The Investigation of an Eco-City through Four Pillars of Sustainability
MASDAR CITY
SOFIA JASSIM April 2017
MArch Dissertation
A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture.
Total word count: 11,706 words
Sofia Jassim
Author’s Declaration
No portion of the work referred to in the dissertation has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning.
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Sofia Jassim
Abstract
This dissertation will be exploring the aims and achievements of an eco-city in the UAE (United Arab Emirates) whilst investigating the competing logics of sustainability and their application within Masdar City. There are four key pillars established in Abu Dhabi’s Pearl Rating System for Estidama (2010) that I will be focussing on. These collective components are: Environmental; Economic; Social; and Cultural. Through an analysis into key buildings within the masterplan, in addition to gathering public opinion, I will determine whether Masdar City works, or will work successfully as an eco-city and a potential urban settlement of the future.
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Fig. 0.1 Author’s photograph of Mother & Father at Masdar City
Sofia Jassim
Acknowledgments
The final outcome of this dissertation is a result of extensive guidance, support, and assistance from many people to whom I am extremely grateful. I would like to express the deepest appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Eamonn Canniffe, principal lecturer in Architecture and Urbanism at the Manchester School of Architecture, for sharing his knowledge and having confidence in my writing following numerous progress meetings during which we discussed material from each chapter that he had kindly deciphered prior to each meeting. I wish to extend my thanks to my closest friends for helping me through this stressful time, as well as those who took the time to participate in my survey and interviews. A final token of gratitude must be given to my supportive parents, Jawad and Jackie, for losing time on holiday by joining me on my visit to Masdar City, and remaining patient whilst I carried out my site analysis.
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Table of Contents
Author’s Declaration
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Abstract
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Acknowledgements
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Table of Contents
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Glossary of Arabic Terms
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Chapter 1 | Introduction 1.1 Research Theme & Problem
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1.2 Background - Wider Histories & Architectural Theories
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1.3 Masdar City Aims & Achievements
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1.4 Research Questions
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1.5 Aims & Objectives
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1.6 Dissertation Structure
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Chapter 2 | Literature Review 2.1 The History of Abu Dhabi 2.2 The Need for Change in the Mega-City
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2.3 What is an Eco-City within the Gulf Region?
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2.4 The Rise of Masdar City
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2.5 The 4 Pillars of Sustainability
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2.5.1 Environmental
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2.5.2 Economic
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2.5.3 Social
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2.5.4 Cultural
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2.6 Conclusion
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Chapter 3 | Methodology
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3.1 Context & Scope 3.2 Conceptual Framework
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3.3 Explorations & Observations
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3.4 Communication
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3.5 Limitations & Assumptions
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3.6 Expected Outcomes
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Chapter 4 | Empirical Results & Analysis 4.1 Public Perception of Sustainability
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4.2 The Masdar Journey & PRT Experience
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4.3 Observations on Estidama’s Four Pillars
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4.4 Building Case Studies
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4.4.1 Residential
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4.4.2 Knowledge Centre
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4.4.3 Incubator Building
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4.4.4 Multi-Use Hall
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4.4.5 Siemens Middle East Headquarters
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4.5 The Masterplan in Motion
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Chapter 5 | Conclusion
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Chapter 6 | Bibliography
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Chapter 7 | List of Illustrations
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Chapter 8 | Appendices 8.1 Appendix A
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8.2 Appendix B (8.2.1 Bi, 8.2.2 Bii, 8.2.3 Biii)
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8.3 Appendix C
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Glossary of Arabic Terms
Estidama
The Arabic term meaning sustainability and an initiative developed by the Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council as a “manifestation of visionary governance promoting thoughtful and responsible development…while recognizing the unique cultural, climatic and economic development needs of the region” (Abu Dhabi UPC, 2010)
Masdarians
The regional name given to the people that work and/or live within the Masdar City compound
Mashrabiya
A spiritual, decorative, and functional architectural element “that merges the form and function of the Islamic window screen with a conventional jalousie” (Akšamija, 2013)
Sheikh
A chief or head of an Arab tribe, or a Muslim religious leader (Almaany, 2017)
Sikka
Narrow, walkable streets that link each home to neighbours and community facilities, whilst providing shading by the buildings they run along (Abu Dhabi UPC, 2011)
Sofia Jassim
INTRODUCTION
beyond the horizon, so that you can see the island you “ Look are going to. Especially because you have never been there, you have to see that island in your mind, or else you can never get there
�
Mau Pialug, 1976, p. 7
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UAE
Fig. 01 World Map showing Populations (%) at risk due to Drowning by a Rise in long-term Sea Levels (even if global warming is held at 2°C)
INTRODUCTION
Sofia Jassim
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Theme & Problem The international issue we continue to face is global warming as a result of climate change. Due to the depletion of non-renewable resources, it is becoming essential that we modify our lifestyles. Particularly in urban areas, which are increasingly populating, with more than 52% of the global population in 2011 accounting for an average of 74% of energy-related carbon emissions (IPCC, 2014). Therefore, this modification is required predominantly in urban settlements in order to slow down, stop, or even reverse the effects of global warming on Earth. Although we are becoming more aware of the consequences of climate change, we can only predict the possible outcomes, which as it stands could be a global wipe-out within the Anthropocene, if us as humans continue devouring increasingly limited natural resources. Alternatively, if we aspire to remain on this planet and can become more considerate of our natural settlement, a stable future could still be achievable. If we follow a similar vision to Mau Piailug by imagining an imminent future of the city that is fully functional without the current levels of carbon and capable of performing as a selfsustainable system, then we can create opportunities for a prolonged existence.
This seems like a simple feasible solution, however the scale of the issue of global warming and how it effects different regions of the world means that different approaches are required depending on settlement. Nevertheless, one thing that can be agreed throughout the world is that a greener future requires sustainability. The definition of the word green differs from person to person, and so its use is invariably ambiguous. Let us take the eco-city, which is believed to be a contributable solution to global warming. They are emerging all over the world, especially in areas where non-renewable resources are becoming scarce. These eco-cities all claim to be sustainable based on various frameworks, but without one exemplar model of what a sustainable city is, the quantitative comparability of such bodies is difficult to obtain.
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Masdar City has taken on the role of being the exemplar environmental model of the Middle East by proclaiming its vision of sustainability in Abu Dhabi. However, with such assertions come responsibility, and as the design of the masterplan progresses, people are beginning to question whether the original vision will ever be met. Within a capital city that runs on non-renewable resources, the public are also beginning to question the motives behind the creation of a city that promotes the use of renewable resources. Although this eco-city has brought an awareness to environmental issues and potential solutions, it is debatable as to whether it was built for the sake of the planet as promoted, or predominantly for the economic benefits of such an original entity that is more suppressed; this is something that I will be exploring within this thesis.
Fig. 02 Billboard of Masdar City Pre-Construction
INTRODUCTION
Sofia Jassim
1.2 Background - Wider Histories & Architectural Theories The concept of sustainability began in the 1970s, but only emerged in the architectural world in the early 1990s. The unsustainability of urban development however has been occurring for decades, for example during the period of the industrialisation of cities (Wheeler & Beatley, 2014). Susan Maxman does not believe in the use of the term within our field as she believes that “sustainable architecture isn’t a prescription. It’s an approach, an attitude. It shouldn’t really have a label. It should just be architecture” (1993 cited in Guy, 2001, p.140). Regardless, it is still used loosely today and is comprised of what Simon Guy believes are six competing logics to express the fluctuations of such an elusive term (2001), but in design sustainability is more commonly divided into three components: Environmental, Economic, and Social. However, within this dissertation I will be following the local perception within the UAE using the Pearl Building Rating System for Design & Construction (2010). This building rating system breaks down sustainability into four key sectors: Environmental, Economic, Social, and Cultural.
The word sustainability is being used more recently due to the concerns of urbanisation and the environmental effects associated with it. Following ecological patterns thus far, it is predicted that more than 70% of the population will live in cities by 2050 (Goldstone, 2010 cited in Madakam & Ramaswamy, 2016). Consequently, Western society has began to address the contemporary environmental conflict between man and nature through the design of eco-cities. The term eco-city was first coined by Richard Register who defined it as “an ecologically healthy city” (Register, 1987, p.3), which he considered an inexistent but promising concept at the time of writing. Planning policies have more recently been developed to further expand on the concept vaguely summarising it as “an ecological approach to urban design, management and towards a new way of lifestyle” (Wong & Yuen, 2011, p.22). Within this thesis I will collect evidence to determine whether Masdar City qualifies as an eco-city.
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Fig. 03 Author’s illustration based on Masdar’s Masterplan
GROUP RAPID TRANSIT (GRT) PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIT (PRT) PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIT (PRT) EXTN PUBLIC BUS ROUTES
INTRODUCTION
Sofia Jassim
1.3 Masdar City Aims & Achievements Masdar City is located in the capital city of the UAE on a site that was an empty desert a decade ago. The top-down planned city is approximately 10 minutes from Abu Dhabi International Airport and 30 minutes from Abu Dhabi’s city centre by car. Since construction on site began in 2008, the scheme has fallen behind schedule with updated plans to be complete by 2025. Lead by Masdar, a subsidiary of Mubadala Development Company, this project’s budget stands at $22 billion (US). The architects of the masterplan, Foster & Partners (F+P) are a London-based firm that has offices and schemes on six continents. F+P’s main aim for this project was to create the world’s first city with zero net carbon and waste. The Masdar official website hails the scheme as “the world’s most sustainable eco-city” (2016).
On arrival, visitors, workers, and residents must park their cars in the undercroft of the walled city, as this form of transport is not permitted at pedestrian level. Instead, a PRT (Personal Rapid Transit) system is used with vehicles electrically powered, recently carrying their two-millionth passenger.
Phase 1a, Masdar Institute of Science & Technology (MIST) and Phase 1b of 7 of the masterplan are now complete, covering a gross floor area of 0.16 sqkm and currently accommodating 570 people. On completion, Masdar City is intended to cover over 6 sqkm, accommodating 40,000 citizens and almost 70,000 commuters. Phase 1 is divided into 4 sub-phases and consists of mid-rise buildings, including student accommodation, laboratories, commercial, sports and science facilities, and retail outlets. Within Abu Dhabi’s green building rating system, the Pearl Rating System (PRS), the Masdar Institute currently achieves three out of a maximum five pearls (comparable to LEED Gold), quantifying the environmental successes that Masdar boasts.
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1.4 Research Questions Through this process, the thesis considers how the perception of a city can be reformed by addressing the following questions:
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How can sustainability, particularly in architectural design, be explained and understood?
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What is an eco-city, specifically within the context of the Gulf region?
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What does, and does not, make Masdar City sustainable?
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Will Masdar City be an exemplar model in urban planning of the future?
INTRODUCTION
Sofia Jassim
1.5 Aims & Objectives I will acquire relevant sources through a variety of mediums, combining primary and secondary material represented by various aspects of my dissertation. General outcomes I intend to achieve within this dissertation include: a critical appraisal of the spatial, aesthetic, technical, and social qualities; in addition to an analysis of the role of architecture within more sustainable cities and societies, at a range of scales within the scope of the wider context.
Through comprehensive research, I have been able to expand my knowledge of sustainable architecture, which has led to a change in dissertation objectives from focussing on purely environmental to considering the principles of what makes a place sustainable from an environmental, economic, social and cultural perspective.
By further developing my understanding of sustainability, this dissertation seeks to find out if Masdar City truthfully expresses, or merely claims sustainable credentials. Firstly, I will analyse the ecocity as a whole, tracing the origins of this masterplan and how the design has evolved, discovering whether the original vision remains. Following this, I will critically analyse Phase 1 independently. Through an investigation into a range of buildings within Masdar City, I will determine whether specific buildings work effectively, referring to their successful integration of sustainability within the wider context of the city and of the Emirate.
After having made the comparisons of buildings I deem sustainably successful, I aim to further explore the aspects that work well through determining the elements that make the buildings from an environmental, economic, social, and cultural point of view, both individually and collectively. This dissertation will use these outcomes to determine whether the design principles of Masdar City can be applied in other parts of the world in an attempt to replace the highly consumptive 21st century urban forms we see throughout cities within the UAE today. 9
INTRODUCTION AIMS & OBJECTIVES
RESEARCH THEME MASDAR CITY AIMS & PROBLEM & ACHIEVEMENTS
BACKGROUND & HISTORY
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
REVIEWING RELEVANT LITERATURE HISTORY OF ABU DHABI
NEED FOR CHANGE IN THE MEGA CITY
AN ECO-CITY (GULF REGION)
RISE OF MASDAR CITY
4 PILLARS OF ESTIDAMA
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
EXPLORATIONS & OBSERVATIONS
COMMUNICATION
LIMITATIONS & ASSUMPTIONS
EXPECTED OUTCOMES
DISPLAYING & ANALYSING RESULTS MASDAR JOURNEY PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF SUSTAINABILITY & PRT
BUILDING OBSERVATIONS ON CASE STUDIES ESTIDAMA’S 4 PILLARS
CONCLUSION Fig. 04 Author’s illustration - The Dissertation Structure
MASTERPLAN IN MOTION
INTRODUCTION
Sofia Jassim
1.6 Dissertation Structure To meet these aims and objectives whilst answering the above questions, the thesis is structured in five key chapters. Following this introductory chapter, I will be reviewing literature to provide a more expansive overview of theories and concepts within which my research can be placed and understood.
Subsequently, I will be able to develop my argument and establish a theoretical framework to understand the constraints, opportunities, and achievements of sustainable design within the Middle East.
The third chapter will display my methods of data collection, interpretation, and analysis. Through quantitative data, including optional choice questions within surveys conducted, and qualitative data, including more elaborate responses to interview questions and observational note-making, I will be able to establish a cohesive body of primary and secondary data gathering.
In response to this, the penultimate chapter will provide the results of statistical data to enhance the overall analysis of my dissertation, as well as verbal outcomes to confirm my numerical data. This will be carried out alongside a case study analysis of buildings within Masdar City, and also public interpretations of the masterplan overall.
I will use my final chapter to summarise and reflect upon aims and objectives as stated in my introduction. From the outcomes found in the previous chapter, I will be able to conclude this dissertation by determining whether I believe that Masdar City is, or will be a successful project in defining the eco-city of the future, whilst certifying its sustainable credentials.
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Sofia Jassim
LITERATURE REVIEW
must not rely on oil alone as the main source of our “ We national income… We have to diversify the sources of our revenue and construct economic projects that will ensure a free, stable and dignified life for the people
”
Sheik Zayed - Founder of the UAE, 2012
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Fig. 05 A Group of Local Tribesmen playing Music outside their Palm-Fronds Hut
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sofia Jassim
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The History of Abu Dhabi The UAE was once made up of Trucial States dependent on fishing tribesmen and a declining pearl trade. The discovery of vast oil reserves in the early 1960s (Crot, 2013) caused remarkable environmental, economic, social, and cultural changes, generating cities that were dictated by the Sheikh and heavily orientated around Western influences. Following the establishment of the state in 1971, a national oil company was created in the capital city, Abu Dhabi (Morton, 2011). Although still standing as a developing country, the UAE boasts the lifestyle of a first world country with the capital city covering 87% of its occupied floor area even at the start of the state (Heard-Bey, 1982), and achieving one of the highest GDPs per capita in the world (Cugurullo, 2013).
As the city transformed with oil wealth from the turn of the twentieth century, one thing that remained was the way of life in relation to Islam as it ‘dominate[d] the cultural, social, economic, legal and political spheres’ as stated by Heard-Bey (1982, p.170), who at the time of writing questioned the duration of the federation due to its inevitable shortcomings, inefficiencies, and lack of co-ordination.
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2.2 The Need for Change in the Mega-City The leading government of Abu Dhabi may have been too distracted by the sudden augmentation of wealth to have considered the lasting effects of such an extreme transformation. According to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), the UAE has one of the largest ecological footprints in the world, with a total consumption of natural resources amounting to over three times the world average footprint per person (2012), meaning seven Earths would be required to support their consumption patterns. If the leading emirate continues at the current production rate, oil and national gas reserves will apparently run out in 90 years (Sgouridis, 2012). Regardless, The Economist (2012) stated that oil associates have already diverted towards Arctic regions, which due to global warming are becoming increasingly accessible.
Climate change due to the Emiratis non-renewable resource consumption is a result of the exploitation of oil reserves that has resulted in further socio-political and economic instability. As the city continues its transition from sand to skyscraper, urbanisation is a key contributor to its consumption rate, with the population expected to triple within the next two decades (UPC, 2008). This is heavily due to expatriates required for construction work, as well as migration from disaster prone countries, resulting in “an increasing reliance on desalination, which, in turn, would lead to an increasing consumption of oil” (Cugurullo, 2016, p.2423).
Boulton blames the political leaders and expressed to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) that the solution should be to tax carbon and limit the pollution levels of every state (2008). Whilst recognising the need to diversify, Abu Dhabi’s Urban Planning Council (UPC) has its own agenda to develop a new vision to retain the federation’s reputation of strength and wealth: Vision 2030. The Urban Structure Framework Plan “presents a practical, flexible and sustainable view of the future”, whilst apparently being “grounded in the cultural and environmental identity of Abu Dhabi” (UPC, 2007, p.16). However, it would appear that the geographically unique city of Abu Dhabi could become a region whose climatic conditions are used to their fullest advantage by promoting renewable resources, since these are ‘reliable, efficient and commercially competitive” (Ahmed in The Breakthrough in Renewable Energy, 2016).
LITERATURE REVIEW
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The plan follows the late ruler and founder of the UAE, Sheikh Zayed’s approach to sustainability, which has “long recognised people, heritage, and natural assets of sea and sand that extend further beyond focusing on oil as a mere resource” (The Government of Abu Dhabi, 2008, cited in Sharif, 2016, p. 96), which had not been governmentally implemented before this policy. Rather than fulfilling the ostensible, this era of urban transformation seems to be mitigating the effects, with an ecological modernised attitude that “rejects environmental concerns as antithetical to economic priorities, and advances technological innovation as the equaliser of economic growth and environmental preservation” (Anderson and Massa,
(thousands)
Barrels /day
2000, p.338) as seen in Abu Dhabi’s recent eco-city initiative Masdar City.
Fig. 06 Crude Oil Production in the UAE showing increased Production at the end of 2016 in preparation for Expected Cuts
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Sofia Jassim
LITERATURE REVIEW
Garden is the paradise of nature, “ The and the City is the paradise of culture. Or at least they could be… Today, both are out of balance.
If we build the ecocity we will regain the Garden and finally aspire to the full ideal of the City - the City built with, not against, nature
”
Richard Register, 1987, preface
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Fig. 07 Author’s illustration based on Frost & Sullivan’s Smart City Concepts
Fig. 08 Author’s illustration - Current Distribution of Smart Cities
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sofia Jassim
2.3 What is an Eco-City within the Gulf Region? Today’s cities are complex systems due to individuals’ unpredictable interrelations. The eco-city, or the more recently coined term smart city (although this term did not exist at the time of his writing) was created by Register in 1975, who reformulated the idea of restructuring cities to harmonise with nature and create the “ecologically healthy city” (hence the term eco-city). While it remains an elusive concept the ecocity is still commonly used today, with ideals that “range from sustainable development, to bioregionalism and social ecology” (Caprotti & Romanowicz, 2013, p.1955). At a recent lecture on Smart Cities: Solutions for Tomorrow’s World, Mark Elliot, Professor of Data Science at the University of Manchester, expressed his belief that a smart city is not a physical body as cities become increasingly more challenging, but is an intangible “process that evolves with technology, and we are only at the start of its journey” (2017).
Despite the variations of proposals that have emerged in the construction of eco-cities, the aim to re-envisage cities, injecting sustainability into the urban form is the typical aim, as described in the Eco-city Planning Policies, Practice & Design book. This notices the differences in commitment from participating countries, but states that “the common goal is to protect our mother Earth and our common future” (2011, p.ix). Within the Gulf region, multiple smart cities are evolving which typically adopt passive techniques with the reorganisation of traditional methods. These include Qatar’s Lusail Smart City – a large greenfield consisting of 19 districts aiming to accommodate 450,000 people and host the 2022 World Cup (Lusail Real Estate Development Company, 2015). The UAE is also experiencing a rise of re-interpretations of urban settlements, whilst seeking a diversification from fossil fuels, with The Sustainable City in Dubai. This appears to be a diffusion of the ideas taken from Masdar City with the aim of operating a net zero energy, but without the publicity or governmental funding (Diamond Developers, 2017). Although these vary in scale, they all aim to emphasise the environmental aspects of planning whilst integrating the economic and social aspects equally.
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MASDAR CITY
MASDAR INSTITUTE
UTILITIES & ASSET MANAGEMENT
MASDAR VISION
INDUSTRIES
Fig. 09 Author’s illustration - Masdar Initiative Objectives
CARBON MANAGEMENT
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sofia Jassim
2.4 The Rise of Masdar City The word masdar is a derivative of the Arabic term for the source, but is further defined on the official Masdarian website as “a source of many things including knowledge, innovation, and human capital development” (Masdar City, 2011). The architect of the masterplan, Foster + Partners, collaborated with the developer and main client of Masdar (Mubadala - Abu Dhabi Government) to create a sustainable and prototypical city in an attempt to find a new perspective of urban planning within the Middle East.
The economic recession caused a delay in construction since the commencement in 2007 and extreme alterations to the initial design has resulted in less than 10% of the original masterplan remaining intact, but F+P argue that “the city is kept flexible on purpose to make sure that urbanisation and technological development can always be synchronised” (2016). Despite this, the project manager from F+P, George Evenden has high hopes that there will not be a collapse of ambition due to the stalling of the city (Evenden in Costing the Earth Eco-Cities, 2015), even though most of the design developmental work took place offsite in F+P’s London office.
The Masdar Institute is the “first of its kind to be powered entirely by renewable solar energy” (F+P, no date). Despite professing a desire to eventually become carbon zero, it does not currently achieve even a carbon neutral status (Cugurullo, 2013), which forces one to question whether the original aims and objectives of this masterplan were overambitious and unattainable.
A carbon-fuelled country turning to renewable energy might seem unlikely, but Sgouridis is optimistic for Abu Dhabi’s transition to clean energy and believes that 50% of energy required by 2030 can be made renewable in the UAE (2012). Based in the newly established MI, this professor is integrating theory and practice to teach the next generation of Emiratis (and foreign students) the criticality of energy and preservation, with an educational program focussing on sustainable technologies and policies (Masdar City, 2017a) ironically within a city built on unsustainable oil resources. 23
ME
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L IA
NT
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LT CU
U
MIC
ESTIDAMA
RA L
ECO
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Fig. 10 Author’s illustration based on UPC’s Four Pillars of Sustainability
LITERATURE REVIEW
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2.5 The 4 Pillars of Sustainability
Although criticised for being too general the Brundtland Commission’s report, Our Common Futures (1987), is often used to define sustainability as a response to the global issues aforementioned in this review: “to ensure that humanity meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs” (p. 39). However, it also states that sustainable development is dependent on political will. Based on Vision 2030, which was created by UAE officials, the Pearl Rating System for Estidama aims to “transform Abu Dhabi into a model of sustainable urbanization” (UPC, 2010, p.1) comprising one of the six key directions outlined in Plan Abu Dhabi 2030.
When referring to sustainability in this dissertation, alongside Brundtland’s relatively ambiguous definition, I will be using Estidama’s defining categories (or pillars) extending the so-called triple bottom line of sustainability (Krueger & Savage, 2007) to include the cultural element in the investigation of Masdar City.
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1.5m tCO2e displaced by Clean energy portfolio in 2016
33,285 tCO2e Total reported GHG Emissions
4,926 tCO2e
22,526 tCO2e
5,833 tCO2e
Scope 1 Emissions
Scope 2 Emissions
Scope 3 Emissions
4,696 tCO2e
230 tCO2e
20,031 tCO2e
2,495 tCO2e
Onsite Diesel Consumption
Onsite Biodiesel Consumption
Grid Electricity Consumption
Potable Water Consumption
187 tCO2e
5,430 tCO2e
216 tCO2e
Business Flights
Materials
Waste Generated
Emission Factors: Grid Electricity:
0.42 tCO2e/MWh
Potable Water:
0.02158 tCO2e/m3
Diesel:
2.60 tCO2e/m3
Biodiesel:
2.21 tCO2e/m3
Waste:
0.29 tCO2e/ton
10,315tCO2e more than reported GHG Emissions 2015
Fig. 11 Author’s illustrations based on Statistics within Masdar’s Sustainability Report 2016 on Environmental Performance
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LITERATURE REVIEW
design [of MI] incorporates a variety of passive and “The active environmental strategies and will be used as a testbed for the sustainable technologies that will be explored for implementation in future Masdar City buildings
”
Foster + Partners, 2015
2.5.1 Environmental A coherent definition of environmentally friendly or green is unlikely to ever be confirmed due to its ongoing advancement in space and time. With Masdar City, F+P’s creation of an environmental strategy favourable to the site’s climatic conditions was the crucial factor in the aims of making Abu Dhabi the preeminent location of renewable energy innovations.
MI utilises renewable energy resources taking advantage of the site’s climatic conditions with 80% solar energy and the remaining 20% from wind energy and waste material conversions (Ibrahim, 2016). This is made possible through interventions of energy-efficient techniques using ultra-modern infrastructure and mature technologies to generate “nearly 1 gigawatt of clean power” (Clean Energy Development, 2015). The scheme acts as an experimental device “to demonstrate that environmentally responsible living does not imply hardship” (Ibrahim, 2016, p. 54).
However, prior to construction, Bishwapati predicted that the sustainable credentials of Masdar were a myth and flaunting it as a zero carbon and zero waste city was “in fact, harmful to the cause of environmental protection, because it makes the world believe that it can continue with its present consumerist lifestyle and yet contain global warming” (2005, p. 12). Regardless, a planner from F+P has recently admitted that Masdar City will not be able to generate all the energy it requires until completion (in Cugurullo, 2016), which shows a lack of realisation of the project’s scope.
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(Supporting local economy)
Fig. 12a Graph highlighting the Financial Performance supporting Local Economy
Fig. 12b Graph highlighting the OPEX Distribution
Fig. 12 Author’s illustrations based on Statistics within Masdar’s Sustainability Report 2016 on Economic Performance
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LITERATURE REVIEW
want Masdar City to be profitable, not just sunk cost. If it is “We not profitable as a real-estate development, it is not sustainable” Masdar Property Developer, Yousef Mohamed, 2009
2.5.2 Economic The developed country of the UAE is fortunate enough to be able to afford a project amounting to $22 billion (US) at the time of writing (Masdar, 2010), predominantly thanks to Mudabala Development Company (MDC), a prosperous government-owned investment firm. This investment is a method of future-proofing their economy and expanding their portfolio to push for excellence through research and development in sustainability, or more specifically clean tech. Due to the opportunities in the Gulf to generate solar power cheaper than generating fossil fuels permanently, financial institutions are becoming increasingly prevalent, as demonstrated by Mike Eckhart, managing director of Citigroup, who suggests that “there isn’t a single negative to clean energy…this is new finance and it is for the good” (in The Breakthrough in Renewable Energy, 2016).
However, with regard to Masdar City, many believe that the economic diversification of Abu Dhabi has generated an economic-environmental transition so vast that “ultimately the objective is to turn the whole development process…into a single financial project that is replicable in other contexts” (Hodson & Marvin, 2010, p.209). Nevertheless, one cannot dismiss the fact that architecture “is dependent on the contingent and dynamic strategies of those development actors with the power” (Guy, 2001, p.147). It is these actors that decide on the pledging of financial distributions, even if the design of Masdar may have become “a green playground for the rich” (Friend quoted in Bullis, 2009, p. 63).
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21%
9%
96%
19%
PLATFORM GROWTH RATES 2016 Fig. 13a Diagram showing Social Media Performance
Fig. 13b Diagram showing an Annual Twitter Tweet Count
Fig. 13 Author’s illustrations based on Statistics within Masdar’s Sustainability Report 2016 on Social Media Performance
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LITERATURE REVIEW
attention to scale – as the opposite of pervasive “Pay equivalence might suggest an alternative approach to sustainability: one that is capable of dealing in specificities and contingencies rather than collapsing richly disparate lives and cultures into a single reductive drawing plane
”
Adam Sharr on Masdar City, 2012, p.42
2.5.3 Social A decade on from when the Masdar framework plan was established, and a city that should accommodate 40,000 people, currently only houses 300 within the 500 apartments available (Goldenberg, 2016). The scheme can only be described as a ghost town as Masdarian student, Federico Caprotti states: “I don’t think there’s much of a society in Masdar to speak to…it feels more like a campus to me” (in Costing the Earth: Eco-Cities, 2015); this demonstrates how the city runs on a small group of student activity instead of being the lively neighbourhood it aims to be. Citizens that do reside have no attachments to the space, as they do not own the houses so lack a material investment, resulting in what Augé refers to as a non-place (Augé in Cugurullo, 2013).
The equivocal 20% policy is in place to create a social cohesion and allow a fifth of available accommodation to be reserved for low-income workers. This is insufficient in a city with no affordable or social housing as Cugurullo confirms that it “makes Masdar City an elitist and, ultimately, socially unjust project” (2016, p.2430). This is further proven with the exclusion of 85% of Abu Dhabi’s population (predominantly expatriates) from the revenue the city will produce (Cugurullo, 2016). Nevertheless, Masdar appears to boast of their social media credits within the latest sustainability report, which raises potential concerns for their interpretation of the social pillar of Estidama (see fig. 13).
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(Abu Dhabi Sustainability Week)
Fig. 14a Graph showing Cumulative School Visits since 2010
10,000 VISITORS TO THE FESTIVAL AT MASDAR CITY
Fig. 14b Photographs from the most recent Festival during Sustainability Week
Fig. 14 Author’s illustrations based on Statistics within Masdar’s Sustainability Report 2016 on Community Involvement
LITERATURE REVIEW
Sofia Jassim
“One of the most recognizable features of Islamic architecture must always be sustainability. This is so because Islam aims to preserve man and his total wellbeing” Spahic Omer, 2007, p.111
2.5.4 Cultural The Islamic lifestyle still prevails in the UAE, as proven in Estidama with the inclusion of culture worthy of standing as its own pillar in the local amalgamation of sustainability, instead of being merged into the social pillar. This follows Hawkes introduction of cultural sustainability emphasising the role of culture in local planning (2001). This was realised in the design of Masdar City as F+P (2010) remarked that the design was “to be informed by lessons drawn from regional Arab past…inspired by the architecture and urban planning of traditional Arab cities” (Sharr, 2012, p.38). Although many generic features of Islamic architecture can be seen in Masdar City, with its narrow streets, courtyards, and wind tower, the heritage of Abu Dhabi is regarded to be dubious.
Soini & Birkeland describe a key element of culture “as a source of identity connected with a local sense of place providing legitimate reasons for preserving heritage for the future” (2012, p. 216). However, Sharr believes this is lacking in the design for Masdar stating that “it dresses up in Arab costume - an architecture whose values are thoroughly modern, Western and technocratic” (2012, p.40). If true, this is an underlying problem in the architecture and inhabitability of the eco-city, as culture is clearly considered “the foundation for meeting the aims of sustainable development…or as a perspective through which understandings of social, economic, and environmental sustainability may appear” (Soini & Birkeland, 2012, p.215).
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LITERATURE REVIEW
Sofia Jassim
2.6 Conclusion The materialisation of the sustainability ideology prevalent in Masdar City has not yet fully evolved due to the imbalance in incorporating the 4 pillars of sustainability. Although I believe it may stand as a potential urban prototype it is still to be fully established, and is therefore difficult to judge.
The concepts within this literature review will act as a theoretical framework in the application of the study of sustainability within Masdar City. My intended original contribution aims to interrelate these concepts in order to reach a conclusion on my case study’s sustainable principles, beyond existing knowledge.
Fig. 15 Photograph outside Grounds of Masdar City
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FIELD WORK
ON SITE ANALYSIS
PRIMARY RESOURCES
SELECT BUILDING CASES
RESIDENTIAL BLOCKS
KNOWLEDGE CENTER
INCUBATOR BUILDING
MULTI-USE HALL
WRITE INDIVIDUAL CASE REPORTS
CONCLUSION CROSS-CASE
Fig. 16 Author’s illustration - Overview of my Case Study Method
SIEMENS MIDDLE EAST HQ
METHODOLOGY
Sofia Jassim
3.0 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Context & Scope The Masdarian development in Abu Dhabi is the region of focus to test my research methodology. The empirical section of this dissertation is built on data collected over a seven-month period. During this time, 31 surveys and/or interviews have been conducted, a Smart Cities lecture attended, and a visit to the site has taken place. There are specific building case studies within the Masdar City (phase 1) that have been chosen to analyse and compare. This has been followed by an in-depth analysis of the masterplan, exploring the integration of sustainable design through the spatial configurations of the masterplan’s form and technology. This will be used to demonstrate the concepts highlighted in the literature review, including my interpretation of the four pillars of sustainability.
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3.2 Conceptual Framework Following detailed secondary research analysis, I believed a case study methodology would enable the provision of exemplars that are crucial to making scientific disciplines relevant to contexts, as confirmed by Yin: “formal generalization is overvalued as a source of scientific development, whereas ‘the force of example’ is underestimated” (2006, p.228). Critical analysis has been carried out, not only on the buildings and the spaces between them, but also on how the Masdarians and visitors interact with these spaces. Presenting a number of local perspectives has brought to light how the inhabitants perceive their city, and whether or not it functions as an environmental community. This fieldwork was a crucial source of data collection providing a detailed descriptive nature of findings and a deeply focused direction of analysis.
To further validate claims of sustainability from within the city walls, collecting opinions from relevant external design consultants was required. To additionally justify analytical research displayed within my literature review, as well as that contained within my data collection thus far, I later decided to conduct a similar survey on the University of Manchester’s Smart Cities specialists.
METHODOLOGY
Sofia Jassim
3.3 Explorations & Observations On a visit to the UAE, I took a trip to Masdar City, Abu Dhabi. Whilst on site, I observed specific buildings within the masterplan that I personally found questionable as examples of sustainable architecture. I have critically analysed five different buildings of various typologies to determine whether they are successes or failures in these aims, and whether they are legitimately sustainable entities, both individually and as a collective. This analysis was based on questions regarding the Environmental, Economic, Social, and Cultural qualities. I detected any imbalances between the four pillars, whilst taking note of how users interacted with these entities throughout the day, thus collecting perceptive and behavioural individual data.
In addition, I have critically examined the description of my chosen buildings within articles and journals in order to discern how editors convey opinions on the integration of Estidama’s four pillars of sustainability (2010), including how the cultural aspect is integrated within modernised sustainable buildings.
Furthermore, I have carried out an analysis of the masterplan drawings to identify the development and changes that have transpired since the original vision of the project, detecting where the implemented sustainable attributes had been lost. Subsequently, I explored the reasons for these changes discovering whether the publicised sustainable objectives remained evident in the current set of drawings. As a result, I have examined multiple scales of the scheme, evidencing my understanding of the multi-layering of the case study from building to city.
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3.4 Communication Estidama (2010) recognises society and culture to be two crucial elements of sustainability, and I therefore deemed it necessary to connect with the people associated with my case study. This was achieved on site through a survey to quantify public opinion, as well as informal structured interviews to accumulate quantitative data (see Appendix A). For the locals who did not speak English, my Arabic-speaking father assisted in translating. I intended to target a varied audience, from tourists visiting to civilians working within the official Masdar City company (the Masdar Initiative). Survey questions consisted of two levels of complexity dependent on the interviewee’s knowledge of the project and role within the city. I prepared questions based on literature review findings with each interview or survey seeking to investigate specific aspects of the Masdarian narrative.
I took this opportunity to interact with civilians that worked and lived within the city, both local and the predominant expatriates, as well as tourists that were visiting to compare understandings of how the eco-city works. This allowed me to discover if they believed Phase 1 currently performs, or will perform once the masterplan is complete in a manner that addresses the four pillars of sustainability.
On my return to the UK, I made contact via email and telephone communication with the architects, Foster & Partners, the architects Sheppard Robson (see Appendix Biii), who are responsible for one of the buildings accompanying phase 1, and CBT Architects (see Appendix C), who are designing Phase 2 of the masterplan. Subsequently, I have been able to identify their original visions, how they related to the pillars of sustainability, and if these were changed or eliminated through the design process. From gathering contact details on my visit, I have also been able to connect to more Masdar civilians online (see Appendix Bii).
METHODOLOGY
Sofia Jassim
Through communication with the university’s team of academic staff, who specialise in urban sustainability with research and scholarships that address international scales of analysis from the School of Education, Environment and Development (SEED), I have uncovered their opinions on eco-cities, in particular Masdar City (see Appendix Bi). Consequently, I have been able to gather unbiased data due to their disassociation with the project, as well as creating an organisational data comparison of the Masdarians, design consultants, and relevant external specialists. Thus, I have gathered data from a variety of people to ensure the validity and fairness of my data collection, thereby receiving varied perceptions of my case study from Manchester to Abu Dhabi.
All surveys and interviews were compiled of quantitative and qualitative responses, and anonymity was guaranteed to all actors involved; a crucial necessity due to the current civil rights that limit freedom of speech in this country according to Freedom House (2016). To promote engagement, I intentionally kept survey questions concise and relevant, with a combination of multiple choice and short-sentence answers with some variations in questions where applicable dependent on actors; verbal consent was collected from all participants.
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3.5 Limitations & Assumptions Although throughout this dissertation there is a running theme of concepts and evidence to support the understanding of sustainability, for the focal case study there are a number of limitations I have encountered. For example, the inevitable limitation of only gathering observations from a one-day excursion. However, visiting in December may have been beneficial as more occupants will have been present within the external public areas due to the more bearable winter climate. In addition, as the first phase of the masterplan had been completed at the time of my visit, I was able to evaluate the masterplan’s progress fairly.
An unexpected issue I faced on site was building accessibility having not gained permission prior to my visit; therefore the evaluation of my building studies will have some restrictions. However, I still believe I have demonstrated my analysis of the building studies through my experience of them. As Foucault states, “architecture helps visualize power in other ways than simply manifesting it� (1991, p.241). My observations and critical analysis of the designated buildings will frame the research through an objective perception of the case study.
METHODOLOGY
Sofia Jassim
Although I had assumed that there would be a communication problem with non-English speaking interviewees, once on site I discovered that all participants I approached spoke moderate to good English. However, when interviewing predominantly expatriates, especially those with limited knowledge of the city, simplifying of question structuring and general background provision of the city’s public information was required. Consequently, the questions asked may have been misinterpreted.
A further limitation I have experienced has been a lack of online survey feedback. I have faced some difficulties in getting into contact with design consultants, assumedly due to not having primary connections. However, specific relevant secondary sources can be applied. For example, Foster and Partner’s senior executive partner and project manager for Masdar City, Gerard Evenden voiced his opinion on this project through an interview recorded in BBC 4’s Costing the Earth: Eco-Cities (2015), which will provide sufficient evidence of his insights.
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DEVELOP THEORY
SECONDARY RESOURCES
PRIMARY RESOURCES
PUBLIC SURVEYS & INTERVIEWS
SMART CITIES LECTURE
FIELDWORK
ONLINE COMMUNICATION
ANALYSE PHASE 1
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SURVEYS
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F+P
WORKERS
MASDARIANS
SEED
RESIDENTS
VISITORS
CONCLUSION
OVERALL & CROSS-CASE
Fig. 17 Author’s illustration - Exploration & Communication Methods undertaken
SHEPPARD ROBSON
CBT ARCHITECTS
METHODOLOGY
Sofia Jassim
3.6 Expected Outcomes This dissertation aims to conclude whether the design of Masdar City grew successfully from the four pillars of sustainability, with a meaningful focus on combating global warming, or rather was dictated by the politically-charged views of the rulers of the UAE, as has been suggested by some sources referred to in my literature review.
Prior to my visit to Masdar City, I expected to experience the foundation of a city that epitomised an awareness of sustainability through integrated characteristics. My predictions of the eco-city were that it would demonstrate an emphasis and facilitation of environmental conditions, whilst also commercialising a new form of urban settlement exhibiting sustainable technology. Additionally, I expected it to include spaces to allow social interaction and relationships with the local culture undoubtedly embedded within the design.
Before receiving feedback from the online surveys, I anticipated a broadly optimistic response regarding the success of this scheme as an eco-city and the potential of global expansions following this idiosyncratic development.
The aim of undertaking this methodological approach was to portray an understanding of the complexity of the term sustainability, strengthening and extending experience to what has been uncovered in previous research. However, what emerges from this study is only specific to the time and stage of design it has been conducted.
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Fig. 18 Author’s photograph of Solar Panels overhanging above a Laboratory providing External Shading to City sSreets
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
4.0 EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
4.1 Public Perception of Sustainability Before introducing the case study of focus within my face-to-face and online surveys, I aimed to gauge the participants’ overarching views on sustainability. From the University of Manchester’s SEED contributors, 37% used Brundtland’s definition (as described in the literature review chapter 2.5), whilst 25% deemed sustainability valueless with one response stating “it’s a tool, a tactic, a claim, not an out-there concept to which we all agree” (2016).
From my fieldwork, 80% of responses to perceptions of sustainability were environmentallyorientated, with no participants mentioning the importance or inclusion of culture. A similar response was evident in their views on key components of eco-cities, which partially resonated with those of some SEED members, but other members were less optimistic about the concept with one stating: “it’s a wellintentioned marketing ploy that might have benefits but probably not of the type and scale claimed in their publicity” (2017). When asked about their beliefs regarding eco-cities specifically within the Gulf area, most highlighted the fact that they are usually built from scratch with one commenting that “they embody a series of paradoxes, linked to a wider context of excessive energy use and social exploitations” (2017). This demonstrates an awareness of an assumption of sustainable imbalance in the region.
* N.B. Reference dates within this chapter refer to when participants responded to my surveys and interviews.
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1
PRT Phase 1 10MW solar array
CBD urban form & fabric
PRT Extension
Irena HQ
Aquaculture Facility
Fig. 19 Author’s illustration of Masterplan highlighting Areas that have been constructed
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
4.2 The Masdar Journey & PRT Experience On arrival to the site in Abu Dhabi (mid-morning on 28th December 2016), the taxi driver entered the undercroft of the raised city where commuters and visitors were able to park their cars before entering the city. Once stationary, the driver informed me that we were located at the main entrance; this seemed improbable given that there were only half a dozen people in sight and no distinct welcoming information point. Following the group of apparent tourists ahead, I joined a queue within what seemed to be the PRT station, where I was met by a series of cubicles with glazed sliding doors. After a second empty PRT pod appeared decelerating into one of the cubicles, I entered the simplistic curved cart anticipating my interaction with the computerised system to direct the pod. However, although the Masdar City website claims “the vehicle’s user control panel consists of an information screen and interfaces for the vehicle activation, intercom, doors, medical assistance and emergency stop” (2015), the control screen only had a single button to prompt the pod to begin moving.
Numbered slot
Pod car
Station cubicle
Fig. 20 Author’s photograph of PRT station
1
Masdar City - Journey
Concept - 2008
Concept 2008
Fig. 21 The Evolving Masterplan 2008-2013
Master Plan - 2011
Masterplan 2011
Development Strategy - 2013
Development Strategy 2013
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
The only momentary pause on the silent journey was when the pod halted in acknowledgement of another of the thirteen pods in use reversing into my pre-set route. It became apparent that the PRT systems’ current use was to act as a shuttle bus transporting passengers from station A to B and back. Although within the 6 years of use that has amounted to a carbon displacement of 53 cars running for a year, one report states: “the system is currently carrying five times the originally anticipated number of passengers, averaging close to 90% occupancy rates during morning and afternoon peak hours” (Nelson, 2016). One then questions why the system has been designed to expect only an 18% occupancy. Nevertheless, Evenden from F+P believes the advancing of the transport will be apparent with time: “the vehicles themselves have the capability of going anywhere –it’s a simple case of reprogramming...You can’t run your vehicles if your streets don’t exist” (in Costing the Earth, 2015). Once I had reached the destination, I entered another relatively vacant space with a large scaled model of a partly unrecognisable masterplan due to the progression of the scheme from when the model had been created. Following the hub of activity up a flight of steel stairs to a more identifiable public realm level, I began my field work.
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Fig. 22 Author’s graph showing response on site of Masdarian residents of their thoughts on settling in Masdar City
Fig. 23 Author’s graph showing response of all participants on if they believe Masdar City has a community
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
4.3 Observations on Estidama’s Four Pillars Generally, public responses gathered on site of MIST varied, with some participants unimpressed by the overall aesthetic and one participant calling it “very clinical as a whole” (2016). However, it could be argued that this is a typical response to contemporary developments, especially with environmental performance as the driving force behind the design, which often leads to unfamiliar aesthetic features. Another tourist commented on the lack of vegetation in the apparently green city. However, it is important to note that the maturity of natural environments comes with time; planting full-grown trees would in itself be unsustainable.
Of the Masdarians I interviewed, two-thirds rated their expectations of Masdar City as being fulfilled at 5/5 stars. Nonetheless, when asking the same question anonymously within online surveys the average rating was 3.5/5 stars. This could possibly be due to Masdarians wanting to encourage promotion of the city as a tool of accumulating a greater level of occupants; the only sign of inhabitable spaces I found were during the lunch break hour and later in the afternoon when students and workers were returning home or leaving the city. Regardless of the lack of population, a communications manager stated he believed the city “shows sustainability in terms of social influence providing for the people” (2016). When questioning current residents (predominantly students) on their plans for the future within the city, more Masdarians told me that they would move elsewhere rather than settle after a few years (see fig. 22). One participant explained she would not stay due to the lack of activity outside student-living, stating: “I am not sure I would raise a family here, maybe in 10 years but there is not enough for children…or anyone really apart from students” (2016). In response to the same question, another Masdarian said “it would be nice to raise a child in this new green world, but it is not reality yet - the scale of Masdar City is not yet big enough to cater for all ages” (2016). This could be due to the first completed phase of the project evidently only performing as an isolated campus, which further justifies why 76% of those surveyed believed there is a lack of community within the city walls (see fig. 23).
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No. Respondents No. Respondents
Fig. 24 Author’s chart showing the response on site of the opinions on whether there is a strong Islamic culture present from 0 (not at all) - 5 (completely)
Fig. 25 Author’s chart showing the response of Masdarians online regarding the sustainability of Masdar City from 0 (not at all) - 5 (completely)
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
A recurring view from tourists was that the development of the city could strengthen the sense of community. Nevertheless, at this stage I query the use of the word city within a space less populated than a typical town.
Regarding the culture pillar of sustainability, within my interviews and surveys I asked if respondents believed the city portrayed a strong local culture through the people and its architecture (the spaces and buildings); to which they answered predominantly “yes” (see fig. 24). A common opinion was that there was a successful compromise between innovation and tradition. In my view, this was apparent with a clear approach of modernising traditional Arabic architecture. However, Islamic civilisation appeared to be lacking, apart from when the call to prayer occurred and there was a migration to the mosque. This was partially due to the distinguishable differentiation of expatriates and Emiratis as evidenced by the difference of attire and roles within the city. In a SEED member’s opinion, it is difficult to prematurely judge Masdar City on its cultural aspect, but believes that “less focus should be placed on technology, culture should be brought to the fore more” (2017).
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Fig. 26 Author’s photograph of the Outskirts of Masdar City looking towards the Desert
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
Having the ambition to gain the title: “the world’s greenest city” (WWF, 2008), Masdar City was destined to be techno-economically driven instead of being culturally orientated, proving why in a more recent report it was coined “the world’s first green ghost town” (Goldenberg, 2016). The distinct dependence on the commercialisation of revitalised renewable resources is in place to expand the economy of Abu Dhabi as demonstrated in the Economic Vision 2030. This was made clear by a Masdarian when asked what he believed was the key vision of MIST: “A zero-carbon city that could be economically viable and a pole of attraction of businesses and residents” (2016), further proving the lack of emphasis on the social and cultural aspects of sustainability. Regardless, to financially benefit from such an innovative prototype it must accomplish its environmental goals, which seemed apparent on site with all participants of surveys and interviews rating the success of the eco-city at least a 4/5 star; although it is important to note that the Masdarians online gave this an average 3-star ranking.
When further expanding on the sustainability performance of Masdar City, a fifth of on-site participants could not pass judgement, predominantly because not enough of the city has materialised yet. When asking online participants questions about the characteristics that make Masdar City sustainable, 80% described enviro-technical means, which is supposedly driving this scheme, but then only rated the sustainable performance overall for MIST as a 3/5 star-rating (see fig. 25). If the people that work, study, and live in the city do not even believe in the technology invested that drives the project, it is unclear as to how it will last economically. Perhaps refocusing to a community and placing the people at the centre may prolong the possibilities of future urban developments. A visitor from the University of Manchester’s SEED agreed on the lack of society stating: “it felt desolate...[and] that it hadn’t been built for people” (2017). Nevertheless, I personally deemed the abundance of technology displayed and integrated within the architecture inspiring, and I was instantly convinced that the ambitious project demonstrated at least the eco-technic aspect of sustainability (Guy, 2001).
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Fig. 27 Author’s photograph of the Wind Tower within the main public realm of MI
Fig. 28 Author’s photograph showing the strategically narrow Streets creating shaded external Walkways
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
4.4 Building Case Studies The first phase is planned to address the local microclimate within the desert. Sikkas (narrow pedestrian corridors) allow buildings to optimise shading within the outdoor space due to the southwestnortheast axis orientation, accompanied by the 5,000 sqm of roof-mounted photovoltaic panels. The 23-foothigh concrete base amplifies wind exposure and is estimated to feel approximately 15°C cooler than at ground level outside of the city walls (Kingsley, 2013). This design response to climatic conditions has been inspired by traditional Arabian city planning, which has been further explored within the main public space of MI, where a contemporary reinterpretation of traditional Arabic wind towers stands. The 45m-tall tower begins at pedestrian level and rises above the surrounding buildings, directing cool upper air down to the public square. The change in temperature was instantly perceived on site and appeared to encourage some public settlement in these open areas.
As “the first research institute, dedicated to design, development of alternative energy sources, environment friendly technologies, and sustainability” (Ramaswamy, 2016), technology has been focussed on mitigating the effects of the intense heat. Aircuity System Technology used within MIST currently saves approximately 55% of energy consumed through HVAC systems (Ramaswamy, 2016). This immediately demonstrates Masdar’s efficient approach to sustainability, confronting the issue of heavily energyconsumptive devices used within Abu Dhabi and other hot climates.
Fig. 29c Fig. 29a Fig. 29b Building Clusters (MI) Urban Form Roof Plan (MI) Fig. 29 Author’s illustration of the Masterplan Layout, as well as MI roof plan and building position
Fig. 30 Masdar Institute First Floor Plan
5
CASE STUDIES
10m
There are 5 buildings within Phase 1 that I critically analysed on site and will be evaluating here. As displayed in the
2. Knowledge Centre
plan below, there is no zoning in the layout. Spaces to live, work,
3. Siemens HQ
and play are strategically integrated in contrast to the design of
4. Multi-Use Hall
classic Modernist cities, in order to reduce travel distance, decrease
5. Incubator Building
carbon footprints, and thereby create a more sustainable city.
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EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
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Fig. 31 Author’s illustration of Masterplan Phasing
CASE STUDIES 0
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Fig. 32 Masdar Institute Section
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
4
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MI (see fig. 30)
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Fig. 33 Author’s illustration of the constructed Phase 1 & Siemens HQ based on Masdar’s Visitors Map
£££
ACTIVE SYSTEMS
Renewable Energy
Efficient Envelope & Systems
BULIDING OPTIMISATION
FORM & ORIENTATION
£
ENVIRONMENTAL GAIN Fig. 34 Author’s illustration of the Environmental Pyramid showing the largest environmental gains comes from the least financial investment
Fig. 35 (above) Author’s photograph of Communal Residential Gardens Fig. 36 (left) Photograph of Residential Façade Installation
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
4.4.1 Residential [Phase 1] The Institute campus (phase 1) holds 102 apartments comprising of one, two, and three-bed units strategically forming high density, low-rise living in order to achieve “a balanced socially and commercially sustainable campus” (Ibrahim, 2015, p.7). However, with only 300 students living on-site, this social balance is evidently lacking. This was apparent on my visit as I didn’t see anyone enter or leave the housing blocks; this was worrying given the design concept focuses on creating a lively, energetic neighbourhood.
Each apartment can be accessed via a fully shaded atrium space, which provides natural ventilation whilst exploiting thick thermal mass walls, as well as natural diffused lighting from the atrium roof lights above. Every apartment unit has screen-shielded, openable windows that are specifically positioned to maximise natural ventilation. In addition, each comes with a sleep mode, using technology that recognises when apartments are unoccupied, consequently minimising energy consumption. This feature exhibits the design consideration and implementations of long-term building operation, demonstrating an ecological approach.
Of the four residential blocks built, one block is for female students only, displaying respectful acknowledgement of the local culture. Further cultural depictions are showcased within the unique form of the residential blocks; the façade designed by Jean-Marc Castera portrays Arabic design methods. This provides privacy and shading, as well as cooling through the use of screens perforated with traditional intricate mashrabiya patterns, evidencing the capacity to reinterpret and modernise cultural elements. The staggered undulating form comprises a series of extruded oriel windows that wrap the building. This is complimented by a distinct terracotta tone depicting the contextual desert sand, whilst minimising maintenance.
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Fig. 37 Author’s photograph of Residential Undulated Façade
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
According to Ross Palmer, a partner at F+P, the glass reinforced concrete (GRC) screens that constitute the form were originally intended to be sourced and fabricated locally in Abu Dhabi “to minimise material, transport, and embodied energy” (Palmer, 2011). However, this was later modified to specify that materials will be “sourced from locations no further than 800km from the building site” (Elgendy, 2014).
In my opinion, the residential blocks had the greatest presence, boasting the most unique form out of all the entities within Masdar City, although disappointingly, not all these carefully designed modules were fully occupied. The architecture appeared to embrace traditional local design principles in a contemporary manner, demonstrating the cultural pillar of Estidama.
Fig. 38 Author’s photograph of Residential Block
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Fig. 39 Author’s photograph outside the Knowledge Center during the lunch hour
Fig. 40 Author’s photograph of Roof Overhang shading Library
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
4.4.2 Knowledge Center Masdar Institute’s library, the Knowledge Center covers 900 sqm of floor area used by students and researchers. The helmet-shaped form was derived from efforts made to optimise solar energy harvesting through the use of photovoltaic panels each orientated differently, creating a slightly flattened spherical form. The panels are clad in flat, folding zinc, which was the chosen material for the “roof cladding because it had the lowest overall environmental footprint” (Masdar, 2010). The distinctive shell prominently overhangs covering the northeast side of the building to provide shading, minimising internal cooling loads and direct sunlight; not only to occupants but also to the public square to which the library is adjacent. Having returned to this external space multiple times throughout the day, it appeared to remain shaded predominantly due to the Knowledge Center positioning.
Accompanying the shell is full-height glazed panels; characteristic of buildings throughout the UAE. However, in this case it does not cause overheating or strong direct sunlight, and permits diffused light within the study areas whilst offering an opening view from inside towards one of the city’s parks.
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Fig. 41 Author’s photograph of Inner Surface of Roof Overhang
Fig. 42 Author’s photograph of Library Main Entrance
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
The material choice for the roof structure was glulam timber, chosen instead of steel due to its lower embodied carbon footprint. This footprint was further reduced due to the timber being locally manufactured, hence reducing travel distance for delivery to site. The timber used was also certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), an organisation that has approved the sustainably managed forest timber use in this building.
The materiality consideration, orientation, and efficiency wrapping and supporting the building clearly demonstrates smart sustainable methods of climate-responsive design. However, during my time in the public square, there was an obvious lack of inhabitants and activity within and outside of the building, suggesting that the social pillar of Estidama is absent here.
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Fig. 43 Author’s photograph from the Courtyard of the Incubator Building
Fig. 44 Author’s photograph of Tilted Reflective Façade of the Incubator Building with Advertising Boards underneath
Fig. 45 Author’s photograph of Incubator Building Corner adjacent to Apartment Blocks
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
4.4.3 Incubator Building This was the first commercial property in Masdar City that lies at the heart of the development with a strategic proximity to Masdar Institute. Acting as a clean technology hub for Abu Dhabi this building serves a “range of businesses from start-ups and SMEs to regional offices of large multinational corporations” (Masdar, 2016) looking to leverage partnerships with the Institute. They can all benefit from Open-Stop Shop registration within this economic free zone, subsequently encouraging firms to settle within the city. Although Masdar’s official website claims to home more than 400 companies within this building, Masdar provided All-Energy, the UK’s largest renewable energy event corporation, with information stating that there were approximately only 60 companies (Masdar, 2012). This appears to be credible given the small quantity of people I saw enter or exit the building throughout my day visit.
Nevertheless, the spaces within the 9,700sqm (GIA) are tactically adaptable with an 81% area efficiency (Masdar, 2017), exemplifying crucial design considerations required within commercial buildings to remain flexible and densely inhabitable.
Although an initial aim for the city was to achieve at least a 90% construction waste diversion from landfill, this has recently been altered to aim for a 75% diversion by 2021 (Masdar, 2016). Nonetheless, the Incubator Building meets the original targets with extensive use of recycled structural steel and aluminium. These materials have been used within a form that slopes outwards as it rises, providing external shading within the surrounding streets as well as the central courtyard, which aids in preserving the cooler shaded air. The use of shaded courtyards is in keeping with the Arabic architecture theme, providing natural filtered lighting in a thermally comfortable outdoor area. However, as raised previously, I only observed a handful of people sit or pass through it.
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Fig. 46 Author’s photograph of Multi-Coloured Façade (above) Fig. 47 Author’s photograph focusing on the Façade Singular Fritting Modules (left)
Sofia Jassim
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
The façade inclination demonstrates a simple method of reducing internal solar radiation, but there is confusion on the official Masdar website as to the extent to which this occurs, ranging from “over 30%” (Masdar, 2017b) to “up to 63%” (Masdar, 2016a). Either way, the tilted form is an innovative technique for reducing operating costs for the business users inside.
Further reductions in mechanical cooling are implemented within the glazed façade through the integration of coloured ceramic fritting, the placement of which differs over each orientated face, with varying colours from cooler tones towards the base, and brighter, more reflective tones as you gradually ascend, dependent on solar intensity. The circular dotted fritting also varies in density with more towards the top where solar radiation is stronger, further demonstrating environmentally responsive design.
The Incubator Building signifies the UAE’s efforts to diversify their economy through the provision of multiple beneficial employment opportunities, accompanied by mechanically operating reductive design. If it does hold the number of businesses Masdar is claiming, this building encompasses the economic pillar of Estidama.
Heavily fritted glass
Set back podium for shading
Slanted façade Roof solar shading for glazing harvesting & shading
Fig. 48 Author’s illustration of the Volume Chamfering used to Reduce Solar Gain
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Fig. 49 Author’s photograph of Multi-Use Hall Entrance
Fig. 50 Author’s photograph of Corner Detail
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
4.4.4 Multi-Use Hall Adjacent to the Knowledge Center is a multi-purpose hall, which stands as the signature structure for Phase 1b. This building accommodates a range of spaces for recreational activities, including a fitness centre, a 90-seat hall at the upper levels, and an open-air swimming pool at the lower level. The positioning of a building above the pool zone was to optimise land use. However, I deem this unnecessary given the current desert context, although the intentions may be accommodating future outcomes where the land is more densely occupied.
Two exposed cores sit at the base of the building creating a sheltered outdoor space below while supporting the indoor pool, which is wrapped in a glazed system covered in horizontal timber louvres with varying density to allow views out at eye level. Accompanying the cores, external encased steel columns support the mass above the pool area, which provides shade to the pool below as it broadens in floor area. Some of the glazing is openable at this level, but I question the efficacy of this choice since, for most of the year, it would be unbearable to open a window within this hot climate.
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Fig. 51 Author’s photograph of Timber Louvres surrounding the Pool Zone (left) Fig. 52 Author’s photograph of Triangulated Facade with Inset Glazed Panels (below)
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
Similarly to the Incubator Building, the middle and upper segments benefit from slanted façades with the upper section displaying similar tonal qualities though it is not all glazed. Instead, a triangulated aluminium module coats the skin, with a small strip of offset windows within the diagonal grid presumably creating a dark internal space likely to demand more artificial lighting, thus energy consumption at this level.
The building apex contains the multi-functioning hall, creating a flexible space suitable for conferences, sports, music, or performance events, accessible to workers, residents, and visitors indicating “the sustainability objective of creating a viable work-life balance” (Masdar, 2016b). One would assume the adaptability within this building would provide a social hub for the population of young adults with an encouraging inclusion of cultural activity, but there seemed to be a scarcity of life in this area.
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Fig. 53 Author’s photograph of Entrance to Siemens HQ (left) Fig. 54 Author’s photograph of External Core of Siemens HQ (below) Fig. 55 Author’s photograph of Façade System with Extruded Aluminium Fins (bottom)
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
4.4.5 Siemens Middle East Headquarters The regional headquarters of the German electrical corporation, Siemens, relocated to Masdar City in 2014. It was designed by Sheppard Robson, London-based architects whose ethos is “underpinned by fully integrating a sustainable design methodology” (Sheppard Robson, 2017). It received the Middle East Architects Award (2012) for being the most sustainable commercial building in the Middle East and North Africa (Saleem, 2014). This was commendable given that the 22,800 sqm (GIA) Grade A office is the first LEED platinum-certified building in Abu Dhabi. Functioning as another very flexible commercial building, typical floor plates hold an 83% efficiency.
The thermal metabolism of the site is considered within this design with nine atriums evenly distributed within the floor plates (see fig. 56), providing natural lighting throughout and directing warmer air from the sheltered courtyard upwards, due to the funnel-shaped form of the building. This public plaza is accompanied by food and drink amenities for the benefit of the employees.
The building also exhibits tilted façades reducing internal solar gain, structurally in the form of a box within a box. The inner box is a highly insulated, airtight façade that reduces thermal conductivity, whilst the outer box comprises a lightweight aluminium shading system through fluctuating extruded fins that together minimise solar gain whilst maximising daylight within the shaded public plaza and office space.
The Siemens Middle East HQ “consumes 64% less energy than typical office buildings in Abu Dhabi” (Masdar, 2017b), which is a generalised estimation. However, accurate monitoring of energy use can be devised through the smart metering system implemented within the building, which also displays a reduction in water consumption of 52% (Ramaswamy, 2016). Further sustainable technology within the building includes innovative automated light and temperature sensors, which contribute to the fact that according to Masdar’s Sustainability Report (2015), the Siemens HQ requires half the energy intensity (kWh/m2) of MI phase 1a and 1b. 81
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Light wells
Fig. 56 Drawing of Siemens Typical Office Floor Plan
Fig. 57 Photograph inside Siemens HQ of Entrance Atrium
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
Although the Institute is prone to more energy-demanding activities (for example, within the research laboratories), it has a higher occupancy in comparison to the headquarters, which was only 66% in January 2015 (Lee et al., 2016). Therefore, although the commercial building has a lower energy intensity, it is still wasting energy through the use of exhaustive chillers due to the occupancy level. The 800 employers that currently reside here are predicted to multiply, as with the rest of the masterplan, therefore will hopefully decrease the per capita value in time.
A member of Sheppard Robson from their Masdar City-based office responded to my survey on behalf of the architect practice stating: “the approach to designing a sustainable building or city should involve a very detailed analysis of the options from where to choose from, in order to make the right decisions, not only relating to building services systems but also structures, envelope and even the very early design of the building’s shape, plans and sections” (2017). Although F+P have had to work at the masterplan scale, with building inter-relationships considered, Sheppard Robson’s approach may have resulted in a more sustainable stand-alone form that I believe epitomises sustainable design at the building scale.
Fig. 58 Diagram of Exploded Façade Build Up
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4.5 The Masterplan in Motion Final questions within the surveys and interviews I conducted concentrated on the future and predictions for Masdar City. Analysing the Masdarians’ interpretations of the key vision for the project, the consensus focused on the larger scale impact, due to proliferating smart cities taking Masdar City as an exemplar: “To make Abu Dhabi the preeminent source of renewable energy knowledge, development and implementation, and the world’s benchmark for sustainable development” (2017). This statement does not concentrate on the aim that is yet to be fulfilled - that of creating a zero-carbon city - but another Masdarian discussed it, admitting that “the technology is not yet mature enough to provide [zero-carbon], so instead it has evolved to be a sustainable city that is powered by RE (renewable energy)” (2016). Another interviewee acknowledged that “the city was supposed to be a living lab but never really got there” (2016), demonstrating a lack of confidence in the future of the city.
Masdarians
SEED
Visitors
Fig. 59 Author’s chart showing the response of different target groups on whether they believe Masdar City will be Zero Carbon
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
Further validation may be found in the fact that only 16% of the Masdarians questioned believed that Masdar will eventually be a zero-carbon city, whilst a third voiced that a change in Masdar’s strategy is required to accomplish the original aims. SEED participants were less optimistic with a staggering 75% stating they did not believe Masdar City will reach zero-carbon. A further 60% of on-site participants agreed with one respondent, who expressed that he did not believe a zero-carbon environment will ever transpire (see fig. 59), whilst another participant predicted that “if it gets too populated, which it will do eventually, reaching zero-carbon will be a problem” (2016). This raises concerns for the development of the project if unable to achieve its targets at the current, more manageable scale. When communicating with a Bangladeshi worker there, it was interesting to discover his lack of awareness regarding the zero-carbon aim, which demonstrates an absence of knowledge being shared with all members of Masdar City.
Like all projects, changes have had to occur, predominantly for financial reasons during the recession; therefore, it is understandable that new goals and complexities have arisen, but it appears that this may have come at the cost of the public confidence. Phase 2 of the masterplan has been designed by CBT Architects. In a recent online interview I carried out with the Director & Principal of Urban Design for CBT, Kishore Varanasi, he explained: “As Masdar is progressing, it is continuing to make adjustments rather than being static to the original plan. I think this is the right approach towards building a sustainable settlement” (2017), which indicates an approval of adaptable design. Varanasi believes phase 2 will be more successful than phase 1, because it “is designed keeping in mind the market economics and is already seeing success in private development. If private developers can build in a sustainable manner meeting Masdar’s objectives, then Phase 2 will be certainly more successful” (2017). This highlights updated prioritising of economic sustainability between Masdar and the architects, potentially in response to the inaccurate prediction regarding current occupancy level.
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Newly funded projects courtesy of ADFD Countries adapting the innovative technology created in Masdar City
4 Clean Energy Projects in the Caribbean Islands
11 Clean Energy Projects in the Pacific Islands
Fig. 60 Author’s illustration displaying the Location of Projects using Masdar’s Clean Technology
EMPIRICAL RESULTS & ANALYSIS
Sofia Jassim
During the surveying on site, I asked if participants believed Masdar City will lead the way in urban planning, to which 2/3 answered: “yes” (2016); the same response from Masdarians online. However, 75% of SEED respondents stated otherwise. This may be due to the elite group having preconceptions based on media reports, or the delay in construction of the masterplan. This has been acknowledged within recent progression meetings as conveyed by a communications manager to me, who explained that the construction and expansion of Masdar City is the current priority. A tourist on site also suggested that “Masdar City is expanding, but maybe it needs to be a bit faster to be believable” (2016), which further proves the project is far from reaching its targets and that the rate of construction must accelerate before people lose interest and faith in Masdar.
Nevertheless, on my visit I received a very positive response regarding the possibility of other parts of the world arising off the back of this project, with 80% of participants strongly agreeing. In answer to my question regarding the difference in design between phase 1 and 2, Varanasi from Boston-based CBT Architects stated that “the approach of integrated design thinking and application in Phase 2 combined with innovation that is approved by local authorities makes Phase 2 very replicable elsewhere”, signifying a greater confidence in the future of Masdar City. This is presumably due to the technological innovations established in Masdar City that have been applied in other countries, including “Jordan, Egypt, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, and Morocco [that] were deprived of electricity for years, but can now enjoy it” (Masdarian office manager, 2016) thanks to the ADFD (Abu Dhabi Fund for Development). This is promising and promotes Masdar City as an exemplar that can be duplicated, improved, and adapted in other parts of the world. Subsequently, this enhances the main vision of Masdar City increasing its influential position globally creating a more sustainable iconic model: “We are comparing Masdar City to Burj Khalifa as a symbol of the UAE and the future” (Masdarian sustainability coordinator, 2016).
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5.0 CONCLUSION
Through a theoretical framework and methodology, the aim of this dissertation was to discover whether Masdar City is sustainable by exploring, analysing, and reflecting on its architecture and citizens using the four pillars of Estidama. This study has shown that the design principles employed in this ecocity imitate those used centuries prior to mitigate desert climate effects. However, innovative advanced technology has been actively implemented here, affirming the possibility of utilising natural energy resources within buildings. Subsequently, it is hoped that Masdar City will form the archetype for future sustainable developments.
Fig. 61 Author’s photograph of an empty Main Street within Masdar Institute
Sofia Jassim
CONCLUSION
In my opinion, the architecture within the Abu Dhabian project epitomises environmental sustainability, synchronously and independently; it is commercially viable due to a prosperous economy, which has historically been based almost exclusively on unsustainable resources. The aim to diversify the UAE’s approach, and progress towards becoming economically sustainable is increasingly more critical as oil loses value and becomes more scarce. Although the environmental and economic actions are taking effect, sustainability requires establishing the appropriate balance between the four pillars – Environmental, Economic, Social, and Cultural. I believe this is currently absent in Masdar City, yet is crucial in creating the self-functioning urban community it aspires to be. In a progressively urbanised, thus complex environment where climate changing effects are emerging, intervention is imperative. This is the demanding task facing Masdar City in the context of a previously vacant location. From my standpoint, it will take further construction and development to verify if the social and cultural aspects of Estidama come to fruition. Further, through post-occupancy reports it will be possible to assess and certify Masdar City as a successful eco-city.
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residential typology, comparing the performance of the existing accommodation with the eco-villas that are expected to open in April, 2017. Within an extended thesis, I would make a comparison of Masdar City to other eco-cities regionally and globally, comparing success rates of those that were, or were not, affected by the recession or other factors. Finally, a return to Masdar City over 5 year intervals would determine whether the eco-city performs sustainably once fully constructed, functioning, and populated. This would o fi m
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6.0 Bibliography
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[Accessed 08/02/17] Goldstone, J.A. (2010) A New Population Bomb: Four Mega-trends that will change the world, In: Sustainable Smart City: Masdar (UAE) A City: Ecologically Balanced. [e-journal] 9(6) Available through: Indian Journal of Science and Technology website <http://www.indjst.org/index.php/indjst/article/view/87669/67535> [Accessed 22/12/16]. Guy, S. (2001) Reinterpreting Sustainable Architecture: The Place of Technology, 54(3) pp. 140-148 Hawkes, J. (2001) The Fourth Pillar of Sustainability: Culture’s Essential Role in Hodson, M. & Marvin, S. (2010) Urbanism in the Anthropocene: Ecological Urbanism or Premium Ecological Enclaves? Routledge. [e-journal] 14(3) Available through: Manchester Metropolitan University Library website <http://www.tandfonline. com/loi/ccit20> [Accessed 15/12/16] Ibrahim, I. (2016) Livable Eco-Architecture. Masdar City, Arabian Sustainable City. [e-journal] 216(1) Available through: University of Manchester Library website < http://www.sciencedirect.com.manchester.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/ S1877042815062503> [Accessed 24/12/16] IEEJ (2012) We are Masdar. Brochure. [pdf] Available at: <http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/4370.pdf> [Accessed 22/02/17] Kingsley, P. (2013) Masdar: The shifting goalposts of Abu Dhabi’s ambitious eco-city. [online] Available at: <http://www.wired. co.uk/article/reality-hits-masdar> [Accessed 12/03/17] Korten, D.C. (2010) Agenda for a New Economy: From Phantom Wealth to Real Wealth. 2nd ed. San Francisco: Berrett-Keuler Publishers. Krueger, R. & Savage, L. (2007) City-Regions and Social Reproduction: A ‘Place’ for Sustainable Development? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31(1) pp. 215–223. Lee et al. (2016) A comparison of energy systems in Birmingham, UK, with Masdar City, an embryonic city in Abu Dhabi Emirate. [e-journal] 61(1) Available through the Science Direct website: <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1364032116303525> [Accessed 14/03/17]. Low, L (2012) Abu Dhabi’s Vision 2030: An Ongoing Journey of Economic Development. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. Lusail Real Estate Development (2015) Lusail City [online] Available at: <http://www.lusail.com/the-project/the-city-today/> [Accessed 11/02/2017 Masdar (2010) Index [online] Available at: <http://www.masdarcity.ae/en/index> [Accessed 05/02/17] Masdar (2012) Masdar City at a Glance. [online] Available at: <http://www.all-energy.co.uk/__ novadocuments/51790?v=635332510348200000> [Accessed 21/3/17] Masdar (2015) Campus & Community. [online] Available at: <http://www.masdar.ac.ae/index.php?option=com_ k2&view=item&layout=item&id=6655> [Accessed 12/03/17]. Masdar (2015a) Clean Energy Development. [online] Available at: <http://www.masdar.ae/en/masdar/detail/clean-energydevelopment> [Accessed 23/02/17] Masdar (2016) Masdar and Bee’ah to Partner on Waste to Energy Initiative in Region. [online] Available at: <http://www.masdar. ae/en/media/detail/masdar-and-beeah-to-partner-on-waste-to-energy-initiatives-in-region> [Accessed 15/3/17] Masdar (2016b) Masdar City Visitors Map. [pdf] Available at: <http://masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/1452/masdar_city_ visitors_map.pdf> [Accessed 28/12/16] Masdar (2016a) Sustainability Report 2015. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/669/masdar_ sustainability_report_2015.pdf> [Accessed 22/3/17] Masdar (2017) Incubator Building. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/4289/incubator_building. pdf> [Accessed 25/3/17] Masdar (2017a) Our Programmes. [online] Available at: <http://masdar.ae/en/research/detail/programs> [Accessed 26/12/17]
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Masdar (2017b) Masdar City Fact. [pdf] Available at: <http://masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/270/masdar_city_fact_sheet. pdf> [Accessed 22/3/17] Masdar (no date) Exploring Masdar City. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.thefuturebuild.com/assets/images/uploads/static/1745/ masdar_city_exploring1.pdf> [Accessed 23/3/17] Masudi, F. (2008) UAE warning: Climate change effects. Gulf News. 28 February [online] Available at: <http://gulfnews.com/ news/uae/general/uae-warning-climate-change-effects-1.449068> [Accessed 07/02/2017] Maxman, S (1993) Shaking the Rafters, In: Reinterpreting Sustainable Architecture: The Place of Technology. [pdf] Available at: <https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9780203720684/startPage/162> [Accessed 14/11/16]. Wong, T.C. & Yuen, B. (2011) Eco-city Planning. Policies, Practice and Design. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. Morton, M.Q. (2011) The Abu Dhabi Oil Discoveries. [online] Available at: <http://www.geoexpro.com/article/The_Abu_Dhabi_ Oil_Discoveries/a3b23f12.aspx> [Accessed 02/02/17] Nelson, C. (2016) Masdar City’s driverless cars system celebrates milestone. [online] Available at: <http://www.thenational.ae/ business/technology/masdar-citys-driverless-cars-system-celebrates-milestone> [Accessed 21/01/2017]. Omer, S. (2007) A Conceptual Framework for Sustainability in Islamic Architecture: The Significance of the Islamic Concepts of Man and the Environment. [pdf] Available at: < https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB18159.pdf> [Accessed 15/11/16] Palmer, R. (2011) The Masdar Institute’s GRC Residential Façade. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.grca.org.uk/pdf/ congress-2011/10%20The%20Masdar%20Institutes%20GRC%20Residential%20Facade.pdf> [Accessed 15/02/17] Public Planning. Common Ground. [pdf] Available at: <http://www.culturaldevelopment.net.au/community/Downloads/ HawkesJon(2001)TheFourthPillarOfSustainability.pdf> [Accessed 12/02/17] Rajagopal, V & Ramesh Kumar, M.P. (2005) Masdar City: A Zero Carbon, Zero Waste Myth. [pdf] Available at: <http://www. currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/102/01/0012.pdf> [Accessed 24/12/16]. Ramaswamy, R. (2016) Sustainable Smart City: Masdar (UAE) Indian Journal OF Science and Technology, 9(6) pp. 1-8 Register, R. (1987) Ecocity Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books. Saleem, F. (2014) What makes Siemens HQ in Masdar City the most sustainable building in Abu Dhabi? [online] Available at: <http://www.thefuturebuild.com/news/what-makes-siemens-hq-in-masdar-city-the-most-sustainable-building-in-abu-d> [Accessed 28/03/17] Sheppard Robson (2017) Efficiency, performance and form. [online] Available at: <http://www.sheppardrobson.com/practice> [Accessed 2/4/17] Soini, K. & Birkeland, I. (2014) Exploring the Scientific Discourse on Cultural Sustainability. Elsevier. 51(1) pp. 213-223 Tango Media Innovation (2017) Masterplan. [online] Available at: <http://www.thesustainablecity.ae/> [Accessed 07/02/2017] The Breakthrough in Renewable Energy. (2016). [video] Netherlands: VPro Documentary The Government of Abu Dhabi (2008) The Abu Dhabi Economic Vision 2030. [pdf] Available at: <https://www.abudhabi.ae/cs/ groups/public/documents/publication/mtmx/nju0/~edisp/adeg p_nd_131654_en.pdf> [Accessed 22/01/17] Wheeler, M. & Beatley, T. (2014) The Sustainable Urban Development Reader. 3rd ed. Oxon: Routledge. Wong, T.C. & Yuen, B. (2011) Eco-city Planning. Policies, Practice and Design. New York: Springer Science+Business Media. WWF (2012) Living Planet Report 2012. [pdf] Available at: <http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/1_lpr_2012_online_full_ size_single_pages_final_1 20516.pdf> [Accessed 02/03/17] WWF International & BioRegional (2008) One Planet Living. [online] Available at: < http://www.oneplanetliving.org/index. html> [Accessed 05/03/2017]. Yin, R.K. (2009) Case Study Research. 4th ed. London & New York: SAGE.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Sofia Jassim
7.0 List of Illustrations
Primary Images Secondary Images
Figure 0.1 Author’s photograph of Mother & Father at Masdar City
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Figure 01 Europe News Week. (2016) World MWap showing populations at risk due to drowning by a rise in long-term sea levels - even if global warming is held at 2°C. [online image] <http://europe.newsweek.com/sea-level-rise-will-last-10000-years424240?rm=eu> [Accessed 21/02/17]
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Figure 02 Bullis, K. (2009) Billboard of Masdar City Development Pre-Construction. [online image] <https://www.technologyreview.com/s/412195/a-zero-emissions-city-in-the-desert/> [Accessed 28/02/17]
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Figure 03 Masdar (2017) Author’s illustration based on Masdar’s Masterplan [online image] <http://masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/8642/masdar_city_master_plan_-_english_2.pdf> [Accessed 12/01/17]
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Figure 04 Author’s illustration - The Dissertation Structure
10
Figure 05 McQueeney, K. (no date) A group of local tribesmen playing music outside their palm-fronds hut. [online image] <http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2144613/Pictures-Dubai-1960s-1970s-city-fishing-settlement.html> [Accessed 12/12/16]
14
Figure 06 Peak Oil (date) Crude oil production in UAE showing increased production at the end of 2016 in preparation for expected cuts. [online image] <http://peakoilbarrel.com/opec-crude-oil-production-charts/> [Accessed 26/01/17]
17
Figure 07 Frost & Sullivan, (no date) Author’s illustration based on Frost & Sullivan’s Smart City Concepts. [online image] <http:// www.egr.msu.edu/~aesc310-web/resources/SmartCities/Smart%20City%20Market%20Report%202.pdf> [Accessed 12/03/17]
20
Figure 08 Author’s illustration - Current distribution of Smart Cities
20
Figure 09 Author’s illustration - Masdar Initiative Objectives
22
Figure 10 Abu Dhabi UPC (2010) Author’s illustration based on UPC’s Four Pillars of Estidama’s. [online image] <http://estidama.upc. gov.ae/template/estidama/docs/PBRS%20Version%201.0.pdf>
24
Figure 11 Masdar (2016) Author’s illustrations based on statistics within Masdar’s Sustainability Report 2016 on Environmental Performance. [online image] <http://www.masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/669/sustainability_report_2016.pdf> [Accessed 02/01/17]
26
Figure 12 Masdar (2016) Author’s illustrations based on statistics within Masdar’s Sustainability Report 2016 on Economic Performance. [online image] <http://www.masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/669/sustainability_report_2016.pdf> [Accessed 02/01/17] Figure 12a Graph highlights the financial performance supporting local economy Figure 12b Graph highlights the OPEX Distribution
28
Figure 13 Masdar (2016) Author’s illustrations based on statistics within Masdar’s Sustainability Report 2016 on Social Media Performance. [online image] <http://www.masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/669/sustainability_report_2016.pdf> [Accessed 02/01/17] Figure 13a Diagram showing social media performance Figure 13b Diagram showing an annual twitter tweet count
30
93
Figure 14 Masdar (2016) Author’s illustrations based on statistics within Masdar’s Sustainability Report 2016 on Community Involvement. [online image] <http://www.masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/669/sustainability_report_2016.pdf> [Accessed 02/01/17] Figure 14a Graph showing cumulative school visits since 2010 Figure 14b Photographs from the most recent festival during Sustainability Week
32
Figure 15 ACC (no date) Photograph outside grounds of Masdar City. [online image] <https://www.accsal.com/projects/masdarinstitute-1-b/> [Accessed 22/02/17]
35
Figure 16 Author’s illustration - Overview of my case study method
36
Figure 17 Author’s illustration - Exploration & communication methods undertaken
44
Figure 18 Author’s photograph of solar panels overhanging above a laboratory providing external shading to city streets
46
Figure 19 Author’s illustration of masterplan highlighting areas that have been constructed
48
Figure 20 Author’s photograph of PRT station
49
Figure 21 Clean Energy Ministerial (2014) The Evolving Masterplan 2008-2013. [online image] <http://cleanenergyministerial.org/ Portals/2/pdfs/GSCNMtg/GSCNMtg-Jan2014-MasdarCity-BuildingSustainableCity.pdf> [Accessed 08/03/17]
50
Figure 22 Author’s graph showing response on site of Masdarian residents of their thoughts on settling in Masdar City
52
Figure 23 Author’s graph showing response of all participants on if they believe Masdar City has a community
52
Figure 24 Author’s chart showing the response on site of the opinions on whether there is a strong Islamic culture present from 0 (not at all) - 5 (completely)
54
Figure 25 Author’s chart showing the response of Masdarians online regarding the sustainability of Masdar City from 0 (not at all) - 5 (completely)
54
Figure 26 Author’s photograph of the outskirts of Masdar City looking towards the desert
55
Figure 27 Author’s photograph of the wind tower within the main public realm of MI
58
Figure 28 Author’s photograph showing the strategically narrow streets, creating shaded external walkways
58
Figure 29 Author’s illustration of the masterplan layout, as well as MI roof plan and building position Figure 29a Urban Form Figure 29b Roof Plan (MI) Figure 29c Building Clusters (MI)
59
Figure 30
60
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Sofia Jassim
Architect’s Journal (2010) Masdar Institute First Floor Plan. [online image] <http://www.ajbuildingslibrary.co.uk/projects/display/id/3142> [Accessed 18/01/17] Figure 31 Author’s illustration of Masterplan Phasing
61
Figure 32 Masdar Institute Section
62
Figure 33 Masdar (2016) Author’s illustration of the constructed Phase 1 based on Masdar’s Visitors Map. [online image] <http:// masdar.ae/assets/downloads/content/8642/masdar_city_visitor_map.pdf> [Accessed 28/12/16]
63
Figure 34 Author’s illustration of the Environmental Pyramid showing the largest environmental gains arises from the least financial investment
63
Figure 35 Author’s photograph of Communal Residential Gardens
64
Figure 36 F+P (2010) Photograph of Residential Facade Installation. [online image] <http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/ masdar-institute/> [Accessed 12/12/03]
64
Figure 37 Author’s photograph of Residential Undulated Facade
66
Figure 38 Author’s photograph of Residential Block
67
Figure 39 Author’s photograph outside the Knowledge Center during the lunch hour
68
Figure 40 Author’s photograph of Roof Overhang shading Library
68
Figure 41 Author’s photograph of Inner Surface of Roof Overhang
70
Figure 42 Author’s photograph of Library Main Entrance
70
Figure 43 Author’s photograph from the Courtyard of the Incubator Building
72
Figure 44 Author’s photograph of Tilted Reflective Facade of the Incubator Building with Advertising Boards underneath
72
Figure 45 Author’s photograph of Incubator Building Corner Adjacent to Apartment Blocks
72
Figure 46 Author’s photograph of Multi-Coloured Facade
74
Figure 47 Author’s photograph focusing on the Facade Singular Fritting Modules
74
Figure 48 Author’s illustration of the Volume Chamfering used to Reduce Solar Gain
75
95
Figure 49 Author’s photograph of Multi-Use Hall Entrance Figure 50 Author’s photograph of Multi-Use Hall Corner Detail Figure 51 Author’s photograph of Timber Louvres Surrounding the Pool Zone Figure 52 Author’s photograph of Triangulated Facade with Inset Glazed Panels Figure 53 Author’s photograph of Entrance to Siemens HQ (left) Figure 54 Author’s photograph of External Core of Siemens HQ (below) Figure 55 Author’s photograph of Facade System with Extruded Aluminium Fins (bottom) Figure 56 Drawing of Siemens Typical Office Floor Plan Figure 57 Sheppard Robson (2013a) Photograph inside Siemens HQ of Entrance Atrium. [online image] <http://www.sheppardrobson. com/architecture/view/siemens-middle-east-headquarters> [Accessed 12/02/17] Figure 58 Sheppard Robson (2013b) Diagram of Exploded Façade Buildup. [online image] <http://www.sheppardrobson.com/architecture/view/siemens-middle-east-headquarters> [Accessed 12/02/17] Figure 59 Author’s chart showing the response of different target groups on whether they believe Masdar City will be Zero Carbon Figure 60 Author’s illustration displaying the Location of Projects using Masdar’s Clean Technology Figure 61 Author’s photograph of an Empty Main Street within Masdar Institute
76 76 78 78 80 80 80 82 82
83
84 86 88
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
8.0 Appendices VERBAL CONSENT WAS GRANTED BY ALL PARTICIPANTS PRIOR TO SURVEYS + INTERVIEWS. 8.1 Appendix A
Survey conducted 28/12/16 on site of Masdar City
No of Respondents: 15 PARTICIPANTS 1.
Singaporean waitress, 33 in Masdar café
2.
German tourist, 48
3.
Bangladeshi working at the airport, 34
4.
Bangladeshi working at the airport, 30
5.
Egyptian Communications Manager at Masdar City, 32
6.
English tourist, 42
7.
Iraqi tourist, 56
8.
English tourist, 52
-
Remaining anonymous
97
QUESTIONS - General 1.
Do you think Masdar City works successfully as an eco-city? To what extent? 0 – Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 5 – Completely 6 Unsure 4
2.
Do you think Masdar City is sustainable? To what extent? 0 – Not at all 1 2 3 I 4 2 5 – Completely 9 Unsure 3 6 “It will take the future to tell if its sustainable” 8 “It could be, but we are not provided with enough open statistical information to comment”
3.
What does sustainability mean to you? Economic 1 Social 2 Cultural Environmental 12 2 “Something durable – it has to last- Signs for the future” 5 “It shows sustainability in terms of social influence, providing for the people”
4.
What characteristics make MC don’t work so well? /Could be improved? 8 “It is not very picturesque – the buildings are frankly quite ugly and non-complimentary. It is very clinical as a whole” 7 “It is supposed to be a ‘green’ city – well where are all the trees? It needs more vegetation to be attractive” 5 “The focus (outcome from a reflection event) is on the construction because we need to finish for a target in 2017 + also to expand our business in other countries 6 “MC is expanding, but maybe it needs to be a bit faster to be believable”
5.
Do you believe Masdar City has a strong Arabic/Islamic culture – through the people and the architecture? To what extent? 0 – Not at all 1 1 2 3 8
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
4 4 5 – Completely
3
5 “The nature of the UAE climate is hot, especially in summer, so making buildings closer together in this way makes sun exposure less and reduces consumption of electricity, like that done in traditional Islamic cities, but is displayed in a modern manner 2 “It is a good compromise between modern and local classical, inside and outside” 7 “It is a combination of modern and traditional” 8 “The Arabic architecture is more prominent in the residential blocks, with the shading patterned facades, but as a collection is sort of a modern Islamic style” QUESTIONS – Residence 1.
How long have you lived in Masdar City? (years) 0-1 8 2-4 2
2.
Do you plan on settling here or move after a few years? SETTLE 3 MOVE 6 Unsure 6 7 “It is very quiet. I am not sure I would raise a family here- maybe in another 10 years but now there is not enough for children..or really anyone apart from students 8 “It would be nice to raise a child in this new green world but it is not reality yet- the scale of MC is not yet big” enough to cater for all ages
3.
To what extent did Masdar City meet your expectations since you moved here? 0 – Not at all 1 2 3 1 4 4 5 – Completely 10
4.
Do you feel like you have an attachment to this city now? YES 6 NO 9
5.
Do you think it is like a community within these city walls? YES 3 NO 12
QUESTIONS – Employees 1.
To what extent did Masdar City meet your expectations since you started working here? 0 – Not at all
99
1 2 3 4 5 5 – Completely 10 5 “it has met and exceeded them all” 5 “Since it was first created in 2006, the goals and complexities have changed- now we have a better vision of what’s going on and we see our future;s green here. We’re enhancing the main vision and comparing MC to Burj Khalifa – as a symbol of UAE and the future. 2.
Do you believe it will ever be possible for Masdar City to achieve its original zero carbon aims? YES 5 NO 9 4 “Is it carbon neutral [instead of zero carbon]? I didn’t know that” 3 “If it gets too populated which it will do eventually, it will be a problem to reach the goal. 5 “Definitely. There will be technology created here to reduce pollution further in the near future” 8 “I don’t think you’ll get zero carbon anywhere in the world”
3.
To what extent do you believe Masdar City will lead the way in urban planning? 0 – Not at all 1 2 3 4 5 5 – Completely 10
4.
Do you think eco-cities in other parts of the world will emerge off the back of this project? YES 12 NO 3 3 “The ideas and innovations found in MC are already occurring in UK (clock, Ireland), Jordan, Egypt, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Morocco, to name a few” “A lot of these countries were deprived of electricity of years but people now can enjoy electricity which you cant imagine living without’ we are working with other governments already” 6 “If Masdar can go to a country and create the same model – it can be so easy”
5.
Would you say the architecture here is mostly modernized Western architecture or Middle Eastern holding traditional Islamic principles in a contemporary way? Eastern 1 Western 4 Both 10 8 “A healthy combination of modern Western and traditional Arabic architecture can be seen here”
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
8.2 Appendix B
Survey conducted online 27/12/16-27/3/17
No of Respondents: 15 PARTICIPANTS i)
SEED
8 respondents
ii)
Masdarians
6 respondents
iii)
Sheppard Robson 1 respondent
101
SEED 8.2.1 Appendix Bi SEED
What is your perception of an eco-city? Text Responses one built on the principles of environmental sustainability which takes account of green infrastructure benefits, manages dis-benefits and considers social need. An ecocity is one that has neutral carbon emissions, limits and recycles waste, and provides a safe and healthy environment for its inhabitants. It should seek to complement natural processes. Sustainable in terms resource use, in particular energy, and waste disposal A city that implements sustainability measures along economic, social and environmental dimensions Living within environmental means Its a well intentioned marketing ploy that might have benefits but probably not of the type and scale claimed in their publicity. Often over-stated in terms of what they can do to improve the environment and reduce green house gass emissions. One that explicitly considers and actively questions the political discordances and power relations that underpin the nature-society relationships.
How do you think eco-cities that are arising in the Gulf region differ from other parts of the world? Text Responses don't really know - but assume that they are dealing with different stresses and different cultural context, more finance and (?) technology driven I think that they have slightly different origins. They are a top-down initiative rather than stemming from genuine Co production between grass roots and city authorities (Eg Portland, Oregon). I think (my personal opinion) that they are in response to the realisation of how finite oil is.I think that they also seem to be something of status symbol. How well are Gulf Region cities doing in terms of retrofitting cities? I'm not sure, but it would make a good comparison. Not sure They are usually new cities designed from scratch Not sure More concerned with energy and ventilation issues due to climate They are entirely new build rather than retro-fit. They embody a series of paradoxes, linked to a wider context of excessive energy use and social exploitations.
What does the word 'sustainability' mean to you? Text Responses social, econ and environmental balance over the long term, so that the needs/opportunities of future generations are not compromised by the uses and demands of the present generation. I go with the Brundtland definition: to meet the needs of current generations ( of humans, animals and nature) without compromising the needs of future generations (of humans, animals and nature) The definition I use is "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Brundtland's triple bottom line, and working towards meeting today's societal demands without jeopardising the prospects of future generations Long-lived without adverse impact on the environment Its a tool, a tactic, a claim not an out there concept to which we all agree. Social, economical as well as environmental. Eco-city replaced sustainable city which has now been superseded by smart city. Not much!
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
o you believe C LT RE is an element that is or should be interconnected when referring to something that is sustainable? Text Responses yes as that is an important part of society and supporting future generations I think that culture should be the fourth pillar of sustainability along with economy, equity, and environment. Some authors argue this - I don't have the references to hand. Not entirely clear what is meant here. Culture, including religion, should not override move to sustainability although realise that such issues have to be dealt with sensitively. Like all social and political-economic systems, sustainable living is rooted in cultural norms, so yes. yes es - it needs a cultural change in people's attitudes. es
What do you believe is the main component when designing a sustainable city or an eco-city? Text Responses esigners should thinks about local climate and culture. lexibility and reversibility need to be thought about - madder shows this with already redundant technologies. Green spaces and low energy usage are key. Also waste recycling energy efficiency and social justice Possibly no Need to think about the full life cycle costs of construction. A need to reduce travel distance between home, work and leisure. Can it be car free? Politics, democracy, power, metabolic circulations, capitalism
Are you aware of the eco-city that is being constructed in Abu, habi - Masdar City? Yes, I have visited
Yes, I know this project
All Data (
)
es, I have visited
(
)
es, I know this project
No, I am not aware of this project 4 (50%)
No, I am not aware of this project
Standard Deviation
Responses
.
103
/ - If you have visited Masdar City, to what extent did it meet your expectations? (If not, please skip to qu. ) 4
( 00%)
Not at all , ompletel 5 (
)
(
)
5
Standard Deviation
Responses
ei hted Avera e
.
(
)
(
/
) /
/ - Please comment on your experience: Text Responses na it felt desolate and I was aware that some of the technologies were redundant. it felt that it hadnt been built for people.
o you think there is a strong sense of community within the city walls of Masdar City? Text Responses na I did not get that sense, perhaps this is because it is too new and needs time to develop a community. I was a tourist, however, and in an unfamiliar country which may have coloured my view. Given its age, I doubt it
To what extent do you believe Masdar City works successfully as an eco-city? 4
Not at all , ompletel 5 (
)
(
)
(
%)
5
Standard Deviation
ei hted Avera e
.
(
Responses
)
(
.
/
.
/
)
.
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
To what extent do you think Masdar City is sustainable? 4
Not at all , ompletel 5 (
)
(
)
(
%)
5
Standard Deviation
Responses
.
(
ei hted Avera e
)
(
.
/
.
/
)
.
What characteristics of Masdar City do you believe could be improved to make it a more sustainable settlement? Text Responses I think that it is too early to tell. I think that less focus should be placed on technology. Culture should be brought to the fore more.
o you believe Masdar City will every be able to achieve its original aims of being a erocarbon city? Yes All Data (
)
No
ther ( lease Specif )
( 0%)
Standard Deviation
Responses
. (
)
Text Responses depends on how you define ero carbon! Perhaps - but does this make an eco-city?
es
No
Other (Please Specify)
105
o you believe Masdar City will lead the way in urban planning? Yes All Data (
)
No
ther ( lease Specif )
4 ( %)
. (
es
Text Responses it is too early to tell. I don't think so, given the wider political context in which it is situated.
Standard Deviation
No
)
Other (Please Specify)
Responses
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES 8.2.2 Appendix Bii Masdarians
1. What do you believe is the main component when designing and managing a sustainable city or an 'eco-city'? Text Responses Reduction in energy and water consumption while still promoting a good life style. The surrounding environment, uses of sustainable material and considering sustainable power efficiency and production when designing a city. Basically, all the parameters that relate to the sustainability and clean energy. Energy efficiency and culturally aware people Simplicity The sustainable sourcing and use of all the various resources and components required to build and operate the city. Setting appropriate boundaries and defining clearly the targets that the city needs to surpass to be an "eco-city". These are definitely operational not just construction and they should be absolute and not relevant (i.e. in comparison with the baseline building). Thermal Performance of the building.
2. a) Have you visited Masdar City? (If answer is no, please skip to qu 3)
All Data
No I have not visited
Yes I live there
Yes I work there
Yes I study there
Responses
0 (0%)
2 (33%)
6 (100%)
2 (33%)
6
107
b) If you have visited Masdar City, to what extent did it meet your expectations? 1 Not at all 1 o pletely
0 (0%)
tandard Deviation (6 %)
0 (0%)
1 (1 %)
1 (1 %)
1.
Responses
ei hted Avera e
6
3.
3.
3.
c)
o you think there is a strong sense of community within the city walls of Masdar City?
All Data
Yes
No
Responses
2 (33%)
(6 %)
6
3. Is there any ideas that came about in this project that has, or will be applied in projects elsewhere? Text Responses Most ideas adopted in Masdar are either commin practices in several other sustainable developments or are Masdar exclusives such as the wind tower. ot that I'm aware of I wouldn't know. Perhaps but it is difficult to establish causality. Estidama was influenced by MC development. The integration of business-academia-environmental targets has been taken-up elsewhere. sing Solar Panels sing Efficient energy appliances
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
. To what extent do you believe Masdar City works successfully as an eco-city? 1 0 (0%)
Not at all 1 o pletely
tandard Deviation 2 (33%)
( 0%)
0 (0%)
1 (1 %)
Responses
1.1
6
ei hted Avera e 3
3
3
. a) To what extent do you think Masdar City is sustainable? 1 0 (0%)
Not at all 1 o pletely
tandard Deviation
(
%)
2 (33%)
1 (1 %)
1 (1 %)
Responses
0.
6
ei hted Avera e 3.1
3.1
3.1
b) What characteristics of Masdar City make it sustainable? Text Responses The use of renewable energy. lso the buildings use passive design that help reduce external heat gains and promote comfortable indoor atmosphere esign criteria, uses of P , urban planning The fact that is is powered by solar energy. The existence of a research institution for renewable energy and sustainability within Masdar city It is powered by sustainable energy, its buildings use far less water and energy than conventional counterparts, and the structures themselves were built sustainably. ou need to define sustainable. Some parts of the original plan do work. There is still an effort to beat the baseline. The buildings are built according to good standards. Walkabilty is great within the city. partial efficiency in energy performance.
109
c) What characteristics of Masdar City do you believe could be improved to make it a more sustainable settlement? Text Responses ot all installed renewable systems are operating, and also there is a lot of waste generated by the restuarants that should be better treated or reduced. Waste management Better building energy management systems, better recycling process Masdar City is still not complete and what exists today is only a small percentage of what is planned. Currently it's just the MI campus, Seimens, IRE
and a few supporting shops and facilities. s such, it hasn't yet had the opportunity to test out the full range of systems required for a city. oing forward, I'd like to see sustainable urban transport. perational baselining of buildings. pen measurements and continuous improvement.
Improving indoor cooling ventilation.
6. What do you believe was the key vision in this project? Text Responses To develop a pioneering community project that sets an example in sustainable developments. To make bu habi the preeminent source of renewable energy knowledge, development and implementation, and the world s benchmark for sustainable development Being a leader by example of a sustainable eco friendly city that can be applied everywhere in the world The vision behind the project was a ero-carbon city. However, the technology was not yet mature to provide that, so it instead has evolved to be a sustainable city that is powered by RE, with a reduced carbon footprint and reduced water demand. ero-carbon city that could be economically viable and a pole of attraction for businesses and residents with emphasis on sustainability. Renewable Energy
. To what extent do you believe the original aims and vision of Masdar City will be met? 1 Not at all 1 o pletely
0 (0%)
tandard Deviation 1 (1 %)
( 0%)
1 (1 %)
1 (1 %)
0.
Responses 6
ei hted Avera e 3.33
3.33
3.33
. What do you think has been the key component that has had to be modified or eliminated since the original proposal? Text Responses ot quite sure, but I would say they might have had to reduce the proposed development area due to financials. ot sure s mentioned earlier, when Masdar CIty was launched it was to be a ero-carbon and ero-waste city. However, the technology was not yet mature to provide that, so it instead has evolved to be a sustainable city that is powered by RE, with a reduced carbon footprint and reduced water demand and reduced waste production. perational validation and continuous measurement. The city was supposed to be a living lab but never really got there. Improve Cooling entilation. Improving reliance on renewable energy.
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
. o you believe Masdar City will every be able to achieve its original aims of being a erocarbon city? Yes
No
1 (1 %)
All Data
ther ( lease pe i y)
tandard Deviation
Responses
1. 1
6
(6 %)
1 (1 %)
es
o
ther (Please Specify)
Text Responses It depends if they change their strategy I don't know. es, if it is restated clearly. They will achieve significant Energy se reduction but ero Carbon City require alot of design peration strategies to be incorporated which are not feasible at this stage.
10. To what extent do you believe the developed designed was aimed at affecting and influencing the local surroundings? 1 Not at all 1 o pletely
0 (0%)
tandard Deviation 0 (0%)
( 0%)
1 (1 %)
2 (33%)
Responses
1.1
6
ei hted Avera e 3. 3
3. 3
3. 3
111
11. o you believe Masdar City will lead the way in urban planning? Yes All Data
( 0%)
No
tandard Deviation
1 (20%)
1.
es
o
Responses
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES 8.2.3 Appendix Biii Sheppard Robson
1. a) How long have you worked at Sheppard Robson? 1 year All Data
1 (100%)
2+ years
4+ years
10+ years
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
1 year
2 years
4 years
Standard Deviation
Responses
0.43
1
10 years
1. b) Which office base do you currently work in? Abu Dhabi (100%)
All Data
Glasgow
London
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Manchester
Standard Deviation
Responses
0
0
0 (0%)
2. What do you believe is the main component when designing and managing a sustainable city or an 'eco-city'? e t Responses n our opinion the approach to designing a sustainable building or city should involve a very detailed analysis of the options from where to chose from in order to make the right decisions not only relating to building services systems but also structures envelope and even the very early design of the building's shape plans and sections.
3. o what e tent has asdar ity meet your e pectations?
ot at all 1 o pletely
1
2
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
4 0 (0%)
1 (100%)
0 (0%)
Standard Deviation
Responses
0.4
1
eighted Average 4
4
113
4
c)
o you think there is a strong sense of community within the city walls of asdar ity? es
o
1 (100%)
All Data
Responses
0 (0%)
1
4. o what e tent do you believe asdar ity works successfully as an eco-city?
ot at all 1 o pletely
1
2
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
4 1 (100%)
0 (0%)
Standard Deviation
Responses
0.4
1
0 (0%)
eighted Average 3
3
3
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
. a) o what e tent do you think asdar ity is sustainable?
ot at all 1 o pletely
1
2
4
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
1 (100%)
Standard Deviation
Responses
0.4
1
0 (0%)
eighted Average 4
4
4
b) What characteristics of asdar ity make it sustainable? e t Responses he team at andar is very committed to push the bounderies of sustainable design. he process of design of the buildings together with the research that has been put on new technologies to make them perform better makes the city work as a whole.
c) What characteristics of asdar ity do you believe could be improved to make it a more sustainable settlement? e t Responses he original master plan was perhaps too ambitious in its vision of a city raised on a pedestrian platform with all the services and transport happening underneath. Whilst this is an interesting idea it was not economically and logistically viable and had to be re-planned.
. What do you believe was the key vision in this pro ect? e t Responses rovide an e emplar for sustainable design to the rest of the iddle ast and the world.
. o what e tent do you believe the original aims and vision of asdar ity will be met?
ot at all 1 o pletely
1
2
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
4 1 (100%)
0 (0%)
Standard Deviation
Responses
0.4
1
0 (0%)
eighted Average 3
3
3
115
. What do you think has been the key component that has had to be modified or eliminated since the original proposal? e t Responses s mentioned earlier the idea of the raised platform with all the services underneath was an interesting idea but not logistically and economically posible.
. o you believe asdar ity will every be able to achieve its original aims of being a erocarbon city? es
o
0 (0%)
All Data
ther ( lease Speci y)
Standard Deviation
Responses
0.4
1
1 (100%)
0 (0%)
es
o
ther ( lease Specify)
e t Responses epends on the future commitment of the team involved
10. o what e tent do you believe the developed designed was aimed at affecting and influencing the local surroundings?
ot at all 1 o pletely
1
2
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
4 0 (0%)
1 (100%)
0 (0%)
Standard Deviation
Responses
0.4
1
eighted Average 4
4
4
Sofia Jassim
APPENDICES
11. o you believe asdar ity will lead the way in urban planning? es All Data
1 (100%)
o 0 (0%)
es
Standard Deviation
Responses
0.
1
o
12. s there any ideas that came about in the design that has or will be applied in pro ects elsewhere? or e ample the inside-out approach? e t Responses he way this building was designed the process of analysis of options and the decision making is a process we apply to new pro ects as it helps us convince ourselves and the clients that the design is the correct one.
13. o you believe the original sustainable aims for Siemens Head uarters have been met? e t Responses We believe the original aims were met and e ceeded.
14. o you believe the design of this office is complimentary to the rest of hase 1 of the masterplan? f so how? e t Responses he site for Siemens became a transition space between podium level and ground. he way the building was designed allows for a smooth integration of a large office building which is lifted on pilotes providing a shaded stepped public courtyard underneath which deals with the level change .
1 . o what e tent do you believe the office integrates with the rest of asdar ity in a sustainable way? e t Responses Siemens H responded to the masterplan's aims in a very positive way. he office building performs very well and the public space which has been created is a huge asset to the overall city.
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8.3 Appendix C
Interview conducted online 4/3/17
Participant: Kishore Varanasi, Principal & Director of Urban Design, CBT Architects
Questions asked by author Responses answered by Kishore Varanasi
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1.
What do you believe is the main component when designing and managing a sustainable city or an ‘eco-city’? Passive Design is the most important aspect of designing for sustainability. In addition, each design and planning move must have multiple meanings and outcomes to be sustainable - not just one.
2.
From your visits to Masdar City, to what extent has it met your expectations? Probably 4/5 stars - Masdar institute Neighborhood is a true testament to the original master plan’s vision for a sustainable city. The environmental comfort, architectural expression and scale are truly amazing. The challenge is the ground floors of the buildings that do not engage the pedestrian ways effectively to create a lively environment.
3.
Do you think there is a strong sense of community within the city walls of Masdar City? For the size of what has been built so far, there is. Most specifically, the restaurants really attract people even from surrounding neighborhoods that begins to show the power of peacemaking.
4.
To what extent do you believe Masdar City currently works successfully as an eco-city? 4/5 stars
5.
To what extent do you think Masdar City is sustainable and why? Again 4/5 stars due to the continued pursuit of high levels of sustainability and a dedicated/experienced team focusing on it every day
6.
What characteristics of Masdar City do you believe could be improved to make it a more sustainable settlement? As Masdar is progressing, it is continuing to make adjustments rather than being static to the original plan. I think this is the right approach towards building a sustainable settlement.
7.
In your opinion, what was the key vision in this project? To truly demonstrate to the region that ‘low-carbon’ living is feasible and Masdar has been successful at it.
8.
To what extent do you believe the original aims and vision of Masdar City will be met and why? 3/5 stars – The original vision of ‘carbon neutrality’ and ‘car-free’ is no longer holds at Masdar. But the updated vision is better off for it.
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9.
Sofia Jassim
What do you think has been the key component that has had to be modified or eliminated since the original proposal? Masdar City was to be built by single entity - now the parcels will be sold to outside developers and infrastructure/public spaces will be maintained by local authorities. Cars are allowed - all of these make achieving sustainability challenging - but success of Phase 2 demonstrates it is doable and most importantly as it is done within the regulatory context, it is now truly replicable elsewhere.
10.
Do you believe Masdar City will every be able to achieve its original aims of being a zero- carbon city? No I highly doubt it
11.
To what extent do you believe the developed designed of phase 1 was aimed at affecting and influencing the local surroundings? 5/5 stars
12.
Do you believe Masdar City will lead the way in urban planning? Yes I believe so
13.
How do you think the design of Phase 2 will compare to Phase 1 in performing environmentally/ sustainably? Phase 2 is designed keeping in mind the market economics and is already seeing success in private development. If private developers can build in a sustainable manner meeting Masdarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s objectives, then Phase 2 will be certainly more successful as these lessons an be replicated elsewhere by the same developers.
14a).
Are there any design elements within Phase 1 that you do not believe work in a sustainable manner? Yes
b).
Have you learnt from these mistakes of the Phase 1 architects in the design of Phase 2? Yes â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with the podium in the original plan and the car free nature
15.
Are there any ideas that came about in the design of Phase 2 that will be applied in projects elsewhere? The approach of integrated design thinking and application in Phase 2 combined with innovation that is approved by local authorities makes Phase 2 very replicable elsewhere.
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Manchester School of Architecture University of Manchester Manchester Metropolitan University