditional Aboriginal Languages of ORIGINAL-A and ORIGINAL-B in western NSW part 3 of who was right P.G. King or C. Darwin?

In about 1790 the Aboriginal languages in south-eastern Australia looked like this ... by C. Illert, J. Murphy & M. Organ.

Copyright © Chris Illert and John Murphy, 2021. Permission is given to use fair quantities of this material so long as proper citation protocols are applied as is the custom.

ISBN 978-0-949357-41-*

Chris Illert is an independent researcher whose Ph.D. was conferred by the Institute for Cultural Research, University of Western Sydney. Contact email ann@fieldhouse.com.au

John Murphy is an independent History Researcher. Contact address Tungulla Creek, 1988 Thowgla Road, Thowgla Valley, Victoria 3707 or email john.murphy@hotmail.com

Fonts used

The fonts f* (italic), F* (non-italic) and f* (non-italic) are Garamond or similar; they represent completely different things which should not be confused or interchanged. The consonants (Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3 ) used in equations are Calibri Italics or similar. Fonts used in words are also Calibri Italics orsimilar - b, g, m, ŋ, ɲ, ᶁ, y, l, r, n, n, d, d, w and the vowels i, u and ʊ. The remaining vowel a is Ariel Narrow Italics.

Picture and Graph Credits

The sketch on the front cover (also page 5) is the key to Tables 5 & 6 and Table 18. Dixon's drawings have merit, but need to be improved to some extent. The underlying fabric of language is intimately tied into spatial layout.

Edited by ALLEN, H. (2010). "Australia, W. Blandowski's illustrated Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia.", Aboriginal Studies press BLANDOWSKI, W. (1862). "Australien in 142 Photographischen Abbildungen", Gleiwitz.

COUPE, R. (1998), "Australian Explorers, unlocking the Great South Land", NewHolland Publishers Pty. Ltd. DIXON, R.M.W. (1980), "the Languages of Australia", Cambridge UniversityPress, Great Britain.

HERCUS, L.A. (1994). "Macquarie Aboriginal Words", the Macquarie LibraryPty. Ltd., pp 41-60.

MATHEWS, R.H. (1904), Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Gt. Britain and Ireland, 34(2), pp. 299-302.

MITCHELL, J.F.H. (1904), "Aboriginal Dictionary, Woradgeri tongue ...", Ravensworth, Victoria.

the traditional Aboriginal Languages of ORIGINAL-A and ORIGINAL-B in western NSW, part 3 of who was right P.G. King or C. Darwin?

Summary

If we study only a song or word-list, on its own, we have very little information to work with. But if we broaden our investigation to studying many songs or word-lists in general, over a large geographical area, patterns begin to emerge. In fact, the larger the region the more information is to be found.

In this third volume we expand the study area to include the whole south-eastern quadrant of Australia, out to about 1,000 km. On this scale we notice ORIGINAL-B (-, -, +) in most places, with large intermittent strands of ORIGINAL-A (+, -, +) running in a north-south direction. There is also a large patch of SOUTHERN-B (-, +, +) south of the river Murray.

As ORIGINAL-A is the original language, about 65,000 years old, these patterns show language evolution and movement over time and are the first to do so. When languages meet and are forced together like this, perhaps in aspects of inter-tribal marriage at "canberra", we can also study the songs which ORIGINAL-A men (Appendix 4) and SOUTHERN-B women (Appendix 6) shared.

In this case, some-time after 15,000 years ago, the shockwave from collision between the languages SOUTHERN-B and ORIGINAL-A expanded in an increasingly radial fashion out from the WALGALU (+, +, -) collision zone (Mathews, 1908) ... rather like outgoing ripples on a pond. Most students attribute this to Christian Huygens (1629-1695), and call it the "Huygens Circle"(Illert, 2005, pp. 639-640), as it is the only method for explaining the origin and spacing of the LAKE-GEORGE (-, +, -) and THARUMBA (+, -, -) boundaries. We notice also that all of these "new" languages (i.e. less than 15,000 years) have negative Ɛ3 =values.

A fictional Aboriginal song of corroboree with sacred artefacts, song after C. Illert (2013) and illustration after A. Roberts (1978)

the Assortment of Language

About 65,000 years ago Aboriginal art and culture was carved in the Madjedbebe rock shelter, in Mirass County, northern Australia. About 45,000 years ago the southern portion of Australia was all ORIGINAL-B (-, -, +). In the tens of thousands of years that followed an even older language, ORIGINAL-A (+, -, +), followed to Murawari and branches to south-west (forming baagandji) and to the south-east (forming gamilaraay). These northern armatures, forming the baagandjigamilaraay boundary ORIGINAL-A, represent a region that cuts off the coastal ORIGINAL-B from the inland ORIGINAL-B. By about 30,000 years the ORIGINAL-A makes its way to the "canberra" region, and starts its interaction with newly formed SOUTHERN-B (-, +, +), eventually forming the Huygens Circle by about 15,000 years ago.

Accordingly we find that Tables 1-4 are all coastal ORIGINAL-B (-, -, +) about "brisbane". Going inland, and higher up, Rev. W. Ridley obtains the value for "kamilaraay" in Table-5 of ORIGINAL-A (+, -, +) which is on the eastern side. The eleven cases that follow, Table-6 to Table-17, all indicate inland (for want of a better name) Wiradjuri which is ORIGINAL-B (-,, +). Then Luise Hercus in Table-18 finds paakantyi which is ORIGINAL-A (+, -, +) on the western side. Finally in Table-19 we find Peter Austin, in central Australia, studying Diyari which is ORIGINAL-B (-, -, +).

Turrubul, on the Brisbane River, "kamilaroi, and other Australian languages", pp. 77-89, Rev. W. RIDLEY (1875) b 54 20.8 ∆ fb =20.8-16.1=4.7

Ɛ1=-2.8 g 59 22.8 ∆ fg =22.8-17.8 = 5 m 33 12.8 ∆ fm =12.8-22.6= -9.8 ŋ 14 5.4 ∆ fŋ = 5.4-8.1 = -2.7 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-2.5 ᶁ 15 5.8 ∆ fᶁ = 5.8-4.8 = 1 y 16 6.2 ∆ fy = 6.2-0 = 6.2 n 12 4.7 ∆ fn = 4.7-4.8 = -0.1 Ɛ3= 5.3 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0-1.6 = -1.6 d 43 16.5 ∆ fd = 16.5 -0 = 16.5 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0-4.8 = -4.8 w 13 5 ∆ fw = 5-9.7 = -4.7 259 words = N N*100/259 =F(%) (coastal) ORIGINAL-B sgn(Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-2.8, -2.5, 5.3) =, -, +

Table 1: An area of coastal-land facing the Eastern Sea

Dippil, language about Durun-durun, on the north side of Moreton Bay to Wide Bay "kamilaroi, and other Australian languages", pp. 63-70, Rev. W. RIDLEY (1875) b 42 15.8 ∆ fb =15.8-16.1=-0.3 Ɛ1=-12.2 g 59 22 ∆ fg = 22-17.8 = 4.2 m 31 11.6 ∆ fm =11.6-22.6= -11 ŋ 8 3 ∆ fŋ = 3 - 8.1 = -5.1 ɲ 5 1.8 ∆ fɲ = 1.8 - 9.7 = -7.9 Ɛ2=-1.9 ᶁ 5 1.8 ∆ fᶁ = 1.8 - 4.8 = -3 y 24 9 ∆ fy = 9 - 0 = 9 n 22 8.2 ∆ fn = 8.2-4.8 = 3.4 Ɛ3= 14.1 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0-1.6 = -1.6 d 36 13.4 ∆ fd = 13.4 -0 = 13.4 d 5 1.8 ∆ fd = 1.8-4.8 = -3 w 31 11.6 ∆ fw =11.6-9.7 = 1.9 268 words = N N*100/268 =F(%) (coastal) ORIGINAL-B sgn(Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-12.2, -1.9, 14.1) =, -, +

Table 2: An area of coastal-land facing the Eastern Sea

Wailwun, on the Barwan, below the junction with the Namoi, "kamilaroi, and other Australian languages", pp. 47-51, Rev. W. RIDLEY (1875) b 20 12 ∆ fb = 12-16.1 =-4.1 Ɛ1=-2.2 g 43 25.6 ∆ fg =25.6-17.8 = 7.8 m 22 13.5 ∆ fm =13.5-22.6= -9.1 ŋ 19 11.3 ∆ fŋ = 11.3-8.1 = 3.2 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-8.5 ᶁ 5 3 ∆ fᶁ = 3-4.8 = -1.8 y 5 3 ∆ fy = 3 - 0 = 3 n 6 3.6 ∆ fn = 3.6-4.8 = -1.2 Ɛ3= 10.7 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0-1.6 = -1.6 d 8 5 ∆ fd = 5 -0 = 5 d 12 7.5 ∆ fd = 7.5-4.8 = 2.7 w 26 15.5 ∆ fw =15.5-9.7 = 5.8 166 words = N N*100/166 =F(%) (coastal) ORIGINAL-B sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-2.2, -8.5, 10.7) =, -, +

Table 3: An area of coastal-land facing the Eastern Sea

Kogai, to the westward of Balonne, on the Maranoa and Cogoon "kamilaroi, and other Australian languages", pp. 53-56, Rev. W. RIDLEY (1875) b 10 21.7 ∆ fb = 21.7-16.1= 5.6 Ɛ1=-8.1 g 1 2.2 ∆ fg = 2.2-17.8 =-15.6 m 9 19.6 ∆ fm = 19.6-22.6= -3 ŋ 6 13 ∆ fŋ = 13-8.1 = 4.9 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-1.5 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0-4.8 = -4.8 y 6 13 ∆ fy = 13 - 0 = 13 n 1 2.2 ∆ fn = 2.2-4.8 = -2.6 Ɛ3= 9.6 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0-1.6 = -1.6 d 8 17.4 ∆ fd = 17.4 -0 =17.4 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0-4.8 = -4.8 w 5 10.9 ∆ fw =10.9-9.7 = 1.2 46 words = N N*100/46 =F(%) (coastal) ORIGINAL-B sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-8.1, -1.5, 9.6) =, -, + Table 4: An area of coastal-land facing the Eastern Sea

Kamilaroi (mountain language), "kamilaroi, and other Australian languages", pp. 18-26, 30-37 Rev. W. RIDLEY (1875) b 134 20.3 ∆ fb =20.3-16.1= 4.2 Ɛ1=2.2 g 169 25.6 ∆ fg =25.6-17.8 = 7.8 m 75 11.4 ∆ fm =11.4-22.6=-11.2 ŋ 63 9.5 ∆ fŋ = 9.5-8.1 = 1.4 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-4.8 ᶁ 1 0.2 ∆ fᶁ = 0.2-4.8 =-4.6 y 63 9.5 ∆ fy = 9.5-0 = 9.5 n 16 2.4 ∆ fn = 2.4-4.8 = -2.4 Ɛ3= 2.6 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0-1.6 = -1.6 d 29 4.4 ∆ fd = 4.4 -0 = 4.4 d 52 7.9 ∆ fd = 7.9-4.8 = 3.1 w 58 8.8 ∆ fw = 8.8-9.7 = -0.9 660 words = N N*100/660 =F(%) ORIGINAL-A (see also R.M.W. Dixon (1980), "the languages of Australia", Fig. 7, p. 241, case X1) sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(2.2, -4.8, 2.6) = + ,, + Table 5: An ancient track which passes along the eastern mountains in NSW

Ngiya-m-paa, the dry centre of NSW, featuring Sandy Creek, Willandra Creek, Cobar and Ivanhoe, "Macquarie, Aboriginal words", pp. 23-40, Tamsin DONALDSON (1994) b 66 16.92 ∆ fb =16.92-16.1= 0.82 Ɛ1=-4.09 g 72 18.46 ∆ fg =18.46-17.8 = 0.66 m 44 11.28 ∆ fm =11.28-22.6=-11.32 ŋ 54 13.85 ∆ fŋ =13.85-8.1 = 5.75 ɲ 12 3.08 ∆ fɲ = 3.08-9.7 = -6.62 Ɛ2=-1.43 ᶁ 13 3.33 ∆ fᶁ = 3.33-4.8 = -1.47 y 26 6.66 ∆ fy = 6.66 - 0 = 6.66 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ3= 5.51 n 9 2.30 ∆ fn = 2.3-1.6 = 0.7 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0-0 = 0 d 40 10.26 ∆ fd = 10.26-4.8 = 5.46 w 54 13.85 ∆ fw = 13.85-9.7 = 4.15 390 words = N N*100/390 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B (see also R.M.W. Dixon (1980), "the languages of Australia", Fig. 7, p. 241, case X3) sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-4.09, -1.43, 5.51) =, -, + Table 6: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Singleton and Muswellbrook, at the 12,000 acre farm "Ravensworth", miscellaneous pprs A4286, CY Reel 2358, pp. 13-22, Mitchell Library, James BOWMAN (1824) b 5 23.8 ∆ fb = 23.8-16.1 = 7.7 Ɛ1=-2.7 g 3 14.3 ∆ fg = 14.3-17.8 = -3.5 m 5 23.8 ∆ fm = 23.8-22.6 = 1.2 ŋ 0 0 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = -8.1 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-14.5 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0-4.8 = -4.8 y 0 0 ∆ fy = 0- 0 = 0 n 2 9.5 ∆ fn = 9.5 - 4.8 = 4.7 Ɛ3= 17.2 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 -1.6 = -1.6 d 1 4.8 ∆ fd = 4.8-0 = 4.8 d 1 4.8 ∆ fd = 4.8-4.8 = 0 w 4 19 ∆ fw = 19-9.7 = 9.3 21 words = N N*100/21 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B sgn(Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-2.7, -14.5, 17.2) =, -, +

Table 7: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Camden, James BOWMAN, list 2 (1824) b 19 12.4 ∆ fb = 12.4-16.1 = -3.7 Ɛ1=-1.2 g 39 25.5 ∆ fg = 25.5-17.8 = 7.7 m 30 19.6 ∆ fm = 19.6-22.6 = -3 ŋ 9 5.9 ∆ fŋ = 5.9 - 8.1 = -2.2 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-6 ᶁ 10 6.5 ∆ fᶁ = 6.5-4.8 = 1.7 y 3 2 ∆ fy = 2- 0 = 2 n 3 2 ∆ fn = 2 - 4.8 = -2.8 Ɛ3= 7.2 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0-1.6 = -1.6 d 4 2.6 ∆ fd = 2.6-0 = 2.6 d 14 9.1 ∆ fd = 9.1-4.8 = 4.3 w 22 14.4 ∆ fw = 14.4-9.7= 4.7

153 words = N N*100/153 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B

sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-1.2, -6, 7.2) =, -, +

Table 8: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Goulburn census 1837, 38 & 43, "Aborigines of the Goulburn District", page 44, Jim SMITH (1992) b 25 25.5 ∆ fb = 25.5-16.1 = 9.4

Ɛ1=-8.4 g 18 18.4 ∆ fg = 18.4-17.8 = 0.6 m 12 12.3 ∆ fm = 12.3-22.6 = -10.3 ŋ 0 0 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = -8.1 ɲ 5 5.1 ∆ fɲ = 5.1-9.7 = -4.6 Ɛ2=-8.4 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0-4.8 = -4.8 y 1 1 ∆ fy = 1 - 0 = 1 n 5 5.1 ∆ fn = 5.1 - 4.8 = 0.3 Ɛ3=16.8 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 -1.6 = -1.6 d 2 2 ∆ fd = 2-0 = 2 d 10 10.2 ∆ fd = 10.2-4.8 = 5.4 w 20 20.4 ∆ fw = 20.4-9.7 = 10.7 98 words = N N*100/98 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B sgn(Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-8.4, -8.4, 16.8) =, -, + Table 9: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Queanbeyan

Magistrate's transcription, Nelly HAMILTON (1887) b 17 21.8 ∆ fb = 21.8-16.1 = 5.7 Ɛ1=-5.7 g 10 12.8 ∆ fg = 12.8-17.8 = -5 m 15 19.2 ∆ fm = 19.2-22.6 = -3.4 ŋ 4 5.1 ∆ fŋ = 5.1 - 8.1 = -3 ɲ 3 3.8 ∆ fɲ = 3.8-9.7 = -5.9 Ɛ2=-3 ᶁ 1 1.3 ∆ fᶁ = 1.3-4.8 = -3.5 y 5 6.4 ∆ fy = 6.4 - 0 = 6.4 n 2 2.6 ∆ fn = 2.6 - 4.8 = -2.2 Ɛ3=8.7 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 -1.6 = -1.6 d 7 9 ∆ fd = 9-0 = 9 d 1 1.3 ∆ fd = 1.3-4.8 = -3.5 w 13 16.7 ∆ fw = 16.7-9.7 = 7 78 words = N N*100/78 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B

sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-5.7, -3, 8.7) =, -, +

Table 10: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Maneroo or Warreror tribe, George Augustus ROBINSON (census 7th July 1844) b 4 11.4 ∆ fb = 11.4-16.1 = -4.7

Ɛ1=-7.5 g 9 25.7 ∆ fg = 25.7-17.8 = 7.9 m 7 20 ∆ fm = 20-22.6 = -2.6 ŋ 0 0 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = -8.1 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-0.2 ᶁ 5 14.3 ∆ fᶁ =14.3-4.8= 9.5 y 0 0 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 n 1 2.9 ∆ fn = 2.9 - 4.8 = -1.9 Ɛ3=7.7 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 -1.6 = -1.6 d 2 5.7 ∆ fd = 5.7-0 = 5.7 d 4 11.4 ∆ fd = 11.4-4.8 = 6.6 w 3 8.6 ∆ fw = 8.6-9.7 = -1.1 35 people = N N*100/35 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B

sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-7.5, -0.2, 7.7) =,, + Table 11: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Wiradyuri, 406 words (not 430 as stated): Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 34(2), pp. 299-302, R.H. MATHEWS (1904) b 92 22.7 ∆ fb = 22.7-16.1 = 6.6 Ɛ1=-1.8 g 94 23.1 ∆ fg = 23.1-17.8 = 5.3 m 43 10.6 ∆ fm = 10.6-22.6 = -12 ŋ 26 6.4 ∆ fŋ = 6.4 - 8.1 = -1.7 ɲ 4 1 ∆ fɲ = 1-9.7 = -8.7 Ɛ2=-1.4 ᶁ 12 3 ∆ fᶁ = 3-4.8 = -1.8 y 37 9.1 ∆ fy = 9.1 - 0 = 9.1 n 3 0.7 ∆ fn = 0.7 - 4.8 = -4.1 Ɛ3=3.2 n 5 1.2 ∆ fn =1.2 -1.6 = -0.4 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0-0 = 0 d 39 9.6 ∆ fd = 9.6-4.8 = 4.8 w 51 12.6 ∆ fw = 12.6-9.7 = 2.9 406 words = N N*100/406 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-1.8, -1.4, 3.2) =,, + Table 12: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

South Eastern border, "On the land, Bird Names", Sydney Morning Herald Sat. 26 Jan., page 11, W.M. SHERRIE, (1918) b 7 22.6 ∆ fb = 22.6-16.1 = 6.5 Ɛ1=-0.1 g 7 22.6 ∆ fg = 22.6-17.8 = 4.8 m 5 16.1 ∆ fm =16.1-22.6 = -6.5 ŋ 1 3.2 ∆ fŋ = 3.2 - 8.1 = -4.9 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-11.2 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0-4.8 = -4.8 y 1 3.2 ∆ fy = 3.2 - 0 = 3.2 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ3=11.3 n 1 3.2 ∆ fn = 3.2 -1.6 = 1.6 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0-0 = 0 d 1 3.2 ∆ fd = 3.2-4.8 = -1.6 w 8 25.8 ∆ fw = 25.8-9.7 = 16.1 31 words = N N*100/31 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B

sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-0.1, -11.2, 11.3) =,, +

Table 13: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Myrtleford Mail a Whorouly Witness, 8 January (1914) b 9 26.5 ∆ fb = 26.5-16.1 = 10.4 Ɛ1=-5.9 g 4 11.8 ∆ fg = 11.8-17.8 = -6 m 6 17.6 ∆ fm = 17.6-22.6 = -5 ŋ 1 2.8 ∆ fŋ = 2.8 - 8.1 = -5.3 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-2.7 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0-4.8 = -4.8 y 4 11.8 ∆ fy = 11.8 - 0 = 11.8 n 1 2.8 ∆ fn = 2.8-4.8 = -2 Ɛ3=9.7 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 -1.6 = -1.6 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0 -0 = 0 d 3 10.2 ∆ fd = 10.2-4.8 = 5.4 w 6 17.6 ∆ fw = 17.6-9.7 = 7.9 34 words = N N*100/34 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B

sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-5.9, -2.7, 9.7) =,, +

Table 14: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Joda-Joda, Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, pp. 373-380)

b 16 19.28 ∆ fb = 19.28 -16.1 = 3.18 Ɛ1 = - 12.8 g 11 13.25 ∆ fg = 13.25 -17.8 = - 4.55 m 10 12.05 ∆ fm = 12.05 -22.6 = - 10.55 ŋ 6 7.22 ∆ fŋ = 7.22 - 8.1 = - 0.88 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 Ɛ2 = - 0.04 ᶁ 12 14.46 ∆ fᶁ = 14.46 - 4.8 = 9.66 y 0 0 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 Ɛ3 = 12.83

n 1 1.2 ∆ fn = 1.2 - 1.6 = - 0.4 d 12 14.46 ∆ fd = 14.46 - 0 = 14.46 d 5 6.02 ∆ fd = 6.02 - 4.8 = 1.22 w 10 12.05 ∆ fw = 12.05 - 9.7 = 2.35 word initial consonant 83 words = N N*100/83 = F(%) ORIGINAL-B

sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(- 12.8, - 0.04, 12.83) =,, + Table 15: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land Madi-Madi, Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, pp. 323-358) b 126 25.66 ∆ fb = 25.66 - 16.1 = 9.56 Ɛ1 = - 12.47 g 66 13.44 ∆ fg = 13.44 - 17.8 = -4.36 m 42 8.55 ∆ fm = 8.55 - 22.6 = -14.05 ŋ 22 4.48 ∆ fŋ = 4.48 - 8.1 = -3.62 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 Ɛ2 = - 4.93 ᶁ 47 9.57 ∆ fᶁ = 9.57 - 4.8 = 4.77 y 0 0 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ3 = 17.38

n 31 6.31 ∆ fn = 6.31 - 1.6 = 4.71 d 20 4.07 ∆ fd = 4.07 - 0 = 4.07 d 49 9.98 ∆ fd = 9.98 - 4.8 = 5.18 w 88 17.92 ∆ fw = 17.92 - 9.7 = 8.22

word initial consonant 491 words = N N*100/491 = F(%)

ORIGINAL-B

sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(- 12.47, - 4.93, 17.38) =,, + Table 16: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Aboriginal grammar, Brisbane Courier, Wednesday 11 Nov. N. BARTLEY, (1891) b 1 7.12 ∆ fb = 7.12-16.1 = -8.98 Ɛ1=-14.62 g 4 28.57 ∆ fg =28.57-17.8 =10.77 m 2 14.29 ∆ fm =14.29-22.6 = -8.31 ŋ 0 0 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = -8.1 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-14.5 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0-4.8 = -4.8 y 0 0 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ3= 29.1 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 -1.6 = -1.6 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = 0 d 3 21.43 ∆ fd = 21.43-4.8 =16.63 w 4 28.57 ∆ fw = 28.57-9.7 = 18.87 14 words = N N*100/14 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-14.62, -14.5, 29.1) =,, +

Table 17: An approximate area of (Wiradjuri) in-between land

Paa-kan-tyi, "Maquarie Aboriginal Words", pp 41-60, Louise HERCUS (1994) b 64 15.38 ∆ fb =15.38-16.1= -0.72 Ɛ1= 7.76 g 126 30.29 ∆ fg = 30.29-17.8=12.49 m 66 15.87 ∆ fm =15.87-22.6 = -6.73 ŋ 45 10.82 ∆ fŋ =10.82 - 8.1 = 2.72 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-8.72 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0-4.8 = -4.8 y 24 5.78 ∆ fy = 5.78- 0 = 5.78 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ3=0.89 n 12 2.88 ∆ fn = 2.88-1.6 = 1.2 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0-0 = 0 d 36 8.65 ∆ fd = 8.65-4.8 = 3.85 w 43 10.34 ∆ fw =10.34-9.7 = 0.64 416 words = N

N*100/416 =F(%) ORIGINAL-A (see also R.M.W. Dixon (1980), "the languages of Australia", Fig. 7, p. 241, case Z) sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(7.76, -8.72, 0.89) = + ,, + Table 18: An ancient track which is along the Darling River in NSW

Diyari, central South Australia near Lake Eyre, "Maquarie, Aboriginal words", pp. 125-143, Peter AUSTIN (1994) b 89 20.94 ∆ fb = 20.94-16.1 = 4.84 Ɛ1=-1.05 g 77 18.12 ∆ fg = 18.12-17.8 = 0.34 m 56 13.18 ∆ fm = 13.18-22.6 =-9.42 ŋ 48 11.29 ∆ fŋ = 11.29 - 8.1 = 3.19 ɲ 1 0.24 ∆ fɲ = 0.24-9.7 = -9.46 Ɛ2=-3.44 ᶁ 4 0.94 ∆ fᶁ = 0.94-4.8 = -3.86 y 42 9.88 ∆ fy = 9.88 -0 = 9.88 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ3=4.52 n 11 2.59 ∆ fn =2.59 -1.6 = 0.99 d 11 2.59 ∆ fd = 2.59-0 = 2.59 d 45 10.59 ∆ fd =10.59-4.8 = 5.79 w 41 9.65 ∆ fw = 9.65-9.7 =-0.05 425 words = N N*100/425 =F(%) ORIGINAL-B sgn( Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-1.05, -3.44, 4.52) =,, + Table 19: An old piece of original-B

Some Thoughts of Collision

Its good to assume that ORIGINAL-A and TURUWAL both move through a sea of static ORIGINAL-B on their way down the eastern mountains. But when they meet, they collide in the vicinity of "canberra", forming a new language called Wolgalu. One consequence is that there is a reflected wave in the reverse direction. This picture, first shown in the article dated 2005, shows the very formation of the Huygens Circle no more than 15,000 years ago. Over the time, till present, our lines form the complex structures of today. This is how new language is formed. At the end of this process we obtain the picture on the front cover of this book. A question which arises is although SOUTHERN-B and THURUWAL both didn't "know" of each other prior to 15,000 years ago, what happens now? SOUTHERN-B and ORIGINAL-A are both major languages and unlikely to go away. Where we can see some difference is in the exchange of TURUWAL and SOUTHERN-B words. Is TURURWAL (a dying language) to become a dialect of SOUTHERN-B with its words propagating upward (northerly)?

Acknowledgements

* We would like to thank the staff of the Mitchell Library Sydney, and also the staff of the State Library of Victoria, who were very helpful during the research.

* We would like to thank Michael Organ, chief archivist of University of Wollongong, for helpful suggestions and advice on historic drawings.

* We would like to thank Ann Fieldhouse for the various computer searches of the historical materials in this text: ann@fieldhouse.com.au

* And also Daniela Reverberi for assistance with the software and formatting.

References

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Appendix 1 (coastal)ORIGINAL-B

An accurate translation is given above, showing how the word for bees was periodically replaced by honey Roy writing about his "great grandmother on the distaff side of the shield" ismainlynonsense. Sheunderstoodlittleofwhatsheheardbutgaveanaccountall the same, and forthat we must be grateful. Wecan use the material that she supplied, albeitinwordyform,togivethesongandthesingersomesubstance. Ithappensthatthe songisin(coastal) ORIGINAL-B . thesameasinBrisbane,NewcastleorMelbourne.

Tarnuk bullito atraditionalAboriginalimplementforhandlinghoney. R.BroughSmyth,"AboriginesofVictoria...",pg.347,Fig.163(1876) theWayalanbi honeytrees, ElizaH.DUNLOP(1840) b 1 4.55 ∆ fb = 4.55-16.1 = -11.55 Ɛ1=-10.05 g 6 27.27 ∆ fg =27.27-17.8 = 9.47 m 1 4.55 ∆ fm = 4.55-22.6 = -18.05 ŋ 4 18.18 ∆ fŋ =18.18-8.1 = 10.08 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0-9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-0.86 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0-4.8 = -4.8 y 3 13.64 ∆ fy = 13.64-0 = 13.64 n 3 13.64 ∆ fn = 13.64-4.8 = 8.84 Ɛ3= 11.55 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0-1.6 = -1.6 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0 -0 = 0 d 2 9.09 ∆ fd = 9.09-4.8 = 4.29 w 2 9.09 ∆ fw = 9.09-9.7 = 0.02 22 words = N N*100/22 =F(%) (coastal) ORIGINAL-B sgn(Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-10.05, -0.86, 11.55) =,, + Table 20: : the language of the song which tells us where it came from - along the coast

This is a recipe over a century timescale for turning the once moist forest into a raging dustbowl which takes the soil away forever. Red clouds of dust, and super fires, are carryingtheentireeastcoast outtosea. Loggersarestillgivingcontraryviewsbutthey are wrong and they know it. This is a consequence of taking management out of Aboriginal hands and not even recognising them as free citizens until the mid 1960's ... despiteoccupancyofthislandscapefortensofthousandsofyears.

SOUTHERN-B

Picture by Ainslie Roberts, 1971

Mary Everett observedthiswomen'sCoroboreefirsthandandlabelleditGundungara,in keepingwiththepeopleoftheBurragorang,thoughinexplicablytheycouldnottranslate itforher. AdeeperanalysisrevealsthatthereasonwasitwasnotGundungara,butrather Southern-B, composed down south by a poet near Braidwood ... near the home of "the Yelta people's Moon Song" and "the Yelta people's Setting Sun Song". It seems that a man fromBurragorangtravelledsouthtotheLakeGeorgetogetmarried.Hissubsequentwife broughtasagiftthissongin Southern-B -butitrequiredhertotranslateit.

Thewomen'sEveningStarsong, MaryM.EVERITT(1901) b 1 6.25 ∆ fb = 6.25-16.1 = -9.85 Ɛ1=-20.85 g 3 18.75 ∆ fg =18.75-17.8 = 0.95 m 2 12.5 ∆ fm = 12.5-22.6 = -10.1 ŋ 1 6.25 ∆ fŋ = 6.25-8.1 = -1.85 ɲ 1 6.25 ∆ fɲ = 6.25-9.7 = -3.45 Ɛ2=10.5 ᶁ 1 6.25 ∆ fᶁ = 6.25-4.8 = 1.45 y 2 12.5 ∆ fy = 12.5 - 0 = 12.5 n 1 6.25 ∆ fn = 6.25-4.8 = 1.45 Ɛ3= 10.35 n 1 6.25 ∆ fn = 6.25-1.6 = 4.65 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0 -0 = 0 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 w 3 18.75 ∆ fw = 18.75-9.7 = 9.05 16 words = N N*100/16 =F(%) SOUTHERN-B sgn(Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(-25.85, 10.5, 10.35) =, + , +

Table 21: the language of the song which tells us where it came from - midway up the mountains

AquickobservationisthattheIllawarraescarpmentissuchastoblanketthestar-seton thewesternhorizoneverynight.ThisiswhyonlythehigherTurruwaltribesarelikelyto see the setting star in its entirity - as in the picture. The women elders sit in this high placetowatch,allthetimesingingthe "evening star song". Thisistrueeverywherealong theeastcoast.

Whentheywerenotwatchingthesun-or-starsettingtheycouldbeparticipatinginjoint coroberystellingoftheday'sevents,gossipingofinter-clanrivalry,orinmakingchildren intoadults.Thelanguageofthesongsitselfwas Southern-B noolderthan15,000years, astheHuygensCirclewasformedatthistime.

ORIGINAL-A(gamilaroi - gundungara) mountain folk

ThetribalEldersmethighupinthemountainstodiscussmattersofmarriage,andtotalk aboutguidanceandbehaviourgenerally.Thediscussionwasintheoldestlanguageever recorded anywhere on the planet. We call it Original-A but they may have used a varietyoftribalnamestodescribeitmorepopularly.Itgoesback60,000or65,000years. For his book published in 1875, the Rev. W. Ridley asked his friend Rev. C.C. Greenway tomakeanefforttorecordsomesongsofthisancientlanguage Inthefirstof six songs Greenway fulfilled magnificently "Bao-illi Songs" dealing with a knowledgeable elder teaching a confused lad (page 148). Fortunately he didn't know the completelycorrecttranslation,butthatisnomatter.Itsays: "Someone is coming. Exterior troubles and some-familiar [ones] come. I [also] possess two [arms]. I [see a] small warrior. I [heard a] profane greatly-noisy oscillation [fart] from enhanced baby-jibber [of the] lad".

picture by Walter Stackpool, 1975

ɲun du(lu):nʊ(ra) g(ʊra):i ?

= someone = [from] straight-yonder = comes → "ŋan du:na g:o ? " ("who comes") darʊ - ŋulu:nʊ(ra) bu ɲun:mulʊ g(ʊra):i .

= exterior wrinkled-yonder and = some-familiar = come = "troubles" [ones] → "tirree - ghillia:na bu ŋun:mullia g:o ". ("large head of hair (and two) arms crooked")

ŋʊ g(ʊra):i:ɲ(in) bula(la) .

= I [also] = possess = two [arms] → "ŋai gh:i:n bular" . ("like two cockle shells")

ŋʊ murʊ:ŋ . → "ŋai murri:n" . ("Is it one of my people ?") = I [see] = small warrior ŋʊ wirʊ m(ʊra):burʊ ŋuru:(n)

= I [heard] = [a] profane = greatly-noisy = oscillation [fart]

ga(rʊ) ma(la) ᶁi - darʊ:(wurʊ)l(a) dʊ(la: ŋ) .

= from = enhanced = baby-jibber [of the] lad → "ŋaia warra m:bria ŋirri: go ma toh:dirra:l dia: " . ("on the road he is, smoke comes out")

translation and phoneticisation copyright  Chris ILLERT, 2019

man-makingceremony Rev.C.C.GREENWAY(1875) b 3 11.54 ∆ fb = 11.54-16.1 = -4.56 Ɛ1=0.83 g 4 15.4 ∆ fg = 15.4-17.8 = -2.4 m 3 11.54 ∆ fm =11.54-22.6 =-11.06 ŋ 7 26.95 ∆ fŋ = 26.95-8.1 = 18.85 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2=-14.5 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 y 0 0 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 n 3 11.54 ∆ fn = 11.54-4.8 = 6.74 Ɛ3= 13.72 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = -1.6 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0 -0 = 0 d 5 19.23 ∆ fd = 19.23-4.8 = 14.43 w 1 3.85 ∆ fw = 3.85-9.7 = -5.85 26 words = N N*100/26 =F(%) ORIGINAL-A sgn(Ɛ1 , Ɛ2 , Ɛ3) = sgn(0.83, -14.5, 13.72) = + ,, +

Table 22: the language of the song which tells us where it came from - the mountain tops

Fromalinguisticviewpointwenotetheexistenceoftheword g(ʊra):i:ɲ(in) = g:i:ɲ inthesongmeaning "possess". Wewillseethesamethinginthemoresouthernhunting songthatfollows. Thenin "the Great Road Song" wefindanexampleof g(arʊ):i:ŋ(uru) = g:i:ŋ = "laughing". Althoughthedifferenceseemssmall, g:i:ɲ insteadof g:i:ŋ ,its meaningisentirelydifferent.

This is why we have stated three examples of Mary Everitt's cases (part 2, App. 2, Examples1,2&3). Westarttoseehowwellthe60,000years(orso)isunderstood.

ORIGINAL-A(gamilaroi - gundungara) mountain folk

Bornabout1800atConnorsPlains,ontheBathurstsideofthemountains,thiselderdied near Picton on 12 October 1858. During his life he grew to be a Gundungura warrior. In 1828 Major T.L. Mitchell was surveying near Mount Gibraltar, in the vicinity of Mittagong,andhemanagedtorecordthe"first words in the Gundungara language and then [the] ... translation into English".Roughlytranslateditsays:"thrown up spear [gradually falls back] down. Realigned spear [has no] fat-creature. Distant low place crushed [out of existence, as is] distant high place. I am shielded from them. Obstruction of blindness [is] from [the] Kangeroo. From low shimmers [to] high crushed [images, I am encouraged to] sleep. Quick coiled twisted spear [and] extremely noisey [hear] I Blood flows quickly, more from [below] ".

Elder intently hunting a Kangeroo as per the song

picture by W. MacLeod, 1888

gu(la)-b(ʊlu):i - gu(la)-b(ʊlu):i gʊ(ru)-g(ʊra):i:ɲ(in) deadly-up deadly-up slim - possession throw[n] up "spear" gʊn-bu(lʊ) . → "gu-b:i - gu-b:i ga-g:i:n gan-ba" . [falls back] down wʊri gʊn:bu(lʊ)-gʊn:bu(lʊ) gurʊ-gurʊ-ŋ gʊ(ru) . realigned [falls] down [falls] down fat- fat-creature slim " spear " = globular creature "without" → "aei gan:ba - ge:ba gure:grue-n gay" . ("spear thrown but misses the kangeroo") wara:bu(lʊ):n mu(rʊ) ɲi(n)-mʊlʊ ŋulu distant-low-place slightly here-visible crushed wa(ra):nʊ(ra):n bula(la) ŋʊ ɲi(n)-malʊ-ŋ . distant-high-place both I here-shielding-creature → "ara:bu:n uma eni - myaaray inglay" "wa:nu:m bula ingay eni - mili - ingay" . ("can't find kangeroo")

translation and phoneticisation copyright  Chris ILLERT, 2019

ma(lʊ)-dʊ(la):n gur(ʊ):ga(rʊ) ŋa(ra) obstructive thing fat - from knotted ma(lʊ):ma(lʊ)-ga(rʊ) gʊn:gurʊ . blindness - from kangeroo → "mi-d:me gur:ga enga ma:me-ga gan:geroo" . ŋuru = shimmery ga(rʊ)-bu(lʊ) ŋu dʊ(ra)-ŋu(ru) ru , from low through shimmery ŋulu = crushed ga(rʊ)-bʊ(lu) ŋu ŋulu-dʊra lu - bu(lʊ) . [to] high crushed through sleeping → "a-bo na ti-nnua eria, co-bua na nallu-derra lu-ba" . ("kangaroo looks but sees nobody") burʊ:n - bu(lʊ) ŋa(ra) - wiɲ dʊ(la) - g(ʊra):i:ɲ(in) quick-thing down coiled twist thing -possession = "spear" burʊ - gʊn:gʊ(n) gu(la) dʊra ŋʊ , noisy extremely malevolent internal I dʊ(la):m(ʊra) burʊ - gʊn:g(ʊn) gu(rʊ):m(ʊra) blood plenty very quick more plenty bʊ(lu)-ga(rʊ) . → "burra:n-bu nga-win de-g:i:nye" up from "urin:gan:go ku toori nga , " "tu:m berin-gan:g cu:m bia:ga" . ("kangeroo turns away and the hunter kills it")

The warrior's name was Moyengully, the alleged "King of Nattai", whom the government-surveyor offered a pair of trowsers made of parramatta cloth - but he refusedthemstatingtheywerenotfitforagentleman.Hewasthenofferedagreycloth pair, but refused them also. "He wanted a pair like mine" of thin cloth, which he was happily given, and then modelled for the pencil sketch. Major T.L. Mitchell then persuaded"Billy" Yerramagang,acolleague,tosingovertheKangerooSongseveral timeswhilehewrotethewordsdown-firstinwordsoftheGundungara,andfinallyin words translated into English. He also wrote down a road song. These songs were certainly amongst the earliest in Original-A ever recorded. In Major T.L. Mitchell's books "three expeditions into the Interior of Eastern Australia" heshowsinterest in Aborigines stating that "... in the numerous ravines surrounding Jellore, the little river Nattai has its source, and this wild region is the haunt and secure retreat of the Nattai tribe, whose cheif, Moyengully was one of my earliest Aboriginal friends ". His last restingplaceistwoandahalfmilesfromPicton,atRumkersIsland.

Moyengully's earthern grave and tree markers on Rumkers Island

KangarooHuntingSong MOYENGULLY(1828) b 15 23.08 ∆ fb = 23.08-16.1 = 6.98 Ɛ1=9.25 g 22 33.85 ∆ fg = 33.85-17.8= 16.05 m 10 15.38 ∆ fm =15.38-22.6 = -7.22 ŋ 1 1.54 ∆ fŋ = 1.54-8.1 = -6.56 ɲ 1 1.54 ∆ fɲ = 1.54- 9.7 = -8.16 Ɛ2=-9.88 ᶁ 1 1.54 ∆ fᶁ = 1.54 - 4.8 = -3.26 y 1 1.54 ∆ fy = 1.54 - 0 = 1.54 n 10 15.38 ∆ fn = 15.38-4.8 = 10.58 Ɛ3=0.64

n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = -1.6 d 2 3.08 ∆ fd = 3.08 -0 = 3.08 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 w 2 3.08 ∆ fw = 3.08-9.7 = -6.62 65 words = N N*100/65 =F(%) ORIGINAL-A sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(9.25, -9.88, 0.64) = + ,, +

Table 23: the language of the song which tells us where it came from - the mountain tops

SOUTHERN-B

"gundungara" the Great Road Song

Onthesamedaythat Major T.L. Mitchell tookdownthewordsof "the Kangaroo Song", and drew the pencil portrait, he also took down the words of another song. It was the "Great Road Song" which Major T.L. Mitchell wasalsooverseeing. ItstartedonSaturdayMay31st1828,heheardthatthewarriorhad "sat down" nearhisencampment,andso in the evening he made his way to the fires; "... there were several young men at different fires - one black woman with her husband and child at another - and a widow with two children at another. Moyangully, the King, sat at another fire. He had a swelling on his right wrist and asked me for something to cure it. Several native spears stood against a tree beside him, and as many more were laid on the ground, but he got up and set them also against the tree".

mʊra - da(rʊ) ŋuru - bʊ(lu:i) dʊ(la):ŋ - ᶁi:ᶁ(i)

large outside-surface cycling presently (feet) adult (and) children = "track, path" g(ʊn)-mʊra → "moru - da yerra - ba: tu:n - da:j k - mara" . (" road goes creaking long shoes ") very large mʊra - da(rʊ) ŋuru - bʊ(lu:i) mʊ(ra:ŋ) - ɲu(ra:ŋ)

large outside-surface cycling presently (Aboriginal) father (and) son = "track, path" gʊn - g(arʊ):i :ŋ(uru) , white - mʊlʊ ! very laughing (at) white (man) see → " moru - da yerra - ba: me: - ni: yon - g:i:ng , white - mala " . (" road goes uncle and brother , white man see ")

translation and phoneticisation copyright  Chris ILLERT, 2019

"The young men, who lay between three fires were of a gay disposition that night, for they sung several songs. One was called The Bathurst Song, another The Kangaroo Song ... One commences and others join in the words etc. - the old King added his bass voice occasionally to the strain. One young fellow seemed one of the happiest beings I ever saw - without any covering but a skin over his hips, he lay on his belly on the ground, laughing heartily occasionally and playing his legs carelessly about as he lay. His hair behind was filled with a profusion of black Eagle's feathers, which had a very appropriate or good effect ...". This "Great Road Song" contained g(arʊ):i:ŋ(uru) = g:i:ŋ = "laughing", ascompared withtheword g(ʊra):i:ɲ(in) = g:i:ɲ = "possesion" intheprevious "Kangaroo Hunting Song". Thisisthewaywithwhichfinergrammarwastaughttoyoungsters

TheGreatRoadSong YoungBoyinGroup(1828) b 2 10 ∆ fb = 10 - 16.1 = -6.1

Ɛ1=-14.6 g 2 10 ∆ fg = 10 - 17.8 = -7.8 m 5 25 ∆ fm =25 - 22.6 = 2.4 ŋ 1 5 ∆ fŋ = 5 - 8.1 = -3.1 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2= 0.5 ᶁ 1 5 ∆ fᶁ = 5 - 4.8 = 0.2 y 2 10 ∆ fy = 10 - 0 = 10 n 2 10 ∆ fn = 10 - 4.8 = 5.2 Ɛ3=14.1

n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = -1.6 d 1 5 ∆ fd = 5 - 0 = 5 d 4 20 ∆ fd = 20 - 4.8 = 15.2 w 0 0 ∆ fw = 0 - 9.7 = -9.7 20 words = N N*100/20 =F(%) SOUTHERN-B sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-14.6, 0.5, 14.1) =, + , + Table 24: the language of the song which tells us where it came from - midway up the mountains

Itwasclearthat Major T.L. Mitchell recordedthissong, butnotfrom Moyangully whoonlysangalonginbitsandpiecesaddinghisintermittenttonetothetune. Theperson who was actually singing this was probably "one young fellow [who] seemed one of the happiest beings I ever saw", theyouthwholayonthegroundwith"... hair behind ... filled with a profusion black Eagle's feathers ...". Moyangully wasindeedaleaderandGundungara, buttheboywasa Southern-B youthwhohadreceivedtrainingfromhismotherwhom,as ithappened,hadmarriedseveralyearspreviouslyatasoutherncorroberyinCanberra.

Major T.L. Mitchell saw some-thing like this picture, of a Southern-B youth lying about the camp, whilst hooks are sharpened and songs are sung.

Illust. Australian News, 3 March 1886.

SOUTHERN-B

"The following 'ugal' was sung at various stages along the banks of the Barwan, in 1854, by a travelling band of Aborigines, under the guidance of their Dhurumi. The song and the dramatic performance which accompanied it, were designed to disenchant the places visited,in other words, as I was told by one of the company, 'to drive away dead black fellows'. Most of the performers were marked by red and yellow clay. One was decorated from head to foot. A troop waving boughs in the air, seemed to be charging some invisible foe. And to the tramp of their feet, and the beating of sticks and of hands, a band women and girls sang all night ... "

ŋuru darʊ ŋʊ , dʊla rʊŋa bur(ʊ) , i:(bʊ)lu

= twinkling about me, = one dance quickly soon → " yuru dhari ŋe ! dula raŋa bur u:la "

translation and phoneticisation copyright  Chris ILLERT, 2019

"This is not one of the languages I am acquainted with. As far as I can judge it means - come and sing with me, there are plenty, come and sing." (Rev. W. Ridley,1875,SongVII,p.149).

Hedoeswelltorecognisehisdeficiencywithlanguage.Theactualwordsfortranslationare quitedifferent.Thisconcernaboutexacttranslationisalso sharedby Maj. T.L. Mitchell (inAppendix4) Thethingwegetfromthissongisthattheyareatroupeofwomenunder thesupervisionofaDhurumi.Theyalsoareeagertogetmarried.

SungbygirlsalongtheBarwanundertheguidanceoftheirDhurumi songVII,page149,Rev.W.RIDLEY(1875) b 1 20 ∆ fb = 20 - 16.1 = 3.1 Ɛ1=-25.4 g 0 0 ∆ fg = -17.8 = -17.8 m 0 0 ∆ fm = -22.6 = -22.6 ŋ 1 20 ∆ fŋ = 20 - 8.1 = 11.9 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = -9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2= 5.5 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = -4.8 = -4.8 y 1 20 ∆ fy = 20 - 0 = 20 n 0 0 ∆ fn = - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ3=19.1

n 0 0 ∆ fn = - 1.6 = -1.6 d 0 0 ∆ fd = - 0 = 0 d 2 40 ∆ fd = 40 - 4.8 = 35.2 w 0 0 ∆ fw = - 9.7 = -9.7 5 words = N N*100/5 =F(%) SOUTHERN-B sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-25.4, 5.5, 19.1) =, + , + Table 25: the language of the song which tells us where it came from - midway up the mountains

Appendix 7

(inland)ORIGINAL-B

Two important views of a leader of Wiradjuri people, who was shown in paintings by Augustus Earle, in about 1826. A penal settlement was established there in 1823 showing the lack of importance of Wiradjuri culture to the British. A few missionaries were also despatched with firm instructions that guaranteed failure. White people desecratedtheCathedralCaveintheirrevelriesasshowninthepaintings.

NativefromWellingtonValley ... byanglo-americanartist Augustus Earle,1826

View from inside the Cave (above) looking out at faint trees on the horizon, shows the stalactitesfromtheceilingofthecaveandstalagmitesupfromthecavefloor. Theconverse view (opposite) is shown by two traditional owners, shunted off to the right, so that a white "explorer"(whomisforgotten)canleave no documentation for futurestudy. Ifhehad only asked the Aborigines about their Cave, and documented it, we would have a contemporarypieceofinformation.

IfwelookbackfromTable6(TamsinDONALDSON,1994; alsoR.M.W.DIXON,1980)toTable17(N. BARTLEY, 1891) we see that in all eleven cases sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) =,, + . They are all (inland) ORIGINAL-B (allowingforexperimentalerror)inthe rectangle spanningsouthfrom QueenslanddowntonorthoftheRiverMurray(includingtheWellingtonValley),andwestfrom theBlueMountainstoeastalongtheDarlingRiver Thus,contrarytopopularopinion,there is little distinction between Wiradjuri (Table 12) and Ngiyambaa (Table 6) and Joda-joda (Table15)andMadi-madi(Table16).

Wherethey diddiffer wasinthevicinityofthe DarlingandMurrayjunction, as foundby Charles Sturt prior to embarking on his voyage down the Murray to the sea. Though tensionwasinitiallyfeltitwaseventuallyrealisedthattheEnglishweren'trelevantsohe wasallowedtopassthroughan1829warzone. Major T. L. Mitchell wasopposite,and wouldhavenoneofthediscussionbetweenindigenouspeopleregardingownershipofthe land. In1836, whilststudyingthewrong river, he spentfourdaystobrakehisarmoured columnintotwogroups-onewhichsnucksecretlyupfrombehind,whilsthismainparty hidbehindahillandjumpedupasneeded.Hesaidthatthetwowayslaughterthatfollowed represented "the overflow of our enemies" atwhathenamedMountDispersion.

Ratherthanacheer,heobtainedsustainedcriticismfrom Governor Burke for "frequent clashes with Aborigines" and, in particular, the bloody ambush at Mount Dispersion was handedontobeinvestigatedbytheN.S.W.parliament. Farmersettlersinthisregionhence forth encountered little (inland) Original-B accounts from indigenous sources. The peopleweredamaged.

SungbyWoradjerymentowarnofJobbins - J.F.H.MITCHELL(1906) b 4 19.05 ∆ fb =19.05-16.1 = 2.95 Ɛ1=-12.21 g 3 14.29 ∆ fg =14.29-17.8 = -3.51 m 4 19.05 ∆ fm =19.05-22.6= -3.55 ŋ 0 0 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = -8.1 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0 -9.7 = -9.7 Ɛ2= -4.98 ᶁ 2 9.52 ∆ fᶁ = 9.52 -4.8 = 4.72 y 0 0 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 n 4 19.05 ∆ fn =19.05-4.8 = 14.25 Ɛ3= 17.2

n 0 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = -1.6 d 4 19.05 ∆ fd = 19.05 - 0 = 19.05 d 0 0 ∆ fd = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 w 0 0 ∆ fw = 0 - 9.7 = -9.7 21 words = N N*100/21 =F(%) (inland) ORIGINAL-B sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-12.21, -4.98, 17.2) =,, +

Table 26: the language of the song which tells us where it came from - inland

picturebyAinslieRoberts,1989