Energy Solutions by Solmax

ENERGY SOLUTIONS

Covering the world. Protecting the Earth.

SOLMAX.COM

CANADA - MALAYSIA - CHILE - CHINA - SOUTH AFRICA - FRANCE - INDIA

ENERGY Since the Industrial Revolution, the world’s energy needs have consistently increased. Today, most developed societies would not be able to function without a constant supply of energy. For this reason, people, communities, governments and companies are consistently researching new processes and energy sources. Many of these necessitate large quantities of water and generate substantial amounts of waste. The large volume of energy required by the industrial world today, has led to an ever increasing demand of energy production.

The environmental footprint of such a need, both by consumption and production of this energy is at the forefront of the world’s priorities. Responsible exploitation and consumption are of the utmost importance. By offering a wide range of water and waste containment products, Solmax is playing its part in these environmentally conscious objectives. Ever since its inception, Solmax has been a proud partner with companies and local authorities in the responsible exploitation and production of energy. Solmax has been strongly involved in industries such as:

The Natural Gas industry The Coal industry

The Petrochemical industry The Power industry 2

Constantly trying to improve on past success, Solmax continues to innovate with new technologies so that the world’s energy needs are met with minimal environmental impact.

INNO

« »

Responsible exploitation and consumption are of the utmost importance.

PRODUCTION VATION ENVIRONMENT

Unconventional Gas Extraction Technological advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing (fracking) have led to profitable exploitation of natural gas from shale formations across the planet.

These processes require high volumes of water and generate large quantities of contaminated liquid / waste water. Proper containment and management of these by-products is essential as they represent a substantial environmental risk. Solmax offers a wide range of products that will allow energy companies and engineers to meet their design and environmental objectives for applications such as:

Secondary containment for the drill / frac pad Secondary containment for chemicals Primary containment of fresh water Primary containment of flowback water

Solmax’s wide range of products offers the following advantages:

Excellent chemical resistance High mechanical strength Great UV resistance Proven durability Reduced thermal linear expansion

Elevated coefficient of friction Effective electro-conductivity for leak detection Required flexibility Exceptionally low impermeability

Solmax also has a competent, experienced and well qualified technical team to assist clients in choosing the optimal product for their application. POND/PRIMARY CONTAINMENT Water

Protective layer Geomembrane

DRILL/FRAC PAD/ SECONDARY CONTAINMENT

Construction pad

Geomembrane

Construction pad

Subgrade Subgrade

TANK/PRIMARY CONTAINMENT Prefabricated tank

Water Geomembrane

Chemicals container

CHEMICALS/ SECONDARY CONTAINMENT

Geomembrane

Construction pad

CERTIFIED EPA9090

Subgrade

Coal Seam Gas Coalbed methane Coal is the largest source of energy worldwide. It has been extracted from the earth for centuries.

Coal Seam Gas (CSG), a type of naturally occurring gas found in water saturated coal seams has recently been the new alternative source of energy in Australia and is fast gaining momentum across the world.

The operation to extract CSG is called hydraulic fracturing. CSG can also be extracted by dewatering the coal seams thus reducing the pressure that keeps the gas in place. The water is pumped out, and the natural gas released from the coal. CSG extraction produces a substantial amount of associated water that poses significant concerns to the environment. The general characteristics of CSG associated water is brackish in quality, has high pH levels, contains extremely high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), comprises mostly of sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), has traces of cations (K, Ca, Mg, B, Sr, Ba) and anions (SiO2, F, Br) and the chemicals used to facilitate CSG extraction. Given the composition of CSG associated water that may be harmful to the environment, an active management of the substantial amount of water produced is required. Geomembranes are the prime choice for engineers and energy companies to contain these large volumes of water.

Solmax offers geomembranes with the following properties that meets the increasing needs of this industry.

Excellent chemical resistance High mechanical strength Great UV resistance Proven durability

Reduced thermal linear expansion Effective electro-conductivity for leak detection Exceptionally low impermeability

Solmaxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experienced technical team can also assist the customer in choosing the proper material for their specific needs. WATER GATHERING POND CSG associated water

Geomembrane Strip drains

GCL/CCL Subgrade

BRINE POND Grout Bags / Sand Protection Layer

Sacriďż˝icial geomembrane Primary geomembrane GCL/CCL

CSG brine solution

Geocomposite

Secondary geomembrane GCL/CCL

Subgrade

Coal Ash

(Coal Combustion Products - CCP) Coal fired power plants account for close to 40% of the worldwide electrical production.

Primary energy consumption through coal has also regained its popularity in the U.S. due to emerging clean coal technologies and carbon capture and sequestration (CCS). Coal is certain to play a major role within the foreseeable future despite growing environmental concerns as coal remains the lowest-cost fossil source for base-load electricity generation. Coal reserves are also widely available throughout the world in both developed and developing nations. Whilst the by-product of coal combustion through flue gas emission is well regulated in its content prior to release to the atmosphere, the filtered flue gas residue together with all other un-combusted material collectively termed as coal combustion residue (CCR) which comprises of fly ash, boiler slag, bottom ash and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) products are contained in surface impoundments or landfills. Through time, beneficial use has been found for these CCR. Today, close to 45% of the CCR are beneficially reused. However, CCR remains as one of the largest waste streams in the U.S. second only to municipal solid waste (MSW). Solmax offers containment solutions that will help to manage these CCP with minimal environmental impacts.

Solmax’s rich history in waste disposal has allowed us to develop geomembranes with the following advantages:

Excellent chemical resistance High mechanical strength Great UV resistance Proven durability

Reduced thermal linear expansion Effective electro-conductivity for leak detection Exceptionally low impermeability

Solmax’s geomembranes are sure to meet any containment needs for this industry. Solmax also has a qualified technical team that will gladly assist you with the selection of the proper liner for the disposal of CCP.

COAL ASH POND (WET HANDLING) Coal ash residue (slurried form)

Cellular system/Concrete block/ sand protection layer/grout bags

Protective geotextile Geomembrane

Strip drains

GCL/CCL Subgrade

Coal ash residue (solid form)

COAL ASH LANDFILL (DRY HANDLING)

Chimney drain

Drainage aggregate around chimney drain

Interim drainage lay

In�iltration zone at base of chimney drain

Protective geotextile Geomembrane

GCL/CCL

Subgrade

Coal Gasification Although coal gasification has been known and used by man since the 18th century, commercial use for this product really started in the mid-19th century for gas fueled lighting. Today, coal gasification is used to produce synthetic gas (syngas) which can be used for power generation, making fertilizers, methanol,synthetic natural gas, hydrogen or CO2. The syngas could also be further transformed to diesel fuels, Naphta etc. through the Fischer-Tropsch process. The coal gasification and Fischer-Tropsch process requires a large volume of water and therefore produces high quantities of liquid waste that needs to be contained. For these needs, coal gasification plants have turned towards geomembranes as the optimal choice. As such, Solmax has been present in this industry for many years and has gained much experience.

This experience has allowed us to develop a range of products that offer the following advantages:

Excellent chemical resistance High mechanical strength Great UV resistance Proven durability

Reduced thermal linear expansion Effective electro-conductivity for leak detection Exceptionally low impermeability

Solmaxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technical expertise in the containment of solids and fluids allows us to serve the coal gasification industry and offer the optimal products for the different applications.

WASTEWATER POND Wastewater Cellular system/Concrete block/ sand protection layer/grout bags

Protective geotextile Primary geomembrane GCL/CCL

Geocomposite

Secondary geomembrane

GCL/CCL Subgrade

Petrochemical The petrochemical industry is one of the largest industries on the planet. Whether itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in the extraction or in its transformation, Solmax has been a participant in this industry for decades.

The petrochemicalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs for containment are important as any spill can lead to an environmental disaster. Geomembranes are the material of choice for this industry for many applications such as secondary containment of tank farms, cooling ponds. Solmaxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s experience in these fields will allow petrochemical companies to provide responsible exploitation and transformation of crude oil and its by-products.

Solmax products offer this industry benefits such as:

Excellent chemical resistance High mechanical strength Great UV resistance Proven durability

Reduced thermal linear expansion Effective electro-conductivity for leak detection Exceptionally low impermeability

Solmaxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long history in this industry has provided with great technical experience that is sure to help our customers with any technical challenge they might face.

SOLMAX: Energy presenCE Keyera Energy Suncor, Royal Dutch Shell, Syncrude

Location: Fort McMurray, AB, Canada Application: Petroleum - Oil Sands Surface Area: 178,252 m² / 1,917,991 ft²

Location: Fort Saskatchewan, SK, Canada Application: Petroleum - Industrial Gas pond Surface Area: 100,571 m² / 1,082,144 ft²

Shell Petroleum and Qatar Petroleum

Antero, Consol, Gulfport, EQT, Talisment, Chesapeake

Location: Bakken, Barnett, Marcellus/Utica Shale Play Application: Shale gas Surface Area: 4,000,000 m² / year 42,000,000 ft² / year

Ingenio Magdalena

Location: Guatemala Application: Coal Ash Residue Ponds Surface Area: 70,887 m² / 762,745 ft²

Location: Ras Laffan, Qatar Application: Petroleum - Secondary Containment Surface Area: 360,000 m² / 3,873,600 ft²

Takreer

Location: Abu Dhabi Application: Petroleum - Secondary Containment Surface Area: 58,000 m² / 624,080 ft²

Datang ‘Keqi’

Location: Inner Mongolia, China Application: Coal Gasi�ication Surface Area: 1,800,000 m² / 107,000,000 ft²

Longquanshan

Location: Hebei, China Application: Coal Ash Surface Area: 450,000 m² / 400,000 ft²

Mong Duong

Location: Quang Ninh, Vietnam Application: Coal Ash Surface Area: 166,320 m² / 1780,0 ft²

Tanjung Bin EMCO Energy

Location: Warora, India Application: Coal Ash Surface Area: 115,000 m² / 1,237,85 ft²

Location: Johor, Malaysi Application: Coal Ash Surface Area: 187,000 m² / 2,000,0001 ft²

GMR Energy

Location: Dhenkanal, India Application: Coal Ash Surface Area: 900,000 m² / 9,687,519 ft²

QGC Limited, Origin Energy, Santos Energy, Arrow Energy Location: Queensland, Australia Application: Coal Seam Gas Surface Area: 6,200,000 m² / 645,000,000 ft²

SOLMAX Solmax is a worldwide leader in PE Geomembranes manufacturing, PVC pannel fabrication and offers both containment and fluid transportation solutions including HDPE pipes, valves, fittings and accessories. Manufactured from Canada, Malaysia and Chile, its products are sold in over 60 countries and are used by the biggest names in the mining, petroleum, waste management, water, and civil engineering sectors. Solmax products are vital in protecting soils from contamination in applications as critical as the landfills of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most populated cities to the tailings or heap leach pads of mines operating in environmentally fragile ecosystems.

LEADER

PROTECTION 16

vision:

Covering the world. Protecting the Earth.

Mission: Solmax offers synthetic products used for separation and / or containment of solids and fluids in soil protection and water management applications. Intended for the construction, civil engineering and environment fields, Solmax’s products aim to improve the quality of life of individuals as well as our society’s well-being.

QUALITY

PE LINERS Polyethylene geomembranes represent the most utilized geomembranes in the world. HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) and LLDPE (Linear Low Density Polyethylene) represent over 80% of all geomembranes used for the various containment applications. Polyethylene is the most common plastic and has an excellent chemical resistance, meaning that it is not attacked by strong acids or bases. For these reasons, it is a prime choice for most designers.

Asperity Level Asperity (mils) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 GRI-GM 13 Standard Standart 18

XRT

Whether it’s because of available space or existing terrain, for some projects a higher friction angle is required. For this reason, Solmax has developed two new textured finishes. Upgrading Solmax’s textured finish to a RT (Rough Texture) or XRT (Extra Rough Texture) allows its geomenbranes to reach some of the highest friction angles on the market.

Please contact Solmax’s technical team for any additional information required.

HDPE SERIES HDPE geomembranes are the most commonly used liners for containment. They offer high mechanical strength properties as well as very high chemical resistance. Solmax has been manufacturing HDPE geomembranes for over 15 years and offers a standard product that meets or exceeds all the minimum requirements of the GRI-GM 13* specification developed by the GRI and that is recognized across the world as the basic specification for critical containment applications.

LLDPE SERIES LLDPE geomembranes have become increasingly popular in recent years. While being a little less resistant to mechanical and chemical stress than HDPE liners of the same thickness, they still offer good chemical and mechanical resistance. The main attribute of LLDPE making it more and more popular is its high flexibility allowing the liner to drape around any protrusions and imperfections of the existing terrain much better than with the stiffer HDPE geomembranes. Solmax manufactures a standard LLDPE geomembrane that meets or exceeds the GRI-GM 17* specifications, which are recognized as the worldwide standard for containment with LLDPE geomembranes.

* www.geosynthetic-institute.org

HDPE SERIES ROLL WIDTH 6.8 - 8.0 m (22.3 - 26.2 feet)

THICKNESS

0.5 - 3 mm (20 - 120 mils)

STANDARD FINISH SMOOTH TEXTURED (ST, DT, RT, XRT) PRIME FINISH REFLECTIVE COLORED CONDUCTIVE

LLDPE SERIES ROLL WIDTH 6.8 - 8.0 m (22.3 - 26.2 feet)

THICKNESS

0.5 - 2.5 mm (20 - 100 mils)

STANDARD FINISH SMOOTH TEXTURED (ST, DT, RT, XRT) PRIME FINISH REFLECTIVE COLORED CONDUCTIVE

PLEASE CONTACT YOUR SALES REPRESENTATIVE FOR MORE INFORMATION

PVC LINERS Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) geomembranes represent about 10% of the industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s volume. While much less chemically resistant than Polyethylene geomembranes, PVC liners still offer great chemical resistance to products such as salt.

Their high flexibility and elasticity allows the prefabrication of panels which reduces field seaming. Their low thermal expansion coefficient reduces the wrinkles and chances of damaging the liner during installation. Solmax has been prefabricating PVC geomembranes for over 25 years.

PVC LINERS PANEL SIZE 1,300 - 4,500 m2 (14,000 - 48,500 ft2)

THICKNESS

0.25 - 1.5 mm (10 - 60 mils)

GRADE STANDARD ASTM D-7176 FISH GRADE

POTABLE GRADE (NSF61)

FINISH SMOOTH EMBOSSED

PLEASE CONTACT YOUR SALES REPRESENTATIVE FOR MORE INFORMATION

Solmax Premium HD Series Adding to its current line-up of geomembranes that do not only meet but exceed industry standards, Solmax introduces the PREMIUM HD SERIES, durable high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane. The specially engineered formulation helps improve the materialâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mechanical properties and enhance the endurance properties namely Stress Crack Resistance (SCR), Standard as well as High Pressure Oxidative Induction Time (OIT), thermal and UV resistance.

Outstanding Durability

Better Stress Cracking Sensitivity SCR (HR)

GRIGM 13

1 200 1 000 800 600 400 200 0

300

GRI-GM 13 Standard SCR Values Comparison

400

Solmax Standard

1 000

Solmax Premium HD

Based on test method ASTM D-5397

Asperity Level

PREMIUM HD SERIES ROLL WIDTH 6.8 - 8.0 m (22.3 - 26.2 feet)

THICKNESS

1.0 - 2.5 mm (40 - 100 mils)

STANDARD FINISH SMOOTH TEXTURED (ST, DT)

Premium HD

PRIME FINISH REFLECTIVE COLORED CONDUCTIVE

ADVANTAGES Improved OIT Improved HP-OIT Improved resistance to Stress Crack (SCR) Improved UV Resistance

Greater Asperity Height Greater Puncture resistance Greater Elongation at break

PLEASE CONTACT YOUR SALES REPRESENTATIVE FOR MORE INFORMATION

SOLMAX REFLECTIVE LINER SERIES Solmax Reflective Liner material is a 3 layer co-extruded geomembrane. The product core and inferior layer remain black which doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t affect any technical properties of the liner. By changing the composition of the superior layer with the addition of a pure white pigment composed of UV additives, Solmax created a product that offers additional on-site benefits suitable for various applications.

Advantages Geomembranes were created to contain solids and fluids for very long periods. As such, they need to have high endurance properties. One of the best additives for plastics to resist to UV degradation is carbon black. However, this results in having black geomembranes. Black geomembranes will get very hot when exposed to sunlight because they absorb sunlight radiation. Therefore, they will have more expansion / contraction due to temperature variations.

Solmax innovated in developing a new reflective geomembrane. While having obvious aesthetic advantages, the reflective liner will also reflect the sunlight and reduce the temperature of the geomembrane. This reduction in temperature will reduce the expansion / contraction of the geomembrane which will allow for an easier installation and reduce wrinkles in the liner. For composite liner systems, reducing the wrinkles will increase the intimate contact between the liner and the low permeability sub layer which will lead to a more efficient impermeable systems. It will also slow down the aging process and increase its service life. Another advantage of reflective geomembrane is the contrast between the white surface layer and the black core of the liner. This allows to easily visually identify holes as they will be more apparent than on traditional black geomembranes. While reflective geomembranes seem to only offer aesthetical advantages, as expressed above, significant benefits result from using reflective geomembranes over traditional black geomembranes.

HDPE GMB Liner

HDPE GMB Liner Temperature, LT (°C)

Textured Black

Smooth Black

Grey/White

White

Smooth Black

White

δ Temperature (°C) from Smooth Black HDPE GMB Liner

-3

-24

6.8 - 8.0 m (22.3 - 26.2 feet)

THICKNESS

STANDARD FINISH SMOOTH

TEXTURED (ST, DT, RT, XRT)

PRIME FINISH CONDUCTIVE

The reflective characteristic is a prime finish available on all Solmax series.

-18

ROLL WIDTH

1.0 - 2.5 mm (40 - 100 mils)

SURFACE Ambient Air Temperature, AAT (°C)

REFLECTIVE LINERS

-8

(Data after Cadwallader, Cranston and Peggs 1993)

HDPE GMB C Liner (X 10-5 / °C)

Black

White

ΔT (°C)

67 - 25 = 42

43 - 17 = 26

L (mm)

100 x 103 3

100 x 10

ΔL (mm)

630 mm

δ ΔL

390 mm -240 mm

38% Reduction for δ ΔL!... Resulting in potential significant reduction of wrinkles!

PLEASE CONTACT YOUR SALES REPRESENTATIVE FOR MORE INFORMATION

solmax conductive liner The new Solmax Conductive Liner is an electrically conductive geomembrane that once installed can be rigorously spark-tested for ruptures and leaks. Incorporating electrically reactive carbon black and the highest quality HDPE & LLDPE resins, Solmax Conductive Liner, is a product whose specifications meets or exceeds the international GRI-GM standards and can be spark-tested on its entire installed surface.

CONTROL METHOD As per ASTM D7240, the spark testing process can be used with the Solmax Conductive Liner to test for damages or leaks. Using a conductive pad linked to a portable holiday detector, electrical induction to the Solmax Conductive Liner is performed to charge the undersurface of the liner. An operator can then sweep the exposed layer of the liner for leaks using a brush or conductive wand. As soon as a leak is detected, an alarm will be heard and a visible spark will be seen, therefore instantly guiding the operator to where a repair or patch must be done.

Advantages

CONDUCTIVE LINER

Spark testing an area lined with Solmaxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Conductive Liner is not only safe but more efficient to detect potential leaks. Normally difficult to reach test areas such as slopes, penetrations/construction details, wrinkles, and liquid collection sumps can now be easily spark tested.

Less failures at the quality control level due to defective seams and visually undetectable holes. Allows to identify holes as small as pinholes

ROLL WIDTH 6.8 - 8.0 m (22.3 - 26.2 feet)

THICKNESS

1.0 - 2.5 mm (40 - 100 mils)

STANDARD FINISH SMOOTH

TEXTURED (ST, RT, XRT)

PRIME FINISH REFLECTIVE COLORED

PLEASE CONTACT YOUR SALES REPRESENTATIVE FOR MORE INFORMATION

Technical Services Over the years, Solmax has developed an expertise in all fields of research relating to the geomembrane industry. Our team includes civil engineers specializing in geosynthetics installation and design, as well as chemical process engineers and polymer scientists who can adapt our products to the evolving needs of the mining industry. Our technical team can provide support to all clients and consultants in optimizing the use of geomembranes for specific applications.

Customer Service Quality customer service is at the very heart of Solmaxâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s core values. Be it for logistical support or after-sale service, our qualified and experienced customer service team can meet all your needs, in over 60 countries.

Sales Solmax has an experienced and qualified sales team able to meet the diverse needs of its clients around the world. Its sales representatives are familiar with international and regional regulations; and thus, can provide the optimal products for your projects, at the best offering and on schedule, anywhere in the world.

Solmax’s Standard PE Geomembrane Series For information on other series, please contact your local representative.

Property

Test Method

Unit

HDPE series

Smooth

LLDPE series

Textured

Smooth

Textured

Physical Thickness (min avg.)

ASTM D-5199

Sheet Density

ASTM D-1505

Tensile Properties (min avg.)

ASTM D-6693

Mechanical Strength at Yield

Elongation at Yield Strength at Break

Elongation at Break

mm (mils)

0.5 - 3 (20 - 120)

0.75 - 3 (30 - 120)

0.5 - 2.5 (20 - 100)

0.75 - 2.5 (30 - 100)

kN/m (ppi)

7 - 44 (40 - 252)

11.5 - 44 (66 - 252)

N/A

700

150

g/cm

≥ 0.940

kN/m (ppi)

13 - 80 (76 - 456) N/A

≥ 0.940

11.5 - 44 (66 - 252)

N/A

13 - 66 (76 - 380) 800

210 - 1,050 (1,200 - 6,000)

≤ 0.939

N/A

9 - 26 (45 - 150) 250 - 400

315 - 1,050 (1,800 - 6,000)

2% Modulus (max)

ASTM D-5323

kN/m (ppi)

Puncture Resistance

ASTM D-4833

N (lbf)

160 - 960 (36 - 216)

265 - 800 (60 - 180)

124 - 620 (28 - 140)

150 - 500 (33 - 110)

2.0 - 3.0

min

N/A

N/A 80

Tear Resistance

Multi-Axial Tensile (min)

Endurance

Carbon Black Content

Carbon Black Dispersion

OIT - Standard (avg.)

HPOIT (avg.)

Stress crack resistance

Oven Aging - % retained after 90 days

OIT - Standard (min. avg.)

ASTM D-1004

ASTM D-5617

ASTM D-4218

N (lbf) %

ASTM D-5596