The Three Traditional Aboriginal Languages of Victoria - Part 2 by Michael Organ

the three traditional Aboriginal Languages of Victoria, part 2 of

who was right P.G. King or C. Darwin?

About 1856 a tribe along the Murray Darling with some multiple fish-gathering nets shared communally, while yet others inhale smoke from pipes, and a group of children vigorously kick a ball back and forth. Composition by G. Mutzel and W. Blandowski.

... by

C. Illert , J. Murphy and M. Organ

Chris Illert and John Murphy, 2019. Permission is given to use fair quantities

of this material so long as proper citation protocols are applied as is the custom.

ISBN 978-0-949357-40-3 Chris Illert is an independent researcher whose Ph.D. was conferred by the Institute for Cultural Research, University of Western Sydney. Contact address P.O. Box 595, Moss Vale, NSW 2577 or email illert@1earth.net John Murphy is an independent History Researcher. Contact address 1988 Thowgla Road, Thowgla Valley, Victoria 3707 or email john.murphy@hotmail.com __________________________________________________________________________

Fonts used The fonts f* (italic), F* (non-italic) and f* (non-italic) are Garamond or similar; they represent completely different things which should not be confused or interchanged. The consonants (Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3 ) used in equations are Calibri Italics or similar. Fonts used in words are also Calibri Italics or similar

b, g, m, ŋ, ɲ, ᶁ, y, n, n,

d, d , w and the vowels i , u and ʊ. The remaining vowel a is Ariel Narrow Italics.

_______________________________________________ Picture Credits Sketches from front cover, page 5, page 6 and back page, show the Murray Darling river in flow in the late 1850's. The items are probably jointly produced by Mutzel and Blandowski. We don't know much about Mutzel, but Blandowski was an explorer natural scientist and artist who led a Victorian government expedition to the junction of the rivers. Initially he was among the intellectual elite in Melbourne but was later ostracised for his passionate interest in the native birds, animals, insects, marine life and First Nations people. Edited by ALLEN, H. (2010). "Australia, W. Blandowski's illustrated Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia.", Aboriginal Studies press. BLANDOWSKI, W. (1862). "Australien in 142 Photographischen Abbildungen", Gleiwitz.

the three traditional Aboriginal Languages of Victoria, part 2 of

who was right P.G. King or C. Darwin?

Summary: If a succession of words and the languages that comprise them follow from Charles Darwin's evolution theory, not P.G. King's opposing belief in creationism, then permutation is an essential tool with which to proceed. It means that mʊ(ra):gʊ(ra) equals gʊ(ra):mʊ(ra), and that words like mʊ(ra):nʊ(ra):ŋ(uru) mean the same thing as nʊ(ra):mʊ(ra):ŋ(uru) ... ie word order doesn't much matter over tens of thousands of years. It's only in Western dictionaries in recent centuries that word order has become largely featured. Yet we have seen how the Aboriginal language has made possible backward extrapolation, through permutation of 60,000 years, using the 60 or so basic words about one half of the content of human speech. Using a minimal alphabet (vol.1, p.19), and the words of 60,000 years past (vol.1, pp. 20-21), we found a "tree" for all Australian languages (vol.1, p.22). That's not too bad for 60,000 years. In this second volume we study the south-western portion of the Australian Alps ... Victoria in particular. We see how these language boundaries changed and evolved on this mainland over time.

Yarruun Parpur Tarneen of the Victorian Morphor (or Spring Creek) Tribe. She assisted Isabella Dawson in the coastal language that she was compiling giving us coastal Original-B.

picture from J. Dawson, "Australian Aborigines ...", G. Robertson, Melbourne, 1881.

Kaawirn Kuunawarn of the Victorian Kirrae Wuurong Tribe. He was also a linguistic informant giving us coastal Original-B.

picture from J. Dawson, "Australian Aborigines ...", G. Robertson, Melbourne, 1881.

This picture shows a haul of creatures from a succession of innermost nets which women manage. Note the rolled-up snake added as bait. This spoken language is Southern-B and it takes only a look to see this. G. Mutzel is the signature.

Traditional Tribal Boundaries Isabella Dawson referred to her Kangatong period as being many years of intimacy with the remaining tribes, 10 miles east of the Macarthur, where the frontier had already passed. She eventually moved to the Wuurong farm near Camperdown. It was on March 1870 that she wrote to The Australasian asking for space "to record information about the Aborigines of the Western District" sometimes drawing upon her previous experiences within the Port Fairy-Kangatong area. Unsuccessful in this case, she eventually wrote a book produced by her father (1881) giving the history, legends and customs of Aboriginals living close by. Of particular help was Yarruun Parpur Tarneen and her family of the Morpor or Spring Creek Tribe, Weeratt Kuyutt also of the Spring Creek tribe, and Kaawirn Kuunawin of the Mount Shadwell Tribe, as well as many other "sable friends". They specified that not one of their sea coast tribes attended the annual meetings that were held at the large marsh of Mirraewuae ... not many miles to the west Caramut. When the two did meet in battle it was about 30 men from each tribe and long remembered. But it may well have been language that kept the tribes apart and was the basis for this traditional ferocity. The informants of Isabella Dawson were, at their basics, Aborigines speaking the coastal Original-B language. The opposition were mainly inlanders speaking Southern-B. The two did not mix.

A bend still further east up the Murray is a place for the whole tribe to rest. The river is now thinner across, and easier to play with, as when we hold a flying disc of string. Also we note that grain is carried overhead in baskets. This language is Southern-B.

This Southern-B continued across the state to the River Murray, where the southern side was generally Southern-B (except for intermittent irregularities) and the northern side was generally Original-B (except for intermittent irregularities). Speakers of these two languages did not mix here either. Captain Charles Sturt was in 1838 warned that at certain places along his path the Aborigines had crossed over and there was hostility to be encountered. One such place was at the junction of the Darling and Murray Rivers for about 30km: "The tribe on the Murray above the Wiimbaio was the Kerinma, speaking a different language. The Wiimbaio were essentially a river tribe, and their country did not go back southwards from the river more than a day's journey, say 20 miles, at which ... Wotjobaluk commenced" (Howitt, p. 52). So there we have it. The boundaries which kept the Original-B and Southern-B apart were formidable and based on history. They were not differences in personality, but rather attempts to keep order in a dynamic system in which language was fundamental to both sides. This paper brings Southern-B (principally but not entirely from Victoria) to correct the notions used by Ian Clark (1990). It seems unbelievable that a modern state boundary should have been arbitrarily used to "cut off" a traditional Aboriginal territory that is tens of thousands of years older. The same error is given in the first two maps of the earlier book by Luise Hercus (1968). At the

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = the three languages

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) =

-+-++ --+

LAKE GEORGE

SOUTHERN-B

ORIGINAL-B

1 started with " l ..." ,

Joda-Joda,

Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, pp. 373-380)

b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d

16 11 10 6 0 12 0 0 1 12 5

19.28 13.25 12.05 7.22 0 14.46 0 0 1.2 14.46 6.02

∆ fb = 19.28 -16.1 = 3.18 ∆ fg = 13.25 -17.8 = - 4.55 ∆ fm = 12.05 -22.6 = - 10.55 ∆ fŋ = 7.22 - 8.1 = - 0.88 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 14.46 - 4.8 = 9.66 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fn = 1.2 - 1.6 = - 0.4 ∆ fd = 14.46 - 0 = 14.46 ∆ fd = 6.02 - 4.8 = 1.22

12.05

∆ fw = 12.05 - 9.7 = 2.35

word initial consonant

83 words =N

N*100/83 = F(%)

Ɛ1 = - 12.8

Ɛ2 = - 0.04

Ɛ3 = 12.83

ORIGINAL-B

eastern extreme we also have a linkup with Dhurga in the Southern Highlands of NSW, again despite being likewise "cut off". Importantly these cases provide an excellent basis for Southern-B reconstruction. Secondly there is the western coastal Original-B, about Mount Gambier, which is linguistically similar to Botany Bay's coastal Original-B right round the eastern end. In other words we have a more than passable grammar, in an area where language may have been partly lost. And the influence of coastal Original-B, may also be measured in relation to others such as inland Original-B at say Albury. They are essentially similar. In a previous paper on East Coast language we encountered Original-A. Now we have models of all the original languages and we can guess the Turruwal, between Original-A and Original-B, using John Malone and Joseph Gaimard's word lists. So there is no reason to stop. Instead of seeking endless differences between native tribes going forward through time, we choose instead limits to these differences as we look back in time, ultimately to one or three languages over 60,000 years ago. It's a different way of thinking. One which gives meaningful results.

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 12.8, - 0.04, 12.83) = -, -, + Table 1. An area of land (mostly) towards the north of the Murray River

Wadi-Wadi, b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n Madi-Madi, n b d g d m ŋw

word initial ɲ consonant

ᶁ y n n d d w

2 started with " l ..." , Luise A. HERCUS (vol.2, pp. 359-362) 1 6.66 3 20 3 20 2 13.33 0 0 1 6.66 0 0 16 0started with "0l ...", 0 0 126 25.66 0 0 66 13.44 0 0 42 8.55 33.33 225 4.48

15 words 0= N

∆ fb = 6.66 -16.1 = - 9.44 ∆ fg = 20 -17.8 = 2.2 Ɛ1 = - 4.61 ∆ fm = 20 -22.6 = - 2.6 ∆ fŋ = 13.33 - 8.1 = 5.23 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 6.66 - 4.8 = 1.86 Ɛ2 = - 7.84 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆Luise fn = A.0HERCUS - 4.8 = (vol. - 4.8 2, pp. 323-358) ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = - 1.6 ∆ fb = 25.66 - 16.1 = 9.56 ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = 0 Ɛ3 = 12.43 ∆ fg = 13.44 - 17.8 = -4.36 ∆ fd = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fm = 8.55 - 22.6 = -14.05 Ɛ1 = - 12.47 33.33 - 9.7== -3.62 23.63 ∆∆ f fw= = 4.48 - 8.1 ŋ

N*100/15 0 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 = F(%)

ORIGINAL-B

47 9.57 ∆ fᶁ = 9.57 - 4.8 = 4.77 Ɛ = - 4.93 sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 4.61, - 7.84, 12.43) = -, -, + 2 0 0 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 Table 2.0 An area of land north =of -4.8 the Murray River. 0 (mostly) ∆ fntoward = 0the- 4.8 31 6.31 ∆ fn = 6.31 - 1.6 = 4.71 ∆ fd = 4.07 - 0 = 4.07 20 4.07 Ɛ3 = 17.38 ∆ fd = 9.98 - 4.8 = 5.18 49 9.98 ∆ fw = 17.92 - 9.7 = 8.22 88 17.92

word initial consonant

491 words =N

N*100/491 = F(%)

ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 12.47, - 4.93, 17.38) = -, -, + Table 3. An area of land (mostly) towards the north of the Murray River

Gippsland,

5 started with " l ...",

b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

27 17 12 9 2 16 0 4 0 5 4 11

25.23 15.89 11.21 8.41 1.87 14.95 0 3.74 0 4.67 3.74 10.28

word initial consonant

107 words =N

N*100/107 = F(%)

11 words =N

N*100/11 = F(%)

Wallithica

Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, pp. 381-387) ∆ fb = 25.23 - 16.1 = 9.13 ∆ fg = 15.89 - 17.8 = -1.91 ∆ fm = 11.21 - 22.6 = -11.39 ∆ fŋ = 8.41 - 8.1 = 0.31 ∆ fɲ = 1.87 - 9.7 = - 7.83 ∆ fᶁ = 14.95 - 4.8 = 10.15 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 3.74 - 4.8 = -1.06 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = - 1.6 ∆ fd = 4.67 - 0 = 4.67 ∆ fd = 3.74 - 4.8 = - 1.06 ∆ fw = 10.28 - 9.7 = 0.58

Ɛ1 = - 3.86

Ɛ2 = 2.32

Ɛ3 = 1.53

SOUTHERN-B

Kitty COOPER, cited by Daniel Matthews sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 3.86, 2.32, 1.53) = -, +, + Table 4. A band (mostly) south∆ offb the River Murray spanning b 2 of land 18.18 = 18.18 - 16.1 = 2.08 three States g 1 9.09 ∆ fg = 9.09 - 17.8 = - 8.71 m 2 18.18 ∆ fm = 18.18 - 22.6 = - 4.42 Ɛ1 = - 19.15 ŋ 0 0 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = - 8.1 ɲ 0 0 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 9.09 - 4.8 = 4.29 ᶁ 1 9.09 Ɛ2 = 3.68 ∆ fy = 9.09 - 0 = 9.09 y 1 9.09 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 n 0 0 ∆ fn = 9.09 - 1.6 = 7.49 n 1 9.09 ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = 0 d 0 0 Ɛ3 = 15.97 ∆ fd = 18.18 - 4.8 = 13.38 d 2 18.18 ∆ fw = 9.09 - 9.7 = - 0.61 w 1 9.09

word initial consonant

SOUTHERN-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 19.15, 3.68, 15.97) = -, +, + Table 5. A band of land (mostly) south of the River Murray spanning three States

Wemba-Wemba , 35 started with " l ..." , Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, pp. 213-278) b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

155 147 80 56 54 99 0 6 0 107 8 113

18.78 17.81 9.7 6.79 6.55 12 0 0.73 0 12.97 0.97 13.7

word initial consonant

825 words =N

N*100/825 = F(%)

∆ fb = 18.78 - 16.1 = 2.61 ∆ fg = 17.81 - 17.8 = 0.01 ∆ fm = 9.7 - 22.6 = -12.9 ∆ fŋ = 6.79 - 8.1 = -1.31 ∆ fɲ = 6.55 - 9.7 = - 3.15 ∆ fᶁ = 12 - 4.8 = 7.2 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 0.73 - 4.8 = -4.07 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = - 1.6 ∆ fd = 12.97 - 0 = 12.97 ∆ fd = 0.97 - 4.8 = - 3.83 ∆ fw = 13.7 - 9.7 = 4

Ɛ1 = - 11.59

Ɛ2 = 4.05

Ɛ3 = 7.47

SOUTHERN-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 11.59, 4.05, 7.47) = -, +, + Table 6. A band of land (mostly) south of the River Murray spanning three States Wer-Gaia, 29 started with " l ..." , Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, pp. 278-322) b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

99 126 72 41 25 91 0 2 0 25 0 103

16.95 21.57 12.33 7.02 4.28 15.58 0 0.34 0 4.28 0 17.63

word initial consonant

584 words =N

N*100/584 = F(%)

∆ fb = 16.95 - 16.1 = 0.85 ∆ fg = 21.57 - 17.8 = 3.77 ∆ fm = 12.33 - 22.6 = -10.27 ∆ fŋ = 7.02 - 8.1 = -1.08 ∆ fɲ = 4.28 - 9.7 = - 5.42 ∆ fᶁ = 15.58 - 4.8 = 10.78 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 0.34 - 4.8 = -4.46 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = - 1.6 ∆ fd = 4.28 - 0 = 4.28 ∆ fd = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fw = 17.63 - 9.7 = 7.93 11

Ɛ1 = - 6.73

Ɛ2 = 5.36

Ɛ3 = 1.35

SOUTHERN-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 6.73, 5.36, 1.35) = -, +, + Table 7. A band of land (mostly) south of the River Murray spanning three States

Woi-Wuru,

3 started with " l ..." ,

b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

16 14 7 9 0 11 0 0 1 5 8 8

20.25 17.72 8.86 11.39 0 13.92 0 0 1.27 6.33 10.13 10.13

word initial consonant

79 words =N

N*100/79 = F(%)

Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, pp. 366-372) ∆ fb = 20.25 - 16.1 = 4.15 ∆ fg = 17.72 - 17.8 = - 0.08 ∆ fm = 8.86 - 22.6 = -13.74 ∆ fŋ = 11.39 - 8.1 = 3.29 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 13.92 - 4.8 = 9.12 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 ∆ fn = 1.27 - 1.6 = - 0.33 ∆ fd = 6.33 - 0 = 6.33 ∆ fd = 10.13 - 4.8 = 5.33 ∆ fw = 10.13 - 9.7 = 0.43 (coastal)

Ɛ1 = - 6.38

Ɛ2 = - 0.58

Ɛ3 = 6.96

ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 6.38, - 0.58, 6.96) = -, -, + Table 8. A strip of land facing the Southern Ocean Peek Whuurong (kelp lip),

from sample on page i ,

b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

3 4 3 5 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 3

12.48 16.64 12.48 20.8 0 0 4.16 0 4.16 0 16.64 12.48

word initial consonant

24 words =N

N*100/24 = F(%)

J. DAWSON (1881)

∆ fb = 12.48 - 16.1 = - 3.62 ∆ fg = 16.64 - 17.8 = - 1.16 ∆ fm = 12.48 - 22.6 = - 10.12 ∆ fŋ = 20.8 - 8.1 = 12.7 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fy = 4.16 - 0 = 4.16 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fn = 4.16 - 1.6 = 2.56 ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = 14.29 ∆ fd = 16.64 - 4.8 = 11.84 ∆ fw = 12.84 - 9.7 = 3.14 12

Ɛ1 = - 2.2

Ɛ2 = - 10.34

Ɛ3 = 12.74

(coastal) ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 2.2, - 10.34, 12.74) = -, -, + Table 9. A strip of land facing the Southern Ocean

Kuurn Kopan Noot (small lip), from sample on page i , b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

3 7 1 2 0 2 0 0 1 0 2 3

14.28 33.32 4.76 9.52 0 9.52 0 0 4.76 0 9.52 14.28

word initial consonant

21 words =N

N*100/21 = F(%)

J. DAWSON (1881)

∆ fb = 14.28 - 16.1 = - 1.82 ∆ fg = 33.32 - 17.8 = 15.52 ∆ fm = 4.76 - 22.6 = - 17.84 ∆ fŋ = 9.52 - 8.1 = 1.42 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 9.52 - 4.8 = 4.72 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fn = 4.76 - 1.6 = 3.16 ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fd = 9.52 - 4.8 = 4.72 ∆ fw = 14.28 - 9.7 = 4.58 (coastal)

Ɛ1 = - 2.72

Ɛ2 = - 4.98

Ɛ3 = 7.66

ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 2.72, - 4.98, 7.66) = -, -, + Table 10. A strip of land facing the Southern Ocean Gun-didj ,

Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, pp. 363-365)

b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

3 6 8 4 0 3 0 0 0 5 1 5

8.57 17.14 22.86 11.43 0 8.57 0 0 0 14.29 2.86 14.29

word initial consonant

35 words =N

N*100/35 = F(%)

∆ fb = 8.57 - 16.1 = - 7.53 ∆ fg = 17.14 - 17.8 = - 0.66 ∆ fm = 22.86 - 22.6 = 0.26 ∆ fŋ = 11.43 - 8.1 = 3.33 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 8.57 - 4.8 = 3.77 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = - 1.6 ∆ fd = 14.29 - 0 = 14.29 ∆ fd = 2.86 - 4.8 = - 1.94 ∆ fw = 14.29 - 9.7 = 4.59 13

(coastal)

Ɛ1 = - 4.6

Ɛ2 = - 5.93

Ɛ3 = 10.54

ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 4.6, - 5.93, 10.54) = -, -, + Table 11. A strip of land facing the Southern Ocean

Buandik

A.W. HOWITT, "the Native Tribes of S.E. Australia", p. 123

b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

1 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

11.11 22.22 22.22 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44.44

word initial consonant

9 words =N

N*100/9 = F(%)

∆ fb = 11.11 - 16.1 = - 4.99 ∆ fg = 22.22 - 17.8 = 4.42 ∆ fm = 22.22 - 22.6 = - 0.38 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = - 8.1 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = - 1.6 ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fd = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fw = 44.44 - 9.7 = 34.74 (coastal)

Ɛ1 = - 9.05

Ɛ2 = - 14.5

Ɛ3 = 23.54

ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 9.05, - 14.5, 23.54) = -, -, + Table 12. A strip of land facing the Southern Ocean Two phrases from Bunjandidj

Luise A. HERCUS (vol. 2, p. 365)

b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y n n d d w

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 25 25

word initial consonant

4 words =N

N*100/4 = F(%)

∆ fb = 25 - 16.1 = - 7.53 ∆ fg = 0 - 17.8 = - 0.66 ∆ fm = 0 - 22.6 = 0.26 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = 3.33 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = - 4.8 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = - 1.6 ∆ fd = 25 - 0 = 25 ∆ fd = 25 - 4.8 = 20.2 ∆ fw = 25 - 9.7 = 15.3 14

(coastal)

Ɛ1 = - 39.6

Ɛ2 = - 14.5

Ɛ3 = 54.1

ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(- 39.6, - 14.5, 54.1) = -, -, + Table 13. A strip of land facing the Southern Ocean

Original-B burst on the scene about 45,000 years ago, there after moving south-ward to eventually occupy southern NSW and all of Victoria. Then about 30,000 years ago SouthernB arose in Victoria and spread westward and eastward, limited in its extent mainly by the preexisting Original-B. The south of the state remained coastal Original-B, and the north of the river Murray also remained Original-B ... though there were some sinusoidal oscillations which we ignore. We also note that Tasmania became occupied by Original-B about 23,000 years ago, as for example the artefacts in Cave Bay cave. The native Southern-B arose as a separate new language which eventually took over the central Victorian portion. It stopped in the west at the banks of the lower Murray, and onto the east by 15,000 years ago when it ran into the Walgalu about the Canberra area. The main language boundary of Lake George (ie Ngarigu or Ngunnawal) is the furthest south that their tree markers came to Omeo (R. Etheredge Jr, Dept. of Mines, 1918). These carved glyphs were common on the northern regions, but absent south of this. The furthest east that the Southern-B people travelled was to the Dhurga Highlands, inland above Nowra, where they had long participated in intertribal corroberys (see Thelkeld's song, 5th Jan. 1826). The defining song is essentially no older than 30,000 years, and it says "Party/corroboree ours, We shall dance and sing-sing, O'h my legs and throat" - and this is native Southern-B as in central Victoria.

Word analysis of L.E. Threlkeld's corroboree song, the Sydney Gazette, 5th. January, 1826 b 3 17.647 ∆ fb = 17.647 - 16.1 = 1.55 g 1 5.882 ∆ fg = 5.882 - 17.8 = -11.92 Ɛ1 = -29.3 m 1 5.882 ∆ fm = 5.882 - 22.6 = -16.72 ŋ 1 5.882 ∆ fŋ = 5.882 - 8.1 = -2.22 ɲ 1 5.882 ∆ fɲ = 5.882 - 9.7 = -3.82 ᶁ 1 5.882 ∆ fᶁ = 5.882 - 4.8 = 1.08 Ɛ2 = 9.03 y 2 11.765 ∆ fy = 11.765 - 0 = 11.76 n n d d w

1 0 0 3 3

5.882 0 0 17.647 17.647

word initial consonant

17 words =N

N*100/17 = F(%)

∆ fn = 5.882 - 4.8 = 1.08 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = -1.6 ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fd = 17.647 - 4.8 = 12.85 ∆ fw = 17.647 - 9.7 = 7.95

Ɛ3 = 20.19

SOUTHERN-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-29.3, 9.03, 20.19) =

-, +, +

Table 14. The finding of Southern-B matches Threlkeld's early linguistic work.

→

wuli - burʊ:mʊra:dʊ(la:n) - ɲi(nuŋ) -'s

noisy large thing = party or corroboree

"yulo:burrah:mirre:te::ne"

our (plur. incl.)

= party our's

dar(a:wur)ʊl(a) - wurʊ(la) - ŋu(r) - i:bʊ(lu) - ya(ŋa): ya(ŋa) legs (plural) = dance

lots of

= shall

= (and) sing-sing

Word analysis of L.E. Threlkeld's funeral song, the Sydney Gazette, 27th. September, 1826 "tur:ah:warrah-ne-a(h):bah-ya:ya" b 8 29.63 ∆ fb = 29.63 - 16.1 = 13.53 dance & sing, g 3 11.11 ∆ fg = 11.11 =- we 17.8shall = -6.69 Ɛ1 = sing -9.05 m 0 0 ∆ fm = 0 - 22.6 = -22.6 ŋ 4 14.81 ∆ fŋ = 14.81 - 8.1 = 6.71 1 3.7 = -6 ᶁun -ɲ dara:(bula)l(a:n) - gʊra ∆ fɲ = 3.7 - 9.7"tan-doro(h):l:-kore" ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ2 = -10.8 my = legs (two) (and) throat = (O'h) my legs (and) throat y 0 0 ∆ fy = 0 - 0 = 0

→

n n d d w

2 5 0 1 3

7.4 18.52 0 3.7 11.11

word initial consonant

27 words =N

N*100/27 = F(%)

∆ fn = 7.4 - 4.8 = ∆ fn = 18.52 - 1.6 = ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = ∆ fd = 3.7 - 4.8 = ∆ fw = 11.11 - 9.7 = 16

2.6 16.92 0 -1.1 1.41

Ɛ3 = 19.83

(coastal) ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-9.05, -10.8, 19.83) =

-, -, +

Table 15. The finding of (coastal) Original-B matches Threlkeld's work in later life.

There is also a song in coastal Original-B as recorded later by Threlkeld. It corresponds to anything up to 45,000 years old, and unites the Victorian and New South Wales coastlines. It represents not only the age of songs, but also the spirituality. It says "Ghost/Spirit, Ghost/Spirit; Vigorously skyward; Up Up Up; Overcoming death".

Linguistic Salvage - a note of caution The third main language of Victoria was Lake George (- + -), ie Ngarigu or Ngunawal, and it existed down to Omeo where the last marked tree was located (Etheredge, 1918). It was also where the "Sun Song" came from (Appendix 3). At all points south beyond this (over the last 15,000 years), it was surrounded by Southern-B or Original-B. Each year the main event at Monaro, Southern Tablelands and even the Coast, was the annual trek to the mountains to feast upon Bogong Moths. This was mainly peaceful and cooperative. Great corrobery's were held and even initiation ceremonies. Each night the Lake George group sat down and shared their songs, their traditional stories, and even their grammar with the visitors. Thus it would not be out of character for say a Coastal youth to know a Highlands song. This is what we think happened in the special case of patyegarang (Appendix 2, Table 16).

creature

bʊ(ru) - ŋ - gulʊ

;

still rigormortose = ghost, spirit

bʊ(ru) - ŋ - gulʊ

;

still rigormortose = ghost, spirit

w(ur)ʊla:ŋuru - nʊ(ra:wara:n) lots of oscillations = vigorous(ly)

bʊ(lu:i):n(ʊra) up yonder = ascending

yonder-distant-thing = sky(ward)

- bʊ(lu:i):n(ʊra) - bʊ(lu:i):n(ʊra) up yonder = ascending

up yonder = ascending

wu(rʊla):ŋu(ru):n:(bulala) - ɲun ; lots of arms (two) = flight

your's

bʊ(lu):n(ʊra):d(ar):i - ga(rʊ):bulʊ = arising

→

= from death

"boa:ng:kaleah; boa:ng:kaleah; weahlah:ngaahru - n:: bu::n - bu::n - bu::n wo:nnu:n: - ngan, bahu:n:t:e - ka:ploah" = (Spirit; vigorously (proceed with) your Skyward Ascent; Overcoming Death) .

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the staff of the Mitchell Library Sydney, and the staff of the State Library of Victoria, who were very helpful during this research. We would like to thank Michael Organ, of University of Wollongong, for helpful suggestions and advice on historic drawings. We would like to thank Ann Fieldhouse for the various computer searches of the historical materials in this text: (ann@fieldhouse.com.au), and also Daniela Reverberi for assistance with the software and formatting.

References BLAIR, D. (1879), "the History of Australasia ...", McGready, Thompson, Niven: page 690. ALLEN, H. (2010). "Australia, W. Blandowski's illustrated Encyclopaedia of Aboriginal Australia.", Aborig. Studies press.

BLANDOWSKI, W. (1862), "Australien in 142 Photographischen Abbildungen", Gleiwitz. BYRNE, D. (1984), "the Mountains call me back", Booth Printing, 114 Victoria Road, Marrickville NSW 2204. CATO, N. (1976), "Mr. Maloga, Daniel Mathews and his mission, Murray River, 1864-1902", University of Queensland Press. CLARK, I.D. (1990), "the western and central Victorian Aboriginal Languages, 1800-1900", Monash Publications in Geography, number 37, page 20. DAWES, W. (1790), "grammatical forms of the Language of NSW, in the neighbourhood of Sydney", notebook in the Marsden Collection, school of African and Oriental Studies, London. DAWES, W. (1790), "vocabulary of the Language of NSW, in the neighbourhood of Sydney", notebook in the Marsden Collection, school of African and Oriental Studies, London. DAWES, Lt. W. and TENCH, Capt. W. (1924), the Royal Australian Historical Society, vol. 10: 1-24. DAWSON, J. (1881 & 1981), "Australian Aborigines, the languages and customs of several tribes ... in the western district of Victoria ...", George Robertson, Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide. Second edition printed by Griffin Press Limited, Netley, South Australia. ETHEREDGE, R. Jr. (1918), "the Dendroglyphs, or carved trees of NSW", Dept. of Mines, Memoirs of the Geological Survey of NSW, Ethnological Series No. 3. EDWARDS, R. (1972), "Aboriginal bark canoes of the Murray Valley", published for the South Australian Museum by Rigby, Adelaide. GARDINER, P.D. (1996), "the language of the Kurnai Tribes of Gippsland", Corporate Printers, 49 Tope St., South Melbourne 3205. GILLESPIE, L.L. (1984), "the Aborigines of the Canberra Region", 1st book of the Canberra Local History Series. HERCUS, L.A. (1968), "the Languages of Victoria; a late survey, part 1", AIAS Australian Aboriginal Studies, No. 17. HERCUS, L.A. (1968), "the Languages of Victoria; a late survey, part 2", AIAS Australian Aboriginal Studies, No. 17. HERCUS, L.A. (1984), "the Marawara language of Yelta: interpreting linguistic records of the past", AIAS Institution Canberra ACT, 2601. HOWITT, A.W. (1904, 1996), "the native tribes of South-East Australia", Macmillan and Co., London. ILLERT, C. R. (2001), "The centenary of Mary Everitt's Gundungara grammar", Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 134: 19-44. ILLERT, C. R. (2003a), "Lexigenesis in ancestral south-east-Australian Aboriginal language", Journal of Applied Statistics 30(2): 113-143. ILLERT, C. R. (2003b), "Early ancestors of Illawarra's Wadi-Wadi people ...", Northern Illawarra Aboriginal Collective Inc., Wollongong, 50 pages. ILLERT, C. R. (2003c), "Three sisters dreaming - or did Katoomba get its legend from Kangaroo Valley?", special supplement to the Shoalhaven Chronograph 23(9), 30 pages. ILLERT, C. R. and ALLISON, A. (2004), "Phonogenesis and the Origin of Accusative Syntax in Proto-Australian Language", Journal of Applied Statistics 31(1): 73-104. ILLERT, C. R. (2005), "Origins of Linguistic Zonation in the Australian Alps. Part 1 - Huygens' Principle", Journal of Applied Statistics 32(6): 625-659. ILLERT, C. R. (2006), "Origins of Linguistic Zonation in the Australian Alps. Part 2 - Snell's Law", Journal of Applied Statistics 33(9): 989-1030. ILLERT, C. R. (2013), "A mathematical approach to recovering the original Australian Aboriginal language", Ph.D. thesis, University of Western Sydney. ILLERT, C. R. and MURPHY, J. (2018), "the Tharumba Language of Southern NSW, who was right P.G. King or C. Darwin?", PO Box 595, Moss Vale , NSW 2577. ORGAN, M. (1990), "Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines, 1770-1850", Aboriginal Education Unit, Wollongong University. PECK, C.W. (1925), "Australian Legends, tales handed down from the remotest times", Lothian Publishing Co., Melbourne. SCHOFIELD, C. (1990), "Bombala, hub of Southern Monaro", Bombala Shire Council, Caveat Street, Bombala. THREKELD, Rev. L.E. (5th Jan., 1826), Sydney Gazette, page 4. See also Illert & Murphy pp. 12-13. VANDERWAL, R. (1994), "Victorian Aborigines: John Bulmer's recollections 1855-1908", Melbourne Australia.

Appendix 1 The following are examples of sentences and songs, from different languages, as in the map below. The two sentences in Appendix 2 are derived from Lake George itself. Further to the south-west we encounter Appendix 3 and Appendix 4, which give an account of "Setting Sun Song" and "Moon Song", still in the Lake George language though some words are different. Finally we encounter Appendix 5 and Appendix 6 which are both in Original-B.

2) sentences from patyegarang, "examples 4 & 5", pp. 24 & 25, Lake George. 3) example of Rev. J. Bulmer, "the yelta People's Setting Sun Song", p. 28, Lake George. 4) example of Rev. J. Bulmer, "the yelta People's Moon Song", p. 30, Lake George. 5) example of Umbara, "Oceanic Song", p. 33, South-East coastal ORIGINAL-B. 6) example of Barak, "Corroboree Song", p. 37, Melbourne coastal ORIGINAL-B.

a selection of traditional language 20

Appendix 2

Translated sentence by patyegarang, W. DAWES (1790) b 3 16.66 ∆ fb = 16.66 - 16.1 = 0.56 g 2 11.1 ∆ fg = 11.1 - 17.8 = -6.7 Ɛ1 = -9.08 m 3 16.66 ∆ fm = 16.66 - 22.6 = -5.94 ŋ 2 11.1 ∆ fŋ = 11.1 - 8.1 = 3 ɲ 3 16.66 ∆ fɲ = 16.66 - 9.7 = 6.96 ᶁ 0 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ2 = 18.82 y 3 16.66 ∆ fy = 16.66 - 0 = 16.66 n n d d w

0 0 0 0 2

0 0 0 0 11.1

word initial consonant

18 words =N

N*100/18 = F(%)

∆ fn = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = -1.6 ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = 0 ∆ fd = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 ∆ fw = 11.1 - 9.7 = 1.4

Ɛ3 = -9.8

Ngunawal or Ngarigu, Lake George

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-9.08, 18.82, -9.8) =

-, +, -

Table 16. Though this sentence is from the Highlands it was taught by a presumably coastal child, which says something.

Appendix 3

Aboriginal Community outside the Church at Lake Tyers (1910), with the Reverend John Bulmer in white. Photographer Howard Decimus Bulmer (1883 - 1950). State Library of Victoria, accession no: H18849.

John Bulmer (1833-1913) despite a Methodist background, and a second wife named Caroline Blay, was accepted by the Church of England to work with Rev. F. Hagenauer for the Victorian Board for the Protection of Aborigines. They started in 1862, and by 1878 the Lake Tyres Aboriginal Mission opened as a church "erected by the blacks under the able superintendence of Mr.Bulmer" on 2000 acres of land. In addition to preaching and interpreting their languages, Mr. Bulmer felt for Aborigines and took it upon himself to oppose the racist attitudes proposed by the Victorian Board for Protection of Aborigines. Of particular concern was the Aboriginals Protection Act (1886). His success in this is measured by the early 1900's when additional Aboriginal residents from Ramahyuck, Lake Condah and Coranderrk, were moved off their own lands to join others at Lake Tyres Aboriginal Mission.

The Yelta people's Setting Sun song, b 4 17.4 g 6 26.1 m 1 4.35 ŋ 0 0 ɲ 2 8.7 ᶁ 0 0 y 6 26.1 n n d d w

0 0 0 2 2

0 0 0 8.7 8.7

word initial consonant

23 words =N

N*100/23 = F(%)

Rev. J. BULMER (1876) ∆ fb = 17.4 - 16.1 = 1.3 ∆ fg = 26.1 - 17.8 = 8.3 Ɛ1 = -16.75 ∆ fm = 4.35 - 22.6 = -18.25 ∆ fŋ = 0 - 8.1 = -8.1 ∆ fɲ = 8.7 - 9.7 = -1 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ2 = 20.3 ∆ fy = 26.1 - 0 = 26.1 ∆ fn = ∆ fn = ∆ fd = ∆ fd = ∆ fw =

0 - 4.8 0 - 1.6 0-0 8.7 - 4.8 8.7 - 9.7

= = = = =

-4.8 -1.6 0 3.9 -1

Ɛ3 = -3.8

Ngunawal or Ngarigu, Lake George

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-16.75, 20.3, -3.8) = Table 17. This song is from the Highlands

-, +, -

Despite his becoming an ordained Anglican priest in 1904, the Victorian Board for the Protection of Aborigines removed him as manager of Lake Tyers Station, but did not attempt to relieve him from "religious duties" ... they waited until his death in 1913. The eviction of 80 year old Caroline and her daughter was far easier then, despite a petition objecting to the proposal. By 1962 the State Government announced its plans to sell off Lake Tyres. But the Law had caught up with them. The Mission, and 4,000 acres of land, were returned to the local indigenous community under the Aboriginal Lands Act (1970). During Bulmer's life he recorded the Yelta People's setting sun song in Lake George language (- + -), ie Ngarigu or Ngunawal, which numerous scholars have made an effort to translate. This is important for it gives the way to join together words, up to 15,000 years old, with some classic sound shifts.

Appendix 4

The Yelta people's Moon Song, The Yelta b people's 8Moon song,42.08 g 2 10.52 b 8 34.78 m 1 5.26 g 2 8.7 ŋ 0 0 m 1 4.35 ɲ 4 21.04 ŋ 0 0 ᶁ 0 0 ɲ 4 17.39 ᶁy 0 0 4 17.39 ny 2 10.52 0 0 n 2 8.7 d n 0 0 2 10.52 d 0 0 w 0 0 d 2 8.7 0 0 wordwinitial 19 words N*100/19 word initial consonant consonant

23 =words N =N

Rev. J. BULMER (1876) J. BULMER (1876) ∆ fb = 42.08 - 16.1 Rev. = 25.98 10.52 --17.8 ∆ fbg = 34.78 16.1== -7.28 18.68 Ɛ1 = -6.74 = 5.26 22.6== -9.1 -17.34 Ɛ1 = -16.77 ∆ fgm = 8.7 - -17.8 0 - -8.1 ∆ fmŋ = 4.35 22.6==-8.1 -18.25 9.7 = 11.34 ∆ fŋɲ == 21.04 0 - -8.1 -8.1 ∆ fɲᶁ = 17.39 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 - 9.7 = 7.69 Ɛ2 = 6.54 ∆ fᶁy = 16.66 0 - 4.8- 0 = = 16.66 -4.8 Ɛ2 = 20.28 ∆ fyn = 17.39 0 == 17.39 10.52 -- 4.8 5.72 0 -- 1.6 -1.6 ∆ fn = 8.7 4.8 == 3.9 ∆ fdn = 0 0- -1.60 == -1.60 Ɛ3 = 0.14 ∆ fd = 10.52 0 - 0 - 4.8 = = 05.72 Ɛ3 = -3.5 = 8.7 0 - 4.8 9.7 == 3.9-9.7 ∆ fwd = ∆ fw = 0 - 9.7 = - 9.7

N*100/23 = F(%) = F(%)

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-6.74,

SOUTHERN-B Ngunawal or Ngarigu, 6.54, 0.14) = George -, +, + Lake

Tablesgn(Ɛ 18. ThisƐ song is from the Highlands, but it was recorded sufficiently 1, 2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-16.77, 20.28, -3.5) = -, +, far away that it was from over the language boundary in the Southern-B zone. Table 18. This song is also from the Highlands with almost the same signature.

In this we have a counterpart called the "Moon Song". It is clearly of the same signature as the previous "Sun Song", and covers similar themes, and may have been composed by someone who lived a bit more toward the east (Ngunawal) because of the ancient tell tale that is used in the expression Moon.

The "Sun Song" itself uses b goes to d or t, and this is a more recent language adaption in the western Southern-B over the last 15,000 years. Yet despite differences in sound the "Sun Song" and the "Moon Song" are composed from the same language Lake George shared for countless ages.

(- + -), ie Ngarigu or Ngunawal, and they would have been

Appendix 5

Umbara's Song, b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y

7 4 2 3 1 0 4

A.W. HOWITT, "the Native Tribes of S.E. Australia", p. 423 18.92 ∆ fb = 18.92 - 16.1 = 2.82 10.81 ∆ fg = 10.81 - 17.8 = -6.99 Ɛ1 = -21.35 5.41 ∆ fm = 5.41 - 22.6 = -17.19 8.11 ∆ fŋ = 8.11 - 8.1 = 0.01 2.7 ∆ fɲ = 2.7 - 9.7 = -7 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ2 = -0.99 10.81 ∆ fy = 10.81 - 0 = 10.81

n n d d w

5 2 0 4 5

13.51 5.41 0 10.81 13.51

word initial consonant

37 words =N

N*100/37 = F(%)

∆ fn = ∆ fn = ∆ fd = ∆ fd = ∆ fw =

13.51 - 4.8 = 5.41 - 1.6 = 0 - 0 = 10.81 - 4.8 = 13.51 - 9.7 =

8.71 3.81 0 6.01 3.81

Ɛ3 = 22.34

(coastal) ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-21.35, -0.99, 22.34) =

-, -, +

Table 19. This is a eastern south-coast song of the fishermen.

Appendix 6

(William) Barak shown here documenting a Corroboree. He organised these events until death in 1903 ... the year before Howitt's book appeared. Talma & Co. photograph 1898, State Library of Victoria.

his

Barak's Song, b g m ŋ ɲ ᶁ y

2 4 0 3 0 0 2

A.W. HOWITT, "the Native Tribes of S.E. Australia", p. 421 11.11 ∆ fb = 11.11 - 16.1 = -4.99 22.22 ∆ fg = 22.22 - 17.8 = 4.42 Ɛ1 = -14.61 0 ∆ fm = 0 - 22.6 = -22.6 16.66 ∆ fŋ = 16.66 - 8.1 = 8.56 0 ∆ fɲ = 0 - 9.7 = -9.7 0 ∆ fᶁ = 0 - 4.8 = -4.8 Ɛ2 = -3.39 11.11 ∆ fy = 11.11 - 0 = 11.11

n n d d w

2 0 0 2 3

11.11 0 0 11.11 16.66

word initial consonant

18 words =N

N*100/18 = F(%)

∆ fn = 11.11 - 4.8 = ∆ fn = 0 - 1.6 = ∆ fd = 0 - 0 = ∆ fd = 11.11 - 4.8 = ∆ fw = 16.66 - 9.7 =

6.31 -1.6 0 6.31 6.96

Ɛ3 = 17.98

(coastal) ORIGINAL-B

sgn(Ɛ1, Ɛ2, Ɛ3) = sgn(-14.61, -3.39, 17.98) =

-, -, +

Table 20. This is a central south-coast song from Melbourne.

Four men gouging the bark off from one side of a tree. The bark is then heated by a fire and eventually tied up at the ends. The result is a canoe capable of taking the whole family fishing, as shown in the background. G. Mutzel signs off in Southern-B.

ÂŠ

Chris Illert and John Murphy, 2019. Permission is given to use fair quantities

of this material so long as proper citation protocols are applied as is the custom.