Prostate Cancer Awareness Campaign

C NCER AWARENESS CAMPAIGN PROSTATE CANCER INFORMATION YOU NEED TO KNOW TO STAY HEALTHY AND PREVENT PROSTATE CANCER.

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CONTENTS ABOUT US

FREQUENCY

RISK FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS

CHECK-UPS

HEALTHY CHOICES

SOURCES

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SolaVieve, in partnership with the World Health Innovation Summit (WHIS), has created this cancer awareness campaign, which aims to increase public visibility and awareness of cancer prevention.

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FREQUENCY FIND OUT HOW MANY PEOPLE ARE AFFECTED BY PROSTATE CANCER.

THERE IS NO CLEAR EVIDENCE TO SHOW WHY PROSTATE CANCER INCIDENCE VARIES BY COUNTRY.

SOME EVIDENCE ARGUES THAT THE VARIATION IN THE NUMBER OF CASES IS ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE NUMBER OF PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) TESTS PERFORMED. ACCORDING TO RECENT RESEARCH, ABOUT 20-40% OF PROSTATE CANCER CASES IN THE U.S. AND EUROPE MAY BE DUE TO EXTENSIVE PSA TESTING, CAUSING OVERDIAGNOSIS.

PROSTATE CANCER IS A VERY COMMON AND DEADLY FORM OF CANCER.

IT IS THE SECOND MOST COMMON CANCER IN MALES (AFTER LUNG CANCER) AND THE FOURTH MOST COMMON OVERALL (BOTH SEXES). IN 2020, 1.4 MILLION PEOPLE WERE DIAGNOSED WITH PROSTATE CANCER, AND 375,000 PEOPLE DIED FROM IT.

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RISK FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS PROSTATE CANCER CAN AFFECT EVERYONE, REGARDLESS OF AGE.

GENERALLY, PROSTATE CANCER OCCURS IN OLDER MALES, WITH THE MEDIAN AGE AT DIAGNOSIS BEING 65 YEARS. HOWEVER, EARLY-ONSET PROSTATE CANCER IS NOT EXTREMELY RARE; ABOUT 10% OF ALL PROSTATE CANCER CASES OCCUR IN MALES UNDER THE AGE OF 55 YEARS. THERE HAVE ALSO BEEN CASES OF MALES AS YOUNG AS 28 YEARS BEING DIAGNOSED WITH PROSTATE CANCER. YOUNGONSET PROSTATE CANCER TENDS TO BE MORE AGGRESSIVE, WITH A LOWER SURVIVAL RATE.

Y O U C A N G E T P R O S TAT E CANCER EVEN IF NO ONE IN YOUR FAMILY HAS HAD IT.

80% OF MALES WHO DEVELOP PROSTATE CANCER DO NOT HAVE A FAMILY HISTORY OF IT. HOWEVER, HAVING A FAMILY HISTORY OF PROSTATE CANCER INCREASES THE RISK. FOR EXAMPLE, A MALE WHOSE FATHER OR BROTHER HAS HAD PROSTATE CANCER HAS TWICE AS HIGH A RISK OF DEVELOPING PROSTATE CANCER COMPARED TO A MALE WHO DOESN’T HAVE THIS FAMILY HISTORY.

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RISK FACTORS AND SYMPTOMS I T ’ S P O S S I B L E T O H AV E PROSTATE CANCER WITHOUT DISPLAYING ANY SYMPTOMS.

SOME OF THE SYMPTOMS OF PROSTATE CANCER CAN BE CAUSED BY OTHER COMMON ILLNESSES, ALLOWING FOR MISDIAGNOSIS.

P R O S TAT E C A N C E R I S O N E O F T H E M O S T ASYMPTOMATIC CANCERS, ESPECIALLY IN THE EARLY STAGES. 30% OF MALES OVER 50 YEARS WHO DIED OF CAUSES OTHER THAN PROSTATE CANCER HAD EVIDENCE OF PROSTATE CANCER ON AUTOPSY; THIS PERCENTAGE GOES UP TO 60% IN THOSE OVER 80 YEARS.

THESE SYMPTOMS CAN INCLUDE URINARY ISSUES SUCH AS: A WEAK OR SLOW STREAM; AN URGENCY TO URINATE; FREQUENT URINATION, ESPECIALLY AT NIGHT; BLOOD IN THE URINE OR SEMEN; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.

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CONFIRMED RISK FACTORS FOR PROSTATE CANCER AGE: PROSTATE CANCER IS RARE IN MALES UNDER 40 YEARS; THE RISK INCREASES RAPIDLY FOR MALES 50 YEARS AND OVER; FAMILY HISTORY: HAVING A FATHER OR BROTHER WITH PROSTATE CANCER MORE THAN DOUBLES THE RISK FOR PROSTATE CANCER; RACE: MALES OF AFRICAN DESCENT ARE 75% MORE LIKELY TO DEVELOP PROSTATE CANCER AND 2.2 TIMES MORE LIKELY TO DIE FROM IT COMPARED TO CAUCASIAN MALES;

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CHECK-UPS INFORMATION ON PREVENTION CAMPAIGNS AND SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER.

A PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA) TEST IS A COMMON TEST F O R P RO S TAT E C A N C E R SCREENING.

PSA IS A SUBSTANCE MADE BY THE BODY. A BLOOD TEST CAN BE USED TO MEASURE PSA LEVELS. IN MALES WITH PROSTATE CANCER, PSA LEVELS CAN BE H IG H E R , A LT H O U G H T H E R E C A N B E OT H E R EXPLANATIONS FOR INCREASED LEVELS (MEDICAL PROCEDURES, MEDICATIONS AND PROSTATE INFECTION, AMONG OTHERS). TALK TO YOUR DOCTOR IF YOU HAVE ANY CONCERNS ABOUT YOUR PSA LEVELS.

THE EVIDENCE FOR THE BENEFITS OF DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION FOR PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING IS INCONCLUSIVE.

A DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION IS AN EXAM PERFORMED BY SPECIALIZED PHYSICIANS TO PALPATE THE PROSTATE. ALTHOUGH IT IS A WIDESPREAD PRACTICE, THERE IS NO RELIABLE E VIDENCE OF ITS BENEFITS, AND THE U.S. PREVENTIVE SERVICES TASK FORCE DOES NOT RECOMMEND IT.

DID YOU KNOW? YOU HAVE THE RIGHT TO MAKE AN INFORMED DECISION TO BE SCREENED FOR PROSTATE CANCER USING THE PSA TEST AFTER DISCUSSING THE LIMITATIONS AND HARMS WITH YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER. MOST GUIDELINES CONSIDER THE ONSET AGE FOR SCREENING TO BE 50 TO 55 YEARS FOR PEOPLE AT GENERAL RISK AND 40 TO 45 YEARS FOR PEOPLE AT HIGH RISK. SCREENING SHOULD BE DISCONTINUED IN PEOPLE OLDER THAN 70 YEARS OR WHEN LIFE EXPECTANCY IS LESS THAN 10 YEARS.

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CHECK-UPS INFORMATION ON PREVENTION CAMPAIGNS AND SCREENING FOR PROSTATE CANCER.

IF YOUR PSA RESULTS ARE HIGH, YOU CAN DECIDE WITH YOUR DOCTOR WHAT STEPS TO TAKE TO CONTINUE SCREENING.

USUALLY, IN PEOPLE WITH HIGH PSA LEVELS, AN MRI (A SCAN THAT ALLOWS FOR A DETAILED VIEW OF THE BODY’S ORGANS AND TISSUES) IS PERFORMED. IF THE SCAN REVEALS ALTERATIONS IN THE PROSTATE, THE NEXT STEP MAY BE TO PERFORM A BIOPSY, WHICH CONSISTS OF TAKING SMALL SAMPLES OF PROSTATE TISSUE. YOU CAN MAKE A LIST OF QUESTIONS TO DISCUSS WITH YOUR DOCTOR TO MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ALL THE INFORMATION YOU NEED BEFORE DECIDING ON ANY FUTURE STEPS.

HOW ARE PROSTATE BIOPSIES PERFORMED?

PROSTATE BIOPSIES CAN BE TRANSPERINEAL OR TRANSRECTAL. IN THE FIRST CASE, A NEEDLE IS PASSED THROUGH THE SKIN BEHIND THE SCROTUM. THIS TYPE OF BIOPSY IS PERFORMED UNDER GENERAL ANESTHESIA. TRANSRECTAL BIOPSIES INVOLVE THE INSERTION OF A NEEDLE INTO THE RECTUM, WHERE IT IS GUIDED BY ULTRASOUND. THESE ARE USUALLY PERFORMED UNDER LOCAL ANESTHESIA. THE SAMPLES COLLECTED ARE STUDIED IN A LABORATORY, AND IF CANCEROUS CELLS ARE FOUND, FURTHER ANALYSIS CAN BE DONE TO ESTABLISH HOW FAST THE CANCER MAY GROW.

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HEALTHY CHOICES TIPS FOR DAILY LIFE TO PREVENT PROSTATE CANCER

MANY DIETARY FACTORS ARE STILL BEING EXTENSIVELY INVESTIGATED FOR HOW THEY AFFECT PROSTATE CANCER PREVENTION, BUT THERE IS SOME IMPORTANT EVIDENCE TO CONSIDER.

THE REGULAR INTAKE OF A DIET CONTAINING THE FOLLOWING IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER: F

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REGULAR EXERCISE CAN LOWER YOUR RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER AND HELP YOU STAY HEALTHY.

FOOD HIGH IN SATURATED ANIMAL FATS; RED MEAT (THE RISK COULD BE INCREASED WITH M E AT C O O K E D AT H IG H T E M P E R AT U R E , 125-300°C/257-572°F); C A LC I U M , M I L K , A N D DA I RY P RO D U C T S (CONSUMPTION GREATER THAN 2,000 MG PER DAY).

REGULAR EXERCISE HAS A POSITIVE IMPACT ON HEALTH AND OVERALL WELLBEING, WITH MANY BENEFITS AND RELATIVELY FEW SIDE EFFECTS. IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH PROSTATE CANCER, LOWER PSA LEVELS, LOWER RISK OF HIGH-GRADE DISEASE, HIGHER QUALITY OF LIFE, AND LESS FATIGUE WERE OBSERVED IN THOSE WHO EXERCISED REGULARLY.

FOODS THAT MAY HELP TO PREVENT PROSTATE CANCER CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES SUCH AS BROCCOLI, BRUSSELS SPROUTS, CAULIFLOWER, CABBAGE, AND TURNIPS; • DIETARY SOY; • GREEN TEA; • TOMATOES (THIS RELATIONSHIP IS BEING STUDIED AND THERE IS PRELIMINARY EVIDENCE OF ITS BENEFICIAL EFFECT IN THE PREVENTION OF PROSTATE CANCER).

BE SURE TO SPEAK WITH YOUR PHYSICIAN BEFORE IMPLEMENTING ANY CHANGES TO YOUR DIET. •

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HEALTHY CHOICES TIPS FOR DAILY LIFE TO PREVENT PROSTATE CANCER

IT HAS BEEN SCIENTIFICALLY P R OV E N T H AT C H R O N IC VITAMIN D INSUFFICIENCY IN YOUNG AND MIDDLE-AGED MEN MAY INCREASE THE RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER.

MAINTAINING HEALTHY VITAMIN D LEVELS ALSO HELPS TO IMPROVE BONE HEALTH AND MITIGATE METASTATIC ACTIVITY (TUMOR CELL GROWTH) IF PRESENT. NATURAL SOURCES OF VITAMIN D ARE SOLAR RADIATION AND FISH OIL. BE SURE TO PROTECT YOURSELF ADEQUATELY WHEN EXPOSED TO THE SUN.

FREQUENT EJACULATION HAS BEEN SHOWN TO REDUCE THE RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER.

STUDIES PUBLISHED IN 2016 AND CONDUCTED IN THE UNITED STATES ON 31,925 MEN, FOLLOWED FOR 18 YEARS, SHOWED THAT FREQUENT EJACULATION DECREASES THE RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER. THESE BENEFITS CAN BE OBTAINED ONLY IN THE ABSENCE OF RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS.

HANDS ON!

BE HEALTHY

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SOURCES PROSTATE CANCER AWARENESS CAMPAIGN

ARAUJO FAGDR, OLIVEIRA U JR. CURRENT GUIDELINES FOR PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND MINIMAL CORE PROPOSAL. REV ASSOC MED BRAS (1992). 2018 MAR;64(3):290-296. DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.64.03.290. PMID: 29641784.

CHEN, T., & HOLICK, M. (2003). VITAMIN D AND PROSTATE CANCER PREVENTION AND TREATMENT. TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM, 14(9), 423–430. DOI:10.1016/J.TEM.2003.09.004 GUPTA, S., GUPTA, A., SAINI, A. K., MAJUMDER, K., SINHA, K., & CHAHAL, A. (2017). PROSTATE CANCER: HOW YOUNG IS TOO YOUNG? CURRENT UROLOGY, 9(4), 212–215.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000447143 HOLT, S. K., SALINAS, C. A., & STANFORD, J. L. (2008). VASECTOMY AND THE RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER. JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, 180(6), 2565–2568

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.08.042 PROSTATE CANCER RISK FACTORS. (2020A). CANCER.ORG.

https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING (PDQ®)–HEALTH PROFESSIONAL VERSION. (2021, AUGUST 6). NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE.

https://www.cancer.gov/types/prostate/hp/prostate-screening-pdq PSA TESTING. NHS UK. NHS WEBSITE. (2018, OCTOBER 15).

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/prostate-cancer/psa-testing/ RAWLA, P. (2019). EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PROSTATE CANCER. WORLD JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY, 10(2), 63–89.

https://doi.org/10.14740/wjon1191 RIDER, JENNIFER & WILSON, KATHRYN & SINNOTT, JENNIFER & KELLY, RACHEL & MUCCI, LORELEI & GIOVANNUCCI, EDWARD. (2016). EJACULATION FREQUENCY AND RISK OF PROSTATE CANCER: UPDATED RESULTS WITH AN ADDITIONAL DECADE OF FOLLOW-UP. EUROPEAN UROLOGY. 70. 10.1016/ J.EURURO.2016.03.027.

SHOULD I GET SCREENED FOR PROSTATE CANCER?. CENTER FOR DISEASE AND CONTROL PREVENTION. U.S.

https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/prostate/basic_info/get-screened.htm TAITT HE. GLOBAL TRENDS AND PROSTATE CANCER: A REVIEW OF INCIDENCE, DETECTION, AND MORTALITY AS INFLUENCED BY RACE, ETHNICITY, AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEN’S HEALTH. NOVEMBER 2018:1807-1823. DOI:10.1177/1557988318798279 VALERO Z., HAWKINS F. METABOLISM, ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS SOURCES OF VITAMIN D. REEMO JOURNAL, VOL. 16, NUM. 4. 2010. DOI: 10.1016/S1132-8460(07)73506-7

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