N
The extent of the watershed is determined by the basin boundary of the Yamuna river. MADHYA PRADESH
INTRODUCTION The intended study region i.e. Orchha, a historic city, nestled on the banks of river Betwa, is a tourist destination in Madhya Pradesh.
UTTAR PRADESH
ORCHHA CITY B A S I N DELINEATING
MADHYA PRADESH
Orchha City and Surrounding Districts
Administrative boundary and Connectivity
Hydrology
Gwalior is the nearest airport connected with Delhi, Bhopal, Indore amd Mumbai. Jhansi is the nearest railway station. All major mail and express trains stop at Jhansi. Regular bus services connect Orchha with Jhansi. Orchha is 14 km away from Jhansi, and 70 kms away from Tikkamgarh.
The River Betwa becomes the lifeline of the city of Orchha and the Surrounding villages and settlements. The topography allows the natural as well as man-made storages of water-bodies, which enables productive agriculture in the area. The extent of the basin of watershed, which creates the region of our study, reaches to Jansi in the North West, Babina cantonment in the South West, Bharua Sagar village, fort and settlement in the North East, Talbehat for and lake in the South East, to the reservoir in the South.
Climatic Context of the region Orchha has a pleasant climate as its location is in the Flat terrains. It is historic place, most tourist visit for October to April, which are the comfortable months. The warmest month of the year is May, with an average temperature of 34.6 °C. In January, the average temperature is 8 °C. The driest month is April, with 10 mm of rainfall. Most precipitation falls in August, with an average of 355 mm.
Orchha city and the surrounding area
River Basins in Madhya Pradesh
Hydrological Context
The R. Betwa is a tributary of the Yamuna. It originates in the Vindhya Range north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh. R. Betwa flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh and Orchha to Uttar Pradesh and joins the Yamuna river.
In the region, the elevation varies from 120m to 420 m, with an average elevation of 220 m. The land slopes from the South-west to the North-east corresponding to the flow of the rivers. The highest ridges are found along the eastern side of the delineated region. The highest elevation is seen near reservoir, while the lowest elevation is near Parichha Thermal power plant.
N Elevation Map
Slope is important because it influences hydrology, soil and its erosion and vegetation. Slope determines the kind of activity possible on the land and kind of measures required for conservation. The slope also determines the parts prone to erosion, as higher the slope more the surface run off. And, also slope helps in determining the areas where water bodies could be located so as to capture the run off the area - water-bodies could be located near the foot of the higher slope areas.
Slope Map
GEOLOGY OF THE REGION Foundation characteristics is very good. Therefore good for structures. Steep ridges to be avoided for construction work. Granite as native material, there is easy available of construction materials like aggregate, sand and chiseled stone. Major area has shallow soil cover and rocky outcrops with less permeability. Water gets collected near dykes and lineaments that don’t allow it to flow off, accounting to the granitic strata, hence they are potential good ground water recharge areas.
Geology Map
SOIL OF THE REGION SOIL DEPTH
Soil Map
SOIL TYPE
The soil depth and the soil types determine the vegetation typology and the soil permeability for water to percolate in and contribute to the ground water potential of the region. As in, the regions with more soil depth and sandy type will allow more water to percolate and the one with less soil depth and clayey type will allow for less water to percolate in. Further more, this is in accordance to the vegetation typology too, as the region with more soil depth will have less degraded vegetation, hence allowing for less run off and more of water percolation.
HYDROLOGY
Surface Hydrology
The surface run off differs accounting to the topography and the land use or cover of the region, hence contributing to understanding the areas which need to be conserved. Further, the water quality of the Surface run off tapped in Watershed-A and B, will determine the quality of water reaching or flowing through the sanctuary and Orchha town, with reference to the land use of the Capacity of Dams/ Weirs subsequent Watersheds. Moreover, • Matatilla Dam- 1132.7 MCM the regions near the stream tend to • Sukhwan - Dukhwan Dam- 57.8 MCM have higher potential to capture • Parichha Dam - 78.8 MCM the run off and contribute to the ground water potential. The River Edge The drainage of the river shows a dendritic pattern. The course of the river within the region has many islands and therefore the river is braided. These islands show diverse vegetation types and densities such as tall grasses, open to dense scrubs, dense teak forests etc. Though the region is rich in its water resources, lack of surface water is a major problem during the peak Summer months.
River edge Sections
FOREST DEGRADATION The drawing suggest the stages of degradation of the forest from Dry Deciduous to thorny forest. Further, as the extent of degradation of the vegetation of a region increases, the surface run off of the region also increases. Besides this, it can also be observed that the regions with less soil depth have more degraded soil, as the vegetation is unable to hold the soil, hence these area will have low ground water potential as the water will be flown off as surface run off to the rivers or streams. Forest Degradation
T h e settlement and Viewsheds
Settlement Map
Viewshed Map
The primary occupation of the villages is agriculture. And, most of the water used in agriculture is drawn by tube-well, rendering a decline in water table.
Soil Erosion Susceptibility The water shed area is characterized by different land forms - ridge, river basin, rocky outcrop at different elevations and were subjected to soil erosion mainly caused by surface run off.
Erosion Suceptibility Map
Further, the region with high erosion are the places where measures for soil stabilization could be implemented. This measure, would ensure the erosion also it will facilitate the water to percolate in, which not only add to the potential ground water recharge but also the degradation of the vegetation. Ground Water Potential River beds and streams are good recharge potentials. Further, due to hard rock strata, the fractures in the weathered rocks and drainage lineaments are the points which become potential good recharge points. The region aquifer is confined, with first fracture found at 12-18 m, second at 24-36 and the thirds at 39-42 m, suggestive of the irregular shape of the aquifer.
Erosion Suceptibility Map
SAMPLE CALCUATIONS WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PLAN WITH REFERENCE TO WATERSHED FOR WATERSHED- A A&B • Surface Run off in Watershed -A = Here Watershed- A & B is chosen as a point of reference for the study, 386.87 MCM • Area of the as the quality of water reaching Watershed = Orchha will be determined by the surface run off of the Watershed- A 38045.3 Ha • Population of & B. Further, within the watersheds, people living the measures for Water recharge within the are proposed based on 6 zones Watershed - identified by overlaying 4 layers of Surface hydrology, ground water 136690 people • Water Demand of recharge potential, degradation the Watershed-B stage of forest and land use. per day - Further, the first layer will determine 3492429.5 m3 = the stream lines and water-bodies, which naturally allow water to 3.49 MCM • Agriculture water percolate inside. demand - 78.68 The second layer will determine the spots or regions which give MCM • Total Water good ground water yield and the demand in ones which are poor, hence the Watershed- B - ones with poor recharge could be used for capturing surface run off 82.17 MCM that will subsequently also allow for percolation. Further, the third and the forth zone will determine again give the regions of good surface run off and degraded forest will be the regions with good run off, hence laying the grounds to propose measure for capturing the same.
Watershed Management
Ponds = 1% (9.671 Based of the Water demand, if we MCM) intend to save 25% of the surface run off of the Watershed, and capture 3. % of water as surface recharge and percolate captured by Farm some amount in the ground one could Ponds = 5 % (19.3 cater to the household and agriculture MCM) demand of Watershed B. 4. % of water captured Surface Run off in Watershed-A = 386.87 by Existing Water MCM bodies = 6.5 % (3.474 MCM) Assuming that we could capture 25% of the Surface Run off = 96.71 MCM
5. % of water captured by Check Dams or Subsurface dams= 16% 2. % of water captured by Percolation (61.76 MCM) 1. % of water captured by Recharge pits = 0.5 % (1.93 MCM)
Watershed Management Plan Watershed- B (Surface run off = 380 MCM) (20% of Surface Run off = 76 MCM)
Zone-1
Zone-2
Zone-3
Zone-4
Zone-5
Zone-6
Existing Water-bodies
High Ground water recharge potential
Moderate Ground water recharge Potential/ Degraded Forest area
Agriculture land
Scrub land/ Low Ground water recharge potential
No yield area for Ground water recharge potential/ Ridges
Percolation Ponds Forest area Recharge Pits Dug wells with Infiltration Galleries
Deepening of existing Ponds and proposing vegetation along its edges to stabilize the Earth.
Recharge Pits Percolation Ponds/ Forest area Farm Ponds Check Dams
Percolation Ponds Forest area Recharge Pits New Water-bodies/ Forest Area For Recharge Pits (0.5-1 % of Surface Run off):
For Existing Water-bodies (3-4 % of Surface Run off):
For Recharge Pits (0.5-1 % of Surface Run off):
Area of Sanera Tal= 1.92 km2 = 1920000 m2
Estimating the Quantity of water, which can be recharged using Recahrge Wells:
l= 2.5 km
b= 0.8 km
Injection Recharge rate- 1 lps (As per the Districh Ground water Information Booklet of Tikamgarh district, Madhya Pradesh)
Depth of Sanera Tal= 3 m Volume of water in Sanera Tal = (h x (l2+lb+ b2)) /3
Number of days of recharge- 365 days
Volume of water in Sanera Tal = 7893333.333m3 = 7.89 MCM
Quantity of recharge= (1x 86.4 x 365) / 1000000
Volume of water which can be stored with increasing the depth to 5m = 13013333.33 m3 = 13.01 MCM
Estimating the Quantity of water, which can be recharged using Recahrge Wells:
For Recharge Pits (0.5-1 % of Surface Run off): Estimating the Quantity of water, which can be recharged using Recahrge Wells:
Injection Recharge rate- 1 lps (As per the Districh Ground water Information Booklet of Tikamgarh district, Madhya Pradesh)
Injection Recharge rate- 1 lps (As per the Districh Ground water Information Booklet of Tikamgarh district, Madhya Pradesh)
Number of days of recharge- 365 days
Number of days of recharge- 365 days
Quantity of recharge= (1x 86.4 x 365) / 1000000
Quantity of recharge= (1x 86.4 x 365) / 1000000
= 0.0315 MCM
= 0.0315 MCM
= 31536 cu m
= 31536 cu m Hence, with the injection rate of 1 lps, nearly 0.0315 MCM of water could be artificially recharged through each injection well in a year.
= 0.0315 MCM
For Percolation Ponds (1-2 % of Surface Run off):
= 31536 cu m
Assuming the water spread area of each check dam/percolation tank as 1274 hectares, inflow and storage period of 100 days, monsoon seepage rate as 0.0016 cu m/ sec /million sq m of wetted perimeter surface water recharge of nearly 0.000176 MCM through each structure could be considered as realistic.
Hence, with the injection rate of 1 lps, nearly 0.0315 MCM of water could be artificially recharged through each injection well in a year. For Percolation Ponds (1-2 % of Surface Run off): Assuming the water spread area of each check dam/percolation tank as 1274 hectares, inflow and storage period of 100 days, monsoon seepage rate as 0.0016 cu m/ sec /million sq m of wetted perimeter surface water recharge of nearly 0.000176 MCM through each structure could be considered as realistic.
Hence, with the injection rate of 1 lps, nearly 0.0315 MCM of water could be artificially recharged through each injection well in a year. For Percolation Ponds: Assuming the water spread area of each check dam/percolation tank as 1274 hectares, inflow and storage period of 100 days, monsoon seepage rate as 0.0016 cu m/ sec /million sq m of wetted perimeter surface water recharge of nearly 0.000176 MCM through each structure could be considered as realistic.
For Farm Ponds (5-6 % of Surface Run off):
Surface Run off in Watershed-B = 380 MCM
l= 34 m b= 34 m
Area of Farm Pond= 1156 m2 Depth of Farm Pond= 3 m
Total Agriculture land in Watershed B= 256951500 m2 = 256.95 km2 Hence the number of Farm ponds in Watershed B with 1 pond within an area of 8 Ha (in the initial Phase) = 3211 ponds Volume of water stored in Farm ponds in Watershed-B = 11135748 = 11.13 MCM For Check Dams and Sub-surface Dams (10 % of Surface Run off): Considering a cut-off at 9m and area of effective sub-surface storage of 100 hectares in up-stream of each under ground check dam, the specific yield of river bed as 20% and 4 to 5 wet spells during the rainy period of 100 days, it is expected that through each underground dam with 2 recharge tube wells, about 1.0 MCM (‘S’ MCM) of surface water could be artificially recharged into the aquifer system.
% of water captured by Recharge pits = 0.5%
2.
% of water captured by Percolation Ponds = 2.5%
3.
% of water captured by Farm Ponds = 5% % of water captured by Existing Water bodies = 3%
5.
% of water captured by Check Dams or Sub-surface dams= 10%
ECONOMIC INSTABILITY AND MIGRATION
ECOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
ENHANCING TECHNIqUES Of ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION CURRENT PRIMARY OCCUPATION
decLine in agricULtUraL practice as a resULt oF water scarcitY and insUFFiciet incoMe.
indUstriaL hazards
ALTERNATIvE OCCUPATIONS
agro Foresting
deForestation
agro Foresting
LaKe restoration
ECONOMIC ECOLOGICAL resortingINSTABILITY to other occUpations AND MIGRATION DEGRADATION
LaboUr in cities oUtside decLine in agricULtUraL practice Mining as a resULt oF water scarcitY and insUFFiciet incoMe.
Mining water
proposaLs Ecozone Map sUrFace rUnoFF
sociaL Foresting
erosion
erosion
toUrisM ALTERNATIvE OCCUPATIONS
agro Foresting
agro Foresting
LaKe restoration
conventionaL agricULtUre practice sociaL Foresting
ISSUES IN CURRENT AGRICULTURAL conventionaL agricULtUre PROCESSES practice
rain water harvesting
TOURIST POTENTIAL SITES
green corridors connecting the Forest and sanctUarY
heritage toUrisM
aqUiFer recharge techniqUes
degradation dUe to grazing LeisUre based toUrisM
singLe crop FarMing poor water harvesting degradation grazing
poor water harvesting techniqUes
dUe
to
over
FragMented Forest patches
poor FarMing practices
accessibiLitY to MarKets
erosion sUsceptibiLitY Map
aqUiFer recharge techniqUes
qUarrY parKs
groUndwater recharge potentiaL Map inFerences the ecozone map is a resultant of the overlay of different eco- layers such as: > erosion susceptibility > geology > groundwater recharge potential > Hydrology > slope > Vegetation
based toUrisM groUndwater recharge potentiaL Map
the sub-layers within each of these layers w identified and categorised accordingly based their eco-sensitivity as; Most critical, Medium criti and Least critical. inFerences the ecozone map is a resultant of the overlay of the different eco- layers such as: > erosion susceptibility > geology > groundwater recharge potential > Hydrology > slope > Vegetation
LEGEND contours- 50m interval
the sub-layers within each of these layers were identified and categorised accordingly based on their eco-sensitivity as; Most critical, Medium critical and Least critical.
adventUre toUrisM
seasonal water
study region boundary
river- rocky outcrop
state boundary
streams
district boundary
canals
city boundary
Lakes
city fort boundary
dry water body
settlements
swamp
national highways
dam embankment
Major roads
these individual maps were overlaid to collectively study and understand the critical zones of the region which are further classified as zones: Zone 1, Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone 4 and Zone 5, where Zone 1 is the most critical eco-sensitive zone within the region, while Zone 5 is the least critical eco-sensitive zone within the region.
these individual maps were overlaid to collectiv study and understand the critical zones of the gion which are further classified as zones: Zone Zone 2, Zone 3, Zone 4 and Zone 5, where Zon is the most critical eco-sensitive zone within the gion, while Zone 5 is the least critical eco-sensit zone within the region.
river
contours- 10m interval
railway
protected forest
railway stations
reserved forest
Latitude- Longitude Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4
adventUre toUrisM
LinaKges and circUits
accessibiLitY to MarKets
The ecozone map was prepared considering different eco- layers such as: • erosion susceptibility • geology • groundwater recharge Map For anaLYsis potential • Hydrology • slope • Vegetation Further, based on the zones prepared with reference to the layers, different proposals are laid in with respect to its appropriateness with reference to the natural layers.
green corridors connecting the Forest and sanctUarY
over
natUre based toUrisM FragMented Forest patches
poor FarMing practices
natUre qUarrY parKs
Source:
erosion sUsceptibiLitY Map
LeisUre based toUrisM
Land degradation oF Forest edges
4
rain water harvesting techniqUes
TOURIST POTENTIAL SITES riparian beLts
toUrisM
singLe crop FarMing
techniqUes
riparian beLts
heritage toUrisM Land degradation oF Forest techniqUes edges
MisManageMent
water MisManageMent
Map For anaLYsis
ENHANCING TECHNIqUES Of ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION CURRENT PRIMARY OCCUPATION
indUstriaL hazards
deForestation UnabLe to identiFY aLternative econoMicaL FarMing ISSUES INbeniFitting CURRENT AGRICULTURAL practice PROCESSES sUrFace rUnoFF resorting to other occUpations LaboUr in cities oUtside
regionaL issUes and proposaL sUggestions
3
Fig 6 : Distribution of Surface Runoff within Watershed- B
4.
proposaLs
UnabLe to identiFY aLternative econoMicaL beniFitting FarMing practice issUes
2
5
1.
regionaL issUes and proposaL sUggestions issUes
1
Assuming that we could capture 20% of the Surface Run off = 77 MCM
Volume of water in Farm Pond = (h x (l2+lb+ b2)) /3 = 3468 m3 = 0.003468 MCM
Zone 5
LinaKges and circUits
geology
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critical
slope
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critical
erosion susceptibility
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critical
Hydrology
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critical
groundwater recharge potential
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critical
Vegetation degradation
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critical
geology
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critica
erosion susceptibility
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critica
groundwater recharge potential
Most critical
Medium critical
Least critica
no processing inFrastrUctUre ecozone Map
no processing inFrastrUctUre
ecoZone Map
proposaL ModULes
ecozone Map ecoZone Map
proposaL ModULes
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ECOZONE MAP & MATRIX
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ROLE OF HYDROLOGY WITHIN THE SUB-REGION The watershed shows major seasonal and drainage lines, the general slope of the city is towards the South East i.e. towards Betwa. The degraded condition of the moat which currently has only patches of water perennially due to siltation is the first concern to be addressed in the moat reclamation proposal through desiltation. Areas for de-siltation are identified by checking low lying areas and rocky outcrops to chart out a path for the moat to ensure some perennial flowing water. Islands hence formed will have vegetation to act as natural filters for the moat water. The moat edge and the road along it is proposed as an alternative route or spillover stretch for the pilgrims who usually traverse the Jhansi-Orchha road (check road name) to the Betwa river, especially during festivals.