CHAPTER ONE: Introduction of Biology
I- Definition, Branches of Biology. Bio – means life • Ologos – to study / the study • BIOLOGY – is the study of life / the study of living things Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. ¡ Biology generally recognizes the cell as the basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity. • Biologist – is the person who studies Biology 2 Major Divisions of Biology • Botany – the study of PLANTS and who does make the observation about the botany is called Botanist. • Zoology – the study of ANIMALS and who does make the observation about zoology is called Zoologist Somali National University
BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY • Every one is study of a group of organism. • There are many branches of biology.
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• Zoology is concerned with animals. • Who does make the observation about zoology is called Zoologist. Somali National University
• Botany is concerned with plants • Who does make the observation about the botany is called Botanist. Somali National University
• Cytology is the study of cells.
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• Ecology is the science which studies the releationship of living things between each other and their environment. • Also ecology is concerned with pollution. Such as air and water pollution Somali National University
• Genetics is the study of how features is passed to offspring from their parents.
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• Anatomy is the study of the inner organs of the body (kidney, hert, liver etc.)
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• Microbiology is the study of microscopic life. • For ex. Bacteria.
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• Taxonomy is the study of the classification of living organisms. • Classification is made groups of organisms.
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• Ornithology is the study of birds.
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• Entomology is the study of insects. • Such as mosquito and spider
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• Parasithology is the study of parasites. • Parasites are harmful organisms for living things.
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Bacteriology is the study of bacteria Bacteriology is the study of bacteria and their relation to medicine and to other areas such as agriculture (e.g., farm animals) and industry. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms which can live as independent organisms or, dependently, as parasites.
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Mycology is the study of fungi of all kinds including mushrooms, molds, truffles, yeasts, lichens, plant pathogens, and medically important fungi.
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• Virology is the study of viruses and viral diseases.
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• Physiology is the branch of biology that deals with the functions and processes of living organisms, both animals and plants. • Physiology is concerned function of tissue, organs and systems.
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• Morphology is concerned with phenotype (Apearance) of living things.
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• Embriology is the study of ​ development organisms between the fertilization of the egg and the time when the animal is born.
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Anthropology is the study of humans, past and prese It is study of the origins, the behavior and the physica social, cultural development of humans.
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Histology is the study of tissues A tissue such as bone, nerve or muscle in animals and epidermis , phloem in plants, is made up of many Hundreds of cells of a few types. The cells of each type have similar structures and functions, So that the tissue itself can be said to have a particular function e.g. nerves conduct impulses, phloem carries food in plants.
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Ichthyology (from Greek: ikhthus, "fish"; and logos, "study"), also known as Fish Science, is the branch ofbiology devoted to the study offish. This includes bony fishes (Osteichthyes), Cartilaginous fish ( Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish ( Agnatha).
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Herpetology is the study of reptiles and amphibians. A person who studies reptiles and amphibians is called a herpetologist. •Reptiles are a group of tetra-pod animals comprising today's turtles, crocodilians, snakes, lizards. •Amphibians are animals that live part of their lives in water and part on land. They are vertebrates and are also ectothermic. E.g Frog, Salamander
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Malacology is the branch of zoology that studies the structure and behavior of mollusks.
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In zoology, mammalogy (mastology) is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems
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Phycology is the branch of botany concerned with seaweeds and other algae.
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Agrostology is the branch of botany concerned wi
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Immunology is the branch of biomedicine that is conc the structure and function of the immune system, inna and acquired immunity, and laboratory techniques inv the interaction of antigens with antibodies.
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•Paleontology is the study of the history of life on as based on fossils. Fossils are the remains of plan fungi, bacteria, and single-celled living things. •Paleontologists use fossil remains to understand d aspects of extinct and living organisms.
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Ethology is the study of behavior of an organism. The ethology examines such processes as animal aggression, mating habits and animal communication.
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