un s t r i p stephanie cooper | 2012-2013 | stannard studio
redesigning
the
suburban
strip
mall
I would like to thank my professors, roommates, friends, classmates, studiomates, and most importantly my family, for helping me grow into the student and person I am today.
C opy ri g h t © 2 0 1 3 b y S t e p h an ie N. Co o p e r A l l r i g h t s re s e r v e d . N o part of t his publ icat ion may be re p ro d u c e d , d i s t r i b u t e d , or transmit ted in any form or b y a n y m e a n s , i n c l u d i n g photocopying, record ing, or o t h e r e l e c t ro n i c o r m e c hanical met hods, wit hout t he prior w ri t ten p e r m i s s i o n o f t h e p u b l ish e r, e x c e p t in t h e c ase o f b r i e f q u o t a t i o n s e m b o d i ed in crit ical reviews and certain o t h e r n o n c o m m e rc i a l u s es permit ted by copyright law. For permis s io n re q u e s t s , wr it e t o t h e p u b l ish e r, ad d re sse d “ A t t e n t i o n : P e r m i s s i o n s Coord inator,” at t he address bel ow. L ul u E nt e r p r i s e s I n c 3 1 0 1 Hil ls b o ro u g h S t R al ei gh , N C 2 7 6 0 7 - 5 4 3 6 l ul u. c om I B SN : 97 8 - 1 - 3 0 4 - 1 3 5 5 7 - 5 Fi rs t E d i t i o n P ri nted i n t h e U n i t e d S t at e s o f A me r ic a
un s t r i p redesigning
the
suburban
strip
mall
stephanie cooper cal poly san luis obispo architecture 5th year thesis 2012-2013 stannard studio
1 2
chal lenge
3
environment
problem
9
progress
25
approach
29
program
33
context location
37
site images
40
history
44
demographics
46
site context
51
transportation
61
site sensory
63
zoning
65
building codes
67
4
climate data
72
design strategies
74
air & water
79
flora & fauna
80
carbon calculation
82
explorat ion precedent studies
86
tab le of conte nts
5
process
6 7
design
vellum
107
design principles
110
first iterations
112
march review
126
form revision
135
development
137
final design
142
model images
161
energy modeling
170
conclusion energy analysis
174
final show
180
bibliography
184
image credits
186
1
challenge
6
Slums m a y w e ll b e breeding g roun d s o f c ri me, b ut mi d d l e c l a s s suburb s a re i n c u b a t o r s o f apathy an d d el i r i u m . - C yri l C onnol l y
1
7
16% 34% 50%
rural urban
suburban
8
pro ble m
1
Imagine the typical suburban dream:
lives in suburban areas. With a U.S.
single family home on a cul-de-sac,
population of about 282 million people
with a large irrigated lawn, occupied by
in 2000, this means over 141 million
a nuclear family with 1.86 children (the
Americans reside in the suburbs.2 As the
American average)1, and a husband
population grows, so does its demand
that takes one of the two family cars to
for more and more land area to feed
work every morning. Since the 1950s,
the American addiction to suburban
this suburban lifestyle has taken the
sprawl. According to the USDA forest
United States by storm, and drastically
service, an average of 6,000 acres of
influenced the lives of most Americans
open space is lost everyday, often to
both directly and indirectly. However,
development.3 This means in the next
the idealistic image that once sparkled
nine days, the amount of destroyed
in the eyes of post-war citizens is
open space and new construction in
unrealistic
Americans.
the U.S. will occupy an area about the
Suburban districts, and the commercial
size of Seattle. Horizontal development
centers that support them, must be
on this scale is not sustainable, and is
redesigned into a more sustainable
damaging to our earth. In fact, if every
and socially friendly entity in order
person on the planet were to live like
to properly address the problems
the average American, we would need
and context of the modern world.
6.5 to 7 earths in order to provide
for
today’s
the resources, waste management, As of 2000, over half of the United States
and energy to support the world’s 9
population.4 Suburban districts require
them is not always the best option.
larger amounts of energy in order
Instead, in order to accommodate
to support their diluted structure.
the growing population, it makes
A study by the Energy Information
more sense to instead intensify what
Administration found that while the
has already been developed and
average
consumed
create spaces that are adapted to
85.3 million btu per year, the average
the problems of the modern world.
suburban household consumed 108.6
This includes greater housing density,
million btu, the highest of any district
mixed-use projects, and
type.5 This can be explained by several
alternative methods of transportation.
city
household
usage of
aspects of suburban life. For example, 100
However, this proposition should not
hours commuting to work each year,
be adapted only to residences. No
resulting in huge amounts of energy
suburban district can survive without
expended through gasoline.6 Also,
adequate retail support. Residents in
detached suburban homes often have
these sprawling areas need the food,
greater square footages per person,
house wares, and other materials in
making them harder to heat and cool.
order to sustain their lifestyle, and
Americans
spend
more
than
can no longer get them from the
10
Yet suburban districts cannot simply
dense urban centers which become
reverse the development that has taken
farther and farther away. Out of this
place. The acres of paved parking lots,
necessity, the strip mall and the big
miles of roads, and thousands of homes
box store were born. Traditionally,
and strip malls have already left their
commercial suburban landscapes are
mark on the soil, and while reclaiming
dominated by these iconic figures, and
1
11
user
user
building 12
u ser
b ui l d i n g
c on t e x t / env i ron ment
1 it is estimated that 65,840 strip malls
or
megastores.
exist in the United States today.7 Why
attempt to sell everything and anything
are these two commercial models so
that an individual could need all in
popular? For the strip mall, “all the
one establishment, making them the
shops face a parking lot and there is no
ultimate “one-stop-shop.” However,
common space inside the building, thus
there are several drawbacks to the
increasing rentable space and allowing
perceived efficiency provided by strip
customers to move directly from their
malls and big box stores. The traditional
cars to the store of their choice, which
design of suburban commercial spaces
fits the habits of people with little time
fails at three types of relationships
and a particular product in mind.”8 To
found in architecture; the relationship
a developer or property owner, this
between
model appears to be ideal because
between users and the building itself,
maximizing rentable space increases
and the relationship between the
the potential profit made from the land
building and the context into which it
they own. To the consumer, this also
is built. Consideration for these three
appears to be an ideal model since it
interactions is usually thrown aside
allows for the least amount of shopping
due to economic stresses, or simply
time in order to purchase the goods
following routine design practices.
users,
These
the
structures
relationship
they desire from the store that they are familiar with. This is also seen in big
1. The Relationship Between Users
box stores, also known as supercenters
Strip malls, and suburban districts 13
in general, place little concern over
a shopkeeper on the first floor of a
the interactions between users of
building and the tenants above. Those
buildings.
is
occupying a certain residential area
placed solely on convenience to the
do not have the same proximity to
user. Suburban areas were developed
amenities that other populations may
first for sprawled housing, bringing
be using. Without these interactions,
with
completely
it is much harder for individuals
dependent on the automobile to
living in a suburban context to meet
transport them to work and school.
others and cross-pollinate thoughts
Retail areas were then developed
and ideas. Simple social interactions
for these suburban districts with this
like these may be pre-meditated in
dependence as a driving design factor.
suburban areas today, but do not
Instead,
them
a
residents
premium
occur naturally due to the architecture On the surface, this is an excellent
that has been built within them.
design decision. Original design of
14
the suburban commercial center was
These small lost social interactions have
based on the technology and context
even placed larger social gatherings at
present back when they were first
risk. According to a study done on Wal-
developed. However, this traditional
Mart, one of the most controversial
design approach has had significant
supercenters,
social consequences. By relying so
gained a Wal-Mart had fewer non-profit
heavily on the automobile, the simple
groups and social capital-generating
interaction of passing people on the
associations (such as churches, political
street has been eliminated. There
organizations, and business groups)
are no longer interactions between
per capita than those that did not.�
“communities
that
1
15
pa rki ng l o t t yp ol og i es
Diagrams courtesy of: ReThinking a Lot: The Design and Culture of Parking, by Eran Ben-Joseph
16
1 These communities also experienced
on entry, egress, size, and number of
low voter turnouts and general apathy
spaces. Also, the number of spaces
for social functions.9 Loss of small
required
daily interactions can lead to greater
reflecting only the peak usages of
consequences, ones that take years
these areas instead of the average
to surface, and are difficult to remedy.
daily usage, leading to more and
is
constantly
growing,
more paving and loss of usable area.10 2. The Relationship Between Users
Furthermore, current surface lot design
and the Building
rarely focuses on the relationship
One of the most prominent aspects of
between the building it is servicing
a suburban commercial space is the
and the lot itself. Most surface lots are
parking lot. It is seen as a necessary
simply dropped in front of strip malls
addition to the site in order to
and big box stores.11 While this allows
accommodate the mentioned suburban
them to be easily accessed by the
dependence on the automobile. Even
passing motorist, they can obscure and
with
overpower the architecture behind.
an
ever-growing
population,
drastic changes in cities and building design, and advances in technology,
Consideration
the basics of typical parking lot design
transitions
have not changed since the 1950s.10
transportation, whether it is automotive,
Design and consideration is rarely
pedestrian, or public, is jeopardized.
encouraged. If it is, focuses solely
The majority of users approach by car:
for
from
how their
the method
user of
17
driving along the road towards the site,
deserts of Arizona to the mountains
parking in the large blacktop area in
of Washington, use the same basic
front, exiting their vehicles, and finally
storefront design, with a common
approaching the building on foot. It is
material such as stucco lining the
the final approach that leaves something
exterior. The difference between strip
to be desired. Once out of their
mall
vehicle, users approach the building
their contrasting locations around the
by walking over a sprawling, alienating,
country, and the world. This general
unsustainable, and unsightly parking lot
model is efficient for the designers
black top. This approach does not give
and the corporations that oversee
the structure a significant impression,
the development structures, because
and the user does not receive a
using the same planning from site to
substantial architectural experience.
site eliminates the cost of new design.
structures is minimal, despite
This falls significantly short of what suburban commercial areas could be.
a. Environment Unfortunately,
efficiency
stops
at cost. These suburban centers are
3. The Relationship Between the
18
the
Building and its Context
not designed in symbiosis with their
Strip malls and supercenters show very
environmental context, causing them to
little change in design throughout
consume and waste massive amounts
the
of
of energy, water, and other resources.
climate, surroundings, culture, and
Because they are designed without the
community needs, the basic layout
environment in mind, the majority of
stays exactly the same. For example,
these suburban commercial structures
strip malls everywhere, from the driest
rely
United
States.
Regardless
on
brute-force
environmental
1
19
20
1 control of the building’s interior. This
solar
shading,
means using unsustainable, inefficient
of
HVAC systems that attempt to control
cost savings could grow even more.
photovoltaics,
and the
incorporation energy
and
the interior environment with little help from the architecture around them.
b. Community
In fact, over 60% of the commercial
As mentioned previously, supercenters
floor space in the United States is
and strip malls unintentionally create
serviced by inefficient, packaged air-
negative social impacts. Much of this
conditioners and heat pumps.12 Even by
could be avoided if more consideration
adding a simple retrofit to the existing
was given to the needs of the community
system which allows more flexible
surrounding the developing suburban
control, these commercial buildings
area, and the site of the development
can reduce their energy usage up to
itself. Existing and projected pedestrian
35%.12 This is without any architectural
paths, demographics of the surrounding
modifications.
suburban
neighborhoods, and lacking nearby
sites were designed with sustainable
amenities are all examples of community
architectural practices in mind such
context that most existing suburban
as
commercial structures do not address.
daylighting,
If
these
natural
ventilation,
21
“Increased land area, coupled with population declines of many central cities, resulted in an overall decline in metropolitan density between 1950 and 2000.� - U.S. Census Bureau
22
1
23
24
progre ss
1
Fortunately, the attraction to suburbs
use and higher density buildings in
seems to be on the decline. For
suburban cities was conducted by
the first time since the early 1900s,
the South Bay Cities Council, a group
America’s largest cities are growing
of cities in the southwestern part of
at a faster rate than their suburban
Los Angeles County. The study came
counterparts. Today’s young adults
to several conclusions about how to
are delaying marriage, childbearing,
implement urban principles in suburban
homeownership, and other activities
areas.
that draw individuals to the suburban
transportation use can be improved by
lifestyle. This growing demographic
concentrating many activities instead
prefers
of just creating additional housing
the
freedom
of
renting,
For
example,
alternative
proximity to job opportunities, and
density.
Revamping existing high-
public transit found in urban centers.13
traffic corridors into boulevard-type streets increases pedestrian traffic and
The transition of public interest from
can alleviate harsh traffic conditions.14
suburban to urban lifestyle has not
The study also provided strategies for
gone unnoticed. There are suburban
increasing suburban density, such as
municipalities that have realized that
focusing on the mix of businesses and
the status quo of design and planning
services and finding and strengthening
of their districts must change, and have
the center aspect of these districts.
begun to take action. In 2007, a study focusing on the adaptation of mixed-
For the parking lots that service 25
26
these buildings, new and updated
leave this land available for other
technologies are being developed
uses, such as gardens and parks.15
to change the way Americans think
Alternatively, some cities have decided
about parking and transportation. One
to tackle the dependence on the car
of these technologies is automated
altogether, and offer areas where bikes
parking systems. These systems use
can be rented on an hourly basis and
hydraulic lifts and sliding platforms
deposited at several locations within
to store cars in a vertical orientation,
the city. These developments could
instead of horizontal. These lifts can
put a much different facade on the
accommodate anywhere from only
commercial strips of American suburbs
a few cars, or cover entire floors of a
today, and help remedy the constant
building with parking. By eliminating
need of American cities to spread
the need for ramps, internal roads,
horizontally by offering alternatives,
and other means of egress found in
both in building and method. Any
parking lots and structures, automated
these ideas could be a launching point
parking systems significantly reduce
for suburban cities nationwide. But
the amount of land area used and
there is still much more to be done.
1
27
a c t iv at i ng sp ace s w i t h lay e rs o f u se o ld m o de l
5 min
n e w m o de l 5 min
30 m in
2 hour
8 hour
24 hour 28
appro ach
1
The icons of suburbia, the strip mall
many different users, ranging from the
and supercenter, must be re-defined
10-minute user who quickly purchases
in a more modern, communal, and
an item from the retail space, all the way
sustainable context. To accomplish
to residents, who occupy the space for
this, the three relationships in which
several hours per day and call it their
existing suburban commercial centers
home. These “layers of use” prevent the
fail
between
building from becoming socially stale
users of a building, between users
by constantly encouraging discovery
and
of new uses within the same structure.
(the the
relationships building,
and
between
the building and its context) must all
be
from
addressed
an
and
architectural
remedied
To support the “layers of use,” new
standpoint.
suburban developments must also re-examine how the transition from
Social
interactions
users
transportation to building is associated
can be reformed through activating
with commercial spaces. With such a
the space with people. A building
diverse group of users, it is beneficial
with
programs
to provide a range of parking solutions
encourages visitors of many different
for different types of users in order to
types, at many times of day. Possible
eliminate some required space. This
programs include: retail, office space,
can also positively affect the transition
community functions, green space, and
between
residences. This type of building has
building, by offering alternatives to a
several
between
mixed-use
transportation
and
the
29
sea of asphalt just dropped in front of a
can also encourage public interaction,
supercenter. Playing with new parking
incorporation
typologies can also make it possible
practices in the designs they desire,
to avoid the massive surface parking
and a healthier and more active
lot. In fact, anything on this large of a
lifestyle. Choosing a location near
scale should be re-examined. Spaces
major
designed at a human scale, both
is also crucial, in order to facilitate
horizontally and vertically, are more
alternative modes of transportation,
comfortable for the user. This comfort
and decrease the suburban reliance
may even foster more social interaction.
on the automobile. Proximity to public
public
of
more
sustainable
transportation
lines
transportation alone helps place the Adaptation to the site surroundings,
development within the context of
both
cultural,
the community by placing it into the
is of utmost importance for this
framework of existing infrastructure.
environmental
and
project. This includes adopting known responding
The ultimate goal of this project is to
to existing traffic and use patterns,
be an example of densification and
and determining what is needed from
re-imagination of the cornerstone of
the
Also,
suburban retail by addressing today’s
showcasing the importance of green
problems of stainability, sprawl, and
spaces in commercial developments
dependence
sustainable
30
principles,
surrounding
community.
on
the
automobile.
1
31
public retail
community
2 space types ~7,500 sf total
2 community spaces
storefront / display
stockroom and/or kitchen
breakroom
2,800 sqf teen center & lounge
lockers & equip. rental
quiet rooms & recreation rooms
1,500 sqf performing/ gathering space
plaza/park
green space
outdoor ampitheater
residential 32
private
sports area
2 green space typeologies rentable pea path
office suites
backstage storage
6 office suites ~14,200 sf total
reception
24 residential units 11 studio units studio, 1 bed, 2 bed
rooftop garden
open office floorplan
breakroom & conference
7 onebedroom units
6 twobedroom units
restrooms
parking
connection to green space
restrooms
pro gram
1 space / 200sqf ~38 spaces
parking
1 space / 35 sqf ~122 spaces
per gardena municipal code: ~255 spaces
storage & tech
restrooms
parking
housing office
laundry
gym / lounge
1
parking
1 space / 300 sqf ~47 spaces
parking
2 spaces/unit 48 spaces 33
2
context
35
los angeles c o u n ty, c a
g a rd e n a , c a
36
locat io n
2
site
The site is located in Gardena, which is
ideal for the introduction of a mixed-
part of Los Angeles county in California.
use structure into the community. Also,
After searching through several lots
while Gardena has plans to incorporate
within the county, this one was chosen
denser, mixed use site in the future, this
due to its proximity to many different
flat neighboorhood is in dire need of an
types of building zones, making it
example of suburban vertical density. 37
2 3 1 4 we st ro secra ns a v e n u e g ard ena , ca
38
2
N
0 ft
50
100
view of neighboring strip mal l
view of grassy area in sout hwest sect ion
40
site image s
2
sit e view of car lot for lease on site
view from t he center of t he site
41
42
2
view from intersect ion view over looking site from across street
site site area
43
Tongva Indians (also known as Gabriello
16,000 acres of this land was then
Indians) first settled in the area now
bought by Union Army Major General
known as Gardena. In 1784, a Spanish
William Starke Rosecrans in 1869,
soldier named Juan Jose Dominguez
and
was
plot,
In early settlement stages, Gardena
including the area of today’s Gardena,
became known for its fields of berries,
for
and
granted his
a
43,000
military
achievements.16
pre 18 50 44
acre
termed
was
“Rosecrans
nicknamed
Rancho.”
“Berryland.”16
1 8 5 0 -1 9 0 0
histo ry
2
After the fall of the berry industry, other manufacturers took an interest The berry industry began to suffer
in
after
turned
Foods. Today, Gardena is known as
to other enterprises. The City of
“the Freeway City,” due to the 4 major
Gardena was officially incorporated
freeways that border all sides. The city’s
in 1930 to receive tax benefits.16
motto is “the City of Opportunity.”16
19 00 - 1 97 0
1 9 7 0 -to d a y
WWI,
so
Gardena
Gardena,
most
notably
Nissin
45
100%
4% 80 + 15 % 60 - 79
6% other
14%
$65,000 +
19%
hispanic 75%
27 %
40 - 59 yrs
35%
24%
$35,000 $65,000
25%
31%
african american
50%
28 %
20 - 39 yrs
caucasian
26 %
0 - 19 yrs
asian or pacific islander
$1 - $15,000
ag e
ra c e
in c o m e
$15,000 $34,000
25%
26%
20%
0%
46
d emo graphics
2
po p u l a t i o n o f ga rde n a : 59, 000
ge n de r ga rd ena 5 3.1% u.s.
language 20 . 3 % ot h er t han engl ish s poke n in h ome
48.1% male female 51.9%
47
100%
75%
22 %
utilities
8%
7 % public
bachelor’s degree or higher
10% professional
12%
8%
16 . 5 %
asoc. degree
25 %
50%
some college, no degree
25 %
25%
0%
48
high school graduate + equivalency
industry & manufacturing
18 . 5 % education & health
20%
retail, arts & entertainment
20 %
27%
educa t io n
occu pa t io n
some high school or less
carpool
81%
drove alone
other
commute
2
persons per s q u a re m ile
10 ,0 9 5
7, 895
g a rd e n a
l os an g e le s
av e rag e co mmu t e
26 mins
g ard e n a
25 min s
u n it e d st at e s
g ard e n a
47.6%
2.73 persons per hou se h old
u . s.
66.1%
rate of h o m e o w n e r sh ip 49
3
2 1 50
site co nte xt
2
gre e n spa c e s 1. thornburg park 2. bodger park 3. rowley park
waterway
dominguez channel
0 ft
750
1500
N
51
1
4
5 6
52
site co nte xt
2
2
c o m m u n it y se r vic e s
3
1. la county fire department 2. gardena transportation department 3. arc south bay social services 4. u.s. post office 5. masao w. satow library 6. gardena recycling center
0 ft
750
1500
N
53
2
4 5 6 54
1 3
site co nte xt
2
e du c a t io n 1. junipero serra high school 2. maria regina catholic school 3. chapman elementary school 4. learning time pre-school 5. angelique college of nursing 6. kum ran church pre-school
0 ft
750
1500
N
55
8
6
1
2 8
7
9
11 3
10 56
4
12
site co nte xt
2
a t t r a c t io n s 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
5
g o l d me d a l ma rt i a l a rts s ta rz c o c k ta i l b a r g a rd e n a c i n e ma l u c k y d u c k s wi m s c h o o l s p a rta mi x e d ma rt i a l a rts
re l i g i o u s 6. b e ra c h a h b a p t i s t f e l l o w s h i p 7. i g l e s i a p re s b i te ri a n a b e t h e s d a 8. s t. j o h n e va n g e l i c a l l u t h e ra n c h u rc h 9. n e w l i f e i n c h ri s t c h u rc h 10. k u m ra n u n i te d me t h o d i s t 11. l i b e rty ta b e rn a c l e mi n i s tri e s 12. b i b l e b a p t i s t c h u rc h & 7t h d a y a d ve n t i s t c h u rc h
0 ft
750
1500
N
57
8 7 17 2
6 20 9
5
4 1
10
11
12
58
18
15
3
site co nte xt 13
2
re st a u r a n t s 1. p h o e ve r re s ta u ra n t 2. l i t t l e c e a s a rs | s u b w a y | to k yo g ri l l 3. l a me ta p a n e c a 4. vi c k y’s b a r & re s ta u ra n t 5. tu mb y’s p i z z a 6. p i z z a h u t | p a n d a k i n g 7. g ’s ta c o s p o t & c a l a b a r f i n g e r-l i c k s 8 . s t r a w h a t p i z z a | m a r ’s c a r i b b e a n 9. p h o ta m re s ta u ra n t 10. a ta s te o f j a ma c i a | q u e e n o f t h a i 11. p a z z o p i z z e ri a | p a n c h o ’s ta c o 12. e a ta l i a n c a f e | k o re a n BBQ 13. j a c k i n t h e b o x 14. b u rg e r k i n g | ta c o b e l l 15. me rl o w ’s re s ta u ra n t 16. s u b w a y
14
gro c e r y 17. 18. 19. 20.
19 16 0 ft
500
1000
N
p a yl e s s f o o d s e l i n d i o me a t ma rk e t we s te rn p ro d u c e ma rk e t d a tmo i ma rk e t
59
2
105
M 1
405
site
60
tra nsportat io n
2
main streets bus routes freeways LA metro green l ine airports
110
1. hawt horne municipal 2. los angeles internat ional (LAX)
N 0 ft
4000
91
8000
61
62
site se nso ry
2
vehicular traffic/noise prevail ing winds pedestrian traffic cycl ist traffic bus stop
63
64
zo nin g
2
h i g h d e n s i ty re s i d e n t i a l med i u m d e n s i ty re s i d e n t i a l si n g l e f a mi l y h o u s i n g h i g h d e n s i ty c o mme rc i a l l ow d e n s i ty c o mme rc i a l i n d u s tri a l pub l i c f a c i l i t i e s al l e y p a rk w a y mix e d u s e 65
66N
0 ft
800
400
b uild in g co de
2
o c c u pa n c y assembly (A): auditoriums, theaters, stadiums business (B): offices, laboratories, higher education facilities mercantile (M): stores for the display
h e igh t zo ning restri ct i ons: a maximum of
and sale of merchandise residential (R): homes, apartment buildings, and hotels 20
2.5 stories, not to exceed 35 feet while
type of c o n st r u c t io n
100 feet from a residential zone, and not to exceed 45 feet if distance from a residential zone is greater than 100 feet.18 ex is t in g FAR: 0.5 c ons t r uct i on
l i m i ts:
California’s
codes allow for a type three building constructed
from
typ e
3:
type
3
non-combustable
18
treated
buildings exterior
have walls
and major interior elements of any material
permitted
by
the
code.11
wood
fire retardant treated wood framing
up to five stories, typically sitting
shall be permitted within exterior wall
atop a garage or concrete slab.19
assemblies of a 2-hour rating or less.20 67
f i re fire re s i s t a n c e rat ing requi re m e n t s ( h r s ) : construction type
type 3 A
B
building element structural frame
1
e gre ss
bearing walls exterior
2
2
interior
1
1/HT
to an exit should be as direct as
nonbearing walls
varies
varies
possible,
floor construction
1
0
roof construction
1
0
the
path
or
passageway
with
pathways
leading widening
as occupants move closer to the exit all exit stairways must lead to an exit
limitation of size may be exceeded if the building is equipped with an automatic fire sprinkler system
passageway, exit court, or public way
fire walls are required to have a fire-resistance rating sufficient to prevent the spread of fire from one part of the building to another
refuge outside of the building, such as an
all openings in fire walls are restricted to a certain percentage of the wall length and must be protected20 68
all exits must discharge to a safe place of exit court or public way at ground level exit
doors
a
means
in
the
provide of
direction
access
egress, of
exit
to
swinging travel20
2 a c c e ssibil it y facilities to
should
those
wheelchair
be
confined and
the
accessible to
a
ambulatory
accessible ramps consist of walking surfaces with a maximum slope of 1:20, marked crossings at vehicular roadways,
clear
floor
space
at
accessible elements, access aisles, ramps, curb ramps, and elevators facilities should be identifiable to the blind. use raised lettering, audible warning signals, and textured surfaces to indicate stairs or hazardous openings
trave l d istan c e
circulation spaces should be adequate
distance
for
sprinkler
public facilities should have fixtures
protection, and 200 feet without22
designed for persons with disabilities21
exit is
access 250
feet
travel with
fire
comfortable
movement
and
69
3
environment
71
ps ychrom e tric ch art january february march
ja
relative humidity
april
f
m
may
a
june
m
wet-bulb temperature (deg F)
july august
ju
ju
september
a window shading
october
s
o
november
n
72
high thermal mass night ushed
dry-bulb temperature (deg F)
high thermal mass
passive heating
natural ventilation cooling
comfort zone
wind protection of outdoor spaces
humidity ratio
december
d
cl imate data
3
N 10°
330
30
20° 30° 40°
300
5 june may & july
50°
7
60°
6
6
70° 5
7
80° 4 3
W
apr & aug
8 2
1
12
11
10
9
mar & sept feb & oct jan & nov dec
240
120
150
210 S
su n pa t h d ia gr a m 73
w i nd rose s (m/s) de cem ber
marc h
5%
3%
10%
6% 15%
9% 20%
12%
5.4 +
3.3 - 5.4
1.8 - 3.3
0.5 - 1.8
5.4 +
3.3 - 5.4
1.8 - 3.3
0.5 - 1.8
1.8 - 3.3
0.5 - 1.8
5.4 +
5.4 +
3.3 - 5.4
3.3 - 5.4
1.8 - 3.3
1.8 - 3.3
0.5 - 1.8
ju ne
se p t e mb e r
0.5 - 1.8
3.3 +
74
3.3 +
8%
7%
16%
14%
24%
21%
32%
28%
1.8 - 3.3
0.5 - 1.8
5.4 + 5.4 + 3.3 - 5.4
3.3 - 5.4
3
90 80 70 60 50 40
66
66
67
70
71 55
46
48
49
51
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr May
74 59
77
78
78
62
62
61
75 57
70 50
66 46
30 20 10 0 Jun
Jul
Average High
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Average Low
te mp e ratu re 4.5 4
3
32-70 degrees f
3.91
3.5
h e a t in g plo t
3.26
2.5 2
2.22
2.09
1.5 1
1.19
0.5
0.76
0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
0.22 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.16 0.62 May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
70-75 degrees f 75-100 degrees f
rain f a l l
h u mid it y 75
diagrams cour t esy of climat e consult ant sof tware
76
s k yl i ghts
p la n t m a t e r ia ls
S m al l wel l- insulated sky l i ghts can
use
re d u c e dayt ime l i ght i ng e n e rgy
o n t h e we s t f a c e , to s h a d e t h e
an d c o ol ing loads
s tru c tu re
plant
materials,
especially
3
d esign strate gie s
d iagrams courtesy of cl imate consul tant software
ou td oo r sp ace s sunny
wind-protected
ou t d o o r
ro o f & o ve r h a n gs a
low
pitched
ro o f
with
wide
spac es c a n extend l iving are a s i n
o ve rh a n g s w o rk s we l l i n te mp e ra te
cool we at her cond i t i o n s
c l i ma te s 77
site
78
air & wate r
3
w a t e r sh e d da t a natural waterway man-made waterway watershed boundaries
a ir qu a l it y overall air quality:
1.1/10
carbon monoxide:
1.1/10
ozone:
7.0/10
pm10:
2.7/10
pm2.5:
1.2/10
sulfur dioxide:
4.7/10
nitrogen dioxide:
1.3/10
all numbers measured as 0 being barely breathable air, and 10 being
N 0 ft
6000
12000
outstanding quality. by this measure, Gardena has very poor air quality. 79
deergrass (muhlenbergia rigens)
california brittlebrush (encelia californica)
fairy duster desert lavender
(calliandra
(hyptis emoryi)
eriophylla)
coast live oak (quercus agrifolia)
california fuschia (epilobium canum)
80
f lora & f au na
3
gopher snake house sparrow (passer domesticus)
(pituophis catenifer)
west coast lady (vanessa annabella)
virginia opossum (didelphis viginiana) california ground squirrel western toad
(otospermophilus beecheyi)
(anaxyrus boreas)
81
p red i cte d f a c i l i t y c ha r a c te ri s t i cs g ro s s f l o o r sp a c e t y p e a re a ( s f ) O t her
10,000
Office
55,000
Retail
35,000
to t a l g ro s s f l o o r a re a
100,000
target
median building
energ y p e r f o r m a n c e r a t i n g
100
50
e n e rg y re d u c t i o n ( % )
75
0
sourc e e n e rg y u s e i n t e n s i t y (kBtu/sf/yr)
41
164
sit e e n e rg y u s e i n t e n s i t y (kBtu/sf/yr)
14
58
total annua l s o u rc e e n e rg y ( k B t u )
4,094,686
16,378,744
total an n u a l s i t e e n e rg y ( k B t u )
1,440,564
5,762,255
total a n n u a l e n e rg y c o s t ( $ )
$ 42,664
$ 170,656
C O 2 - e q e m issions (metric tons/year)
119
477
CO 2 - e q em i s s i o n s red uc t i o n (% )
75%
0%
p red i cte d energ y use
pred icted e m i s s i o n s
82
c arb on calculat ion t o t a l s q uare fe e t :
100,000
s t o r ie s a b o ve g r ad e :
2
s t o r ie s b e lo w g r ad e :
0
s y s te m t yp e : e co re g io n : e x is t i n g v e g e t a t i o n t yp e : in s t a l le d v e g e t a t io n t yp e :
3
wood mediterranean california previously developed shrubland
la n d s c a p e d is t u r b e d ( sf) :
75,000
la n d s c a p e in s t al le d ( sf) :
30,000
ap p roximate n et e mb od i ed CO 2 f or t hi s proj ect i s
2,297 metric tons 83
4
exploration
84
85
s trip weave architect: teal architects location: halifax, nova scotia, canada competition year: 2012
concept: this building weaves together
competition: “strip appeal:
the two most important parts of community: people and nature.
reinventing the strip mall”
“carpet-like” roof garden with native
place: first
86
A
edible species connects the street
program: library, restaurant/bar, small
side with a park behind, creating a
retail boutiques, modular residential
physical connection between people
units, an office suite, underground &
and nature. A range of programs are
carriage parking, roof green space
included modularly, and use some
consisting
of the existing strip mall structure.
of
local
edible
plants
pre ceden t
4
87
88
pre ceden t
4
[OVER]f i l l concept: this project aims to reinvent the suburban strip mall into a more architect: architekton
sustainable and delightful experience,
location: tempe, arizona
while still appealing to developers
project year: 2010 competition: Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art “Flip a Strip� Competition
and existing codes. analysis showed that additional retail space is often unnecessary,
so
retail
space
was
limited and mixed with other programs that would provide additional value to
program: retail spaces, office condos,
the community. all the programs are
apartments, athletic facilities, public
arranged around a central courtyard
storage facility, hydroponic roof garden
to
promote
mixing
of
activities. 89
b ryg huspro j ek t et concept:
architect: OMA
traditional
location: bryghusgrunden,
method
copenhagen, denmark
public
90
following
a
“stacked
program“
designing
mixed-use
the programs and mix them together
residential
facilities,
of
of
buildings, OMA decided to “heap”
project year: 2008 program:
instead
units,
parking,
offices, and
the
in
section,
between
creating
different
interactions
programs.
also,
danish architecture center, which has
the building straddles a busy street,
its own research facilities, auditorium,
therefore
bookstore, cafe, and conference rooms.
between the city and the waterfront.
facilitating
connections
pre ceden t
4
91
92
pre ceden t
4
g ar l a nd avenue c ent er architect: knowles blunk architecture
concept: the project was designed for the university of arkansas to provide a
location: fayetteville, ak
more aesthetically pleasing alternative
project year: 2003-2010
to the traditional parking lot, while
project area: 52,000 sf LEED: silver
also linking the parking and retail spaces. a central courtyard is created when the three different programs
program: large parking facility, college
are placed on site, creating an area
bookstore, retail spaces, outdoor space
for social gathering and interaction. 93
l i brary + res t a u r a n t + mu l t i funct i o na l sp a c e architect: BOB361 architects
green bank of the dender river and the
location: dendermonde, belgium
main road of dendermonde. BOB361
project year: 2003-2010
architects wished to connect these two
project area: 6,300 sqm (68,000 sqf) budget: 8.5 million euro
94
concept: the site is located between the
elements, and activate the roof, on which they placed the parking structure. the design is intended to encourage
program: multifunctional community
more pedestrian traffic and to stimulate
space, library, and restaurant with roof-
social activity by providing new hangout
top parking and adjacent green space
spaces and easy access to the river.
pre ceden t
4
95
96
pre ceden t
4
pl ato on k unst ha l l e architect: graft architects + baik jiwon location: seoul, south korea
concept: This project was not intended to be used for entertainment purposes alone. Its programs and general design
project year: 2008-2009
principles are intended to create a
footprint: 4,150 sf
place where creative subcultures such
prefab: ace special container contractor: hyojung construction & development
as street art, fashion, programming, and club culture can gather. It is made of 28 iso cargo containers that can
be
disassembled
and
rebuilt
program: exhibitions, event hall, bar
elsewhere, representing a movement
& restaurant, artist studios, library
towards flexible architecture, much
lounge office studios, workshop room
like the flexible subcultures it houses. 97
le t e rraze arc h it ec t : studio marco piva
marco piva was able to incorporate
l o cat io n: caritĂ di villorba-treviso, it
several different uses into different floors. the first floor contains the
pro j ec t year : 2011 pro gr am: 4 star hotel, auditorium for community & cultural events, wellness center,
restaurant,
commercial
spaces,
business/office
multiple residential sizes &
98
spaces, types
retail, meeting, and office spaces, giving them easy pedestrian access and store frontage. the second floor is occupied by the 4 star hotel, and the residential housing lies on the floor above to provide privacy to its
c o n c e pt : le terraze was designed to
residents. basement parking is shared
demonstrate how an existing structure
between all the users of the building,
can be revived into a completely new
and an inner plaza, adjacent green
and useful program. by infilling an
space, and 4th floor hanging roof
existing
garden bring inhabitants together.
structural
system,
studio
pre ceden t
4
99
100
pre ceden t
4
auditorium & multifunctional building archi te ct: virai arquitectos
c o n c e p t:
the
city
of
muskiz
is
dominated by a large, ugly refinery
lo cat i on : muskiz, vizcaya, spain
to the north of the site. because of
cl i ent: municipality of muskiz
this, the building is very closed on the
projec t area: 3,500 sqm (37,700 sqf) budget: 2.5 million euro
north face, which also helps shelter from aggressive northern winds and rainstorms that occur. in contrast, the
pro gr a m : auditorium, youth space,
south face is very open, providing
business
spaces,
nice daylighting into the buildings
gallery
rooms and an enjoyable public plaza.
bars,
offices,
public
plaza
retail and
101
g la s s l o fts architect: front studio architects location: pittsburgh, pennsylvania
the
glass
designed
with
the
lofts core
were
concept
project year: 2010
of
project area: 39,000 sf
architects intentionally left portions
client: friendship development asc. contractor: sota construction services program:
several
adaptable
artist
“incompleteness.�
front
studio
unfinished, especially in the common areas, to give users more flexibility to change the building over time. this
juxtaposition
between
the
community
predictable and unpredictable allow
space, library, restaurant with rooftop
inhabitants to complete the space
dining and adjacent green space
in the ways appropriate to them.
studios,
102
concept:
multifunctional
pre ceden t
4
103
104
pre ceden t
4
ham i l t o n g r a n g e t een c ent er architect: rice+lipka architecture
centers in order to provide a space that
location: harlem, new york city
encourages social interaction. There
project area: 4,400 sf program: teen center with reception, lounge spaces, library bookshelves, performance workstations,
space, and
computer media
room
are two main spaces within the center, a transparent multi-media space and bamboo bleachers that can function either as a hangout area, or as seating for performances. Teens are drawn by the myriad of social options, and
concept: the design of this teen center
also the technology-rich environment
is left relatively open compared to other
that they can utilize and engage in. 105
5
process
106
107
108
ve l lu m
p ro ce s s
5
ga t hered g l ow “Gathered
Glow”
showcases
the
in several steps. First, a mold of an
power of density and the juxtaposition
existing chair was made in order to
of functions. Alone, the small pieces
form the contoured seat. The drinking
are weak, but together, they are
straws were then trimmed to the
strong enough to support the weight
appropriate length, and hand glued
of a human. Multiple use is also a
individually. The underside of the straws
core concept of this project, and
was then ironed to both strengthen
accordingly, “Gathered Glow” is both
and flatten the bottom of the seat.
a light fixture and a seat, two different
The simple pine base is held together
functions working in harmony. Over
with wood glue. Supporting the bulk
6000 clear drinking straws form the
of the clustered straws is a perforated
seat of the chair, bonded together with
piece of pine, allowing the lighting to
simple hot glue. A monolithic pine base
shine up through the drinking straws
houses the LED lighting, which gives
to create a glow. If needed, the lights
the straw seat a warm, colorful glow.
are removable and interchangeable,
“Gathered Glow” was constructed
giving
the
piece
more
flexibility. 109
publ ic
p rivat e
publ ic v s. p rivate As with any mixed use building, the public vs. private nature of different
nature of suburban areas compared
connective c irc u la t io n
to
the
Connecting all programs to a common
distinction between public and private
line of circulation can foster interaction
is made based on horizontal distance
between different types of users, since
from busy areas, instead of vertically.
they are all using a common space.
programs
often
determines
their
position on the site. Due to the flatter
110
typical
urban
mixed
use,
d esign prin ciple s
green space
5
green spac e sun pat h
connect i v e g re e n sp ac e s
bu ild in g o r ie n t a t io n For environmental concerns orient
Like using connective circulation, green
the building on the east-west axis.
spaces could also be used to connect
Also,
different programs. This can also help
the south side will maximize the
foster the usage of the green spaces
amount
and connection with the environment.
and hopefully encourage their use.
placing of
green
daylight
spaces they
on
receive,
111
community spaces
retail
green spaces
p ro g r am pl a c e ment These diagrams were sketched to determine the best position of different programs on the site, based on the design principles shown previously and the context of the site, such as neighboring buildings and business of streets 112
residential units
first iterat ions
5
first floor
sch eme a
Scheme A was a first attempt at programs
back corner, nearest to the nearby high
context,
school. Lastly, the residential spaces
responding the bubble diagrams shown
are located at the most private areas
to the left. Retail spaces line the first
of the site, far away from the busy
floor of the busy Rosecrans Avenue.
streets and main entrances. For this
Offices circle the area above. The two
iteration, traditional surface parking
community spaces are located along
was
Van Ness street, the teen center at the
underneath
arranging in
the
response
to
different the
site
used,
with
carriage
the
residential
parking units. 113
114
5
c om merci al /re tai l o ffi ce sui te s green space
second floor
resi dent i al uni ts c om muni ty spaces
section cut
115
typical strip mall rooftop
rooftop parking
sc h e me b
116
This scheme focused on the concept
on the other street. While providing a
of rooftop parking, and adapted it to
lot more usable space to the site that
the arrangement of programs seen in
no longer was used as surface parking,
scheme a. The parking ramp entrances
this scheme relied too heavily on the
were arranged in such a way so that
roof parking as a driving design factor.
visitors could enter either from Rosecrans
Instead of a re-invention of the strip
Avenue or Van Ness Avenue, travel up
mall, the design started to be a parking
and around the building, and then exit
garage with a building underneath.
5
117
jiglift.com
sc h e me c Scheme C, while very similar to previous iterations, began to embrace some new concepts. First, traditional surface parking on a large scale was abandoned, seeing as it was not enough of a “reinvention� the strip mall. Instead, to accommodate the high demand for car storage, an vertical, automated parking
system
was
incorporated
into the design, and aligned on the west face to provide shading 118
5
119
120
5
section show model Also,
previous
iterations
did
not
showcase the amount of interaction and integration that the thesis spoke of. Before the programs were disjointed, and different types of users would have very little occasion to come in contact with one another. Large, open circulation
spaces
that
connected
multiple levels were explored in order to remedy this, and are showcased in the section model pictured here. 121
ft
0
2
4
6
8
10
2nd f l o o r Scheme C also was an attempt to explore the feeling of the residential spaces in more depth. I began to toy with the idea of a double height space, which would allow the units to have maximized access to sunlight. They
1s t f l o o r
also were designed with connected balconies that were meant to encourage interaction Unfortunately,
with
the
while
outdoors. these
units
achieved a good amount of privacy, they were hardly integrated with the other programs on site, and therefore didn’t foster any interaction between residents and other types of users. 122
s e c t i o n o f typ i c a l 1 b e d ro o m u n i t
5
123
124
5 exploring the concept of implied boundaries & connections
forming physical and visual connections in section
After the section show and february
they presented, I could achieve a
review, I decided to explore the specific
much more successful design. I re-
issues created by strip malls more in
wrote much of my thesis and decided
depth. Design explorations that I had
to focus my design on the interactions
done previously were addressing some
between users and activation of space
issues, but fell short of their potential.
in strip malls, along with environmental
By deciding what specific problems
conditions
and
parking
issues. 125
f o rm gener at ion
126
1. traditional strip mall model
2. add surface parking alternatives
5. activate the site laterally
6. continuous circulation throughout
march re vie w
3. Push buildings forward to activate the streetscape and contrast with traditional strip malls
4. densify buildings vertically
7. terrace downward to respond to nearby areas and maximize sunlighting
8. activate rooftops with green spaces and pv panels
5
127
128
top left: view of pedestrian entrance from van ness avenue bottom left: view of building from main intersection
5 first floor program diagram
section cut
129
right: view of vehicle approach along rosecrans street & motorist entrance second floor program diagram
130
The design presented in the march
due to their proximity to neighboring
review was an attempt to refine the
industrial zones, and wood was chosen
concept of connected circulation and
as a material for the more “pedestrian�
allowing more integration of different
faces, due to its organic nature and
programs. I also began to explore
warmth. Also, I wanted the materials to
use of materials. Corrugated metal
not be those that are traditionally used
was chosen for the busy street fronts
in strip mall design, such as stucco.
5
131
s o lar rad iat io n winter solstice N
3 pm 11 am
spring/fall equinox N
3 pm 11 am
summer solstice N
3 pm 11 am 132
5
w in d ve lo c it y energy
be necessary, since a great amount
modelling was done to inform our further
of solar heat gain is made through
design development. The wind model
these
Some
basic,
preliminary
large
expanses
of
roofing.
informed me that the central green space was well protected, while the
Overall,
I
was
content
with
the
green spaces located on the southern-
general layout of the building from
most end of the site needed to be more
an environmental and site context
protected in order to be a comfortable
standpoint, but both reviewers and I
space. Solar studies notified me that
agreed that it still needed a more inspired
environmentally friendly roofs would
and inviting form to be successful. 133
134
f o r m re v is io n
5
While the form created in the last review
was
somewhat
successful,
reviewers were concerned that it was too harsh for both pedestrians and motorists, and could be made more inviting. I began to explore the idea of a fluid form, and also rethinking what a “strip� could be. This lead me to using a mobius strip as an inspiration. These continuous strips also inspired a new way for me to think about connectivity. 135
136
development
5
With the initial mobius strip inspiration, ramp slope requirements and the union of different areas of the building proved to be difficult. As the design developed, instead of adopting a pure “mobius strip� look, continuous pathways connecting all parts of the building were used to convey continuity and integration. The design was now more flexible, and could be more easily molded based on need and program. The program itself changed several times during these iterations, with each attempting to address the fine line
between
public
and
private.
This iteration also introduced the concept something traditional
of
exposed
rarely strip
structure,
incorporated mall
in
construction. 137
p h otovol taic panels l o cated on roof, and an g led s out hward
wood slats f o r s h a d i n g , a l s o possible gro w i n g a re a f o r v i nes e x p o s e d s t r u c t u re t o c o n tra s t wi t h typ i c a l s tri p ma l l c o n s tru c t i o n , a n d e n c o u r a g e a w a re n e s s of the building by the user
d i agr am for d e tail sh o w 138
5
vi e w i n to re s i d e n t i a l c o u rtya rd vi e w f ro m i n te rs e c t i o n
139
6
design
140
141
v i e w from intersect ion of van ness & w. rosecran s 142
6
143
least dynamic The most dynamic form is adjacent to the busy streets, with a simpler shape near the existing residential neighborhood.
form generation The structure runs continuously throughout the building, and both informs and responds to the dynamic shape.
structural system The continuous circulation paths foster interactions between different types of users, and allow all users access to the different programs.
continuous circulation 144
most dynamic
green spaces
off i c e s u i te s
resi dence s
commu n i ty
re ta i l / f o o d mech & p a rk i n g
6
third floor studio apartments rooftop garden / rentable pea patch mechanical space second floor office suites teen center 1 bed apartments resident rec room mechanical space
ground floor office suites
2 bed apartments
gathering space
housing office
flexible retail space
parking
restaurant / cafe
restrooms & storage
teen center lobby
mechanical space
program placement 145
146
6
1. flexible retail space 2. cafe/restaurant 3. multi-purpose gathering space 4. teen center lobby & equipment rental
section a
section b
5. office suite 6. two bedroom apartment 7. housing office
1
8. laundry room 9. mechanical space & public restrooms
2 3
9 9
8 9 7
6
6
6
6
left : view of resident ial c our t yard and st air wa y to cont i nuou s c irc ulat i on
6
4
5 5
6
section c
0 ft
30
60
N
first floor + site 147
1. one bedroom apartment 2. rec room & gym for residents 3. office suite 4. teen center media space & lounge 5. teen center study room 6. mechanical space 3
5
3
6 4
6
3 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
0 ft
second floor 148
30
60
N
6
1. studio apartment 2. common room & kitchen for studios 3. laundry room 4. rentable pea patch & roof garden 5. mechanical space 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
5 3
5
1
1 1
4
0 ft
30
60
N
third floor 149
150
6
view of gathering s p a c e i n te ri o r 151
152
6
left : view of parking l ift fro m west rose crans ave.
surface parking as dictated by code: 255 s p a c e s surface parking for residen ts onl y
parking types within design
vertical p a rk i n g l i f t
me te re d p a rk i n g
d ro p -o ff a re a
The design offers many different types
center to accommodate the high traffic
of parking for the different types of
that occurs during the school day.
users. The main parking system is the
Metered parking along west rosecrans
vertical parking structure located in
is provided for the short-term users.
the center of the site, and shades most
Finally, traditional surface parking with
of the structure from the western sun.
a private driveway is provided for the
There is a drop-off area near the teen
residents only, with one space per unit. 153
above: view of park & teen center from van ness avenue
154
6
section b155
fiber c e m e nt s id ing
standing s e a m ro o f i n g
me ta l me s h
The materials chosen reflect the colors
neighborhood. The fiber cement siding
and textures found in the industrial
also provides the building with thermal
warehousing district nearby, and the
mass, which will help maintain heat in the
overall grittiness of the surrounding
southern faces during colder months.
materials
156
corrugated metal
movable panels re tai l space
fo l d a b l e s t a g e g a t h e ri n g s p a c e
te e n me d i a a re a
6
The interiors incorporate flexible space
throughout the building, in both public
concepts, such as fold-down stages and
and private areas to provide many
movable / adjustable panels. There are
opportunities for social interaction
also several common spaces located
between different types of users.
interiors
section a157
section c
w i n ter s un an g l e 30o
158
su mm e r su n angl e 80 o
6
159
160
model images
6
1� = 80’ model
161
162
6
3/32” = 1’ model 163
164
6
165
166
6
167
168
6
169
s o lar rad iat io n stu d ie s winter solstice 475 235 0 N
spring/fall equinox
BTU/ft2
970 485 0 N
BTU/ft2
summer solstice 1340 670
N
170
0 BTU/ft2
en erg y m o d e l i n g
6
w in d ve lo c it y Several portions of the building were
The diagram above represents the
designed so that they would shade
wind velocity found at ground level.
themselves, such as tilted glazing and
This diagram demonstrates how the
shifting upper floors a few feet toward
inner public courtyard and some of
the south. The energy model (shown
the
without shading devices) showcases
wind
some of these instances, and also
neighborhood to the south of the
where more shading may be required.
site would also offer some protection.
residential
courtyard are
protected.
The
well
residential
171
7
conclusion
172
173
f i r s t i terat ion re su l t s u sin g t h e e xp ort s et t i ng s f o u n d to t he r ight e n e rg y u s e i n t e n s i ty: (QHUJ\ 8VH ,QWHQVLW\
an n ual c ar bon em i ssi ons: /LIH &\FOH (QHUJ\ 8VH &RVW
a n n u a l e n e rg y u s e / c o s t:
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mon t h l y c o o l i n g l o a d :
174
en e rg y a n a l y s i s
7
i ni t ial e xp ort da t a building type: office
The energy modeling and analysis was
operating schedule: 12/7
done using Autodesk Vasari software.
wall construction: lightweight
The data collected used the massing
construction - typical mild climate
of the building and the export settings
insulation
shown to the left. Many of the initial
roof construction: cool roof - typical insulation
settings were the default settings included in the software. Since there was no “mixed-use� option available
floor construction: lightweight
for building type, office building was
construction - typical insulation
chosen due to the high volume of office
mass glazing type: double pane clear
spaces in the design, and the energy
- no coating
settings of office environments, such as
HVAC system: central VAV, HW heat, chiller 5.96 COP, boilers, 8.5 eff target percentage glazing: 40% target sill height: 2.5 feet shade depth: 3 feet target percentage skylights: 7%
lighting and HVAC requirements. Also, a 12/7 operating schedule was chosen instead of 24/7. While the residences do operate 24/7, the majority of the other spaces do not. Residences would be emptier throughout the day while the other programs utilized more energy, then switching during nighttime hours. 175
s e cond ite rat io n re s u l t s c h an g i n g t h e H VAC s e t t i ng to “un der floor air d ist r ibut ion” e n e rg y u s e i n t e n s i ty: (QHUJ\ 8VH ,QWHQVLW\
an n ual c ar bon em i ssi ons: /LIH &\FOH (QHUJ\ 8VH &RVW
a n n u a l e n e rg y u s e / c o s t:
5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 3RWHQWLDO
$QQXDO &DUERQ (PLVVLRQV m o n t hly heat ing l oad:
mon t h l y c o o l i n g l o a d :
176
t hi rd ite rat io n re su l t s a d d i n g hi g h i ns u l at i o n wal ls and high per for mance w indow s
7
e n e rg y us e i nten s i ty: (QHUJ\ 8VH ,QWHQVLW\
annual carbon e mi ssi on s: /LIH &\FOH (QHUJ\ 8VH &RVW
a n n u a l e n e rg y u s e / c o s t:
5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 3RWHQWLDO
$QQXDO &DUERQ (PLVVLRQV mo nt hly h e at i ng l oad:
mo n t h l y c o o l i n g l o a d :
177
f i nal it erat io n re su l t s c h an g i n g s h a d e d ep t h to 2 f e e t, 10 % skyl ight s and 35% glazing e n e rg y u s e i n t e n s i ty: (QHUJ\ 8VH ,QWHQVLW\
an n ual c ar bon em i ssi ons: /LIH &\FOH (QHUJ\ 8VH &RVW
a n n u a l e n e rg y u s e / c o s t:
5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ 3RWHQWLDO
$QQXDO &DUERQ (PLVVLRQV m o n t hly heat ing l oad:
mon t h l y c o o l i n g l o a d :
178
7 c o n c lu sio n s The second, third, and final iterations
of glazing and depth of shading were
were done to showcase improvement
modified in order to minimize heat
in energy efficiency that could be
loss through glazing, but also provide
achieved by small adjustments to the
an adequate amount of lighting to
building design. For example, changing
minimize electricity used for lighting
the HVAC system from the “central VAV
fixtures. The final iteration produced
& HW heat” system to an underfloor
an energy use intensity of 45 kBtu/
air distribution system lowered the
sf/yr. According to the energy target
building’s energy use intensity from 57
analysis on page 82, a median building
to 47 kBtu/sf/yr. This second iteration
of this type and size would usually have
was then improved upon by adding
an EUI of 164 kBtu/sf/yr. This project
greater
and
aimed to operate with a 75% energy
windows, since there was a significant
reduction, meaning a target EUI of
amount of heat loss occurring through
41 kBtu/sf/yr. While the last iteration
the glazing, causing high heating loads
fell just short of that goal at 47 kBtu/
and energy use in the winter months.
sf/yr, this is a great improvement from
For the final iteration, the percentages
the typical office/mixed use building.
insulation
the
walls
179
180
f in a l s h o w
7
181
182
183
Endnotes: 1. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data, Tables P34 “Family Type by Presence and Age of Own Children” and P36 “Own Children Under 18 Years by Family Type and Age”. 2. “Census 2000 Population Statistics.” U.S. Population Living in Urban vs. Rural Areas. fhwa.dot.gov 3. USDA Forest Service. 2007. “The Forest Service Open Space Strategy: Cooperating Across Boundaries to Sustain Natural and Working Landscapes.” Report FS-889. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC. 15 pp. 4. “Ecological Footprint.” Center for Sustainable Economy. myfootprint.org 5. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2008. “2005 Residential Energy Consumption Survey: Consumption & Expenditures Tables” U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. 6. Buckner, Stephen, and Joanna Gonzalez. “Americans Spend More Than 100 Hours Commuting to Work Each Year, Census Bureau Reports.” Census.gov. 30 Mar. 2005. 7. Kramer, Andrew E. “Malls Blossom in Russia, With a Middle Class.” The New York Times, 02 Jan. 2013. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. 8. Kolb, David. Sprawling Places. Athens: University of Georgia, 2008. Print. 9. Goetz, Stephan J., and Anil Rupasingha. “Wal-Mart and Social Capital.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88.5 (2006): 1304-320. Print. 10. Ben-Joseph, Eran. ReThinking a Lot: The Design and Culture of Parking. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2012. Print. 11. Dunham-Jones, Ellen, and June Williamson. Retrofitting Suburbia: Urban Design Solutions for Redesigning Suburbs. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Print. 12. Wang, W., S. Katipamula, Y. Huang, and MR Brambley. Energy Savings and Economics of Advanced Control Strategies for Packaged Air-Conditioning Units with Gas Heat. Rep. no. PNNL-20955. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Energy, 2011. Print. 13. Yen, Hope, and Kristen Wyatt. “Cities Grow More than Suburbs, First Time in 100 Years.” TODAY.com. MSNBC, 8 June 2012. Web. 18 Feb. 2013. 14. “South Bay Cities Mixed-Use Guidebook.” Rep. South Bay Cities Council & Solimar Research Group, July 2007. 15. Sanders McDonald, Shannon. “Cars, Parking and Sustainability”, The Transportation Research Forum, 2012. Web. 16. Gardena Heritage Committee. Gardena. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub., 2006. Print. 17. ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2008-2010 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates - Gardena California. Rep. no. DP05. U.S. Census Bureau & American Community Surveys 18. “Zoning Information.” Community Development Department. City of Gardena, n.d. Web. <http://www. ci.gardena.ca.us/departments/CommunityDevelopment/zoninginformation.html>. 19. Caulfield, John. “Going Up: Wood-Framed Construction Gaining Ground for Taller Mid-Rises.” Builder. N.p., 06 Apr. 2009. Web. <http://www.builderonline.com/construction-trends/going-up.aspx>. 20. Ching, Francis D.K. Building Construction Illustrated. Fourth ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print. 21. “Chapter 6 - Types of Construction.” International Code Council. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. <http:// publicecodes.cyberregs.com/st/ca/st/b200v07/st_ca_st_b200v07_6_sec002.htm>. Demographics: S0802- MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION TO WORK BY SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS, 2006-2010 American Com munity Survey 5-Year Estimates, <http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview. xhtml?pid=ACS_10_5YR_S0802&prodType=table> DP-1 - Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 2010 Demographic Profile Data , <http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview. xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table>
184
bi b l i og r a p hy
7
Climate Data: “Average Weather for Gardena, CA.” Weather.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. <http://www.weather.com/weath er/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/90247>. Dillinger, Dan. “Average Relative Humidity(%).” National Climatic Data Center, 20 Apr. 2008. Web. <http://www.ncdc. noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/avgrh.html>. Alter, Dinsmore, and Clarence Cleminshaw. “The Sun’s Daily Path Across the Sky.” Griffith Observatory, n.d. Web. <http://www.griffithobs.org/skyfiles/skysunspath.html>. West, Sara. Wind Rose Data. Chart. National Resources Conservation Service, 30 Apr. 2003. Web. <http://www.wcc. nrcs.usda.gov/ftpref/downloads/climate/windrose/california/los_angeles/>. The Regents of the University of California. Climate Consultant. Computer software. Vers. 5.4. N.p., n.d. Web. “A CO2 Calculator for Your Whole Building Project.” Build Carbon Neutral. N.p., 11 Oct. 2007. Web. “Target Finder : Energy Star.” Energystar.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. Cochran, Sylvia. “Guide to Native Plants in Los Angeles, California.” Yahoo! Contributor Network. N.p., 7 Apr. 2010. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. <http://voices.yahoo.com/guide-native-plants-los-angeles-california- 5784594.html?cat=32>. “Common Native Wildlife of Southern California.” Backyard Nature. California Green Solutions, n.d. Web. <http:// www.backyardnature.com/cgi-bin/gt/tpl.h,content=354>. “My WATERS Mapper.” Mapping Services. United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 9 May 2012. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. <http://map24.epa.gov/mwm/mwm.html?fromUrl=18070104>. “Gardena Air Quality.” Homefacts.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Dec. 2012. <http://www.homefacts.com/airquality/Califor nia/Los-Angeles-County/Gardena.html>. Precedent Studies: Teal Architects. “Strip Weave” Strip Appeal. Accessed 02 Mar 2013. < http://www.strip-appeal.com/?project=strip- weave> Lopez , Oscar. “[OVER]fill / Architekton” 03 Sep 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 05 Nov 2012. <http://www.archdaily. com/160868> Basulto , David. “Bryghusgrunden mixed use, Copenhagen / OMA” 03 May 2008. ArchDaily. Accessed 20 Mar 2013. <http://www.archdaily.com/207> “Selected Projects - Garland Avenue Center.” Knowles Blunck Architecture, n.d. Web.<http://knowlesblunckarchitec ture.com/wordpress/?page_id=81>. “Library + Restaurant + Multifunctional Space / BOB361 Architects” 10 Oct 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 05 Nov 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/81114> “Platoon Kunsthalle / Platoon + Graft Architects” 02 Jul 2009. ArchDaily. Accessed 03 Dec 2012. <http://www.arch daily.com/27386> “Le Terrazze / Studio Marco Piva” 10 Nov 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 13 Nov 2012. <http://www.archdaily. com/182693> “Auditorium And Multifunctional Building / Virai Arquitectos” 26 Dec 2011. ArchDaily. Accessed 17 Nov 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/193258> “Glass Lofts / Front Studio Architects” 11 Jan 2011. ArchDaily. Ac cessed 15 Nov 2012. <http://www.archdaily.com/102902> “Hamilton Grange Teen Center / Rice+Lipka Architects” 11 May 2012. ArchDaily. Accessed 20 Mar 2013. <http:// www.archdaily.com/233607>
185
Cover Image: Stripmall. 2007. Photograph. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. < http://mrmillcity.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/stripmall.jpg> Section 1 Images: Bennett, Patrick. Los Angeles Freeway Traffic. 2007. Photograph. National Geographic Society, Los Angeles. Web. Watanabe, Chika. Strip Mall. 2008. Photograph. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ chikawatanabe/2272313457/>. Benedict, Tom. Parking Lot and Pool. 2010. Photograph. Kailua-Kona, HI. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ tbenedict/5235552195/>. Shankbone, David. Suburbia. 2008. Photograph. Colorado Springs. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Suburbia_by_David_Shankbone.jpg>. Berry, Addison. Parking Lot. 2009. Photograph. Houston. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ add1sun/3466383400/>. Walmart Corporation. LED Parking Lot Lights at Walmart Puerto Rico. 2010. Photograph. Puerto Rico. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/walmartcorporate/5259733450/>. Nowakowski, Krzysztof. Rural Poland. 2010. Photograph. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/23459024@ N08/4998570578/>. Farnsworth, Stephen. New York City at Night. 2008. Photograph. New York City. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/ photos/smfarnsworth/3798203373/>. Aders, Zachary. Favela Vernacular in the Urban Frontier. N.d. Photograph. Web. SchuminWeb. South San Jose (crop). 2006. Photograph. San Jose. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/File:South_San_Jose_%28crop%29.jpg>. Stripmall. 2007. Photograph. Web. 02 Mar. 2013. < http://mrmillcity.files.wordpress.com/2010/06/stripmall.jpg> Berry, Addison. Parking Lot. 2009. Photograph. Houston. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ add1sun/3466383400/>. Boon, Tony. Power Lines. 2004. Photograph. Suffolk, England. Wikimedia Commons. Web. Kanouse, Kent. Strip Mall. 2005. Photograph. Sherman Oaks, CA. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/ kkanouse/5845861126/>. Paris Bike Sharing. N.d. Photograph. Paris. Fort Worth Injury Lawyer Blog. Web. Parking Lift. 2011. Photograph. Web. 19 Mar. 2013. <http://www.parkmatic.com/>. La Citta Vita. Mixed-Use, Public Space. 2010. Photograph. Malmo, Sweden. Flickr. Web. Section 2 Images: Kiy. N.d. Photograph. Los Angeles County Arboretum & Bontanic Garden. Www.arboretum.org. Web. <http://www. arboretum.org/images/uploads/kiy.JPG>. Tongva Illustration. N.d. Photograph. Gabrielino Tongva Nation. Web. <http://www.gabrielino-tongva.com/>. Strawberry Workers. N.d. Photograph. Gardena. Charlston, SC: Gardena Heritage Committe, 2006. N. pag. Print. Express Movers. N.d. Photograph. Gardena. Charlston, SC: Gardena Heritage Committe, 2006. N. pag. Print. Down Town Gardena Area Looking Southwest. 1968. Photograph. County of Los Angeles Public Library. Web. <http://www.colapublib.org/scgi-bin/colapl/history/showpic.cgi?c=gardena&p=main&file=3.jpg>. Gardena City Hall. 1964. Photograph. County of Los Angeles Public Library. Web. <http://www.colapublib.org/scgi- bin/colapl/history/showpic.cgi?c=gardena&p=main&file=17.jpg>. Gardena City Hall. 1980. Photograph. County of Los Angeles Public Library. Web. <http://www.colapublib.org/scgi- bin/colapl/history/showpic.cgi?c=gardena&p=main&file=24.jpg>. Gonzalez, Anthony. Walkway of Flags. 2011. Photograph. Gardena, CA. Americancityandcountry.com. Web. Historical Topographic Map. 1994. Photograph. Gardena, CA. Usgs.gov. Web. <http://topomaps.usgs.gov/>. Wei, Tobi. Exit Sign, 2. 2009. Photograph. New York City. Flickr. Web. Attercop311. I Like Handicap Signs a Lot. 2008. Photograph. Remus, MI. Flickr. Web.
186
image cre d its
7
Section 3 Images: Geumsey, Ron. Purple Flower---Explored!!!! 2010. Photograph. Ghetty Images. Flickr. Web. <http://www.flickr.com/ photos/granpoparazzi/5115608609/>. CubaGallery, Andrew. Green Leaves. 2011. Photograph. Auckland, New Zealand. Flickr. Web. Bilton, Matt. River Cam Ripples. 2011. Photograph. Cambridge. Flickr. Web. Taccari, Gilberto. Grass. 2008. Photograph. Tavernelle, Marche, IT. Flickr. Web. Acceber, Avrenim. Orange Crush. 2006. Photograph. Ann Arbor. Flickr. Web. Hirota, Satoru. Skylight Over Stairs. 2012. Photograph. Smallhousebliss.com. Web. Wonderlane. Redwest Campus, Microsoft Building Red West D, View from Red West A, Trees, Clouds, Redmond, Washington, USA. 2010. Photograph. Redmond, WA. Flickr. Web. Therma-Tru. Fiber Classic. 2012. Photograph. Buildipedia.com. Web. O’Donovan, Michael. North Hill: 284 West Gonzales Street. N.d. Photograph. Pensacola, FL. Filmnorthflorida.com. Web. Shebs, Stan. Zauschneria Flowers. 2003. Photograph. Wikimedia Commons, Desert Demonstration Garden, Las Vegas. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zauschneria_flowers-500px.jpg>. Melburnian. Calliandra Eriophylla. 2007. Photograph. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, Tucson, Arizona. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calliandra_eriophylla.jpg>. Shebs, Stan. Hyptis Emoryi. 2005. Photograph. Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument, Palm Desert, CA. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hyptis_emoryi.jpg>. Shebs, Stan. Muhlenbergia Rigens. 2005. Photograph. Springs Preserve Garden, Las Vegas, NV. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Muhlenbergia_rigens_form. jpg>. Clark, Curtis. Encelia Californica Head. 2006. Photograph. CSU Pomona, Pomona, CA. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Encelia_californica_head_2003-04-10.jpg>. Davis, John. Lone Tree on a Summer’s Hillside. 2008. Photograph. Walnut Creek, CA. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lone_tree_on_a_summer_hillside.jpg>. Cochran, Sylvia. “Guide to Native Plants in Los Angeles, California.” Yahoo! Contributor Network. N.p., 7 Apr. 2010. Web. 06 Nov. 2012. <http://voices.yahoo.com/guide-native-plants-los-angeles-california-5784594. html?cat=32>. Bouton, Bill. English: A Pacific Gopher Snake. 2011. Photograph. Carrizo Plain National Monument, San Luis Obispo, CA. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/ Pituophis_catenifer_catenifer_%28Carrizo_Plain%29.jpg>. Howcheng. CA Ground Squirrel on Rock. 2009. Photograph. Thousand Oaks, CA. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/CA_Ground_Squirrel_on_rock.jpg>. Lofink, David. Passer Domesticus -California, USA-8. 2010. Photograph. California. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Passer_domesticus_-California,_USA-8.jpg>. Vernon, Alan. West Coast Lady, Vanessa Annabella. 2011. Photograph. Yuma, AZ. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:West_Coast_Lady,_Vanessa_annabella.jpg>. Drcyrus. Didelphis Virginiana Westerncanada20072. 2007. Photograph. Lower Western Canada. Wikimedia Commons.Web. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Didelphis_virginiana_ westerncanada20072.jpg> Siegmund, Walter. Anaxyrus Boreas (Bufo Boreas). 2009. Photograph. Perry Creek Research Natural Area. Wikimedia Commons. Web. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bufo_boreas_5629.JPG>
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Precedent Images: Teal Architects. Strip Weave. 2012. Photograph. strip-appeal.com. Web. Architeckton. [OVER]fill / Architekton. 2011. Photograph. Archdaily.com. Web. OMA Architects. Bryghusgrunden mixed use, Copenhagen / OMA. 2008. Photograph. Archdaily.com. Web. Hursley, Timothy. Garland Ave Center. N.d. Photograph. Fayetteville, AK. Http://knowlesblunckarchitecture.com. Web. Nullens, Andre. Library + Restaurant + Multifunctional Space / BOB361 Architects. 2010. Photograph. Dendermonde, Belgium. Archdaily.com. Web. Platoon. Platoon Kunsthalle. 2009. Photograph. Seoul, South Korea. Archdaily.com. Web. Studio Marco Piva. Le Terrazze. 2011. Photograph. CaritĂ Di Villorba-Treviso, Italy. Archdaily.com. Web. De Guzman, Miguel. Auditorium And Multifunctional Building / Virai Arquitectos. 2011. Photograph. Muskiz, Vizcaya, Spain. Archdaily.com. Web. Massery, Ed. Glass Lofts. 2010. Photograph. Pittsburgh. Archdaily.com. Web. Moran, Michael. Hamilton Grange Teen Center. 2012. Photograph. Harlem, New York City, New York. Archdaily.com. Web. Section 6 Images: Resolution: 4 Architecture. Hardie Panel. 2007. Photograph. West Stockbridge, MA. Web. <http://www.re4a.com/>. Corrugated Metal Siding. N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://houseroof.info/images/corrugated%20metal%20 building/2_corrugated%20metal%20building.jpg>. Lapinski, Andre. Metal Roof Done by Andre from Pro Roofing. N.d. Photograph. Lynwood, CA. Web. <http://www. proroofingnw.com/about/the-team/foremen-team/>. Mesh_Fencing_Panels1. 2012. Photograph. Web. <http://blog.graepel.ie/2012/10/4-reasons-to-choose-metal- fencing/>. Glass Movable Partition. N.d. Photograph. Zhejiang China. Web. <http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/325474491/ Glass_Movable_Partition.html>. Main. N.d. Photograph. Web. <http://www.kotobuki-seat.com/products/multipurpose-hall/fe/img/main.jpg>.
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