Transit Oriented Development,
at Bandra.
- sneha mahajan
“ A developed country isn’t a place where the poor have cars. It’s where the rich use public transportation.”
- Gustavo Petro
Mumbai -
Mumbai is 5th densely populated city in the world; having population density of 32,303 people per sqkm.
With higher population density comes the need for more extensive public transport around the city.
And one of the many problems about our public transport is the area planning around these transit stations.
Transit Oriented Development TOD, or transit-oriented development, means integrated urban places designed to bring people, activities, buildings, and public space together, with easy walking and cycling connection between them and near-excellent transit service to the rest of the city. It means inclusive access for all to local and citywide opportunities and resources by the most efficient and healthful combination of mobility modes, at the lowest financial and environmental cost. Inclusive TOD is a necessary foundation for long-term sustainability, equity, shared prosperity, and civil peace in cities.
Transit Oriented Development
Encourages Non Motorised Modes and Public Transport
Reduces need of motorised private transport
TOD Principles
Advantages • Reduce dependence on driving • Allow residents to live, work and play in the same area.
• Reduce the area’s carbon footprint and negative impact on the environment • Stimulate the local economy • Provide access to better entertainment or recreational services • Provide access to better jobs • Revitalise Urban areas. • Planned and non-crowded movement of people around the station • Increased foot traffic and customers for area businesses
Variants of TOD
Aim To design a transit supportive framework between existing Railway station and upcoming Metro station by integrating high density mixed land use and modal interchange within walkable distance of each other.
Objective • To integrate compact, high raised mixed land use development and multi modal interchange with railway and metro.
• To propose a connection between Railway and Metro and proposed project through Skywalk. • To design streets safe for pedestrian and bicycle travel around the station area.
Limitations TOD Typologies, (ITDP, 2017)
• Although TOD consists of planning of Residential zone too, due to academic restrictions, I’ve not designed that component.
Source – Times of India https://timesofindia.indiatimes.co m/city/mumbai Using this information, this land is proposed to be developed into a Bandra East Station Plaza.
Bandra – Site Analysis
•
The site is located in Bandra east within 500m radius from the Bandra Railway and Metro(upcoming)Station.
•
This is adjoining BKC (Bandra Kurla Complex) which is the most premium office location in Mumbai.
•
The site in under RLDA and follows the rules of Mumbai DCR.
•
Site Area – 37,227 m2
Metro
Bandra – Site Analysis
Figure Ground
Noise Map
Vegetation cover
Site Contours Key Distances 8 km
5 km
1.2 km
Services on Site International Airport Domestic Airport Bandra Junction
2 km
2 km
Bandra-Worli Sea link
•
BKC
• 0.15 km
Bandra Suburban Railway Station
The site is surrounded by a open water drain on three of its sides which connects to the mithi river below. Water pipelines are laid on two sides of the site as shown in the figure.
Land Use = Commercial FSI NonCRZ 84% 4 FSI
CRZ
16% 2 FSI
• The site is fairly levelled and rectangular in shape.
Site Photographs
View of the site from the main road entry
View from the skywalk of the drain
View of the private road
View of the drain
Design Brief -
The Connection
Skywalk connecting Metro, Railway, the Centre. Pedestrian Zone Vehicular Zone
Bus Drop Off Rickshaw Drop Off
Cycle track The Road
Lighting Street Furniture
TOD
The Commercial Centre Site area- 37,227 m2 Builtup area-1,17,282 m2
Services
Treat the open drain
Parking
AHU rooms
Restaurants
AC Chiller Plant
Book Stores
Sewage treatment plant
Administrative area
Exhibition centre
Substation
Smoking area
Art Gallery
DG set room
Green Leisure Spaces
Day care centre
Water tanks (UGT,OHT)
Informal Desk Spaces
Gym
Fire Exits
Quiet rooms
Indoor Play area
Lockers
Archade
Cafeteria
Multiplex 6950
Special Communal Areas
Food Court 7000
Flea market area
Private Offices
Shopping centre 17,550
Seating Spaces
Meeting Rooms
Recreational Ground 9,310
Amphitheatre
Coworking Spaces
Offices 1,05,492 m2
Design Development and Concept Horizontal Zoning •
Architecture + Urbanism
•
People Centric Design
•
A Site specific design
•
Climate responsive – Low
The shopping centre So that its more connected the local people around and the transit
Form The height on southern side helping most of the structure to be in shadow
Office Giving them the view and height and away from the crowd
energy use
Concept – R I V E R – Connectivity
South
• River is one of the nature’s way of transporting.
Bandra Character
• An important characteristic of River i.e. Connectivity is used in the design.
•
• Connectivity between different spaces within and around.
•
• The form is inspired from the way a river flows down a mountain.
Vertical Zoning
All the railings used in structure resemble the old Bandra houses, The sloping roof shape is incorporated in the skywalk connecting the old Bandra station and the new development showing a transition.
Offices Recreational Multiplex , Food court Urban Haat
Shopping centre
Parking
Design Development
. Connectivity for ALL (Inclusive design)
Connectivity through Ramps
Ramp Connecting level 0 to level 1
A community space ramp wrapping the structure from Ground level to level 3.
Ramp Connecting level 1 to level 2
Climate Analysis
• The site is located in Bandra, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. • It falls under Hot and Humid region. • The mean average is 27.2 °C and average precipitation is 242.2 cm
Sun-Path Diagram From the sun-path we can understand that the region experiences hot climate most of the year and maximum heat the southern side.
Climate responsive design (Solar) The building is oriented in such a way that south faรงade keeps the front portion is shade. The South faรงade receiving the most solar radiation.
Resulting in the this part in shade.
Climate responsive design (Wind) The top region is designed to be non-air conditioned. It’s the open recreational ground area and open markets. Hence, adequate wind is achieved in the region.
Achieving wind flow through the green terraces in between two offices towers.
Shadow Analysis
January
September
March
November
May
Daylight Analysis
Design • Main TOD Centre- Plans
- sneha mahajan
Site View
Vehicular entry to the centre Skywalk entry/exit to/from the centre Exit ways from Station Pedestrian entry to the centre
Site Plan
Bandra East Bus Terminus Residential slums
Railway Station
Station Plaza Commercial zone
Skywalk
TOD Center
Metro Station
Existing Site plan
Mithi River
Proposed Site plan
TOD centre view
Basement Plan
Ground Floor Plan
Urban Bazaar
Peripheral recreational space besides treated Stormwater drain
First Floor Plan
Second Floor Plan
Direct connection between ground and second floor which further connect to Skywalk
Direct connection between ground and second floor which further connect to Skywalk
Direct connection between ground and second floor which further connect to Skywalk
Third Floor
Fourth Floor – Offices Canteen
Office Lobby Space with Semi-Open Garden
5th Floor – Offices canteen
OFFICE TYPOLOGIES Co-working office spaces • Ideal from Small companies and Startups
6th Floor - Offices
Work area Informal areas Conference Rooms
Open Floor plan office spaces • Ideal from big companies
Special Communal spaces
Office Lobby Space with Semi-Open Garden
7th floor
8th floor
9th floor
10th floor
Office Space
11th floor
12th floor
13th floor
14th floor
Office Space
15th floor
16th floor
Offices View
Walkthrough
Design • TOD Centre- Sections & Elevations
- sneha mahajan
Central Atrium
Section AA’
Shopping centre Parking Multiplex Offices
Green Roof
Offices Elevation
Section BB’
Food Court Parking Multiplex Offices
Green Terraces Lift
View from Recreational Ground
Section CC’
Shopping centre Parking Recreational Activities
View from Green terrace
Section DD’
Shopping centre Parking Food Court Offices
Recreational Activities
View of Central Atrium
View of Green Roof
Elevations
West Elevation
South Elevation
East Elevation
North Elevation
North Side Elevation
South side elevation
West side Elevation
East side Elevation
Design • Street design • Skywalk • Construction Details
- sneha mahajan
Street Plan Rickshaw Stand
Bus Stop
Typology 1
Bandra East Station Plaza
Typology 2
Garden
Street sectional view – Typology 1 - Central two way street – 39m wide
1.5m Pedestrian zone
2m Buffer/ Street furniture
4m Cycle track
4.6m Bus-stop zone
3.4m Bus Parking
15.5m ( 3.75m one lane) Road/Crossing
7m Rickshaw zone
1.5m Buffer
2.5m Pedestrian zone
2.5m Pedestrian zone
1.5m Buffer/ Street furniture
3m Cycle Track
1m Buffer
3.75m Road
3.75m Road
1.5m Buffer
2.5m Pedestrian
Street sectional view- Typology 2- Central two way street- 20m
3m Pedestrian zone
9m Vehicular/Cycle road
3m
Street sectional view- Typology 3- Commercial shared street – 15m
Skywalk Plan
Bandra Railway Station
1m
8m
Bandra Metro Station
TOD Center
4.8m
6.8m
Skywalk detail
5.2m
Timber Post section
9m
8m
Skywalk
Methods Used In Building To Cool The Structure 1. VEGETATIVE COOLING • Trees and vegetation shade buildings and surfaces, while water evaporating through their leaves lowers nearby air temperatures. • Shaded walls and surfaces may be 11–25°C (20– 45°F) cooler than unshaded surfaces. Temperatures under a canopy of shade trees may be reduced 1– 5°C (2–9°F) compared to open terrain, and 11–17°C (20–30°F) compared to parking lots.
(The central region is designed to keep it green and allow wind flow through it. Alternative terraces for each office floor as a recreational semi-open space.) (On this southern façade, deep projection made into green terraces.) (terrace pockets and a green border is designed to allow the creepers to grow and shade the façade.
Terrace garden on northern side on every alternate floor.
Methods Used In Building To Cool The Structure 2. SHADING DEVICES • Intercepting sunlight before it reaches the walls and glazing of a building dramatically reduces the amount of heat entering that building. • External shading devices can reduce solar heat gain through glazing by up to 80%. By designing shading devices according to the sun’s seasonal path, both summer shading and winter solar gain can be achieved in climates with seasonal variations.
Horizontal vegetative overhangs on the southern façade, far spaced vertical fins are for aesthetic appeal.
Vertical close spaced fins on eastern and western façade for solar protection
Methods Used In Building To Cool The Structure 3. GREEN ROOF • Reduced energy use: Green roofs remove heat from the air through the process of evapotranspiration, and also act as insulators for buildings, reducing the energy needed to provide cooling and heating
Envelope Detail
Green Roof Details
Atrium Long span Roof The Roof is mostly Flat with some slope to allow to the rain water to flow. The roof is centrally supported by a 2m dia concrete Column. The roof span ranges from 25 to 35. Silicone-pointed glazing - This provides an uninterrupted surface between Aluminium rafters and makes rainwater runs off more quickly and takes dirt with it. • Joints between the steel grid shell elements are welded, making use of parting plates to assist with fabrication tolerances, as can be seen in the photograph. • • • •
Cross section detail Roof Plan
Waffle slab
It is a RCC construction and a combination of normal beam(smaller span) and waffle slabs(longer span up to 24m) are used. The design guide lines are considered according to the image on top. And shown below is one of the sections of the structure to show a typical waffle slab.
FSI Calculations Area
Built-up (m2)
Level 1 - Retail
13,300
Level 2 - Retail
6200
Level 3 – Multiplex + Food court
13,365
Level 4 – food court + Indoor games
960+1670
Site Area
37,227 m2
Level 5 – gym/day care + Office
1667+6776
Non CRZ area
70% that has FSI of 4 = 1,04,235
Level 6 – Art Gallery + Office
1340+6513
Level 7 – Exhibition Centre + Office
1371+6446
CRZ area
30% that has FSI of 2 = 22,336
Level 8 – Book store + Office
1116+6438
Total Built-up allowed
1,26,571 m2
Level 9 – Restaurant + Office
1091+6261
Total Built-up provided
1,17,282 m2
Level 10 – Restaurant + Office
750+5992
Provided Recreational Open Ground
9,310 m2
Level 11– Office
5506
Level 12– Office
5895
Level 13– Office
6781
Level 14– Office
6164
Level 15– Office
5974
Level 16– Office
5703
Total provided Built-up
1,17,282
Occupancy
Toilet requirement
Water requirement
Area
Rule
Number
Area
Male
urinal
Female
Area
(Domestic)
(Flushing)
Retail Ground Floor
3m2 per person
4400
Retail Ground Floor
7
12
16
Retail Ground Floor
34,710
69420
Retail First Floor
6m2 per person
1033
Retail First Floor
12
24
24
Multiplex
625
1250
Multiplex
Per seat
690
Multiplex
2
10
6
Food Court
5000
2000
Food Court
Per seat
1,268
Food Court
13
20
24
Recreational Block
10, 000
20,000
Recreational Block
---
1222
Recreational Block
14
30
24
Offices
2,53,750
1,91,000
Offices
10m2 per person
7,445
Offices(per floor)
8
12
12
Total
3,03,525
2,83,670
Water Tank size UGT (2x15x10)m-domestic, ( 2x14x10)m- flushing,(2x15x10)m Firefighting tank
OHT (50%) – ( 1.5x10x10) domestic, (1.5x10x9.3) flushing, (1.5x4.5x7.3)m Firefighting tank
Air Conditioning
Solar Panels
• A centralised water cooled system is used in the structure. As it’s at massive scale and water recovered from STP and rainwater can be used for the cooling towers.
Electricity requirement 10 watts per sq ft = 1474570 sq ft x 10 = 14745.7 KW
• Total area to be air conditioned = 80% of BUA = 1,09,593 m2.= 1179649.23 sq ft.
100% backup required.
• Cooling load = 1179650/150= 7864 TR + additional Standby TR = 8000TR
Per year consumption= 861,14,888 Kwh
• Chiller Plant configuration ➢ Retail – 2045TR –1000TR x 2 nos.
•
➢ Multiplex – 200TR- 1 no.
Using Revit software following data for the design is found assuming the highlighted terrace will be used for solar panel installation.
➢ Offices – 5800 TR = 850TR x 7 nos. ➢Size of one centrifugal chiller - 3x12m • Water requirement for the cooling tower – 6lt/hr/day x 16 hours x 8000TR = 7,68,000 lt per day. (this water will be used from the water recovered from STP.
STP and Rain Water Harvesting • STP calculations • 80% of the water consumed can be used by STP = 4,69,756 lt • Another 80% of the water that goes into STP is recovered for final use = 3,75,805 lt • 3,75,804 lt = 375 m3. This would need 400 m3 of STP area.
•Rainwater harvesting •Rainfall- 2353mm •Approx Roof area – 19000 m2 •Harvested Water- 4,47,07,000 lt.
• Size of STP= 3x 13x 10m