Living on Water

LIVING ON WATER An Interdisciplinary Course on Designing Temporary Floating Houses in Post-Earthquake Istanbul

BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY CIVIL ENGINEERING SOCIOLOGY

MEF UNIVERSITY ARCHITECTURE

1

INDEX INTRODUCTION

3

RESEARCH

4

Site 8 Social Life 16 Infrastructure 32 Energy 56

Structure & Material 64 Logistics

80

PROPOSALS

92

The Port 96 Bricks 114

Nested 6+1

130

Pixelated Accommodation 146 Row 166 Dandelion 182

Living on Water: An Interdisciplinary Course on Designing Temporary Floating Houses in Post-Earthquake Istanbul This is a studio course co-designed by four faculty from three disciplines and two universities. Emre Otay from Civil Engineering Department and Ayfer Bartu Candan from Sociology Department at Bogazici University, Oral Goktas and Sevince Bayrak from Architecture Department at MEF University co-taught this course. The primary aim of this course has been to collaborate on designing an emergency scenario and temporary housing in post-earthquake Istanbul in an interdisciplinary manner. 17 Engineering, 10 Sociology, and 17 Architecture students worked both independently and participated in the weekly meetings of the interdisciplinary teams.

Given the existing research on the upcoming Istanbul earthquake, Golden Horn (Halic) is known to be both the most vulnerable area in terms of the building stock and the existing population, and yet it is one of the safest areas for the expected tsunami. Therefore Golden Horn was selected as the site for temporary housing units.

This book represents the timeline of the course which was divided into two sections: the research and the proposals for the floating houses.

In the first six weeks, students were responsible for the research and analysis of a particular design aspect relevant to their background. The research topics included the site, social life, infrastructure, energy, materials and structure, and logistics. Given the physical and social diversity along the Golden Horn, we divided the site into six sections. In the remaining eight weeks, students were also divided into six interdisciplinary teams, each one responsible for one section of the Golden Horn.

Each team studied the sociological and physical properties of the section they worked on. At the end of the course, students developed six different projects, starting from the master plan and ending with the design of a living unit. As an initial step for discussing solutions for post-earthquake Istanbul, this interdisciplinary method aims to trigger an interest about solutions rather than the apocalyptic scenarios which is mainly covered by media.

Research

4

5

Site

Social Life

Infrastructure

This section focuses on the analysis of Golden Horn both in physical and social aspects. Demography, existing facilities (roads, schools, bridges, building stock, parks, public areas, ports, streets) earthquake and tsunami scenarios are part of the research as well as topographic and batyhmetric features of Golden Horn and its surroundings.

This section includes a timeline about post earthquakes, standards of temporary housing, and examples from all over the world.

A comparison of how different cultures deal with earthquake both in precautions and post-disaster periods is one of the outputs of this section.

This sections consists two parts: water and garbage. Initially, the amount of water people would need in an emergency is calculated and existing water grid of the city is analysed. Then, water storage and garbage areas required and their organization is analysed. Alternative methods such as desalination and garbage composting are also investigated.

6

Energy This part investigates energy topic of production and consumption.

Alternative methods of obtaining energy is investigated as well as calculations of energy consumptions in emergency conditions.

Structure & Material The main parts of the whole structural elements of temporary and floating living units were examined in three chapters. Buoyancy elements are explained in the chapters of floating body and anchorage. Materials and upper structure elementsare analysed through different examples of shelters from all over the world.

7

Logistics In this section, the supply areas close to Marmara that would serve in case of emergency are mapped. Accessibility of Golden Horn via seaway/landway is analysed.

8

Site Golden Horn

9

Demography 25.000-30.000 20.000-25.000 15.000-20.000

Population Density

10.000-15.000

Number of People

5.000-10.000 0-5.000

21-24

17-20

Elderly Population

Ages

13-16

9-12

Hospitals

Health and

Universities

Education

Locations

High Schools

14-16

Child Population

11-13

Ages

5-10

7.000-up 500-1.500 5.000-7.000

Dwelling Density

3.000-5.000 1.500-3.000 0-500

10

Number of Dwelling

Demography 5.000-7.000 3.000-5.000 Number of Workspace

Workspace Density

5000-1.5.000 1.5000-3.000 0-5000

4973-20778 3384-4662

Current Value TL/m²

1991-3380

Current Value

869-1916 253-845 2.2-248

Ports

Locations

Ports, Parks, and Public Areas

Parks

Public Areas

6-14

Structural Density of Damaged Haliç

Number of Damaged Hectares 2-5

0-1

Fatih

Boundry of District

Eyüp

Boundry of District

Gaziosmanpasa Kağıthane Beyoğlu

11

Sections

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8 12

Bathymetry Map

4

4

4

4

2 4

4

4

4

2

4

4

4

2

4

42 42 40

40

42

40

1

2

3

4

5 13

6

7

8

Building Density

14

Disaster Support

The Golden Hours are defined as the first aid for people who are wounded after an earthquake disaster. During these hours, the highest rate of death occurs because of internal bleeding. Neighborhood Disaster Support (MAG) aims to help wounded people in the first 72 hours when the professional teams are insufficient. Neighborhood Disaster Support Project trains volunteers and provides the necessary materials to create local preparation process against disasters. The people who survive after the disaster are rescued by the neighbors who do not have any training about disaster management in the first 24 hours.

On MAG According to the data of May 2014, there are 2 disaster management centers in Fatih and 5 disaster management centers in KaÄ&#x;Äąthane. One of the most important reasons why these centers are constructed is that AFAD cannot reach to the disaster area because of bureaucracy. In these neighborhoods, containers are placed in safe areas where people can access easily during the disaster where they have connections between the City Crisis Center and VHF. AFAD In 2009, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) is established under the law no. 5902.

According to the reports that are published by AFAD after Van Earthquake, the language used in reports prioritizes the first aids. Unfortunately, in Turkey pre-disaster process is not approached seriously. Instead, the general focus is on how to serve first aid or intervention after the disaster.

0-3 Months

National Recovery

Aid Management

Local Governance

Law and Order

4-8 Months

18-36 Months

Temporary offices Debris Removal Communication System

Ministry building constr.

Increasing in facilities Digital infrastructure

Drawing lessons Long term resilient building construction

Aid distribution system Organizational system

Consulting humanitarian and development actors

Long term plan making

Civil society and private sector engagement, vulnerability, statistics, capacity projections

Advocate local needs into national plan, conducting,participatory recovery plans

Reconstruction of local governance, long term resilience planning

Infrastructural improvements Additional security, Identity based projection plan

Legal initiative support Protection against child/ other abuse Court-police buildings

Rapid post disaster movement plan Supporting legal initiatives

15

16

Social Life

17

Timeline of Several Earthquakes in the World

IRAN

21.6.1990 Magnitude : 7,7 Deceased : 35,000 Injured : 100,000 Homeless : 500,000

PHILIPPINES

16.7.1990 Magnitude : 7,7 Homeless : 148,000 Deceased : 2,000 Injured : 1,000

INDONESIA

12.12.1992 Magnitude : 6,8 Deceased : 3,000 Injured : 1,500

PAKISTAN/ AFGHANISTAN 1.2.1991 Magnitude : 6,8 Deceased : 1,200 Injured : 1,000

JAPAN

IRAN

AFGHANISTAN

INDIA

RUSSIA

AFGHANISTAN

17.1.1995 Magnitude : 7,4 Deceased : 6,500

10.5.1997 Magnitude : 7,1 Deceased : 2,000

28.5.1995 Magnitude : 7,5 Deceased : 2,000

30.9.1993 Magnitude : 6,4 Deceased : 22,000

18

30.5.1998 Magnitude : 6,5 Deceased : 3,000

21.9.1999 Magnitude : 7,6 Deceased : 4,500

TURKEY

17.8.1999 Magnitude : 7,4 Deceased : 17,000 Injured : over 20,000

COLOMBIA

25 .1.1999 Magnitude : 6,2 Deceased : 1,200 Injured : 4,500

CHINA

INDIA

26.1.2001 Magnitude : 6,7 Deceased : 20,000 Homeless : over a million

TAIWAN

21.9.1999 Magnitude : 7,6 Deceased : 2,500

INDONESIA

28.3.2005 Magnitude : 8,7 Deceased:1,300

ASIAN CONTINENT

26.12.2004 Magnitude : 9,2 Deceased : Over 100,000

12.5.2008 Magnitude : 7,8 Deceased : 67,183 Injured : 361,822 Lost : 21,000 people Collapsed: 700,000 buildings Homeless: 5 million

PAKISTAN

8.10.2005 Magnitude : 7,6 Deceased : 73,000 Homeless : over a million

HAITI

12.1.2010 Magnitude : 7,7 Deceased: 230,000 Lost : 21,000 people Homeless: 1.3 million

INDONESIA

30.9.2009 Magnitude : 7,5 Deceased: over 1,000

19

JAPAN

11.3.2011 Magnitude : 8,9 Deceased: over 1,000

CHILE

27.2.2010 Magnitude : 8,8 Deceased : 700

NEPAL

25.4.2015 Magnitude : 7,8 Deceased : 8,000 Homeless : over 100,000

IRAN/IRAQ

12.11.2017 Magnitude : 7,3 Deceased : 335 Injured : 4,000

Timeline of Earthquakes in Turkey in the Last 30 Years

6.11.1992 Magnitude : 5,5 Deceased : 0

17.8.1999 Magnitude : 7,8 Deceased : 17,000 Injured : over 20,000

1.10.1995 Magnitude : 6,1 Deceased : 100 Collapsed : 14,156 buildings

13.03.1992 Magnitude : 6,8 Deceased : 650

İZMİR

KOCAELİ

AFYON

ERZİNCAN

ADANA

27.6.1998 Magnitude : 6,2 Deceased : 150 Collapsed : 31,463 buildings

20

DÜZCE

12.11.1999 Magnitude : 7,5 Deceased : 763 Collapsed : 35,519 buildings

27.1.2003 Magnitude : 6,2 Deceased : 1 Collapsed : 50 buildings

8.3.2010 Magnitude : 6,1 Deceased : 42 Collapsed: 724

3.2.2003 Magnitude : 6,4 Deceased: 50 Collapsed : 622 buildings

6.6.2000 Magnitude : 6,1 Collapsed:1,800 buildings

TUNCELİ

ELAZIĞ

AFYON

ÇANKIRI

BİNGÖL

1.5.2003 Magnitude : 6,4 Deceased : 176 Collapsed : 6000 buildings

21

VAN

23.10.2011 Magnitude : 7,2 Deceased : 644 Collapsed : 17,005 buildings

Standards / Units / Periods

Search & Rescue (0-10 days)

Emergency Relief (0-45 days)

Fast response in order to rescue life and property.

Search and rescue operations

Meeting the basic needs to keep people alive.

TIME IN SAMPLES

TURKEY HAITI

CHILE JAPAN

SHELTER TYPES

Medical aid Food aid Emergency shelters Care for the dead Identification of dangerous structures

Emergency Shelter During the height of the emergency; A public facility, the home of a friend or family member; No provision of food or other services of food or

3 3 2 2

weeks weeks weeks weeks

TURKEY HAITI CHILE JAPAN

1.5 1.5-2 1 8

year years year months

Temporary Shelter An expected short stay; A tent, a self-built shelter, a public facility, the home of family or friends, or a second home; Food, possibly medical provision and other services

The “Honeymoon Phase”.

Outpouring of relief supplies; Support from the community and government; A wave of compassion,

The “Heroic Phase” Collaboration to prevent loss of life and property ; Altruism

goodwill, and care.

Water supply,Water tap stand, Health centre ,Referral hospital, Feeding center

NEEDS

PSYCHOLOGICAL TIMELINE

other services

22

Standards / Units / Periods

Early Recovery(20 days to few months)

Medium to Long-term Recovery (few months to few years)

A more stable period of transition: establishment of the “new normal”.

Stable access to food an water; Transition or temporary shelters; School and work starts;

Reconstruction of the fully normal.

Building permanent physical structures; Restoration of social structures; Permanent housing;

TURKEY HAITI CHILE JAPAN

2 3-3.5 1.5-2 4-4.5

year years year years

Temporary Housing Temporary household responsibilities and daily activities; A prefabricated temporary house, a winterised tent, a self-built shelter, a mobile home, an apartment, or the home of family member or friend

Permanent Housing Permanent after the disaster; Returning to a rebuilt home or moving into new permanent ; quarters

The “Disillusionment Phase”.

Bureaucratic delays and legal barriers in providing relief ; No more media attention; Victims realize that they have to solve their own problems

Individuals and communities work together to restore normalcy; People begin to live life on their own terms and move on.

Shower ,Rubbish containers School,Distribution center,Market place,Storage area,Lighting,Registration area,Administration / office,Playgorund,Sports facilities ,Internet access, Kitchen,Laundry

23

*UN and GFDRR datas

Standards / Units / Periods

Description

Standard

Further Consideration

Covered living area

3.5 sqm per person minimum In cold climates and urban areas 4.5 minimum

Camp settlement size

45 sqm. per person (inc. kitchen and vegetable garden)

Fire Safety

30 m firebreak every 300 m, minimum 2 m between structures

Shower

1 per 50 persons

Water supply

20 liters per person per day

Water tap stand

1 per 80 persons

1 per community

Water distance

Maximum 200 m from household

1 per community

Communal latrine

1 per 20 persons- emergency phase

Separate latrines for men and women

Latrine distance

Maximum 50, minimum 6 m from shelter

Close enough to encourage use

Health center

1 per 20.000 persons

1 per 10 families

Referral hospital

1 per 200.000 persons

1 per 10 settlements

School

1 per 5.000 persons

1 per sector

Distribution center

1 per 5.000 persons

1 per sector

Market place

1 per 20.000 persons

1 per settlement

Storage area

20 sqm. per 100 persons

Refugee storage

Rubbish container of 100 liters

1 per 50 persons

1 per 10 families

24

Separate, well drained, shower areas for men and women

Standards / Units / Periods

Education Standard Situation

50 people per classroom

Further Consideration

35 people per classroom

Health Standard Situation / Referal Hospital

528 beds

Health Center

252 beds

Further Consideration

144 beds

Transportation Variations of Cars in Temporary Living Space

33,8 % by bus

39,7 % by bus- minibus

22,1 % by minibus

25

26

Example: Housing Camps

Van Earthquake Erciş-Van earthquake of 2011, also called Erciş earthquake or Van earthquake, severe earthquake that struck near the cities of Erciş and Van in eastern Turkey on October 23, 2011. More than 664 people were killed, and thousands of structures in Erciş, Van, and other nearby towns were destroyed. The earthquake was felt as far away as Jordan and southern Russia.

The initial shock, which registered a moment magnitude of 7.2, struck at 1:41 PM local time. Its epicentre was about 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Van, and its focus was 12.4 miles (about 20 km) underground. A magnitude-6.0 aftershock, one of more than 200 such events that were recorded in eastern Turkey within the first 24 hours after the earthquake, struck at 11:45 PM the same day some 15.5 miles (25 km) from the epicentre of the initial earthquake. According to data from the National Seismological Observation Network operated by the Prime Minister AFAD, the amount of energy released by the earthquake was fairly large. It was recorded that the energy formed by the main shock in 23th October is equal to 33.2 times the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima and when taking into account the aftershocks occured, that has been released to 37 atomic bombs.

Also, the number of 4.0-4.9 magnitude earthquakes in the region in the first week was 187. The number of earthquakes greater than 5 magnitude was 13. In the first month an everage of 180 aftershock have been occured everyday in the region. Up to date more than 11.000 aftershocks have been occured.

Turkey’s Ministry of Health and the Turkish Red Crescent directed the rescue and relief effort. Those two organizations collaborated with a number of other national and international aid agencies to assemble and deliver field kitchens as well as thousands of tents, blankets, and portable heaters to the region. Almost immediately after the quake, several thousand aid workers, including a large number from dozens of nearby settlements, descended on the earthquake zone, while the Turkish army searched adjacent mountainous areas for survivors and additional casualties.

The image at the top of the page on the left illustrates the housing in which the survivors lived after the earthquake

Fukushima Earthquake The March 11 earthquake started on a Friday at 2:46 p.m. local time (5:46 a.m. UTC). It was centered on the seafloor 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Tohoku, at a depth of 15 miles (24 km) below the surface. The shaking lasted about six minutes. More than 120,000 buildings were destroyed, 278,000 were half-destroyed and 726,000 were partially destroyed. The direct financial damage from the disaster is estimated to be about $199 billion dollars (about 16.9 trillion yen), according to the Japanese government. The total economic cost could reach up to $235 billion, the World Bank estimated, making it the costliest natural disaster in world history.

The number of confirmed deaths is 15,894 as of June 10, 2016. More than 2,500 people are still reported missing.Less than an hour after the earthquake, the first of many tsunami waves hit Japan’s coastline. The tsunami waves reached run-up heights (how far the wave surges inland above sea level) of up to 128 feet (39 meters) at Miyako city and traveled inland as far as 6 miles (10 km) in Sendai.

The tsunami flooded an estimated area of approximately 217 square miles (561 square kilometers) in Japan.

Residents of Tokyo received a minute of warning before the strong shaking hit the city, thanks to Japan’s earthquake early warning system. The country’s stringent seismic building codes and early warning system prevented many deaths from the earthquake, by stopping high-speed trains and factory assembly lines. People in Japan also received texted alerts of the earthquake and tsunami warnings on their cellphones.

The earthquake shifted Earth on its axis of rotation by redistributing mass, like putting a dent in a spinning top. The temblor also shortened the length of a day by about a microsecond.More than 5,000 aftershocks hit Japan in the year after the earthquake, the largest a magnitude 7.9.About 250 miles (400 km) of Japan’s northern Honshu coastline dropped by 2 feet (0.6 meters), according to the U.S. Geological Survey.The jolt moved Japan’s main island of Honshu eastward by 8 feet (2.4 meters).The Pacific Plate slid westward near the epicenter by 79 feet (24 m).In Antarctica, the seismic waves from the earthquake sped up the Whillans Ice Stream, jolting it by about 1.5 feet (0.5 meters).The tsunami broke icebergs off the Sulzberger Ice Shelf in Antarctica.As the tsunami crossed the Pacific Ocean, a 5-foot high (1.5 m) high wave killed more than 110,000 nesting seabirds at the Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge.

In Norway, water in fjords pointing toward Japan sloshed back and forth as seismic waves from the earthquake raced through.

The earthquake produced a low-frequency rumble called infrasound, which traveled into space and was detected by the Goce satellite.

Buildings destroyed by the tsunami released thousands of tons of ozone-destroying chemicals and greenhouse gases into the air.

The image at the bottom of the page on the left illustrates the housing in which the survivors lived after the earthquake https://www.livescience.com/39110-japan-2011-earthquake-tsunami-facts.html

27

https://www.afad.gov.tr/en/2605/ About-Van-Earthquake

Example: Disaster Prevention Park

Kasai Rinkai Park,Tokyo

28

Example: Disaster Prevention Park

Tokyo Kasai Rinkai Park In the event of a large-scale disaster, such as an earthquake centered below Tokyo, The Tokyo Rinkai Disaster Prevention Park acts as a central base of operations for disaster prevention in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area that houses emergency response facilities including local disaster management headquarters, as well as institutions that compile disaster-related information and coordinate emergency disaster measures. The park is also a disaster prevention facility that acts as a core base camp for regional assistance units and a base of support for disaster medical care that functions in an integrated manner with the Higashi Ogishima region (Kawasaki City) distribution control center.

With respect to park operations, the City of Tokyo divides responsibilities with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism through the Urban Park Program taking into account activities during standard hours as well as times of disaster. (1) During standard operating hours, relevant organizations collaborate and perform exchanges of disaster-related information as well as a variety of simulations, training, and other activities in order to prepare for future disasters. (2) The park is also provided as a place to encourage interest among the citizens of Japan and instill within them the intelligence, knowledge, techniques, as well as values of self-help and mutual assistance, that will make it possible for them to handle an actual disaster through a wide variety of experience, studying, and training. (3) The park is also is an attractive area that takes advantage of urban concentration and ability to attract visitors to the Tokyo waterfront subcenter. The national government park covers a land area of 6.7 ha and the adjacent municipal park covers 6.5 ha, providing for a total of 13.2 ha.

The Tokyo metropolitan area is the heart of Japan’s government and economy, and a region where the country’s population and functionality is highly centralized. The damage caused by the Great Hanshin (Kobe) earthquake has shown us that, in the event of a large-scale disaster, extensive damage that spans across prefectures can be expected.

In preparation for such large-scale disasters, the first-stage decision of the Urban Regeneration Project, which calls for “upgrading basic wide-area disaster prevention bases in the Tokyo Bay waterfront area,” was advanced in the Ariake no Oka and Higashi Ogishima regions for the realization of a central stage where regional disaster facilities across the Tokyo metropolitan area could collaborate and perform emergency relief activities.

The entire facility (including the transmission antenna tower) is situated on top of a seismic isolation system. It is connected (over land and through satellite) to all government agencies as well as all prefectural and municipal governments via the CAO’s Disaster Prevention Radio Communication System. Additionally, it is equipped with video transmission (to Tokyo as well as Saitama, Kanagawa, and Chiba Prefectures), teleconferencing, and helicopter video transmission capabilities.90,000 liters of fuel are in stock, making it possible to continuously operate the generator for three days (with additional fuel, it is possible to operate the generator for up to seven days). Locker rooms, showers, and sleeping rooms are provided (during times of an emergency, a portion of public park facilities may also be used as sleeping rooms).

There is initiative to keep seven days’ worth of food, water (plastic bottles), and other items in stock. The facility stores a total of 139 tons of water in two networks of water tanks, about 6 tons of water dedicated to the drinking water supply, and 133 tons of water dedicated to showers and other water systems.

29

http://www.ktr.mlit.go.jp/showa/tokyorinkai/ english/index.htm

Examples : Emergency Kits

Nepal Emergency Kit

Food Water Shelter Bed First aid kit Clothes Flashlight Canned Map Tools ( Radio, battery, candle,matches, hatchet, screwdriver, pilers, rope, paper, pencil, mask,gloves

San Francisco Emergency Kit

Food Water Shelter Bed First aid kit Clothes Flashlight Sleeping bag Mask Whistle Pot Sewing Kit Soap Plastic cubs Money Knife Toilet paper Tools ( Radio, battery, candle,matches, hatchet, screwdriver, pilers, rope,

California Emergency Kit

paper, pencil,gloves

Water Shelter First aid kit Clothes Flashlight Canned Papers Gloves Battery Radio Photos

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Examples : Emergency Kits

Food Water Shelter First aid kit Clothes Flashlight Canned Money Knife Sewing Kit Parfume Wet wipes Tooth paste-brush Goggles Whistle Raincoat Tools ( Radio, battery, candle,matches, hatchet, screwdriver, pilers, rope,

England Emergency Kit

paper, pencil, mask,gloves

Japan Emergency Kit

Food Water Shelter First aid kit Bed Mask Clothes Flashlight Canned Money Alarm Wet wipes Ground Sheet Photos Diaper Tools ( Radio, battery, candle,matches, hatchet, screwdriver, pilers, rope, paper, pencil,gloves

Turkey Emergency Kit

Food Water Shelter First aid kit Bed Flashlight Canned Money Raincoat Whistle Cell Phone Sewing kit Tools ( Radio, battery, candle,matches, hatchet, screwdriver, pilers, rope, shover, paper, pencil

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Infrastructure

33

Supplying Fresh Water

According to World Health Organization research

Normal Situation

For one person: 65,9L per day

Toilet flush: Two flushes per day, the restof the day uses grey water

18 L

Dishwasher : One load per week

4,1 L

Washing hands : 12 times per day, on average

3,4 L

Bath : Once a day

7,1 L

Water bowl : Three cat bowls per day

0,9 L

Cooking

1L

Washing machine: 1.5 loads per week

16 L

Dripping top

5L

Handwashing dishes: 3.5 sink loads per week

9L

Brushing teeth : Twice per day

34

0,8 L

Maximum water consumption of a person: 150L

Desalination Plant

3

2

1 1

5

4 2

3

4

5

Intake Screens

Flotation Unit

Gravity%Sand Unit

Post Treatment

Storage

Seawater flows into the plant through an poen seawater intake structure with mechanical rake course screens. Chlorine is added to inhibit marine growth in pipes and other structures throughout the system.

Chemicals are added to accumulate impurities into bigger particals, and air is pumped to make lighter particles, and air is pumped to make lighter particles

The water is filtered through sand to remove heavier particles.

The water is demineralised; lime is added to adjust the pH level and improve the taste. Chlorine is used to disinfect the water, and Fluoride is added for dental wellness.

The treated water is pumped to service reservoirs and distributed to homes.

float to the surface for easy removal.

Type of Need

Qantity 2.5 to 3 L 2 to 6 L 3 to 6 L

Survival ( drinking and food ) Basic hygiene practices Basic cooking needs

TOTAL

Comments Depends on climate and individual psychology Depends on social and cultural norms Depends on food type, social and cultural norms

7,5 TO 15 L AMOUNT OF WATER a person has to consume in an EMERGENCY situation AMOUNT OF WATER a person has to consume in an NORMAL situation

35

Liters per day PER PERSON formul : population x daily water consumption per person Minimum 150.000 x 15 L = 2,250,000L = 2250 m3 Maximum 150.000 x 150 L = 22,500,000L = 22500 m3

Desalination Plant

Storage

150 piece for 150.000 people

450 piece for 150.000 people

900 piece for 150.000 people

1500 piece

Disadvantages - polluted water - water allocation problems - cross-contamination of drinking water - loss through leakage - intermittent water supply - missing connections

30.000L

3720 diameter 2820 total height 3200 inlet height

10.000L

2280 diameter 2120 total height 2120 inlet height

How to provide logistics?

How about costs?

It can be provided by container ships,all of the elements can be fit into standart ISO containers.

Installation of a large scale desalination plant which serves 150,000 people in emergency situation, costs approximately 3 million $ Production of electricity inside the desalination plant is 3 kWh/m3 1 kWh electricity costs 0,106$for 1 m3 clean water costs = 0.318$ Total production of water 2250 m3 per day costs 715.5$

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5.000L

1880 diameter 2100 total height 2100 inlet height

3.000L

1450 diameter 2100 total height 2100 inlet height

How long the ship of water will be enough?

A minimum capacity for ship should be 16000, a maximum should be 160,000 tons for weekly water consumption for 150.000 people

System

PRESSURE VESSEL Disadvantages CONTROL PANEL

During the short term, without infrastructure under it, water supplying would be hard and modules would stay without water for a while.

In order to have a smaller storage, people in the unit should fill the water tank very often

PRE-FILTERS

HIGH PRESSURE HOSE

HIGH PRESSURE PUMP

Cost Desalinators types’ prices are changing between $5,180-$7,780 4 member family can live 45 days in a standart ISO container with a water tank which has 3000 L storage

Also the size of 5000L and 10.000L water tanks are also appropriate in terms of dimensions. We are also able to use them.

For 5000 L; 75 days For 10.000 L; 150 days

37

Clean Water Transportation

With Dry Cargo Ships

How many liters of water can be provided at one transfer?

Maximum capacity of a dry cargo ship is approximately 200.000 tons.

200.000 tons = 200.000.000 litres =200.000 m3 =90 days of water need

Advantages Seperated water tanks Easy to essamble Usable for individidual Usage on modules Different type of storages

|

Disadvantages Hard to carry the water tanks to the units, Not get full efficiencyof ships, Storages to be brought by dry cargo can only be used one time

Even if the ship is able to provide 90 days of water, due to the placement of storages we should calculate the variables weekly.

For a weekly water consumption of 150.000 people, the ships should have capacity of; minimum = 16000 tones of water (calculated with 15L water consumption per person) maximum = 160000 tones of water (calculated with 150L water consumption per person)

Option 1 Storing water tanks where the ship stops;

Distributing with water pipes

Days x Amount of water tanks per day

4 (people) x 15L (emergency daily need for one person) = 60L

90 x 150 (30.000L water tank) =13.500 (amount of water tanks which needs to be on the storage pontoons)

60L x 45(days) =2700L (approximately 3000L) for a family 3000L x 10(units) = 30.0000L

*Storage pontoon amounts would

30.000 L water tank which needs 4m x 4m pontoon, will be enough for 10 units (includes 4 people) for 45 days.

change according to master planning principles

38

Clean Water Transportation

How many liters of water can be provided at one transfer?

Maximum capacity of a dry cargo ship is approximately 500.000 tons.

500.000 tons = 500.000.000 litres =500.000 m3 =220 days of water need

Advantages

Full efficiency from ships Easy to connect to water tanks

Disadvantages

Hard to distribute to the different type of water tanks on the area without water pipes, The ship can not drainall of the water at once

Even if the ship is able to provide 90 days of water, due to the placement of storages we should calculate the variables weekly.

For a weekly water consumption of 150.000 people the ships should have capacity of; minimum = 16000 tones of water (calculated with 15L water consumption per person) maximum = 160000 tones of water (calculated with 150L water consumption per person)

Option 2 Filling water tanks for each unit

39 39

*the masterplan should fit option 1 in all of the conditions because in the short term survival water pipes can not be installed.

Rain Water Collection

Pitched roof

Roof Gutter Downspouts Roof washer Water tank

Overflow Ultraviolet Sterilizer

Pump

Micron Filters Pressure Tank

Flat roof rain water collection

(Volume) = (Area) x (Precipitation) x (%Efficiency) volume: amount of the rain harvested in that time period, measured in liters area : rainwater capture area, measured in m2 precipitation : amount of rainfall in that time period in mm efficiency : percent of water actually captured, as opposed to splashing out of the system somewhere; usually 75%-90%

40

Rain Water Collection

MATERIALS [ € 70 ]

Self supporting rain water collection

· 1 PVC tube - large Ø (80 - 150 mm) length: 2 m [ € 5,60 ] · 4 PVC tubes - small Ø (25 - 30 mm) length: 3 m [ € 8,40 ] · 8 Tube snaps - Ø 25-30 mm [ € 1,60 ] · 20 Nuts & bolts - M5 x 30 [ € 3,40 ] · 8 Eyebolts & Nuts - M5 [ € 7,00 ] · 60 m clothesline [ € 5,40 ] · Tension Straps - 5 mm width [ € 2,50 ] · Metal straps - Ø = large Ø + 2x small [ € 3,60 ] · 4 Keyrings [ € 1,49 ] · Net (for a pond) - 3 x 3 m [ € 5,80 ] · Impermeable fabric, canvas (7x3) [ €11,10 ] · 16 cable clamps [ € 6,54 ] · Table top plate (preferably PVC / natural wood) · 6 shelf supports ( L ) [ € 4,50 ] · 1 industrial reservoir - 1 m³ / 1000 l

DYI Rainwater collection in short term survival During the short term survival people can be able to build some basic systems in order to provide their basic needs and they can use this system’s water as a water source for plumbing fixtures.

Rain Barrel. (2015, May 27). Retrieved March 11, 2018, from https://slowottawa.ca/rain-barrel/

41

E., & I. (2017, October 16). STAND-ALONE RAINWATER COLLECTOR. Retrieved March 11, 2018, from http://www.instructables.com/id/ Stand-alone-rain-collector/

Short Term Water Storage

During the short term survival, installations will not be able to installed by a profession. Because of that, people will need to provide their water need from some kind of central water recourses.

This water resources may include also common pumping fixture elements ;

In order to change the variables for centralized water sources ; Formule 1 (for one day); Amount of the units x amount of the people in the unit x water need per day for one person = capasity of the water tank (L) x amount of the water tanks Formule 2 (for one day); Amount of the water tanks x surface area of the water tanks = pontoons surface area x amount of the pontoons For example; 100 units x 4 people x 15 L = 3.000 L X 2 water tanks *2 water tanks x 45 days = 90 water tanks will be needed For example ; 2 water tanks x 4.350 m2 = 1 pontoon x 4.350 m2

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Short Term Water Storage

After short term survival, twater tanks may be iindividual or central ones may be connected to the water pipes or all of the individual water tanks has its own infrastructure under it.This water resource may notice individual pumping fixture elements as well.

Formule 1 (for one day); 1 unit x amount of the people in the unit x water need per day for one person x days = capasity of the water tank (L) x 1 water tank Formul 2; 1 water tank x surface area of the water tanks = how much space the water tank will cover on the pontoon For example; 1 unit x 4 people x 15 L x 50 days = 3.000 L X 1 water tank 1 water tanks x 4.350 m2 = 4.350 m2

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Clean Water Distribution

Under the water

Above the water

Advantages

Advantages

-Water transfer can be achieved easily by setting pipes with slope -Resistant against high pressure at large diameters -Capable of being embedded very deeply as they can be produced with the desired rigidity -It is not subject to corrosion under water, is not affected by chlorine and does not oxidize -With different resin types, it can provide resistance against various chemicals -Adaptable to ground motion -No sedimentation of mud residue thanks to smooth surface. Minimal maintenance, cleaning and, therefore, management costs -Long service life

-Water transfer can be achieved easily by setting pipes with slope -Easier to install and control -It can be planned easily -With different resin types, it can provide resistance against various chemicals -It can come with pontoons -It may design as a part of prefabricated units

Disadvantages -Hard to install -Polluted water -Water allocation problems -Cross-contamination of drinking water -Loss through leakage -Intermittent water supply -Missing connections

Disadvantages -hard to make large diameters -it may cause corrosion -water allocation problems -cross-contamination of drinking water -loss through leakage -intermittent water supply -missing connections

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Clean Water Distribution

Under the ground Advantages -water transfer can be achieved easily by setting pipes with slope -if we will be able to install infrastructure before eartquake it would be easier to have a planned water pipe system for units -with different resin types, it can provide resistance against various chemicals -it will be easier to connect with the existing infrastructure system after short term survival Disadvantages -it may be hard to install before eartquake -if we decide to install it after eartquake we may not be sure about the soil’s situation -because of the distance and the surface area that we have it may be difficult to install -it may cause corrosion -water allocation problems -cross-contamination of drinking water -loss through leakage -intermittent water supply -missing connections

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Waste Water Re-use, Grey Water

Washing

Bathing

How much grey water comes out of a house?

In an emergency situation, personal washing consumes approximatelly 7L of water If we create a central washing place how many washing machine would be enough for 150.000 people?

-If 150.000 people take a shower in every 7 days (once per week) for short term survival, how many litres of fresh water would be reduced?

In emergency situation bathing is approximately 2L for one person 150.000 people x 2L = 300 m3 per week for bathing In a normal situation bathing is approximately 30L for one person 150.000 people x 30L = 4500 m3 per week for bathing -How much water should be provided for individual water needs?

2L- 6L can be supplied for each unit for individual washing needs -Can we recycle this kind of chemical waters?

By using aquacell units (70$ approximately per each unit), the water can be recycled.

46

Waste Water Re-use, Grey Water

Cleaning

Cooking

-Should there be a central kitchen or individual kitchens? Do we need washing machines and how do we apply reuse in kitchen ?

-If we clean the houses once a month in short term survival how many litres do we need for cleaning?

Cleaning house = 2 to 6 L For 4 people house -> 37.500

In emergency situation bathing is approximately 2L for one person

37.500 units x 2L = 75.000 L(min) 37.500 units x 6L = 225.000 L (max)

150.000 people x 2L = 300.000 L per month for bathing

-How can we reuse water ?

During the short term survival we may not need a kitchen, only preprepared food would be consumed such as;

In order to use same water we need to use organic cleaning products.

Powdered milk Dried fruit Dry,crisp crackers Bread

Additionally, same water used for bathing and washing can be used for cleaning.

However, after short term survival water would be used in kitchen for cooking.

Common exterior areas which need to be cleaned; Washing machine area (200 machine) Common kitchen Common shower area

-How should the exterior areas be cleaned ?

approximately 2L

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Waste Water Re-use, Black Water

Septic Tank

According to British Standard BS 6297 septic tank size formula: C= (150 P + 2,000) Where C is the size of the septic tank in liters where P is the population to be served. Therefore, start off with 2000 liters and add 150 liters per person that could live in the property.

For example: 4 bedroom house maximum occupancy : 2000+(150 x6)= 900 liters would be the minimum size tank required.

At present the smallest septic tank size for a domestic property is 2700 liters. There are three main types of septic tanks for on-site wastewater treatment: Concrete septic tanks : The most common.

Fiberglass tanks : Used often in “hard to get to” locations because they are easy to carry.

Polyethylene/plastic tanks : Like fiberglass tanks, these are light, one-piece tanks that can be carried to “hard to get to” locations.

If one ownes a septic system, the maintenance is crucial.

How often one needs to pump the solids out of your septic tank, depends on three major factors: 1. The number of people in your household; 2. The amount of wastewater generated (based on the number of people in the household and the amount of water used) 3. The volume of solids in the wastewater (e.g., using a garbage disposal will increase the amount of solids).

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Liters per Day

Number of People

Minimum Size Required in Litres

720 900 1080 1440

2 to 4 5 6 7

2720 2900 3080 3260

Waste Water Re-use, Black Water

Handy-pod

System The system is gravitational. With each flush, waste is collected in the first of two containers, where it settles and is broken down using anaerobic processes over a three-day period, and the pathogen reduction begins.

The second barrel is packed with small pieces of polystyrene, which triggers a process that reduces the levels of the remaining bacteria.

Each flush also forces the newly treated water back into the river, where it will pass the test for safe levels of pathogens for recreational water just one meter beyond the discharge point.

Materials -Plastic barrels -PVS pipework -Timber -Filtration material Wastewater is collected in the first two containers, settles, and is broken down via anaerobic processes over 3-day period.

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Waste Water, How to Evacuate

Laundry to Landscape Method The greywater irrigation system directs water through 1″ tubing with 1/2″ outlets directing water to specific plants. This system is low cost, easy to install, and gives huge flexibility for irrigation.

In most situations this is the first place to start when choosing a greywater system!

Some amount of grey waters from laundry,shower,kitchen sinks, and toilet sinks can be transferred into Haliç but first we need to check, if it is environmentally possible.

Average amount of feces per person per day : 149 g 150.000 person x 149 g = 22.350 g feces per day for the whole cummunty Non-recyclable part of the water should be collected and transferred to the ships.

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Garbage, How to Seperate

In a period of short term survival, the food consumed would be mostly packaged.

In a period of medium term surival, a complete settlement and daily routine would be established. Therefore, through gardening, a transition from packaged-canned food to healthier options such as vegetables would occur.

packaged food amount

plastic waste amount

time

time

Humans produce 220 million tons of garbage each year. This is enough to cover Texas twice.

In emergency conditions a person produces 0,15 kg per day. 95% of this amount consists of materials such as, plastic, paper, rubber, wood, textile, etc.

How much feces a person produces in a day?

On average every person making 149g per day.

150.000 x 149 = 22.350 g per day Alternative Solution: Dave Hakken’s recycling center is an alternative solution for waste recycling. It is easy to build in an household environment with a budget of approximetally 135 dollars in 3 to 5 days.

Shredder

Extrusion

Rotation Molding

51

Injection Molding

Garbage, How to Recycle

Glass Recycling

bins

final product glass cullet is classified in sizes that can range from pebbles to sand and even powder

delivery

secondary rotary screen size classifier

sorting

glass breaking

pulvirizer

trommel

primary rotary screen

fruidizied bed drier

Glass is 100 percent recyclable and can be recycled endlessly without loosing quality or purity. However, each machine unit costs 30.000 dollars to 50.000 dollars and they occupy large amount of space.

Worm Tower Organic recycling is essentially a mini worm farm that one implements in his/her garden. Worms continuously feed the garden and provide a rich and ongoing source of fertilizer. It is extremely low cost and simple to make.

Trench Composting It is the most straightforward way of recycling compostable material such as kitchen scraps, spent garden plants, small prunings, thinnings and weeds. One digs a trench of approximately 30 cm and buries 10 to 15 cm of material with the soil. No investment or additional material is required; however, the process of recycling is slow and therefore not suitable for a large community.

Once full, backfill the pit with 0.5 m of soil cover

Waste layers

Soil and ash to cover each layer

52

Wire mesh covering pit contents

Garbage, How to Collect

In the unit

Intermediate storage

Family bins are rarely used in emergency situatioons, since they require an intensive collection and tranportation system.

In general, a single 100-litre bin should be provided for every fifty people in domestic areas, every one hundred people at feeding centers, and every ten people at market stalls, all of which be daily emptied.

Final disposal The use of a motorised vehicle may be the only option.

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Water Network Line

Materials and Disaster Management of ISKI

Damages That May Occur after Earthquake According to ISKI;

-Damages to buildings of drinking water and wastewater treatment plant (blower, pump, ozone generator, chemical dosing lines, pipeline) -Pipe fractures (steel pipe and fittings) -Damage to the storage and promotion stations (pump, pipe and crepe damage) -Subscriber job distribution network damages (ductile pipe breaks, fittings damages, connections and PE pipe damage) -Damages that occur in wastewater lines (concrete pipe fractures)

About the pipelines

Before the earthquake; -Facilitating rehabilitation and rebuilding activities; Short, medium and long term preventive maintenance with the establishment of future rehabilitation and strengthening action plans. Proactive approach is the main management strategy of the Institution.

-Reinforcement of existing areas with risky zones, where old year of construction is possible where there is no possibility of excavation.

-Determination of earthquake capabilities of existing Drinking Water and Wastewater Network Line with computer-assisted analysis programs -Modeling and simulation -Tubes from underpass, tunnel, trench, and under the building should be avoided. Detected can be rehabilitated.

How does ISKI repair the pipes ?

54

Baykan, O. (n.d.). Ä°stanbul Su ve Kanalizasyon Ä°daresi. Retrieved from http://slideplayer.biz.tr/slide/11658131/

Garbage, How to Collect

What happens to the Garbage of Istanbul ?

Everyday Istanbul produces 8 thousand 750 tons of garbage. They are transported with special vehicles. Every neighbourhood’s garbages goes to its certain collecting center. From neighbourhoods, garbage is collected by 3, 7 and 12 tons of lorries.

Vehicle Types: - Hidrolic tampering lorries - Paper, etc. collecting lorries - Mini collecting lorries - Hidrolic crane garbage collecting lorries (common) Garbage Collecting Centers on the European Side -Baruthane -Halkalı -Yenibosna (Garbage of Haliç is collected here) Garbage Collecting Centers on the Asian Side -Tuzla -Ümraniye In these centers garbages get pressed by 70%. Centers built as two floors. From second floor garbages pour to lorries. By this system, lorries don’t drive around Istanbul, which is benefitial both for traffic and economy.

After garbage is pressed, it is transfered to Göktürk and Karakiraz.

Everyday 1500 garbage vehicle come to Göktürk and Karakiraz and garbage is transfered to the huge silos. There are 357 silos in total. Every silo’s capacity is 20 tons. So every silo can receive 3 lorries which has 7 tons of capacity. 357 silos transfer the garbage to collecting centers. These centers pick by old pits. Pits are charted from government as plant after collecting.

In these pits there are 60 meter digs. Everyday garbage is poured from lorries to the pits. Afterwards they are covered with soil and planted.

First years only bush kind of plant grows. There is a risk of accummulation of possible harmful gas. For that reason, İSTAÇ built an infrastructure to send gas into air.

Garbage Collecting Centers of Istanbul

55

56

Energy

57

Energy Consumption

The estimation of possible electricity need of the population is needed in order to design the possible supplier of energy. The estimation can be done in two approaches;

Statistical Data kWh/ per Capita / Year

kWh/ per Capita / Day

World Bank (2014)

2855

7,821917808

Europe: US Energy Info Administration (2015)

3317

9,087671233

Eurasia US Energy Info Administration (2015)

1295

3,547945205

917

2,512328767

Middle East US Energy Info Administration (2015) * The data doesn’t include heating.

** Calculated based on 365 days.

The estimation should be done considering that the design system will be in an emergency situation, so the values noted can be reduced.

UNHCR Report | Jordan - Azraq Camp

About Energy;

A comprehensive energy plan to connect electricity to every household is ongoing. As of 1st February, all the shelters in villages 3 and 6 have been connected to the grid providing electricity to over 19,000 refugees. Each shelter has an allowance of 1kWh/day, enough power to operate lights, a refrigerator, television, a fan and charge phones.

Calculation By using the energy consumption due to the usage of electricity devices daily, depending on their power and usage time. Several examples, using different sources are used in order to provide a spectrum of data for this estimation.

First, the power of the devices is listed down (in units of watts), then the duration for each item that is used is listed. The energy consumed by each device is calculated by the formula below: “Energy = Power x Time” Since the devices are used by a group of people in a unit, in order to find the consumption per capita, the total consumption should be divided by the number of people living in that unit ( the number of people in the living unit may vary depending on the design ).

For each table, the minimum sum is calculated by taking the bold elements into account.

“Total Energy Needed per Day (kWh) = Population x Energy Needed per Capita (kWh)” The electricity consumption may vary for different design units (included devices, the duration of these devices to be used, the number of people living in the unit etc.). The corresponding electricity consumption for each design can be calculated by the same procedure. In an ideal emergency scenario, the electrical devices are all energy efficient (class a+ and higher and are used for minimum amount of time. Also, the electricity usage in common areas should be added to the electricity consumption per capita. The data estimates the time that each machine is used by a person daily.

An additional workload on electricity consumption is the water pumps, used for the distribution of water into the units and common spaces.

The hydraulic design section should be checked and the energy needed should be added to the total sum of the electricity need for the whole system.

“Energy = Head x Discharge”

Transformer Centers in Istanbul Kayabası Bagcılar Maslak Dudullu

Yıldıztepe Umraniye Yenibosna Sagmagcılar

After a short period, we can use electricity from YıldızTepe transformer center. It is anticipated that the electricity line will be repaired in 2 months.

“U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.”International Energy Statistics. “Electric Power Consumption (KWh per Capita).” Electric Power Consumption (KWh per Capita) | Data, data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH.PC. “UNHCR Jordan - Azraq Camp Fact Sheet - April 2017” | Data “https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/59761”

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Energy Consumption

Consumption Principles

Fridge Mini(A++) 15 W X 24h / Day

8 x Charger 12 W X 8 piece X 2h / Day

Dishwasher 650 W X 1h / Week

Electric Oven(A+) 300 W X 3h / Week

3 X Eco Bulb(A+++) 28,8 W X 5h / Day

Electric Heater 2 kW X 6h / Day

Television 100 W X 3h / Da

Kettle 1600 W X 1h / Day

Wahsing M.(A+++) 900 W X 1h / Day

Luxurious Living Unit

Emergency Living Unit Total Consumption Energy Winter: 13,1 kWh/Day Summer: 1 kWh/Day (Heating with electricity)

Total Consumption Energy Winter: 17,6 kWh/Day Summer: 5,5 kWh/Day (Heating with electricity) 0,6875 kWh / Day / 0,9166 kWh / Day / 1,375 kWh / Day /

(8 Person in Unit) (6 Person in Unit) (4 Person in Unit)

0,125 kWh / Day / 0,166 kWh / Day / 0,25 kWh / Day /

The total spent energy in this unit of living is calculated according to current daily life.

(8 Person in Unit) (6 Person in Unit) (4 Person in Unit)

Total consumption is based on an emergency situation. Values were determined based on difficult conditions.

According to the United Nations Report, the ideal daily energy expenditure is 1 kWh. (Based on Azraq earthquake Camp and without heating.)

Common Areas

Common Kitchen

Common Laundry

32 X

x 170

/ 896

Total Consumption Energy; Winter: 3,5 kWh/Day Summer: 3,4 kWh/Day

/ 1h / Per Week

16 Hours / Day Total Consumption Energy; 2448 kWh / Day

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150.000 X

Energy Production; Solar Energy

Solar panels turn solar energy into electricity. With this clean renewable energy, it is possible to obtain electricity easily.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Sun Map of Istanbul

High Energy Cheap No Fuel Reduce Air Polution Reduce Global Warming Easy Install and Maintain Less CO2 Emission

High Initial Investment Sun Not All Day Need Space Storage Expensive Less electricity in Clouds

Istanbul Direct Solar Radiation Map

Istanbul Diffuse Solar Radiation Map

Avarage Efficient Sun hours of Istanbul Per Day

2.8 h

5.9 h

4.2 h

8.3 h

Wind Turbine Wind energy is a clean energy source. When generated in large amounts, wind energy is a suitable resource for public. The wind turbine turns wind (kinetic) energy into electricity.Turbines which produce high amount of energy in severe wind conditions are sources of renewable energy.

Start Speed: 3-4 m/s High Power: 25 m/s Advantages

Disadvantages

High Energy Cheap No Fuel Reduce Air Polution Reduce Global Warming Easy Install and Maintain Less CO2 Emission

High Initial Investment Wind Not All Day Storage Expensive No Wind No Electricity Harm to Migratory Birds Signals Cut Off

4,6 h

4,2 h

4,1 h

60

4,8 h

Wave and Undertow Energy

Pecem Project

Wave Energy; It is possible to obtain electric energy from the kinetic energy of the waves forming on the water. In this way, we can produce electricity by using the waves that occur on the Bosphorus.

Undertow Energy; It is possible to obtain electricity from the currents below the seas. This system, which is stronger than other energy sources, has uninterrupted supply. Underwater Turbines , produce maximum energy at high speeds.

Pecem Energy Project converts the wave motion on the sea into electricity.On the sea, the thrusts and exits are transferred to the piston system on the main road. These movements are the result of electricity produced.

Power: 50 kW

Underwater Turbines

The Bosphorus has a two-way current. It is possible to convert the current into electricity with these current turbines.

5 GW = %12,5 Turkey’s installed power Power: 5 GW / All System Price: 19.194.400.000 TL

Searaser Project

Enegy system that works like a bicycle pump. This Pump generates energy in each up and down movement. The electricity produced varies depending on the number and wavelength of the sea.

Power: 1,5 kW / per Unit Price: 960.000 TL

Biomass is any organic matter such as wood, crops, seaweed, animal wastes, which can be used as an energy source. Biomass is probably our oldest source of energy after the sun. Biomass is a renewable energy source because its supplies are not limited. We can always grow trees and crops, and the waste will always exist.

Solar Energy

Algae

Extraction of Fat

CO2

Glycerin Production

Renewable Fuel

Algae has been produced and evaluated as food additives in animal breeding rather than an alternative source of energy for many years. Due to the rising oil prices and extensive research on biomass, it is now seen as a promising energy source.

In Turkey, annual sunshine time of 2640 hours, in other words, the average energy can be achieved 3.6 kWh / m2 day.

1.83 kg CO2 is absorbed during the production of 1 kg dry microalgae mass. Price: 5.000.000 euros.

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Energy Production; Heating

Consumption Data (Estimation): In order to estimate the approximate need for heating, a sample monthly bill (of a house that used natural gas) is used for analogy. For a house that has 7 radiators working 24 hours, for 29 days, 150,4m3 natural gas which produces 1600,10 kWh. In an emergency situation, this can be reduced to 1/3 (8 hours) of usage. (It should be noted that the numerical values are dependent on the heat isolation, weather and multiple factors, these data belong to a specific example which is located in an apartment building during winter.)

The estimation is done by the following procedure:

Energy Consumption per Capita (kWh/Capita)

Total Energy Consumption Daily (kWh) 394.113

2,6

Total Energy Consumption Daily (kcal) 339.103.222

Formula : 1510,88 kWh / 7 People (Radiators) / 29 Days / 3 ( for 8h ) = 2,48 kWh / Capita / Day Total Daily Consumption (kWh) = Population X Energy Consumption per Capita Total Daily Consumption (kcal) = Total Daily Consumption X (860.42kcal/kWh)

Production (Alternatives): In order to provide this amount of energy, possible sources of heat energy can be listed as: Electricity The electricity consumption of heaters is comparably higher than that of other devices. Electricity as a source of heating increases the need for electricity and therefore generators. Under emergency situations, according to the sample calculation of daily electricity consumption (minimum), heating with electricity causes to spend a lot of energy. Supplying heat by using electricity will increase the workload of the electricity sources tremendously.

LPG, CNG, liquid and solid fuels The establishment of boilers on the sea is considered as high level risk by the authorities (İGDAŞ);Therefore, the boilers should be set on the land and the heated water should afterwards be distributed to the radiators.

Note: A more recent approach to this issue is that, according to İGDAŞ authorities (contacted in March, 2018), the natural gas pipelines owned by the Istanbul Municipality won’t be damaged by the earthquake. So, there won’t be any cutbacks in natural gas. Unfortunately, establishing a natural pipeline system on the floating body which is connected to the existing pipelines is considered highly dangerous by the authorities.

The only way to use the existing natural gas source is settling the boilers on the shore (land), heating the water up on land, and distribute it on the floating body. The number of boilers needed on the land is very crucial for the financial analysis, since they are expensive. Also, it should be noted that the water heated on the land, and distributed on the floating body, will face many energy losses due to the distances it travels.

Being exposed to outer factors, the system will lose heat and the total efficiency of the system will reduce.

62

Energy Production; Heating

Gas The burning of gas is the resultant heating system with energy. Natural gas is more efficient than liquid fuels and CO2 emissions are low.

Gas burns and warms up the water. Hot water circulates in the central system and warms up the space.

Solid Fuels Heating System Feed Tank Hot&Cold Water Taps

Hot Water System Feed Tank

Solid fuels, such as wood and coal, produce high energy when burned. However, because of the CO2 emissions in reaction, they cause air pollution.

This heating system is not different than other central heating systems. The Solid fuel burns and turns into heat. Thus, heat warms hot water and it circulates in the central system around the building.

Buffer Storage Tank

Boiler Radiator

Gasoline Burning of fuels obtained from petroleum in boilers is the final result.

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64

Structure / Material

65

Floating Pontoon Types; Concrete Pontoon

General Features -Stability and durability.

-Resistant to freezing and salt water exposure.

-Last for 30-50 years.

-Practically maintenance-free.

-Accept electrical and water supply services.

-High load capacity.

Advantages of Concrete: -Low operating costs, concrete does not require painting or maintenance.

-Environmentally safe material.

-Fireproof material.

-Resistant to fatigue and corrosion.

-Resistance to buckling.

-High mass moment of inertia (important for floating stability) -Low center of gravity can be achieved which results in a better floating stability and good station keeping behavior.

-Doesn’t conduct electricity(might become an important safety aspect on the salty sea water) Disadvantages of Concrete: -Concrete will be hard to construct or to install.There will be very massive blocks with high weights.

-Crane and other various construction machines will become necessary to be used. Also even if professional work will be available, they will require a great amount of time and effort for their construction.

-Slower Thermal Response/Better Insulation (bad or unnecessary for our case since we can use the sea as a temperature stabiliser) -Too rigid, ductility is low.

Technical Data Example (Brand: MARINETEK) -Concrete strenght: 45 N/mm² reinforced plastic fibre concrete. Exposure class according to European EN 206-1 standard.

-Core: Expanded polystyrene, density 15 kg/m³ -Reinforcement: Partly or fully hot dip galvanised steel.

-Optional accessories: Timber or wood composite deck, fixing rails, finger fixing system, cable ducts and fenders (timber or wood plastic composite) -The pontoons are connected by flexible rubber bolt joints, cornerwise and sideways if required.

-Modules are available in a range of standard sizes 2,4-4,3 m wide and weighing 8-20 ton.

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Fiberglass Pontoon

General Features -Can easily be moulded into any shape.

-Has mechanical strength that is so strong and stiff for its weight.

-Low maintenance.

-Anti-magnetic and good electrical insulator.

-High corrosion resistance.​ -Biological and chemical, UV resistance.​ Advantages of Fiberglass: -High heat and frost resistance, extreme and low temperature, temperature drop (heat impacts) resistance.​ - -40 до +50 ºС ​ -Durability and light weight. (1 sq. m of a pontoon 67 cm high weighs about 18 kg)​ -Low water absorbtion.​ -Long service life (up to 15 years)​ -Fire resistance. In case of a fire fiberglass does not emit extremely poisonous gas – dioxide.​ -Easy to repair mechanical damage.

Disadvantages of Fiberglass: -Even though it has high load capacity in tension, it is has a relatively low capacity in normal forces which are perpendicular to the orientation of fibers. Thus, it can break and fall apart easily in case of contact with solid ground(for instance rocks in the surface of the soil), especially in shallow regions of the Golden Horn.That situation can take place due to vertical oscillations induced by waves and currents.

-It needs to be re-gel coated about every five years and can result in airborne fibres which may be an issue to asthma sufferers.

Examples of Capasities (Brand:Valkon Marine)

*Operating Principle Example (Brand:Valkon Marine) -A pontoon system must be installed and mounted in its mounting position / decking upward -Assembly operations may be performed on water or ashore.

-While mounting on water personnel must follow safety precautions and use safety life jackets.

-While mounting a pontoon system: Must connect single floating elements and attach the decking, where the wood frame structure is attached to standard fastening elements,

Length (m)

Width (m)

Height (m)

Max Load Carrying Capacity (kg)

Wall Thickness (mm)

Cost (€)

Argo - 12M

12

1,2

0,97

6000

8

4500

Odysseus - 10M

10

1,2

0,97

up to 5314

8

3800

Valkon Marine Pontoons

Odysseus - 8M

8

1,2

0,97

up to 4227

8

3280

Odysseus - 6M

6

1,2

0,97

up to 3138

8

2500

Tristan - 3M

3

1

0,67

up to 900

5

430

Tristan - 2M

2

1

0,67

up to 600

5

370

Calipso - 3M

3

1

0,42

up to 600

5

340

Calipso - 2M

2

1

0,42

up to 400

5

255

Sadko - 300

1,5

1

0,47

up to 250

4

140

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Floating Pontoon Types

Modular Pontoons General Features -Made of high-density blow moulded polyethylene.

-Two people with no prior technical information can install 50 cubes in one hour.

-Durable and practical.

-Fully-recyclable.

-UV resistant and strong against deterioration.

-Not harmful to the water and the environment because polyethylene is environmentally friendly.

-Different dimensions: 50X50X40cm, 50X100X40cm, 50X100X25 cm etc.

Disadvantages of Modular: -This system will require a lot of structural connections that might fail due to static and especially dynamic forces that act differently on every individual module.

-Requiring more maintenance and care while imposing extra modes of failure.

Airbag Pontoons General Features -Different size range.

-Up to 2500 kg and more weight capacity.

-All pontoons easily fit in a regular car.

-PVC is usually protected from UV rays, salt water, oil etc.

Disadvantages of Airbag: -Might tear and explode in case of contact with sharp edged rocks which might lead to catastrophic outcomes.

-A spesific equipment and professional effort will be needed for them to be filled with pressurised air and to be constructed.

-Will result in an unbalanced moment in case of unequally pressurised pantoons which will have different volumes and different buoyancy forces acting on them. *Length: From 2 to 12m (Brand:Masterkat) Examples of Connections (Brand:Masterkat) -Grommet tape – PVC tape with steel grommets. Frame mounts by lacing.

-Double grommet tape – two grommet tapes. Frame tubes places between tapes and fixed by lacing. This mount type is more rigid than simple grommet tape.

-Rigid PVC frame holders – You can rope frame directly to frame holders or use it for additional purposes.

-Rigid PVC frame holders with aluminum tube – mounts for our standard frame sections.

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Anchoring

Bat Type Anchoring Mechnaism Advantages High capacity; More than 100,000 lbs is possible.

Resists uplift, allowing short mooring linescopes.

Has higher holding capacity to weight ratio than any other type.

Easier handling due to relatively light weight. theslopes anchorand hardCan function on driving moderate seafloors.

Easier installation due to possible instant embedment on seafloor contact.

Accurate placement is possible.

Anchor does not protrude above seafloor.

Can accommodate layered seafloors or seafloors with variable resistance

removing the rods

driving the anchor

Driving the anchor removing the rods

loadlocking

screw the anchor ground

Screw Type Anchoring Mechanism

Removing the rods Disadvantages removing the rods loadlocking Susceptible to cyclic load strength reduction when used in taut moorings in loose sand or coarse silt seafloors.

For critical moorings, knowledge of soil engineering properties is required.

Anchor typically is not recoverable.

Special consideration is needed for ordnance. screw the anchor ground Anchor cable is susceptible to abrasion and fatigue.

Loadlocking maximum load range Gun system is not generally recoverable in deep water (> 1,000 ft).

Surface vessel must maintain position during installation

ng the anchor

Advantages Easy to store and transport Removal of screw anchor is not required after the project Disadvantages Divers need to establish the screw anchors.

In order to place the screw anchors,the soil conditions of the area must be obtained carefully. connected to pontoon Soil type in Haliç is determined as clay with low strength; so screw anchors are not suitable for Haliç.

Length of the screw anchors should be long enough to provide enough strength for the all structure

screw the anchor ground maximum load range

loadlocking

Maximum load range connected to pontoon

Screwing the anchor to the ground Connected to pontoon

69

Anchoring

Concrete Type Advantages Resists uplift, allowing short mooring linescope.

No setting distance is required.

Anchor is reliable because most holding force is due to anchor mass.

Simple, on-site construction is feasible.

Size is limited only by load-handling equipment.

Economical if material is readily available.

Reliable on thin sediment cover over rock.

Mooring line connection is easy to inspect and service.

Disadvantages Lateral load resistance is low compared to other anchor types.

Usable water depth is reduced;deadweight can be an undesirable obstruction.

Requires large-capacity load-handling equipment for placement.

Seaflex Mooring System

Seaflex Mooring System

Seaflex Advantages It greatly minimises the movement of the pontoon at low water and also performs very well at stabilising the pontoons in rough conditions.

Can be made from polyester rope. Very easy to produce the material of the seaflex.

Can handle any water level variation.

No seabed erosion The seaflex mooring system never touches the sensitive seabed. Thus, it has a minimal impact on grass and coral growth.

Seaflex Mooring System

Disadvantages Expensive

Seaflex Mooring System

70

Anchoring

Pile Type Advantages High capacity (>100,000 lbs) possible.

Resists uplift, allowing short mooring linescopes.

Anchor setting is not required.

Dragging is eliminated.

Drilled and grouted piles are especially suited for hard coral or rock seafloors.

Simple, on-site construction is feasible.

Anchor does not protrude above seafloor.

Driven piles are cost-competitive with other high-capacity anchors when driving equipment is available.

Comes in a wide range of sizes and shapes, such as pipe and structural shapes.

Field modifications permit piles to be tailored to suit particular requirements.

Accurate anchor placement is possible.

Can be driven into layered seafloor.

Disadvantages Taut moorings may aggravate ship response to waves (low resilience).

Drilled and grouted installation is expensive and requires special skills and equipment.

Costs increase rapidly in deep water or exposed locations where special installation vessels are required.

Special equipment (pile extractor) is required to retrieve or refurbish the mooring.

More extensive site data are required than for other anchor types.

Pile-driving equipment must maintain position during installation.

Stiff Arms One of the solution without the seafloor anchorage is the stiff arms.A stiff arm mooring is a pole that runs horizontally from the bank out to the pontoon that is hinged at both ends allowing the pontoon to rise and fall with water level fluctuations.Stiff arms work well on pontoons that run parallel to the shoreline, they also tend to be a cheaper option than piling. They hold the pontoon away from the bank, this distance is dependent on the amount of water level fluctuation and height of the bank but is normally at least 2 metres making a hinged gangway essential.

One of the disadvantages of stiff arms is that they restrict access around the inner side of the pontoon but in certain location this can be an advantage.

71

Examples

Grid Emergency Shelter

Paper Log House

Designer: Carterwilliamson Architects

Designer: Shigeru Ban Architects Year: 1995

Year: 2012

Location: Turkey,India,NY

Location: Australia

72

Examples

The Hex House

Raised Floor Shelter Typology

Designer: Architects for Society Year: 2016 Location: Minnesota-USA

73

Examples

Roof Attic Shelter Typology

Steel Frame Shelter Typology

74

Floating Examples

Floatwing

Buoyant Residential Proposal

Designer: The Friday Team (University of Coimbra) Year: 2015 Location: Portugal

Designer: Carl Turner Architects Year: 2015 Location: England

75

Floating Examples

Designer: Christo and Jeanne Claude Year: 2016 Location: Italy The Floating Piers consisted of 100,000 square meters of shimmering yellow fabric, carried by a modular dock system of 220,000 high-density polyethylene cubes floating on the surface of the water.

76

Floating Examples

Designer: Kiyonori Kikutake Year: 1958 Location: Japan Kikutake’s ‘marine city’ was one of the first major players in the metabolism movement, defining a new radical idea of creating a floating metropolis in the ocean; self sustainable, flexible, clean and safe, earthquake-proof, impervious to flooding and away from urban sprawl on the main land. the project is based around steel rings, measuring over two miles in diameter, on which towers would sit holding 1250 magnetized living units that could be easily replaced without causing any damage to the structure. the circular foundations would float on bottle-like forms boasting rich aquaculture farming.

A surely radical idea for his time, breaking all traditional conventions and addressing issues important even today, sustainability, modularity and alternative living concepts.

77

Design Basis

Introduction The design basis for structure defines the alternative structural elements for the Post-Earthquake Floating Houses on Golden Horn project. Anchorage, pontoon, upper structure are the subgroups of the design basis. This document describes the materials, loads, design requirements and methods to be used for design

Design Conditions : Loads Dead Loads: Dead load comprises loads that are relatively constant over time,including the weight of the structure,and immovable fixtures such as walls, fireproofing,floors, roofs, partitions, stairways, fixed services and other equipments excluding their content.

The dead loads are calculated from the member sizes and estimated material densities.

Live Loads: Live load is the weight of everything superimposed on ,or temporarily attached to a structure (people,machinery and equipment,furniture,appliances,etc.) but not that of the material utilized in its construction or of anything permanently attached to it. Moreover,live loads depend on the number of people living in the buildings as well as the materials and furnitures that are going to be used in structure.

Wave Loads: The floating body will be affected by the wave loads. Wave load is very important for the horizontal equilibrium because the wave force forms 80-95 % of the total horizontal force.

In the design of the pontoons, it is necessary to limit the height of waves which can result in impinge on the pontoons. This limitation is necessary to ensure that the pontoon and upper structure are safe haven for the protection of the livings.

Design wave has to be selected for the design of the all structure. Selection of the design wave for a particular structure requires consideration of several factors as follows; reliability of wave data, tolerance to damage and failure mode.

Reliability of wave data : The selection of the design wave height should include some compensation for any lack of confidence in reliability of predicted wave characteristics.

Tolerance to damage : The structural element under consideration may or may not be able to suffer a limited amount of damage during the design storm. Limited damage could be permitted.

78

Design Basis

Failure mode : The method of failure of the structural element should be considered. For example, by sudden failure due to a single wave, or progressive failure due to a series of waves can be important.

Pontoons

Concrete Pontoon: Concrete, expanded polystyrene, galvanized steel are used.

Concrete: 45N/mm2 reinforced plastic fiber concrete is used.

Expanded polystyrene’ density is 15kg/m3.

Density 0.944 - 0.965 g/cm3

Moreover,the waves can be divided into 2 parts.Water waves and ship waves.Ship waves are more effective from the water waves.

In Golden Horn,it is important to know which ship type creates wave power.

Fiberglass Pontoon: Fiber reinforced plastic using glass fiber Typical Fiberglass properties: Flexural strength 110MPa to 220MPa Tensile strength 62MPa to 124 MPa Impact strength 0,02Mpa to 0,04 MPa Density 1281.47 kilogram/m^3 to 1762,03 kilogram/m^3

Wind Load: The effect of wind is important for the horizontal and rotational equilibrium.Wind load on an upper structure should be in accordance with the applicable code EN 1991-1-4:2005 (Wind actions).

Moreover, wind loads on boats and marinas relate to a design wind pressure based on a steady state wind rather than wind gusts. Wind pressure on a vessel or structure should be calculated from the following equation: qz = 0.0006 V2 where qz = wind pressure, in kilopascals V = design wind speed, in metres per second (AS 3962-2001 Australian Standard Guidelines for design of marinas)

Modular Pontoon: High density polyethylene is known for its large strength to density ratio. High density polyethylene is very good resistant to alcohols, dilute acid, dilute alkalis.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of High Density Polyethylene Tensile Strength 0.20 - 0.40 N/mm² Notched Impact Strength no break Kj/m² Thermal Coefficient of expansion 100 - 220 x 10-6 Max Cont Use Temp 65 oC Density 0.944 - 0.965 g/cm3 Airbag Pontoon: Air bags are made of synthetic-tyre-cord reinforcement layers and rubber layers.

Airbag pontoon’ physical properties differ.

Current Load: The current load should be considered for the marine structures. It affects the horizontal and rotational stability of structure. Despite there is weak current load in Golden Horn, it should be considered.

For structures subject to currents, the pressure should be calculated from the following equation: p = 0,5*ρ* C* v2 where ρ = water density v = current velocity, in meters per second CD = coefficient of drag p = pressure, in kilopascals (BS6349-12000 and AS 3962-2001)

79

80

Logistics

81

Accessibility and Storage

Supply areas in Turkey -Primary Emergency

-Secondary Emergency

82

Accessibility and Storage

Ports that are able to accomodate containers

1

3

2

_MARPORT _KUMPORT _MARDAS

4 _EVYAP _YILPORT _DERINCE _LIMAS

_HAYDARPASA

5 _BORUSAN _GEMPORT _RODAPORT

_CELEBI BANDIRMA

6

_NEMPORT _EGE GUBRE _APM TERMINALLERI

7

_IZMIR _ALSANCAK

8

_PORT AKDENIZ

9

_MIP

10_ASSANPORT

_LIMAN ISKENDERUN

Important ports in Turkey

22 1

2

3

9 8

10

23

21

5 4

24

6

25

7

11

12 13

14

15 16 17 18

20

19

1

2

3

4

_ASYA PORT _MARTAS _ALGAZ _ALTAS AMBARLI _KUMPORT _MARDAS _MARPORT _LIMAK _TOTAL _IDO _ZEYPORT

5 6

7

_HAYDARPASA IZMIT KORFEZI: _AK TAS _POLIPORT _ALPORT _SOLVENTAS _KARAMAN _DILER DEMIR CELIK _EVYAP _IGSAS _AKSA _LIMAS _PUR OTOSAN _RIPTA _YILPORT _DP WORLD _AUTOPORT _ETSAPORT _TOTAL GEBZE

_COLAKOGLU _TUPRAS _MILANGAZ _AYGAZ

8

GEMLIK: _BORUSAN _GEMPORT _FODAPORT

12

_CELEBI BANDIRMA _BAGTAS

9

_ICDAS

10 11

_EGE GUBRE _IDC _HABAS _EGE GAZ _NEMPORT _APM TERMINALLERI _PETROL OFISI _TUPRAS _BATICIM _PETKIM _EGE CELIK _TOTAL

_CANAKKALE

13

_AKCARMA

14 _BURSAY CESME

83

_IZMIR

15 16

_EGE LIMANI

21 22

_GULLUK

17 _BODRUM

23

CRUSES

18

_PORT AKDENIZ

19 _MIP 20 ISKENDURUN

_ERDEMIR _ZONGULDAK _YESILYURT _SAMSUNPORT _TOROS SAMSUN

24 _TRABZON 25

_ISDEMIR _TOROS CEYHAN _DELTA PETROL _MMK METALURJI _LIMAK ISKENDURUN _ASSAN

_RIPORT

_EKINCILER _DENBIRPORT _YAZICI _BOTAS

Accessibility

Train lines that are available and planed to be built until 2023

Land and sea transportation considering hubs

_ZONGULDAK _ERDEMIR

84

Accessibility

Current road map & risk situations

Golden Horn Strengthening Work

85

Accessibility

Golden Horn zones by depth and area

Zone 3

Zone 2

Zone 1

Zone 1: The zone where the big ships can be found in terms of depth and area. The depth is between 60 and 35 meters.

Zone 2: Zone where small vessels can enter in terms of depth and area. This zone will have settlements. Large vessels will not be able to enter this zone, so the materials needed to be transported into the estuary will be transported with the help of small ships. The depth is between 30 and 5 meters.

Zone 3: Within the Golden Horn is the least deep zone. In terms of depth and field, no ship can enter the the field. Future materials in this area will come through the roads.

86

Accessibility

List of ship and tanker types

DWT: Deadweight of the ship is the totally load it can carry safely.

LOA: Maximum lenth of a vessels hull measured parallel to the waterline.

Draft: The draft of a ship’s hull is the distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull.

87

Accessibility

Streamers that can access to Golden Horn

88

Accessibility

Storage and container types

Container Type

Inside Measurements (mm)

Capacity (m3)

Description

20 FT DRY CONTAINER

Lenght: 5880-95 Width: 2330-50 Load: 2380-92

33-33,2

They are used to transport general cargo and are the most commonly used type of shipping container,

40 FT DRT CONTAINER

Lenght: 12024-33 Width: 2330-50 Load: 2380-92

67-67,2

40 FT HIGH CUBE DRY CONTAINER

Picture

Lenght: 12024-33 Width: 2330-50 Load:2690-97

76-76,3

High-cube containers are used for general cargo. However, they are particularly suitable for transporting lightvoluminous cargoes IT has aremovable top that allows for access to goods from the top of the container and is used for over-height cargo.

20 FT OPEN TOP DRY CONTAINER,

Lenght: 5880-95 Width: 2330-35 Load:2329-65

32-32,5

40 FT OPEN TOP DRY CONTAINER

Lenght: 12007-23 Width: 2330-35 Load: 2329-65

65,3-66,7

2 FT FLAT RACK CONTAINER

Lenght: 5700-5900 Width: 2335-50 Load: 2250-75

25-29,45

40 FT FLAT RACK CONTAINER

Lenght: 11700-12008 Width: 2318-2232 Load: 1981

52-52,7

40 FT PLATFORM CONTAINER

Lenght: 12192 Width: 2438

Platform containers are without sides, ends and roof. They are used for odd-sized cargo.

40 FT REEFER CONTAINER

Lenght: 11583 Width: 2286 Load: 2532

It regulate the temperature to preserve temperature sensitive goods such as produce or seafood.

20 FT ISO TANK

Lenght: 6058 Width: 2438

89

67

Flat Racks have sides that can be folded down to accommodate heavy loads and over-sized cargo.

Tanks are used for the transportation of liquid materials and are used by a huge proportion of the shipping industry.

Prefabrication

Pontoons

Countries where floating pontoon can be produced

Distribution of concrete factories close to Golden Horn

90

Prefabrication

WEIGHT APPROACH

FIXED NUMBER OF WORKERS APPROACH

Weight per pontoon(t/m)

0,9

Number of workers

Lenght of pontoon (m)

10

Number of workers in teams

Weight of a pontoon (t)

9

Number of pontoons

2

Number of teams

30000

Total weight (t)

3000 1500

Number of pontoons

30000

Required number of hours

270000

5

Time for installation per team

0,25

VOLUME APPROACH Width of pontoon (m)

3

FIXED WORKING HOURS APPROACH

Height of a pontoon (m)

1

Number of workers in a team

Length of a pontoon (m)

10

Time for installation per team (h)

Volume of pontoon (m*3)

30

Number of working hours per team (h)

8

Number of pontoons

30000

Production of a team in working hours

32

Total Volume (m*3)

900000

TEU TO m*3

38,51

Total TEU

23370,55

2 0,5

Number of pontoons

30000

Required number of teams

937,5

Required number of workers

1875

INVENTORY CARRYING COSTS Explanation

Parameter

Value

Production cost per pontoon (TL)

c

5.000,00

Annual inventory carrying rate

t

0,15

Inventory carrying cost per pontoon

h = r*c

Number of pontoons in inventory

i

Annual inventory carrying cost (TL)

AC = h*i

Number of years inventory is carried

750,00 30.000,00 22.500.000,00

n

Total cost in 30 years (TL)

30,00

TC = n*AC

675.000.000,00

TIME REQUIRED FOR SHIPS TO REACH DESTINATION Parameters

Zonguldak

Erdemir

Borusan

Ship Velocity (Knot)

Celebi Bandırma

Icdas

25

Knot to km/h

1,852

Ship Velocity (km/h)

46,3

Distance from Warehouse (km)

240

210

110

115

150

Time Required (h)

5,18

4,54

2,38

2,48

3,24

91

Proposals

92

93

1 THE PORT

2 BRICK

94

3 NESTED 6 + 1

4

PIXELATED ACCOMMODATION

5 ROW

95

6

DANDELION

Introduction

1 The Port Architecture

Erden Erdemir - Eren Hatice Gedik - Özgür Bulut Gümrükçü

Civil Engineering

Can Güngör - Şeyma Güneş - Kaan Ülgen

Sociology

Damla Başak - Sinan Baltalı

1

Area on water: 958153 Area on land: 19.684 Number of units on water: 128 Number of prefabric building on land: 1 Inhabitance unit in m2: Capacity:12 Number of inhabitant: 1872

The expected Istanbul earthquake necessitated precautions against debris and destruction. Hence, a master plan was created before the earthquake in the Golden Horn and surrounding areas, which are expected to suffer the greatest damage from the earthquake. For this master plan, three different disciplines - architects, sociologists and engineering students - prepared a joint study. This study aimes to establish a floating unit master plan for earthquake-affected earthquake survivors and their vital needs on the Golden Horn. In order to meet the needs of this project, such as supply, logistical relief, security and construction,the project will be located between Sarayburnu and Galata Bridge.

As a part of the project, a port as a storage space in Sarayburnu for building materials and a floating port and warehouse district in Eminonu are organized. Additionally, the workers for construction and a floating unit for the researchers who want to follow the process after the earthquake are planned. In terms of transportation, logistics aids providing control of the entrance to a complex structure was decided. Immediately after the earthquake, the area in Sarayburnu will be used in the first period for construction of the units and for storage. In the next period,we decided to establish a Logistics Center, which contains warehouses, living units for workers, car parks, and cranes to meet the vital needs of earthquake victims. Two of the ferry piers located in the area between Eminönü and Galata Bridge are converted to water and garbage storage areas, which would be simultaneously constructed with the floating pontoons. In the remaining part, the capacity of the existing ferry piers is increased by floating pontoons. Construction workers would temporarely accomodate in converted cargo containers as 12 people worker units at Galata Bridge.

For the Post Disaster Scenario of our master plan , the floating harbor located in Eminönü Logistics Center is removed as the first group in order to meet the needs of the people after the earthquake, such as housing, security, health, food and etc. After the shiping containers as worker units complete their function, they would be recyled to be used in the carriage works.

96

Site Plan

97

Sociology Report

As the Group 1 we are concerned with the very north-eastern area of Fatih district of İstanbul. One of the most important characteristics of our area is that the residential population is very low whereas the commercial buildings, historical sites and educational population are very dense.

This makes our area the one of the most crowded area of the İstanbul in day-time.

The total population of our area is 1493. This night-time population is the number of registered households in the area. We could only project day time population by looking at some numbers about workers, tourists and customers in districts, in the city or in the country.

First of all, because of the dense accumulation of so many small-scale businesses in the area, the day time population is highly affected by the commercial activities. More than 32 thousand of commercial units may employ more than 128 thousand people.

Secondly, as a very attractive historical center of the city, the tourist density is very high. As shown in the chart below, in summer months, 1.4 million foreign tourists enter the city through airports in the city. In the least popular months, the number is around 600 thousand. We used those numbers to project our day-time population. For example, the number of the visitors that Ayasofya and Topkapı have is as follows 2.995.708 and 2.761.069.

For example, as we see, the number of foreign tourists entered the city in July 2017 recorded as 1 million and 400 thousand. Departing from those figures we calculated that it makes about 45 thousand people per day. Then considering the ratio of our area’s touristic sites compared to the rest of the city and also knowing that tourists may stay at the same area more than one day, we projected that there are minimum of 40 thousand foreign tourist in summer days and half of it in winter.

On the other hand, this area has small but very densely populated market places, it is the oldest and most probably the densest market area of İstanbul. Group 2 also has this feature in its area. The total number of registered commercial units in both Group 1 and Group 2 is more than 40 thousand. Very popular market areas such as Kapalıçarşı and Tahtakale are located in this area. Also, the area has diverse public transportation networks like tram, Marmaray, subway, ferry and bus. This makes the area very accessible from all around the city and the total day-time population can exceed 1 million in summer and 500 thousand in winter.

Thirdly, the İstanbul University has very high number of registered students. Even though the campus area sits in the borders of Group 2, the fluidity of population between the areas is high. The number of total registered students and other personnel is about 88 thousand and this also affects the population of the area.

Besides the population dynamics, our area is located at the very entrance of the Haliç zone. This feature gives us the responsibility of planning the interactions of the area with the outside after an earthquake hits the city and the temporary housing project begins. Therefore, as the Group 1, we focused on the solutions of transportation and logistics of both human and materials. In this context, we developed our project around the evacuation of people who want to leave the area, coordinating the receiving and distribution of the aid material, and organizing the logistics of the construction process.

The evacuation scenario We can only make an evacuation plan after the 3rd day of the earthquake because at the moment that the earthquake hits the city, the AFAD (Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency) determines the damaged roads, ports, airports and other damaged infrastructures, affected districts and then apply any plan. In the first 72 hours, all organizations will be voluntary based, after 72 hours AFAD moves in and controls all organizations from search and rescue to distribution of aid materials. Thus, we make the evacuation plan to be applied with the help of İstanbul Municipality through the organizational structure of AFAD. In the first place, there will be foreign tourists that want to go back their countries who stay in the nearby hotels. Although the tourist number changes so much throughout the year, in the close proximity -between Galata Bridge and Sultanahmet Square- there are about 300 hotels which can be counted from the Yandex maps. If we calculate average capacity of a hotel from 30 beds, then we can say that in the immediate area there are 9.000 tourists who want to go back their home by plane. Also, according to the projection we made by looking at the previous examples of earthquakes, we assume that 15% of the population will want to leave the city. This means that just in the neighborhoods we selected, there are at least 60 thousand people that is going to leave the city by bus or airplane. However, after the earthquake there is a high possibility that many of the streets will be blocked due to the various damages of earthquake. Therefore, we prepared alternative plans for the transportation of people to certain strategic locations. If it has no major damage, Yenikapı – Airport metro line is able to transport 220 thousand people in a normal day. Beside that, the airport bus line (Havataş/Havabüs) is normally transport about 2000 people by 43 rounds in a day, passing through our area. At the worst-case scenario, sea transportation is expected to be intact after the earthquake. There are 6 ports in our area that are under the control of İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality, and there are 28 ferries that are shuttling within the city ports. With those vehicles, the ones who want to leave the country by plane from Atatürk Airport can be transported to Bakırköy Port from Eminönü ports.

Then those people can reach Atatürk Airport by shuttles or other available means of transportation. Eminönü – Bakırköy line, according to our calculations, expected to take around 45 minutes by ferry. Therefore, two vehicles with 2100 passenger capacity shuttling along the line once in 45-60 minutes can carry up to 21 thousand people by 10 rounds a day.

If Esenler Bus Terminal does not get heavy damage, the bus services can operate because it is located near the roads that are the least vulnerable against the earthquake. In that scenario, within a few days the bus terminal is expected to be filled with people -as in holidays- wanting to go to various cities and keeping the public transportation lines intact which passing through the bus terminal will be the best solution along with reinforcing those lines.

98

As an alternative to the Bus Terminal evacuation scenario, BUDO (Bursa Fast-ferry lines) is able to transport 330 passengers per round and 7 times a day. In an ordinary day, the fast ferry line is able to transport 2.310 people from Istanbul Eminönü port to Bursa Mudanya port. The voyage takes about 2 hours. The distance between Bursa Mudanya port and Bursa Bus Terminal takes about 30 minutes by bus. Also, IDO (Istanbul Fast-ferry lines) operates Fast-ferry services from Yenikapı port with 1192 passenger capacity ferries and 8 times a day. And IDO operates line between Yenikapı and Balıkesir – Bandırma ports. At total, those lines add more than 15 thousand people per day to the evacuation scenario.

This route will be excessively used by people wanting to go to Aegean and Mediterranean regions of Turkey, and will need extra reinforcement (at least 15% more rounds per line).

Another alternative is using the 1 Mart Port in Kocaeli (İzmit Bay for transporting people out of the city. This scenario will be important if the roads that links İstanbul with the Anatolia are heavily damaged. The distance between Eminönü port and 1 Mart port can be travelled by fast-ferries in around 2 hours (95 km distance, 50 km/h average fast-ferry speed). And the distance between 1 Mart port and Kocaeli Bus terminal can be travelled by tram line in 25 minutes. However, Kocaeli and İzmit Bay are also expected to be hit by earthquake and this plan will be subject to revision after the damage assessment of the area.

After the first 15 days 15 days after earthquake the search and rescue operations are terminated because humans are not expected to survive under wreckages more than 15 days. In this period, damage assessment processes will start, people slowly return their homes from tents. After 15th day, building period of our project will start and we will need some area for storage, place for workers to stay and security units to protect material from theft and check the contents of incoming aid materials.

Firstly, Gülhane park is discussed as the main candidate for the storage area but the park is not very accessible. Any aid material that comes to the port cannot be easily transferred to the park, the park would be re-constructed to be able to store all those materials. And because of the historical and social importance of the Gülhane park, we instead moved to another places.

Very north-eastern tip of the area (called Sarayburnu) was used as a logistics center while in the construction of Marmaray metro line. Therefore, area can be used for similar purposes in our project. Also, there is extra area in the ferryboat (arabalı vapur) port. We could re-design that port and locate some container places and at the same time the area must allow the flow of cars to the ferryboat. Although this leads us to use a limited portion of the area, we will still have a considerably big space for storage. In the first month, the area will mostly be used for the storage of upper structure materials. And after the whole construction is done, the whole area will be revised according to the needs. Mostly food supply is expected to come to the area and this place will be used for short term storage; the supply will come, the type of material will be identified, and then distributed to the area.

Because the construction of pontoons and other structures require qualified workers and in the worst-case scenario all of the workers will need dormitory-like places during construction (in other cases, there can be qualified construction workers among the residents-to-be of our area).

According to the calculations of engineers, when the number of workers increases, the construction time of pontoons decreases. Optimally, we need 108 workers in our area.

There should be security points for storage area in the port, for the larger storage area in the Sarayburnu, and for checking the contents of boats carrying aid materials to the area. In each point, at least three security guard should be present at any time of day except the checkpoint for boats. The point where boats will be checked will operate only at day-time.

The other concern is the collection of garbage. One of our ports is re-designed to allow us to collect garbage by boats. According to the chart below, the garbage produced in the project area changes as the population changes. We can only store very small proportion of the produced garbage in the whole area. The collection of garbage is critical especially in the first two weeks so that the risk of contagious diseases will not increase.

The project will end by the 2nd year of the earthquake. Therefore, the de-construction will start after 1 year. Our area -the logistics center- will be the first to build and last to de-construct. The construction material will be stacked temporarily in the storage places of our area, and then transferred to their destination. The concrete structures (pontoons) can be re-used to build extensions in shorelines for public use. Because the minimum endurance of a ponton is about 20 years and we are planning to use them for 2 years, they can be used in various private and public ports as extensions.

99

Transportation

Land transportation (vehicle / train)

See transportation

Public transportation

Sidewalks

100

Program Distribution

Security

Logitics Center

Workers Living Area

101

Transportation

Staging

102

Staging

103

Perspective and Section

104

Section and Isometric View

105

1/50 Plan

Dock

Wet Area

Workers Living Area

106

Insulation

1/50 Sections

107

Material and Structure

108

Energy and Infrastructure

how to store?

Energy Diagram Energy supply system; small and large home generators Energy storage system used for fuel Daily consumption (per unit) 16.8 kWh Water and volume heating method used for liquid fuels

Clean Water By 40 meter long ship a week 500m3 central water tank,smaller tanks in each unit 804 liters per unit per day

Dirty Water Black and grey water are not purifed. Units are connected to the existing sewer system.

Amount of daily grey and black water production is 804 lt per day

Trash Garbage is collected by boats every week 0.024 m3 per unit day - 3.7 m3 per day in total 109

Logistics

Ports and supply areas such as Gebze, Tuzla and Kocaeli were not considered as they have a risk of being impacted by the earthquake and a possible tsunami. Other alternatives were then compared based on their distance to Halic and the time required for an average container ship to reach to Halic, departing from respective ports.

In terms of transportation, Halic’s bathymetry plays a big role as it controls what kind of ships can safely travel in it. An analysis was conducted for the entire Halic area to determine which ships can travel through The most critical pontoons (162 pontoons for the Logistics Center) will be produced before the earthquake and be stored in a warehouse until the earthquake hits.

Representation of how pontoons are transported by ships

Rest of the pontoons will be produced after the earthquake with fast production, ready to be shipped in 14 days.

14 Tomriz A ship return trips are required to complete the shipment of pontoons. Total cost of shipment is approximately 1 Million TL. It takes close to 25 hours for a ship to be loaded completely and reach to Halic. An example on how pontoons are transported can be seen on Figure 4.

When Tomriz A reaches to Halic, pontoons will be dropped into sea using cranes, as demonstrated.

The pontoons dropped into sea will be towed by smaller ships to reach their planned construction areas.

Representation of how cranes are used to drop pontoons onto water

110

Before and After

Before the Earthquake

Where to produce?

Pontoons are large,heavy structures and there are many pontoons required in this Project. Fastest and cheapest option is transportation by sea. Cities with large ports and a good number of supply areas have been considered. Gebze,Tuzla,Kocaeli etc. was not considered as they have a risk of being impacted by earthquake(and a possible tsunami). Borusan is the best alternative(loading a ship is also fast there) When to produce?

If all pontoons are produced now, storing them until the EQ will amount to HUGE storage costs! Instead ,only the most critical pontoons(that effect all groups 2 project completion time) should be produced now,and stored in warehouse until EQ.Critical pontoons:logistics center. Rest of the pontoons should be produced with fast production after the EQ hits in 14 days.

How to transport The constraint that limits the transportation of pontoons: Total volume occupied by pontoons. Total weight of pontoons. Total m2 occupied by pairs of pontoons. Reason a single pontoon only has the capacity to carry one other pontoon on top of itself. No need to design stronger pontoons as pairing more pontoons together does not decrease the cost significantly How to construct Installation of pontoons can only be carried out by qualified workers. A team of two workers can complete the installation of 2 pontoons in 30 minutes

111

Perspectives

112

Model Photos

113

Introduction

2 Bricks

Architecture

H.Furkan Şenoğlu - Batuhan Gürol - Ramazan Ersin

Civil Engineering

Atakan Uyduran - Toprak Muhammed - Ceren Nur Saygın

Sociology

Berkin Seçme

2

Area on water: 958153 Area on land: 19.684 Number of units on water: 128 Number of prefabric building on land: 1 Inhabitance unit in m2: Capacity:12

Number of inhabitant: 1872 The part we are responsible for is the area between Galata and the Unkapanı bridges. The most striking feature of this area in the first hand is the connection between the two sides of the area over the waterway and the proximity of the area to the main arteries of the city. While 3 bridges within our area provide pedestrian navigation, the large port and storage areas on the other side of Galata Bridge provide connection to our area both via land and sea .

Our starting point was the design of earthquake tents that are planned to be built right after the earthquake, which are expected to be used for 2 months. We have placed them in large openings in the coastal part of our land, providing 1 tent for every 100 people. For the first two months, the connection with the rest of the city is planned to be secured by the metro lines , the IETT main bus terminal in Eminönü coastal side, and the big port on the Golden Horn Bay. Since the region is one of the busiest parts of Istanbul, we estimate that a lot of visitors (tourists, shop owners etc.) would most probably be around the region during the earthquake. Because of that, the area’s strong connection to the outside is also an advantage for evacuation of these visitors. During this 2-month period, the pontoons brought by sea, are planned to constructed where the floating units will sit on.

After this process, people in the region will be removed from earthquake tents to units. The design of the units is based on a two-stage plan. In the first phase, units will be separated with 3 rooms and a toilet with bricks. Two of these rooms are for the family but one of them is spared for a person who stays by himself due to any reason emanating from the hardships of the earthquake. Since this projetc is designed for immense emergency situations, it does not include a kitchen, which is why, food will be provided via external assistance. In the second stage, if the person who is staying her/himself leaves the unit, the room will be transformed into their parents ‘ room and the other room into a living room and a kitchen. In that way, people would be able to adapt to their daily lives faster as the unit will have a sense of home rather than a shelter.

We added social areas to the pontoons with certain intervals to give a sense of community. People will be able to interact with each other in these social areas and provide income for themselves through the activities, such as fishing and selling these fish in the designed marketplace.

Moreover, children will be able to play games in children’s play areas without getting too far from the units. We designed each floating unit group to be near to two social domains. We tied these pontoons to each other in a way that the communication between them will continue.

Bridges between the groups enable everyone in the group to reach anywhere and serve as a water channel. In that way, we also increase water circulation which is one of the primary problems in Haliç due to the low current. Since the cafeteria, day carre, and other social areas do not necessitate an urgent access and can also be accessed anytime, we have placed them on land so that we have designed units to meet the needs of people on land. Some of these units are designed to serve groups and others are designed to serve the general public.In the structure we used wooden columns and beams. In addition, we used our own designed bricks to build internal and external walls. The walls that are built in horizontal direction are locked in one direction to maximize strength. Each unit has its custom port accessed through doors and windows. The roof from the top and the channel system at the bottom are locking the wall. In this way, the wall is more resistant to ygs from both horizontal and vertical directions.

114

Site Plan Site Plan

1/2000 Master Plan

1/2000 Master Plan 115

Transportation

Sea and Land Transportation

Tram Line

Metro Line

Walking Path

116

Program Distribution

1/200 Site Plan

117

Staging

0 - 15 Days

15 - 30 Days

30 - 90 Days

90 - 360 Days

360 - 720 Days

118

Staging

1/500 Master Plan

119

Sections

1/500 Section

1/500 Section

120

Perspectives

General Render

PARK

MARKET FISHING

SEATING

121

1/50 Plans

Phase I

Phase II

1/50

1/50

122

1/50 Sections

Phase II

Section

1/50

Phase II

Section 1/50

123

Material and Structure

Curtain

Fabric Window Case

Timber

Window Frame

Timber

Brick

Ferrocement

Door

Timber Material Axonometric

Structural Axonometric

124

Energy and Infrastructure

Energy Diagram

Clear Water Diagram

Dirty Water Diagram

Trash Diagram

125

Logistics

126

Before and After

Before the Earthquake

1x Package

80 cm x 60 cm x 45 cm 24 pcs

10x Package

60 cm x 60 cm x 105 cm 60 pcs

8x Package

40 cm x 60 cm x 105 cm 60 pcs

Lentil

10 cm x 80 cm x 15 cm

In this project, we used bricks that we designed; easy to use and easy to store. The greatest advantage of these bricks is that they can be easily integrated due to their interlocking and locking features. The integration method allowed us to produce these bricks in advance. In that way, we can use these bricks to build in everyday life and in extraordinary cases we can send them to disaster sites to convert them into aid units. Long-term strength of the ferro-cement increases the durability of the material. Bricks can be stored in a depot even if they are not used and can remain in this depot for a very long time.

Package

20 cm x 60 cm x 105 cm 120 pcs

1x Package

15 cm x 57 cm x 197 cm 5 pcs

1x Package

70 cm x 60 cm x 200 cm

Brick I

5 pcs

10 cm x 60 cm x 15 cm

Brick II

10 cm x 20 cm x 15 cm

Brick III

10 cm x 10 cm x 15 cm

1x Package

28 cm x 60 cm x 150 cm 7 pcs

Door

Package

4 cm x 57 cm x 197 cm

196 cm x 60 cm x 150 cm 7 pcs

Door Frame

14 cm x 60 cm x 200 cm

Package

Window

10 cm x 60 cm x 290 cm

4 cm x 57 cm x 147 cm

6 pcs

1x Package

Window Frame 14 cm x 60 cm x 150 cm

20 cm x 30 cm x 235 cm 6 pcs

1x Package

20 cm x 55 cm x 245 cm 10 pcs

1x Package

10 cm x 30 cm x 335 cm 3 pcs

Timber Arc Beam 10 cm x 10 cm x 290 cm

Timber Column I 10 cm x 10 cm x 235 cm

Timber Beam

10 cm x 15cm x 245 cm

Timber Column II 10 cm x 15cm x 335 cm

After the Earthquake A massive brick pile will emerge after the great Istanbul earthquake. It is also important to use these bricks after the earthquake as well as during the earthquake. The system that we thought before the earthquake will continue in the same way after the earthquake. These bricks can be used in low income areas in order to make some small buildings in daily life after the diaster and to become a temporary home for families in need. This use can result in a large amount of brick re-usage preventing material waste and providing more affordable and cheap housing for low income areas.

127

Perspectives

128

Model Photos

129

Introduction

3 Nested 6+1 Architecture

İrem Yağmur Cebeci - Muhammed Kürşat Apaydın - Gülfem Bayraktar

Civil Engineering

Mustafa Can - Ömer Baytimur

Sociology

Zehra Begüm Kışla - Şehrazat Gülsüm

3 Area on water : 830m2 Area on land: Number of houses on water:3012 Number of houses on land: Inhabitance unit in m2: 32 Capacity: 6 Number of inhabitant: 16.000 Beyoğlu and Fatih are the neighborhoods that group 3 focuses on. Elder population is approximately %17 and 0-14 children population is approximately %26. In comparison to the dependent population proportion in Turkey, our case brings us the example of highly dependent population. Not only population but also dwelling density is high. These neighborhoods are low income regions and the average workspace area is very dense. Large protion of the neighborhoods is inbetween main roads, while transportation and mobility are problems of daily life.

When it comes to empty areas for recovery periods, we can say that there are lots of public schools and big mosques such as the Fatih Mosque.

Besides these public areas, there is not enough space to settle until the early recovery period. There is the Kasımpaşa Port that is planned to be utilized as a storage area. The amount of public areas such as parks are critically restricted. The area of Group III is advantageous in terms of bathymetry because it enables the construction of units from a reasonable distance from the coasts. In the first month, all the available public spaces will be used for tents and points to supply aid. Within our population, socially vulnerable group is defined as 33.528 people consisting of the tenants and non-insured homeowners that lost their houses. 15.988 of them will settle in the floating houses and the rest will be evacuated to other camps.

The units are designed as hexagons, each of which with the capacity of accommodating six people and their distribution across the water is dispersed as branches. The decision on hexagon form came from a need of flexible aggregation system.

The aggregation allows us to protect both the life under-water by ensuring the circulation of water and the life on the water by ensuring the inclusiveness and connections of social spaces. There will be 6 hexagon units on hexagon concrete pontoons and concrete type anchorage with deadweights will be used. The material for the upper structure is fiberglass. In the short run, the energy need will be provided by two industrial generators on both sides. In the long run, when the electricity network of Istanbul is in operation again, the necessary infrastructure will be available in the units a. ISKI will be used for water as well.

The construction will start from the Fatih side since it is more vulnerable than Beyoğlu. As the dependent population is very high, there will be special units for elderly and children. After their primary function is complete, the units would be recycled by for instance, giving the units to the state for public area usage such as public toilet units. The living units could be brought by the earthquake victims as well.

130

Site Plan

131

Transportation

Land transportation (vehicle / train)

Sea transportation

Public transportation

Sidewalks

132

Program Distribution

1/2250 SITE PLAN

133

Staging

134

Staging

135

Sections

136

Perspectives

137

1/50 plan

module plan 6 x living unit 24 m 2 6 x toilet unit 3 m2 138

1/50 sections

Rain Water Collect System

+3.4

+1.9

Clean Water Tank

+0.5

Septic Tank

0.0

Grey Water Tank

-1.0

1/50 section

AA’ module section

Rain Water Collect System

+3.4

+1.9

Clean Water Tank Septic Tank Grey Water Tank

+0.5

0.0 -1.0

BB’ module section

1/50 section 139

Material and Structure

6

1

11

9

7

2

12

10

3

14

13

5

4

fiberglass living unit top panel toilet top panel living unit base panel toilet base panel support panel

9

10

sleeping panel kitchen unit panel shelved toilet panel connective toilet panel entrance panel windowed panel closed classic panel

1 8 2 9 3 10 4 11 5 12 13 6 14 7

rubber compacting layer steel connection pins

8

8

11

12 13 14

140

Energy and Infrastructure

In unit;

_first two months

_after two months _Connect to power line.

Dizel Generator 1500kW

x4

_needed fuel volume: 30m3 each region

x2

_trash _2 x 150m3 trash unit end of the per sector _trashes are collected by garbage ship regularly

timeline

each day / 1x person

0-15

49 m3

15-30

47 m3

30-90

35 m3

90-720

49 m3

141

Logistics

special production panels at factory

1 STEP_1

project area

living unit panels STEP_2

ALLEGRI ship Golden Horn beginning point

TOWING VES ship for transport between project area & golden horn

3.000 living unit 2 times shipping 3.000 pontoon unit 7 times shipping

- pulling system

toilet unit panels

transportation with packing system

2

montage of panels on worksite

3 1_montage of packaged units on the seaside 2_dropping units into the sea with cranes 3_ transport of units by ship

142

Before and After

Before the Earthquake 30 percent of floating pontoons are being produced in a concrete factory in Bursa. In the event of an earthquake later these floating pontoon ships are brought to the golden horn. The remainder of the research and rescue phase is produced in the fast production process and transferred to the field.

After the Earthquake Life units are used in Golden Horn for two years after the earthquake. The units will be transferred to their new locations as soon as they are gradually removed from the Golden Horn. After the earthquake with the units, they can be used in settlements such as the hotel rooms, chalet, worker house and student residence. The self-service life unit can be upgraded with a foot system and adapt to multiple usages.

143

Perspectives

Unit Render

144

Model Photos

145

Introduction

4 Pixelated Accommodation Architecture

Berfin Salebcioğlu - Fatih Eken - Merve Akdoğan

Civil Engineering

Ali İhsan Alagöz - Elifsu Balcı

Sociology

Aysel Kapsız - Tunca Avcı

4 Area on water : 115.74 m2 Area on land: 594.36 m2 Number of houses on water: 2419 Number of houses on land: 0 (only public buildings) Inhabitance unit in m2: 9 m2 Capacity: 4 Number of inhabitant: 8423 (after one year) The project aims to provide post-earthquake shelters, basic needs to be born from this shelter and a masterplan on Haliç supported by a collective lifestyle. This urban-scale design, based on the concept of pixelation and multiplication, offers both an organic and a systematic settlement strategy. Pixelated living units form surfaces for activities that are suitable for all kinds of social life and collective life at some points. These surfaces are not just for people. For submarine life, a pathway material to connect the pontoons has been chosen of which light and air can penetrate through.

Besides the collective life, one of the basic design decisions is the flexible and interchangeable spaces. Since the design serves a post-earthquake scenario, it is not possible to think of a durable population. Thus, spaces transform according to the dynamic population to recruit the population over time. For example, an accomodation unit in the first instance may be used as a market space after a certain period of time. At the same time, junctions overlaping at some points form a walkable roof in the upper levels. These roofs are added to the activity areas left on the pontoon to offer people a second socializing place. If we were to place the accommodation elements side by side not on top of each other, we would not be creating such a social space, nor would there be spaces that support collective life. The design is generally made up of three types of pontoon joined together in different orientations, the dimensions of which are 9x9x2, 6x6x2 and 3x3x2.

Upper buildings of these pontoons form distinctive areas of their own, without repetition in the living area, in various orientations and combinations. These pontoons and upper structures are produced in four types to facilitate industrial production. These types are designed with some basic principles in mind. For instance, at least 30 percent of the total pontoon area in each type must be empty. The surface must be at least as open as the open area.

While these types create diversity, this diversity can be made into a simple scheme for facilitating the people who will build things. Another factor that will make it easier in the production area is that the installation only takes place in the 9x9 pontoon. The 6x6 and 3x3 pontoon connected to the 9x9 pontoon uses the wet spaces located in the 9x9 pontoon. There is also a toilet and bathroom unit and a kitchen and shelter unit that feeds all types. These spaces are the places that use the same wall by giving back to back so that water pipes can be installed on the same line. At the same time, 9x9 pontoons allign creating s traight line from land to see.

The top-detail solutions provide a flexible design and flexible spaces. The structure consists of a collapsible and shrinkable steel frame system; so that, the building can be easily stacked and logistics can be easily achieved. After this frame is set up, there are 8 types of panels in which the furniture in the interior is located. These panels create spaces that can be transformed into flexible and different functions intended for the first stage of design. Panels are designed by layering in isolation. Thus, there is no need for a specialist to design aconstruction process. People can contribute to the construction of their own homes and change their spaces over time as they wish. In this way, the design works in a timeline and has its own dynamics.

146

Site Plan

Site Plan

147

Transportation

Land transportation (vehicle / train) Land transportation (vehicle / train)

Public transportation

See transportation

Public transportation

Sidewalks

148

See transportation

Sidewalks

Program Distribution

149

Phases

0-15 days

15-30 days

30-90 days

90-360 days

After 360 days system will start to reduce itself with eliminating useless shelters during the people are going back to their houses, it will be all gone until the end of 720 days.

360-720 days 150

Program Distribution

0 3

151

6

12 m

Design Concept

Design Concept

Toki-like order would be placed but we choose a different way!

Seperation of the pontoons in order to provide semi-transparent pathways to provide sea to breath

Placed some of the cubes to the upper parts in order to provide usable roof tops and quality spaces

Type A Design Principles Minimum %30 of the spaces should be open public area Housing Kitchen & Storage Toilets

Type A

Type B

Minimum two faces of the modules should be open Only 9x9 pontoons will include wet areas like kitchen and toilets

Type B

Type C

Type C Type D

Type D

0 3 6m

The concept of the project is to create islands that repeat at regular intervals and basic design elements.

An island usually The concept ofcontain the project is to create islands that repeat at regucontains: lar intervals and contain basic design elements. An island usually contains: - a pathway designed to create public spaces on the surface whi- awill pathway designed to create public spaces on the wanders surface which be constructed along the coastline.

This pathway ch will bethe constructed the coastline.

This pathway wanders through modularalong volumes in some places and forms an integral circulation network. through the modular volumes in some places and forms an integral circulation network.

-the volumes used only for accommodation to accommodate maximum number in the first times. they -thethe volumes used only of forpeople accommodation to Then, accommodate the maximum of people in thethe first everyday times. Then,neethey are transformed into number structures that serve are that serve the everyday needs oftransformed people in into the structures future.

ds of people in the future.

-there are modular gaps between the pontoons. Thanks to these -there modular between the pontoons. to these titles, it isare ensured that gaps the sea and underwater seaThanks creatures titles,also it is ensured that the sea and underwater sea creatures can breathe.

The concept of the project is to create islands that repeat at regular intervals and basic design elements.

An island usually The concept ofcontain the project is to create islands that repeat at regucontains: lar intervals and contain basic design elements. An island usually contains: - a pathway designed to create public spaces on the surface whi- awill pathway designed to create public spaces on the wanders surface which be constructed along the coastline.

This pathway ch will bethe constructed the coastline.

This pathway wanders through modularalong volumes in some places and forms an integral circulation network. through the modular volumes in some places and forms an integral circulation network.

-the volumes used only for accommodation to accommodate maximum number in the first times. they -thethe volumes used only of forpeople accommodation to Then, accommodate the maximum of people in thethe first everyday times. Then,neethey are transformed into number structures that serve are transformed into structures that serve the everyday nee-

can also breathe.

-design proposal used both land and sea with the same way.

-design proposal used both land and sea with the same way.

152

Design Concept

rooftops rooftops rooftops

circulation circulation circulation

spaces on pontoons for social life rooftops spaces on pontoons for social life rooftops spaces on pontoons for social life rooftops

1_Rooftops creates social gathering spaces for womans and children especially 2_There should be a psychological center for a number of units, anyone should reach, multi-layered circulation provides this easily.

3_Creating job opportunities ( cleaning, entering data, security etc. )

circulation circulation

4_There should be lighting elements which can light all of the streets in order to provide security with using low energy.

circulation

spaces on pontoons for social life spaces on pontoons for social life spaces on pontoons for social life

1_Rooftops creates social gathering spaces for womans and children especially 2_There should be a psychological center for a number of units, anyone should reach, multi-layered circulation provides this easily.

3_Creating job opportunities ( cleaning, entering data, security etc. ) 4_There should be lighting elements which can light all of the streets in order to provide security with using low energy.

153

B toilet-shower kitchen storage & social area health center laundry Balat Hastanesi

garbage educational practice area generators security and info desk 0-6 age kids activities

B

C A

D D

B

A

A

D

C

C

C D

C C C

C

A C

A D D

B

D

C A

A’

A

B

B

A

D

D

B A

C B

D B

C

C

D

C

A D

C

C

D

B’

AA’ Section

BB’ Section

154

General Render

155

1/50 Plan

A

Plan units and immediate surrounding 1/50 Docks

Storage Space

Community bathroom / Kitchen

Community Space

B’

B

A’ 156

1/50 Sections

AA’ Section

BB’ Section

1/50 section

157

Material and Structure

158

Energy and Infrastructure

Energy and Infrastructure Energy and Infrastructure

Energy Diagram

Energy Diagram

Clean Water Clean Water Cleanfrom Water Supply existing network Supply from existing network Supply from existing network 2x40 ton polyester storage willton be used 2x40 storage will be used 2x40 ton polyester storage will be polyester used 150150 L/day consumed according to existing standart standartbut butininthe the 150 L/day L/dayconsumed consumedaccording accordingtotoexisting existing standart but in the time line consumption is changable. time line consumption is changable. time line consumption is changable.

Energy Diagram

Dirty Water Dirty Water Grey water purified with the help of handy pot method and exiswater purified with the help of handy pot method and DirtyGrey Water ting network pipes Grey water with the help handy pot method andsystem exisexisting network pipes Blackpurified water purified with theofhelp of existing network

tingBlack network pipes water purified with the help of existing network system Black water purified with the help of existing network system

Trash

Trash

159

Trash

Logistics

Logistics haliç shipyard

tekirdağ all upper-under structures

haliç shipyard

14 cargo ships

hasköy and balat port 12 ships

9x9 pontoons

hasköy port

haliç shipyard

6x6 3x3 pontoons and upper structure

22 trucks

on the haliç

hasköy port 9x9 pontoons

Tekirdağ port is chosen to transformation of structural materials of placement.14 cargo ships is needed to carry our pontoons and upper structure. They transfer all structural materials to Haliç Shipyard. 9x9 pontoons towed over the sea with smaller ships to Hasköy and Balat Port. 6x6 and 3x3 pontoons transfer to Hasköy Port by the Kasımpaşa-Sütlüce Tunnel.

kasımpasa-sütlüce tunnel

4

3

C B 4 D A C C B 4 D A C C B C D A C C

D B 3 A C D 3 B A C D D B A C D

C D B CD C D A A A A B C B C D B CD C D AA A A C B C B C D B 5C D2 C5 D2 AA A A B C B C

6 cranes

400 volunteer will accomplish to built the project.

288 pontoons - 2512 upper structure will placed. hasköy port balat port

5 2 5 2 balat tram station

5 2 5 2

22 1

3

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trucks takes upper-structure, 6x6 and 3x3 pontoons

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haliç shipyard

5 2 5 2

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TYPE A eminönü-alibeyköy tram-line food, clothes and supplies transport with the tram

big ships from Tekirdağ to Haliç Shipyard

D B

How is it transported

D A

storage

How is it transported

6x6 and 3x3 pontoons come from Haliç Shipyard by Kasımpaşa-Sütlüce Tunnel with trucks 6x6 and 3x3 pontoons come from Haliç Shipyard by Kasımpaşa-Sütlüce Tunnel with trucks

x6 and 3x3 pontoons come from Haliç Shipyard by Kasımpaşa-Sütlüce Tunnel with trucks 6x6 and 3x3 pontoons come from Haliç Shipyard by Kasımpaşa-Sütlüce Tunnel with trucks

9x9 pontoons come from Haliç Shipyard over the sea with ships part of the structure build on the land and the other part build over the sea

9x9 pontoons come from Haliç Shipyard over the sea with ships

part of the structure build on the land

andHaliç theShipyard other part over sea 9x9 pontoons come from overbuild the sea withthe ships

part of the structure build on the land and the other part build over the sea

9x9 pontoons come from Haliç Shipyard over the sea with ships

part of the structure build on the land and the other part build over the sea

these cranes carry 6x6 3x3 pontoons to the sea

these carryto 6x6the 3x3sea pontoons to the sea these cranes carry 6x6 3x3 cranes pontoons

these cranes carry 6x6 3x3 pontoons to the sea

160

C B D C B A

B C D A D B C 1 A D C 1 D

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1

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C

D

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5

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TYPE A

A C

A C

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TYPE B

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TYPE B

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1

Before and After

Before the Earthquake Before the earthquake, a closed-open frame system can be prepared and used as containers in ships. By installing ready-made container panels in these frames, the system can easily be converted into a simple cubic container, or the two frames can be combined into a rectangular prism-shaped container. Frames would be ready on the ports and they can be very easily transported to the site after the earthquake.

Panels consist of a wooden carcass and some kind of recycled material such as metal or plastic as cover, which is all very easy to construct. Panels would be constructed after the earthquake very fastly for financial reasons.

cargoships will use them as simple containers

frame will be folded and transported to the Haliรง after earthquake

panels will be produced after earthquake in a short time

After the Earthquake After two years, panels would be dismantled and recycled. The steel frames would be folded and sold to the ships and ports where they would be transformed and used as basic containers in cargo ships. Wooden panels can be afterwards used for various types of construction while isolation materials and covers can be recycled. steel frame will be re-used on cargo ships

will be re-used around the same region

will be re-cycled 161

Module Details

162

Perspectives

163

3D Visuals

Unit Render

164

Model Photos

165

Introduction

5 Row

Architecture

Deniz Torun - Tanya Davutoğlu

Civil Engineering

Anıl Turan - Emre Tayşi - Tuğba Öztürk

Sociology

Arjin Taş - Büşra Üner

5

Area on water : 354.153 m2 Area on land: 1.658.368 m2 Number of houses on water: 4516 Number of houses on land: 1938 Inhabitance unit in m2: 18 m2 Capacity: 4 Number of inhabitant: 14.000 The Row project is an investigation on settlement on the sea against the anticipated Istanbul earthquake. As group 5, we built living units in the Eyüp and Beyoğlu regions. The project, which has a capacity to accommodate 10,000 people in water and 4,000 people on land, also houses various social areas. Among the most important existing constructions are the Feshane and the Rahmi Koç Museum. Feshane is used as a training unit in this project. In addition to the Feshane building where we have installed schools, libraries and workshops, it is a suitable training area for children due to the fact that it is an amusement park while Rahmi Koç Museum would be used as a gathering area.

The first 15 days of settlement are provided by AFAD’s tents. During this period, people would be living in tents while units are being built on the sea.

Most people in tents start to stay in the living units above the sea, though not completely in 15 days. After a one-month period, the earthquake victims slowly settle on the water and emptied the tents. Instead of the empty tents, new living units are built on the land. The units on land only defer from the ones on the sea by their foundation which is the absence of pontoon. For easy installation and low cost, we preferred to have a single unit of land and sea living units. In these uniform structures, the special space requirement is provided by the mezzanine inside.

These mezzanine layers can be added to the existing structure. Each unit has 2 double beds, 1 sofa, 1 table, 1 clothes closet, 1 fridge and television. In other words, living units have the conditions that a family of 4 can comfortably accommodate. Apart from that, there are 48 common areas, one for each. One of these common areas has a common kitchen, while the other has toilets, bathrooms and laundry facilities.

Half of the wooden structure is produced beforehand and the rest by the qualified members after the disaster. The pontoons are transported by sea. We can actively use land and sea route for the transport of living land units.The project has a level that it can serve for 2 years. Our goal is to convert and use these materials in other places as people decrease at the end of second year.

166

Site Plan

167

Transportation

Land transportation (vehicle / train)

Sea transportation

Public transportation

Sidewalks

168

Program Distribution

Dining Hall

Health Center Storage Education Center

Dining Hall Storage Assembly Area

169

Staging

0-15 days

6-12 months

15-30 days

12-24 months

1-6 months

170

Staging

171

Sections

1/500 section

1/500 section

172

Perspectives

173

1/50 Plans

LIVING UNITS

BATHROOM (WOMEN)

C A B I N E T S

BATHROOM (MEN)

LAUNDRY

OPEN COMMON AREA

COMMON KITCHEN

174

1/50 Sections

1/50 section

175

Material and Structure

176

Energy and Infrastructure

We will locate electric heaters in the living units for heating in winter; however, as they might cause fire especially at nights, we decided to locate them on the walls (to keep it away from other furniture and children) and directly connect them to the electricity network. The settlers will have control over the heaters but the general network will be controlled by organization centers to prevent possible fire at night. The electric heater starts to work at 6 in the morning and is shut down by the central system in every 6 hours. There will be a switch on the wall for the heaters which will be their only connection to heaters as they will be located high on the walls.

The garbage will be collected by the municipality and there will be designated spots where the garbage will be taken.

Energy Diagram Energy supply system Energy storage system Daily consumption (per unit) Water and volume heating method

Clean Water How to supply How to store How much is it consumed

Dirty Water How is grey water purified How is black water purified Amount of daily grey and black water production

Trash How is it thrown out How much trash is produced (m3) 177

Logistics

How is it transported

How is it constructed

How is it launched into water

178

Before and After

179

Perspectives

180

Model Photos

181

Introduction

6 Dandelion Architecture

Dilşad Turna - Elif Lahor - Osman Faruk Akkum

Civil Engineering

Orhan Delil Tanrıkulu - Thomas Henzel - Samed Torun

Sociology

Mücahit Deniz Sağlam

6

Area on water : 250.000 m2 Area on land: 155.000 m2 Number of houses on water: 989 Number of houses on land: 1061 Inhabitance unit in m2: 25 Capacity: 6 Number of inhabitant: 12300 The project aims to provide post-earthquake shelter and basic needs that are in relation with accomodation, supported by a collective lifestyle.

This urban-scale design, based on conceptual ideas are constructed in a structure that can be constructed in such an emergency situation.

The strategy offers a continuity of the idea of a neighborhood from the city to the sea and defines personal and communal boundries within the constraints.

Supporting the idea of neighborhood extension, units are located around interconnected rods and form differentiated surface patterns that support collective life and pre-earthquake social life status at some points. These surfaces are designed not only for humans but also for submarine life considering the existing environmental conditions. Due to the submarine life and the shallow depth of the settled zone, the axles were chosen as light and air permeable materials and the pontons as environmentally friendly materials. At the same time, the spaces between the units are kept wide so that both the concept of interception and the amount of light is enhanced. As the units would be assembled by the setlers by their individual working systems, the construction costs are minimized. This was also a stimulus for any kind of collective work that might occur in the future.Due to the diversity on the site, the design changes depending on the region. The variations happen both on land, sea, and on the Pierlotti islands. 5 * 5 buildings have been diversified with different typologies according to floor structure. At the same time, these aggregation increases as units reach to common areas. The common units are determined according to the number of people and the length of time people travel to their common areas from their habitats and their size is directly proportional to the number of people required to drink.

The structural elements are produced in factories and transported to the installation area, which is an important part of the process as the decision to industrialize the production also facilitates the construction of units by the settlers. In other words, in this phase of installation, people both gain time, speed up the construction, and reduce costs in construction as well as transportation. Once the steel structures arrive and connected to the site, the future inner lining, insulation, exterior lining, and window panels can be effortlessly attached to the structure. After the construction phase the units are moved to water and aggregated.

182

Site Plan

183

Transportation

Devlet Hastanesi Tram Stop

Teleferik Pierreloti Tram Stop

Land transportation (vehicle / train)

See transportation

Sakarya Mahallesi Bus stop

Haliç Parkı Bus stop

TEM link road

Haliç Parkı Bus stop Çeltik Bus stop Miniatürk Bus stop

Eyüp Hastanesi Bus stop

Ticaret Üniversitesi Bus stop

Şht. C. Sav. M. S. Kiraz Bus stop

Haliç Kongre Merkezi Bus stop

Teleferik Pierreloti Bus stop

E5

Sütlüce Bus stop

Public transportation

184

Sidewalks

Program Distribution

TEM link road

TEM link road

in sea at land Totally

Total closed area Closed area per 1 person

989 living units 1061 living units

Sakarya Mahallesi Bus stop

Storage area of incoming materials by road

2050 living units 12300 people

Haliç Parkı Bus stop

87.974 m2 7,15 m2 Miniatürk

Living unit

Refuse pit

Laundry

Toilet&shower

Security point

Storage

Health unit

Study center

Info

Dining hall

Masjid

Bus stop

Tram stop

Recreation area

Haliç Parkı Bus stop

Çeltik Bus stop

Miniatürk Bus stop

Eyüp - Alibeyköy Tram Eyüp Hospital

Eyüp Cemetery

Devlet Hastanesi Tram stop

Eyüp Hastanesi Bus stop

Ticaret Üniversitesi Bus stop

Şht. C. Sav. M. S. Kiraz Bus stop

Haliç Kongre Merkezi Bus stop

Eyüp Teleferik Tram stop Teleferik Pierreloti Bus stop

E5

Eyüp Port

Sütlüce Bus stop

185

Site Plan Scale: 1/2500

Staging

0-15 days

15-30 days

6-12 months

0-6 months

In the first 15 days after the earthquake, we predict that people will tent in any open space that suits them. In this process many relief agencies will help the earthquake victims. In the next 15 days, the floating units produced for earthquake victims will come to Golden Horn and start to be installed. We estimate that the production period will be approximately 10 days and that all the units will arrive at the Golden Horn in 5 days. After all units have been installed, we estimate a peak in population and then a considerable decrease in a few months. For a year, the population will gradually decrease while some people will move to their new homes. However, some people will continue staying in shelters for two-year period.

12-24 months

186

Staging

Restrooms & Bathrooms Refuse Collecting Area 1.2

0.8

0.8

0.6

Security Points

*Close to the public areas for incoming problems that may happen.

Site Plan 1/500 0.7

Dining Hall

*At ďŹ rst 2 months this area will be used as a dining hall. After that it will turned into a kitchen where people can cook their food.

Info Area Daycare for 3-6 year olds Study Center for 6-12 year olds Masjid

Laundry Rooms Health Center *mother and child

*psychological support *health department

187

Sections

188

Perspectives

189

1/50 Plan

Plan units and immediate surrounding 1/50

Community bathroom / Kitchen

190

1/50 Sections

191

Material and Structure

1

Panels 1 - roof

_ 12 mm OSB _50 mm rockwood _3.5 mm shingle

2 - wall

_12 mm gypsum board _50 mm rock wool _15 mm siding cladding

3

total cost: 2.772.000

Steel Profiles 3_50*100 mm, 2 mm thick steel box profile

2 4 3

total cost: 2.849.000

Floor 4 _12 mm OSB

_50 mm rock wool _18 mm marine plywood

total cost: 850.000

Pontoon

5 _1.25*1.25 m PVC pontoon total cost: 1.4940.288

5

192

Energy and Infrastructure

_Industrial size generator can work 12 hours per day.

_All units will be connected to the electricity system.

_Total energy produced by an industrial generator per day= 12 * 20000 =24,000 kW

_Total length of cables :

_Compared to total consumption: 45009,962 / 24,000 kWh = 6 = 6 generators

_Total cost of cables: 24.000 TL _Total Consumption: 45009,962

_6 generators located at the Eyüp Cemetry _Total cost of generators: 6 M

1 month

1 month to 2 years

in total: 960480 LT hot water:96000 LT storage volume: 15000*6 LT energy consumption: 8100

clean water grey water black water

refuse collecting area in Göktürk

in total: 120 LT

Refuse Collecting Area

diameter of pipes: 160mm total length of the pipes: 10600m total cost of the pipes: 105000 TL

_waste per capita: 0.87 KG _total waste: 10445.22 _capacity of a container: 400 KG _80 container will be used _total cost of containers: 48000 TL

193

Logistics

Production starts 10 days after the earthquake. It takes 2 weeks to produce all units. It is transferred to the area with 2,45*13,6* 2,7 m trucks.

If the transfers are made with 40 trucks, all units are brought to the area in 5 days.

Totally, there are 2050 units. A truck of 90 m3 of capacity can fit 4 units.

There is a support for each wall frame. First, the flooring frames are assembled. Then the pontoons are screwed into this frame. When the frames are seated in their support, they are fixed by screwing. Then, the wall panels are also fixed with screws. The roof frames is added to the unit that finishes body structure. Finally, the unit is finished by screwing the roof panels.

194

Before and After

Before the Earthquake Prior to earthquake, the efforts of the charities and municipalities located in Istanbul were kept in sight and the whole coastal strip could be used in case of a possible disaster and left in a way that the malicious help tent could fit in. Because of financial reasons, the parts will not be preproduced as the storage of those parts would be problematic. Instead, the project will be fabricated right after the disaster and transported to site safely.

After the Earthquake Two years after the earthquake, we plan to collect the units and reuse them in future disaster areas. Due to high storage costs, we suggest to store them in tents and in food facilities in disaster regions. In future disaster areas, the living standards of the people who will live in tentless time periods will also increase accordingly. At the same time, an alternative has been developed to allow some units to be sold, considering that the strength of the structure may be longer than 2 years.

195

Perspectives

196

Model Photos

197

SPECIAL THANKS Arda İnceoğlu Hilmi Luş Arzu Erdem Elif Çelik Bilge Kalfa Serkan Taycan Can Candan Suna Birsen İpek Yürekli Mehmet Erktin Ogan Sevim

Book Design Merve Akdoğan, Sina Erol

Istanbul,Turkey 2018

Information about Istanbul Earthquake in this course is gathered from the Istanbul Earthquake Master Plan (2003) prepared by METU, ITU, BU, YTU for IMM and evaluation reports prepared by IMM and JICA.

LIVING ON WATER An Interdisciplinary Course on Designing Temporary Floating Houses in Post-Earthquake Istanbul

BOĞAZİÇİ UNIVERSITY CIVIL ENGINEERING Emre Otay (Instructor) Pelin Uzun (Instructor) Caner Akar Ali İhsan Alagöz Elifsu Balcı Ömer Necmeddin Baytimur Mustafa Can Şeyma Güneş Can Güngör Thomas Henzel Ayşe Tuğba Öztürk Ceren Nur Saygın Orhan Delil Tanrıkulu Emre Tayşi Muhammed Toprak Samed Torun Anıl Turan Atakan Uyduran Kaan Ülgen

SOCIOLOGY Ayfer Bartu Candan (Instructor) Arjin Taş Zehra Begüm Kışla Sinan Baltalı Büşra Üner Berkin Seçme M. Deniz Sağlam Şehrazat Gülsüm Aysel Kapsız Tunca Avcı Damla Güner

MEF UNIVERSITY ARCHITECTURE Sevince Bayrak (Instructor) Oral Göktaş (Instructor) Berfin Salebcioğlu Dilşad Turna Merve Akdoğan Elif Lahor Deniz Torun Eren Hatice Gedik Furkan Şenoğlu Gülfem Bayraktar İrem Yağmur Cebeci Kürşad Apaydın Osman Faruk Akkum Özgür Bulut Gümrükçü Ramazan Ersin Tanya Davutoğlu Batuhan Gürol Fatih Eken Erden Erdemir