TAI PING SHAN STREET

TA I P I N G S H A N S T R E E T 1

HISTORY

3

HISTORY

Environmental Technologies Sectional Technologies, Context, Reading and Extrapolation

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HISTORY

AIMS and FOCUS

The aim of the project is to explore the potentials of, the not the plan, but the section as generator of information.

Each group will be assigned a context, which is to be analysed and translated as ‘section’ / context and, or, material qualities. Based on the focus of each tutor and their specific specialization, each context, is to be studied in terms of contextual aspects, types of the spatial divisions, complexities and material embodiment.

Thereafter students are requested to strategize the given context in terms producing one pop up poster of each of the following components: • The landscape • Façades • • • • •

Material varieties [light /spatial characteristics] Services component [kitchen / bathrooms / elevators / service spaces] Air conditioning, pipes and services Energy systems Contextual scales [building, spatial element, material unit]

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HISTORY

HISTORY • Developments of Tong Lau • History of Tai Ping Shan Street

9

HISTORY

Early Tong Lau in HK (Pre-statutory Control)

Materials and Construction Foundation Because of the sloping terrain of Tai Ping Shan (and most areas in the City of Victoria), the Tong Lau stood on “artificially prepared sites, part in bank, part in cutting.” Also,“basements or cellars under houses are unknown.” (Chadwick, 1882) section and plan of an early Tong Lau found at Tai Ping Shan in the early 1880s.

1 cookhouses 2 shop 3 smoke hole through the roof and floor

4 cockloft or platform above tenement cabins 5 tenement cabins 6 street in front of building

Architectural Characters Building Frontage

Floor On the ground floor, unglazed red tiles (Canton tiles) were used, but the floor was frequently left un-tiled, with exposed rammed earth.

Cookhouses and alleys were paved with granite blocks. Upper floors consisted of floor planks of Chinese fir supported on round rafters that were flattened above to receive the planks (and below to receive the ceiling, if there was one).

Walls Walls were constructed of blue Canton brick (traditional Chinese grey brick) usually of inferior quality (“soft and very porous”). Red bricks were more expensive and therefore rarely used. Granite from local quarries was largely used for door jambs and lintels over shop fronts. The walls were usually plastered but sometimes left fair-faced, with the brick surface rubbed smooth and neatly pointed in the traditional Chinese manner.

Roof The roof was tiled with unglazed semicircular clay tiles laid with overlapping ends; the eaves tiles were ornamental and glazed.

Shops and houses in Tai Ping Shan Street in 1860s

Each unit, of 2 to 3 storey high and between 13 to 16 feet wide (about 4 to 5 m), was separated from adjacent units by brick party walls. A large unit for the wealthy was formed by uniting several narrow units by doors or archways in the party walls.

Building Depth The building measured about 30 to 60 feet from front to back (about 9 to 18 m), and two rows of buildings were built back to back with a common back wall and no space between them (this would change after 1903, which reduced the building depth and introduced a scavenging lane, or service back lane, for waste disposal).

Service Areas A space of about 7 feet deep (about 2 m) at the back of the building was separated by a wall from the rest of the building. This is the “cookhouse,” which also served as the kitchen, toilet and the backyard. Venting of cooking fire was by means of a 4 to 5 feet square (1.2 to 1.5 m square) “smoke hole” through the upper floor(s) and the roof, or simply through windows. Chimneys were the exception. Ordinance 8 of 1856 required every house to be “provided with a latrine or privy and ashpit” was rarely observed. The construction of waste water drainage was unregulated and often inadequate, if available.

Served Areas The ground floor of a Tong Lau was used as shop space, but a cockloft was often built on the upper space in front of the partition wall of the cookhouse, and used as working or sleeping quarters. The upper floor was partitioned into cabins of about 10 by 10 feet wide (about 3 sq.m) above which was a cockloft level that was similarly divided. Each cabin housed an individual or a family. Reports recorded that one tenement unit had found five families of 16 people living on 1 floor. It was reported in 1874 edition of the Hong Kong Annual Report that pigs and poultry were kept inside buildings.

Cockloft

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HISTORY The First Statutory Control of Tong Lau: Public Health and Buildings Ordinance 1903

Types of Tong Lau Verandah supported by brick piers projects over the whole width of the pavement to form a covered arcade at street level.

The Public Health and Buildings Ordinance of 1903 which set new standards for the design and occupancy of Tong Lau and remained in force until 1935. Some of the regulations derived from the ordinance that emphasized on maintaining natural lighting and ventilation for the building and the surrounding environment.

Provision of open space and a scavenging lane of at least 6 feet wide (about 1.8 m) behind buildings (Clause 179). This means that rows of Tong Lau facing parallel streets could no longer be built back to back, and the back lane helped improve sanitary conditions by having the space to allow in lighting and ventilation, as well as for waste disposal.

Building height limited to the width of the fronting street, and not more than 4 storeys, or higher than 76 ft (about 23 m). This controlled the building volume to ensure that public areas, in particular the surrounding streets, would receive adequate natural lighting and ventilation.

Scavenging lanes are developed between buildings

Building depth limited to 40ft (about 12 m). This was an attempt to curb the number of under lit and badly ventilated tenement cabins (or cubicles) in a long narrow building.

Statutory Control of Tong Lau prior to World War II: Buildings Ordinance 1935 Building depth limited to 35ft (about 11 m). The shorter building depth than that allowed in the 1903 regulations would further limit the partitioning of dark and badly ventilated tenement cabins or cubicles.

Adequate light and ventilation to be provided at every storey on every staircase. This regulation would give the late pre-war Tong Lau its characterdefining feature—a naturally lit and ventilated common staircase.

The arcade on the ground floor formed by projected verandahs or balconies provides space for people’s activities.

Pre-1935 Tong Lau have enclosed straight-flight staircases with no window opening to the outside.

Post-1935 Tong Lau have dog-leg staircases on the facade to allow for openings for natural lighting and ventilation.

Pre-1935 Tong Lau usually have brick or stone load-bearing partition walls with fir floor and roof beams.

Post-1935 Tong Lau are built of reinforced concrete.

A stairwell separates the living area from the cookhouse.

A. Verandah Type 1900s-1935 (mostly 1920s and early 1930s) Structure 1.5 ft (about 0.5 m) load bearing brick party wall with round fir floor beam; verandah of masonry or reinforced concrete, or timber for earlier buildings Frontage 15 ft (about 4.5 m) Height 2 - 4 storeys; ground floor about 16 ft (5 m) high and each of the upper floors about 13 ft (4 m) high Floor area 550 - 700 sq ft (about 50 to 65 sq.m) per floor

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HISTORY Facade of each floor recessed to form a balcony of about 2 ft deep.

No light well, pitched roof over the living area and flat roof over the kitchen area.

The kitchen takes up the entire rear portion of the building, with openings to the back lane.

A flat facade with no verandah or balcony.

The kitchen takes up half the width of the back of the building, and opens into the back lane and the open space at the back of the building.

B. Recessed Balcony Type

C. Flat Facade Type

1903-1935 (mostly 1920s)

1903-1935 (mostly 1920s)

Structure 1.5 ft (about 0.5 m) load bearing brick party wall with round fir floor beam

Structure 1.5 ft (about 0.5 m) load bearing brick party wall with round fir floor beam

Frontage 15 ft (4.6 m)

Frontage 15 ft (4.6 m)

Height Usually 3 storeys

Height Usually 3 storeys

Floor area Average 650 sq ft (about 60 sq.m) per floor

Floor area Average 450 sq ft (about 40 sq.m) per floor

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HISTORY Narrow cantilevered balcony of about 2 ft deep.

Frontage width increased due to the accommodate a naturally lit and ventilated stairwell on the facade.

A dog-leg staircase shared by two blocks and opens into the fronting street.

Staircases on every floor enable to have adequate natural lighting and ventilation.

For buildings on a deep site, a light well separates the living area from the kitchen, so that living area and the kitchen are treated as separate blocks and thereby enables the building to comply with the building depth restriction.

A toilet, equipped with toilet and sanitary fittings, separates the living area from the kitchen.

D. Cantilevered Balcony Type with Suspended Wrought Iron Posts

E. Reinforced Concrete Type with Stairwell on the Facade

1903-1935 (mostly 1920s)

1935-1955

Structure 1.5ft (about 0.5 m) load bearing brick party wall with round fir floor beam; balcony of reinforced concrete reinforced by suspended wrought iron posts Frontage 15 ft (4.6 m) Height Usually 3 storeys Floor area 450 to 650 sq ft (about 40 to 60 sq.m) per floor

Structure Reinforced concrete Frontage 16 ft (4.9 m) Height 3-4 storeys Floor area 550 to 700 sq ft (about 50 to 65 sq.m) per floor

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HISTORY

蘇杭街49 號 (49 Jervois Street)

高街53-55號 (53-55 High Street)

Examples of Tong Lau

Before 1903

1903 - 1905

Backyard is designed. Kitchen and light well are located at the middle so as to improve ventilation.

Kitchen and light well are located at the middle so as to improve ventilation. But no toilet is installed inside the building.

1935- 1955

After 1955

Dog-legged staircases made of Reinforced concrete replaced narrow slant staircases. The two opposite windows allow better ventilation.

Toilet, kitchen and light well are installed in the building of 10+ storeys. Large window can be found.

High Ceiling

Use of balcony

In order to provide better ventilation and lighting, wrought iron posts and louver doors are installed on the upper storeys.

The balcony facing the street can block the direct sunlight and reduce the temperate inside the building.

42 Lower Lascar Row

皇后大道西462號 (462 Queen’s Road West)

3

5 4

2

3 2

1

1

Building with higher ceiling facilitates better ventilation compared the building beside which has similar height.

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Tai

Ping

Shan

Street

太平山街 P E A C E

Tai Ping Shan District looking east from the hill behind the Tung Wah Hospital. Po Yan Street is seen in the foreground. Po Hing Fong, which was then known as Market Street, extends from the left backgound to the right foreground near Ladder Street which connectd Caine Road and Queen’s Road.

Tai Ping Shan is the hilly area near Tai Ping Shan Street. It is a small area on Hong Kong Island wedged in between the southern sections of Sheung Wan and Sai Ying Pun. In the 1840s, the area was rife with thieves and robbers. After the establishment of a barrack and a police station in the neighbourhood, the law and order was restored. The area was thus called Tai Ping Shan denoting peace. When more and more Chinese residing there, a street lined with houses on both sides was built along the slope of the hill and was named Tai Ping Shan Street. Its narrowness and unevenness can still be seen today.

After the British arrived, in the 1840s, they established Tai Ping Shan as a settlement for Chinese workers. As the population grew, the district’s tenement houses were sub-divided into tiny, window-less dwellings and large multi-generational families were shoe-horned into them. There was no fresh water supply, no sewerage system and no proper drainage.

A cleansing party during the 1894 plague.

Contemporary reports describe a hellhole - the inhabitants lived in abject squalor, the streets were mired in filth and the stench was overpowering. It was the kind of place where pathogens thrived and diseases spread like wildfire.

In 1894, a plague raged in Hong Kong. Tai Ping Shan, with its dense population and deplorable sanitary condition, was the worst plaguestricken area. The government hence bought the buildings there and demolished them, and launched a campaign of cleaning domestic premises.

The colonial authorities imposed a strict regime on the local population involving the rapid disposal of corpses, the isolation of infected patients and the disinfection of houses. Later, they forcibly evicted the remaining residents and razed Tai Ping Shan to the ground. The worst affected area had been developed into today’s Blake Garden.

A street in the plague-afflicted district stands deserted.

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HISTORY

The area was demolished, rebuilt by the end of 1895 and work completed in 1898.

In 1898, buildings are all demolished after the plague in 1894, it is the later Blake Garden. This was taken from high ground around Ladder Street looking west to the Tai Ping Shan District, with Ting Wah Hospital located in Po Yan Street in the far distance.

In 1963, the general layout of the district can be seen.

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HISTORY

Taken at the end of Market Street (renamed Po Hing Fong) near Po Yan Street in 1894, this photograph depicts the disinfection work carried out by garrison members and volunteers. Tung Wah Hospital is seen at the end of Market Street.

Pound Lane in 1925. Kwun Yum Temple (觀音廟), Palace of Water and Moon (水月宮) and Pak Shing Temple (百姓廟) are located on left of the staircases.

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HISTORY

Kwun Yum Temple locates at Tai Ping Shan Street in 1970s. Its had been reconstructed ater the 1894 plague. In mid-1990s, it had been demolished. The area has built high-rise buildings. The altar were relocated into a temple which renovated from residential unit nearby.

Kwun Yum Temple locates at Pound Lane in 1980.

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HISTORY

Sai Street in 1935

Tung Street in 1925 Several shops which provide funeral services are located since Tung Wah Hospital and the Pak Shing Temple are close to the street.

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HISTORY

Intersection of Po Hing Fong and Caine Lane in 1954

End of Sai Street in 1972. The area above is the Blake Park.

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HISTORY

SITE ANALYSIS • Axonometric Drawings • Elevations • Sections : Programmes

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SITE ANALYSIS

TAI PING SHAN STREET AREA 35

SITE ANALYSIS

SQUARE STREET

TUNG STREET 37

SITE ANALYSIS

SAI STREET

UPPER STATION STREET 39

SITE ANALYSIS

POUND LANE

TAI PING SHAN STREET 41

SITE ANALYSIS

TAI PING SHAN STREET : NORTH EAST

TAI PING SHAN STREET : NORTH EAST 43

SITE ANALYSIS

TAI PING SHAN STREET : SOUTH - WEST 45

SITE ANALYSIS

CHA CHAAN TEN

STUDIO

HVAC MAINTEINANCE SERVICES

CRAFT STORE

CRAFT STORE

PUBLIC TOILET

CHINESE TEMPLE

CAFE & RESTAURANT

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SITE ANALYSIS

TAI PING SHAN STREET : SOUTH - WEST

CHA CHAAN TEN

CONVIENCE STORE

STUDIO

GROCERY STORE

FURNITURE STORE

OFFICE

CHINESE TEMPLE

PRINTING SHOP

PAI DONG (TEMPARORY STALL)

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GLOSSARY

GLOSSARY • • • • • • • •

Sustainabilty Sustainable Development Climate Microclimate Passive System Biophilia Biomass Carbon Zero

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GLOSSARY

SUSTAINABILITY “The ability to be sustained, supported, upheld, or confirmed.”

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” ENVIRONMENT

“Environmental Science. the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance.”

ECONOMY

“sustainability.” Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc.

SOCIAL

World Commission on Environment and Development - Our Common Future, 1987

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GLOSSARY

PASSIVE DESIGN

CLIMATE

“Designing the building and the spaces within it to benefit from natural light, ventilation and even temperatures.

It responds to local climate and site conditions to maximise building users’ comfort and health.

It achieves this by using free, renewable sources of energy such as sun and wind to provide household heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting.

It can also minimising energy use and environmental impacts such as greenhouse gas emissions.”

The Authority of Sustainable Building

“ Climate is a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time, while weather derscribes a short periods of time of the above variations.”

NASA - What’s the Difference Between Weather and Climate?:

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GLOSSARY

MICROCLIMATE

BIOPHILIA

“ Microclimate is a local atmospheric zone where the climate differs from the surrounding area.

It described a relative smaller area than climate. Microclimates exist by many specific conditions around the place, for example, in heavily urban areas, buildings’ brick, concrete, and asphalt absorb the sun’s energy and then heat up, and reradiate.

In the result, the place is heated up, generated heat island effect. “

Princeton Education: Microclimate:

“ Ininate tendency to focus on life and lifelike processes.” “ The connections that human beings subconsciously seek with the rest of life.”

- Natural shapes and forms - Shapes and forms environmental features - Natural patterns and processes - Light and space

Wilson, Edward O. (1984). Biophilia

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GLOSSARY

CARBON ZERO

BIOMASS “ Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms.

In the context of biomass for energy this is often used to mean plant based material, but biomass can equally apply to both animal and vegetable derived material. “ Including: Chemical Composition, Plant Material , Fossil Fuels

Biomass Energy Centre, UK

a.k.a Climate Neturality “Climate neutrality is achieved by balancing the amount of emissions your day-to-day activities or business operations generate, with the same amount being reduced (offset) elsewhere in the world.

Climate neutrality is not about zero emissions. It is about reducing current emissions to the point where we reach the ultimate balance between emissions and the absorptive capacity of the Earth.”

UNFCCC, Climate Neitral Now

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GLOSSARY

In our project, we would focus on:

SUSTAINABILITY BIOPHILLA

BIOMASS

CLIMATE

PASSIVE DESIGN

MICRO-CLIMATE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CARBON-ZERO

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HISTORY

CLIMATE • • • • • • • •

Sustainabilty Sustainable Development Climate Microclimate Passive System Biophilia Biomass Carbon Zero

63

northerly winds

high humidity. Fog and drizzle exist on high ground are very pleasant although there are occasional spells of high humidity. Fog and drizzle exist on high ground

are cloudier, with occasional cold fronts followed by dry northerly winds

CLIMATE OF HONG KONG

exceed 31 Degree C whereas at night, temperatures generally remain around 26 Degree C with high humidity. are hot and humid with occasional showers and thunderstorms, particularly during the mornings. Afternoon temperatures often exceed 31 Degree C whereas at night, temperatures generally remain around 26 Degree C with high humidity.

gales are not unusual at any time.

temperatures.

are most likely to be affected by tropical cyclones, although gales are not unusual at any time.

are pleasant breezes, plenty of sunshine and comfortable temperatures.

Temperature (oC) 35

30 Temperature (oC) 35 25 30 Maximum

20

Mean

25

Hong Kong’s climate is sub-tropical, tending towards temperate for nearly half the year

Minimum

15

Maximum

20

Mean

10 15

Percentage 10 90

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12 Minimum

10

11

12

Month Monthly means of daily maximum, mean and minimum temperature between 1981-2010

(%) 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Month 80

Monthly means of daily maximum, mean and minimum temperature between 1981-2010

Percentage (%)

Relative Humidity

70 90 60 80

CLoud Amount

50 70

Relative Humidity % of Possible Sunshine

40 60

CLoud Amount

30 50

% of Possible Sunshine

20 40 10 30

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

11

12

Month

20

Relative Humidity, cloud amount recorded at Hong Kong Observatory and percentage of possible sunshine at King’s Park between 1981-2010

10 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Month

Relative Humidity, cloud amount recorded at Hong Kong Observatory and percentage of possible sunshine at King’s Park between 1981-2010

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CLIMATE OF HONG KONG

WIND ROSE SHEUNG WAN ANNUAL- SPEEDS Wind Speed-Knots

ANNUAL PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION (째) / MEAN WIND SPEED (km/h)

110/ 8.3

Ta Kwu Ling

>13.8 8.0-13.8

N

3.4-7.9 0-3.3

080/ 12.9

Lau Fau Shan

040/ 12.5

Shek Kong

110/ 24.7

Tai Mo Shan

160/ 8.8

120 / 10.3

Tai Po

090/ 6.4

Tap Mun 090 / 8.1

Sha Tin

120/ 8.9

Tuen Mun

Tsing Yi

020 / 10.5

Sai Kung 090/ 11.0

W

Hong Kong Observatory

100/ 16.8

Hong Kong International Airport

30%

25%

20%

15%

E

10%

020 / 7.4

Tseung Kwan O

100/ 9.0

070/ 27.1

Wong Chuk Hang

Ngong Ping

100/ 18.4

Cheung Chau

S

The annual prevailing wind of Hong Kong is mainly from the East and North-East.

The annual prevailing wind of Sheung Wan Area is mainly from the East and North-East.

The summer wind is mainly coming from the East and the Southerly quarters.

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CLIMATE OF HONG KONG

WIND FLOW PATTERN OF SHEUNG WAN

POSSIBLE FLOW REGIMES

Isolated Roughness Flow

550.0 500.0

500.0

400.0

Wake Interference Flow

300.0

Skimming Flow

200.0

100.0

Victoria Peak

Mid-levels West Area

Sai Ying Pun & Sheung Wan

A possible (simplified) wind flow pattern across the site when the incoming “moderate wind” is from the south (left).

The Area can experience eddies, re-circulations and fluctuations.

The relationship between building height and street width ratio and the possible flow regimes.

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CLIMATE OF HONG KONG PASSIVE SUSTAINABILITY STRATEGY WIND REGIMES IN CANYONS

H1 H2 H3 W1

Existing

W1 : H1= 1:2 W2

Set back

W2 : H2= 1:3

NBA

Proposed by Professor Edward Ng, CUHK

Set back

W3

Set back

W3 : H3= 1:4

h

NBA

NBA

NBA

H1 H2

NBA

H3 W1 h: W1 : H1= 1:1:2

NBA

W2 h: W2 : H2= 1:1:3

Set back W3 h: W3 : H3= 1:1:4

NBA

The figure shows a generic understanding of the wind regimes in canyons, and canyons with downwashes. Beyond a H/W ratio of 2:1, the ground level of canyons, even with the so call downwash effects, will have very weak eddies and air ventilation.

Building Setback Building setback utilizing the scavenging lane. Wider streets can result. Within a street block, Non-Building Area (NBA) between site lots and setback from the street of each individual site could result in a more perforated urban morphology on the whole. This is beneficial to urban air ventilation.

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CLIMATE OF HONG KONG

R A IN FA LL IN HO NG KO NG 500

15

300 10 200 5

100

0

0

1

IN H O N G KO N G

Number of Rainy Day (day)

Rainy Day (Daily Rainfall >= 0.1mm)

400 Total Rainfall (mm)

20

Total Rainfall

2

3

4

5

6 7 Month

8

9

10

11

12

Monthly means of total rainfall and number of rainy day recorded at Hong Kong Observatory between 1981 and 2010

Average distribition of rainfall in Hong Kong (Isohyets are in millimeter)

The Hong Kong land Area = 1105km2

20

Olympic Swimming Pool’s volume = 25M * 25M * 1.8M =1125m3

15

10

5

Number of Rainy Day (day)

m)

The measurement of the rainfall volume can be desrcibed an valualized by numbers of OLYMPIC Swming Pool.

The numbers of swimming pools can be filled by the monthly rainfall : JAN

FEB

MAR

~240

~550

~810

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

~1140 ~3040 ~4574 ~3770 ~4330 ~3280 ~1000 ~376 ~280

0

6 7 Month

8

9

10

11

12

all and number of rainy day recorded at Hong atory between 1981 and 2010

The Hong Kong land Area = 1105km2

The rainfall can Average be collectdistribition of rainfall in Hong Kong ed by the buildings. Those (Isohyets are in millimeter) collected water can be filtered and reused in different ways as the following examples.

Olympic Swimming Pool’s volume = 25M * 25M * 1.8M

The measurement of the rainfall volume can be desrcibed an valualized by

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HISTORY

MICROCLIMATE • Vegetation (Hong Kong and Tai Ping Shan Street • Thermal Index of Material

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MICROCLIMATE

Species count in Hong Kong : Exotic

Bauhinia blakeana 洋紫荊

Bauhinia variegata 宮粉羊蹄甲

Cassia surattensis 黃槐

Cassia siamea 鐵刀木

Cassia fistula 豬腸豆

Native

20 % of toal species count Evergreen

Deciduious

38% of toal species count Delonix regia 鳳凰木

Peltophorum pterocarpum 雙翼豆

.Hibiscus tiliaceus 黃槿

Lagerstroemia indica 紫薇

Callistemon rigidus 紅千層

Melaleuca quinquenervia 白千層

Ficus microcarpa 細葉榕

Callistemon viminalis 串錢柳

.Spathodea campanulata 火焰木

Bombax malabaricum 木棉

7 % of toal species count 14 % of toal species count

Conifer

2 % of toal species count 5 % of toal species count

Palm & Palm-like

Total

1 % of toal species count 13 % of toal species count

30 % of toal species count 70 % of toal species count

Right: 25 Common Trees in Hong Kong

.Erythrina speciosa 象牙花

Archontophoenix alexandrae 假檳榔

Phoenix roebelenii 日本葵

Prunus persica 桃

Chrysalidocarpus lutescens 散尾葵

Livistona chinensis 蒲葵

Cinnamomum camphora 樟

Magnolia grandiflora 荷花玉蘭

.Liquidambar formosana 楓香

Aleurites moluccana 石栗

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MICROCLIMATE DECIDUOUS TREES STONE WALL TREES Deciduous trees provide shade in summers and sunlight in winters. They are in phase with the thermal year-gain and lose leaves in response to temperature changes.

A stonewall tree is defined as a tree growing on a stone retaining wall With the sub-tropical climate, the presence of plant species usually Ficus spp. with strangler growing habit, joints between the stonewall blocks, the soil behind the walls andground water seepage have permitted plant growth and stonewall trees have established on vertical surfaces on the stone retaining walls. These unique trees enrich the urban ecology and offer greenery to ameliorate the congested urban environment in Hong Kong.

1: Two Layers of Granite Stone 2: Mrotar made up of Clay, Rubble and Lime 3: Earthwork

Solar transmission can be as low as 20% for a deciduous tree in the summer.

Solar transmission can be as high as 70% for a deciduous tree in the summer.

Section of the Retaining Wall

STRANGLE

The strangler begins its life as an epiphyte and late sends down roots to the soil, becoming an independent plant and killing the tree by which it was originally supported.

Form thence their root spread down the trunk of the supporting to the ground and grow vigorously. Meanwhile, the side- roots encircle the trunk, joining up with other side-roots where they touch. The branches of the strangler begin to spread widely and overwhelm the crown of its support. The supporting tree usually dies and rots away, leaving the strangler as a hollow.

Warmth and Humidity allow the banyan seed to grow through the gap of Stones

Section of the Retaining Wall with tress grown

The arrangement of the Granite Stones according to their curvature

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MICROCLIMATE EVERGREEN TREES

VEGETATION IN HONG KONG

Evergreen trees with the dense canopy provides a great deal of shelter. For the greatest effect, mature trees should cover at least half the canopy space. This will provide some shelter from winter winds, and a significant amount of shading from hot summer sun.

Hong Kong, though small in size, the flora is diverse in character and surprisingly numerous in species.

Vegetation refers to the plants or plant communities covering the land surface of a particular place.

The major vegetation of Hong Kong belongs to the evergreen broadleaved forest of the subtropics. Besides those representative of southern China, many species typical of the Southeast Asian tropical flora are also seen here at the limit of their northern distribution range.

Common vegetation types found in Hong Kong include: grasslands, scrublands, woodlands, and coastal vegetation at the estuaries and beaches.Vegetation has certain characteristics: e.g., succession, density, and coverage.

To maintain the quality of tree, Evergreen in Hong Kong are require at least 60% of height is crown

About 3300 species and varieties of vascular plants have been recorded in Hong Kong, around 2100 of which are native and the rest are of exotic origin.

The diverse plant species in Hong Kong are our invaluable resources which deserve our appreciation and effort to conserve them.

SHADING

Vegetation is affected by interacting factors, e.g., climate, relief, parent material, time,organisms (including humans), and disturbance (e.g. natural: fire, landslides, floods; anthropogenic: forest cutting and clearing).

Vegetation covers some 60% of the land surface in Hong Kong. It offers diverse habitats andfood for the local fauna (animals). It also helps improve air and water quality, prevent water runoff and soil erosion.

(Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department)

Number of plants planted in the past 10 years (million) Trees shadow is define by the canopy shape and depth.

13.7 WIND BEARING

With the continue coverage of canopy and the combines deciduous and the evergreen trees and shrubs of different height to deflect wind upward.

75.9 Trees

Shurbs

10.2 Annuals

Number of plants planted in (2004-1014) : 99.8million

81

MICROCLIMATE Typical plant species to meet geographical environment Typical plant species to meet geographical environment

Vegetation Thickness

Location

Guidelines for species selection

Examples

Slopes/Woodland Planting

- Planting of native species and pioneer species aiming at establishment of a self sustainable woodland - Good coverage - Air pollution tolerant

Ardisia crenata (朱砂根), Bridelia tomentosa (土密樹), Castanopsis fissa (裂斗錐栗),

Underneath Flyovers

- Shade tolerant - Drought tolerant - Air pollution tolerant - Simple planting with strategic highlight

Spidistra lurida (九龍盤), Caryota ochlandra (魚尾葵), Chrysalidocarpus lutescens (散尾葵)

Flyover Edges

- Weeping habit - Flowering shrubs

Bougainvillea species (簕杜鵑類), Ixora chinensis (龍船花), Jasminum mesnyi (黃素馨),

Pedestrian Areas

- Canopy trees for shade - With seasonal visual interest - Upright tree form with adequate headroom - With non-invasive root system

Bauhinia species (羊蹄甲類), Bischofia javanica (秋楓), Cinnamomum burmannii (陰香),

Roadside and Verges

- Air pollution tolerant - Upright form - Dense foliage for screening - Different layers for visual interest

Brachychiton acerifolius (槭葉蘋婆), Crateva unilocularis (樹頭菜),

- Tolerance to salt spray of wind - Be able to withstand pruning effects of strong wind

Hibiscus tiliaceus (黃槿), Macaranga tanarius (血桐), Pongamia pinnata (水黃皮),

Coastal Areas

Vegetation of the study area provided by Planning Department.

The above show that the greenery coverage of the Area is small and the corresponding Ground Coverage (GC) is high.

Open spaces acting as “air spaces” where air ventilation can be relieved given the dense urban morphology, hence parks are built in area to provide open space.

(Development Bureau, may 2014)

(Development Bureau, may 2014) http://www.greening.gov.hk/en/planting_knowledge/species_for_planting.html

( Term Consultancy for Expert Evaluation and Advisory Services on Air Ventilation Assessment (PLNQ 37/2007) Final Report Sai Ying Pun & Sheung Wan Area)

83

MICROCLIMATE

VEGETATION

A greenery map of the Area based on land use data provided by Planning Department.

TREES ON STREET

TREES IN PARK

Species of Trees around Tai Ping Shan Street

85

MICROCLIMATE SPECIES OF TREES AROUND TAI PING SHAN STREET

SPECIES OF TREES AROUND TAI PING SHAN STREET 1. Ficus virens var. sublanceolata (大葉榕)

2. Ficus microcarpa (細葉榕) Characteristics

Characteristics

Family

Moraceae

Family

Moraceae

Branch

Little or even no aerial roots dropping from the branches

Branch

Long and spreading branches.Numerous tassels of slender aerial roots hanging from the branches.

Leaf

Leaf apex suddenly contracting to a narrow point, base may be obtuse, rounded or slightly cordate

Leaf

New leaves enclosed within the terminal stipules, which fall off as the leaf expands Flower

4 times a year, except February, March and August. A special kind of fig wasp helps in pollination.

Fruit

The fig is pale green in colour at first, later turn to cream, red, and then dark purple as time pass.

Leaf apex suddenly narrowing to a short point, base tapering, margin entire.

Texture smooth and firm, veins inconspicuous.

Young leaves light green in colour, getting darker as summer approaches Flower

Flowers unisexual, minute, produced on the inner surface of a hollow fig.

Fruit

The ripe figs are round, at first pale green in colour with white spots, later turn to pink, red, purple and then black as time pass.

Flowering throughout the year.

Grow in ones or twos in the leaf axils.

The fruit is quiet succulent when ripen.

Tai Ping Shan Street, Blake Gardens

Leaf

Common Name: Big-leaved fig

Spreading Crown

- Simple leaves - Deciduous

Ficus virens var. sublanceolata is a native deciduous tree. Well-grown specimens can be found in the garden of the Central Government Offices in Central, and as roadside trees in Fanling, Shatin, Mai Po and Yuen Long.

- Alternate - Long elliptical - Each 11 to 22 cm in length

Photo

Ficus microcarpa is slow growing.It processes a wide spreading crown of dense foliage. There are numerous tassels of slender aerial roots hanging from the branches, which will form new supporting trunks when reaching the ground.

Up to 15 m

Special Feature

The tiny flowers are produced inside the fig, where they are pollinated by a specific kind of fig wasp. The female wasp enters the fig and lays her eggs. The insects develop in the ovary of the flower. Male wasps emerge first and fertilize the females. When the female wasps emerge, they carry the pollen and bring them to other figs on the way to deposit their eggs. The pollination will then be achieved.

- Evergreen - Elliptical - Each 7 cm in

Ficus microcarpa, one of the most popular native trees in Hong Kong. It grows generally along roadsides or near villages for shade and windbreaks. It can grow in almost any conditions and in any type of soils, sometimes even clings to rocks or retaining walls. Being salt resistant, it grows wild near the coast. However, it cannot grow in sand, as it would not anchor the trunk sufficiently.

It is a kind of large shade tree, with smooth bark and a spreading crown. The single trunk grows up to 60 cm in diameter when fully grown. There is little or even no aerial roots dropping from the branches. All parts of the plant contain milky latex. The young leaves are light green in colour, which turn darker and darker as summer approaches.

60mm

Wide Spreading Crown

Common Name: Chinese banyan, Small-leaved banyan

Special Feature

It is often planted along roadsides for amenity and shade purposes. It withstands strong wind well and can grow in all but the extremely poor conditions. Although rather slow growing, it is ideal in the long term for providing shade and shelter. The purple ripen fruits are quite succulent and are sometimes eaten in the villages.

Leaf

Blake Gardens

length

Up to 15 m

Photo

For fully-grown tree Smooth bark

Bark dark brown in color

87

MICROCLIMATE SPECIES OF TREES AROUND TAI PING SHAN STREET

SPECIES OF TREES AROUND TAI PING SHAN STREET

3. Aleurites moluccana (石栗)

4. Bauhinia blakeana (洋紫荊) Characteristics

Characteristics

Family

Euphorbiaceae

Family

Caesalpiniaceae

Branch

Young leaves, twigs and inflorescences are covered with a layer of white or pale brown minute scales.

Branch

Long and spreading or drooping branches.

Leaf

Leaf apex acute, base rounded, margin entire and wavy; with 3 to 5 veins from the base. Leaves of young plants or in low branches, 3 or 5 lobed, base heartshaped.

Leaf

Leaf apex deeply notched to 1/4 or 1/3 of the blade length, base heart-shaped, margin entire; surfaces smooth and hairless. Veins radiating from the leaf base.

Flower

Unisexual, regular, flowering in spring.

Flower

Flowers bisexual, irregular, flowering from early November to March.

Flowers small, white, fragrant, made up of 5 free petals.

Rich magenta purple in colour, fragrant; made up of 5 free spreading petals, with darker veins on the uppermost petal.

Flowers in large clusters up to 10 to 15 cm wide, at the branch ends; male and female flowers found in the same panicle.

Fruit

Fruit

Fruit round, hard, apple-shaped, up to 4 cm across.

Containing 1 to 2 oily seeds. Produced in autumn.

Photo

It is believed that all the Bauhinia Blakeana were propagated from the same tree discovered on Hong Kong Island a hundred years ago.

Leaf

Blake Gardens

This species rarely produces seed. It is propagated by air layering, stem cuttings or grafting.

Photo

Leaf

Kui In Fong

- Simple leaves

Common Name: Candlenut tree

- Alternate

- Simple leaves

Common Name: Hong Kong orchid tree

- Alternate

- Dropping - Oval - Each 7 -25 cm in length

- Twolobed

Bauhinia blakeana was first discovered in Hong Kong at the end of the 19th century by the fathers of the French Mission at Pok Fu Lam and named after Sir Henry Blake, a former Governor of Hong Kong.

It was selected to be Hong Kong’s emblem in 1965.

With the establishment of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region on 1st July 1997, the flower was adopted as a logo on the regional flag.

Special Feature

From a distance, the crown appears whitish or frosted due to the coating of a layer of white or pale brown minute scales on the young leaves, twigs and inflorescences. Aged leaves lose the scaly covering and appear a glossy dark green. The bark is greyish white in colour, with prominent lenticels on the surface.

During the flowering period from early November till March, purplish red flowers hanging on the tree, give out a pleasant scent. Each flower made up of 5 free spreading petals, with darker veins on the uppermost petal.

Up to 9 m

Special Feature

- Equal length - Each 8 -15 cm in length

10-12 m

Aleurites moluccana, originated from Malaysia and Polynesia, now widely grown in most tropical countries. It is quick growing, regular shaped and possess a dense crown.

Thus it is commonly planted as shade and roadside tree.

Being cold resistant, and able to withstand strong wind, it grows well in sheltered environments with good soil.

Its seeds can be used to extract oil, to make paints and soaps. Toasted fruits taste like peanuts, have medicinal values in relieving diarrhoea. Excessive consumption may lead to vomit and diarrhoea.

Bark greyish white in colour, with prominent lenticels on the surface

Bark greyish white or light brown in colour

89

MICROCLIMATE SPECIES OF TREES AROUND TAI PING SHAN STREET

SPECIES OF TREES AROUND TAI PING SHAN STREET

5. Delonix regia (鳳凰木) Characteristics Family

Caesalpiniaceae

Branch

Thriving and drooping branches

Leaf

Each leaf with 10 to 20 pairs of pinnae, each pinna with 20 to 40 pairs of leaflets.

Flower

New leaves and flowers appear in early summer. Flowers will not appear in its first 8 years.

Leaflets oblong, apex rounded, base obtuse, margin entire.

Flowers bisexual, irregular, densely clustered. Large red flowers; corolla made up of 5 free petals, with a white and yellow striped upper petal.

Fruit

Woody elongated pod, hard and flatten; green at first, dark brown when ripen.

Seeds in pod are poisonous, may cause dizziness and diarrhoea when eaten.

Photo

Blake Gardens

Leaf

Common Name: Flame of the forest

- Compound leaves

Delonix regia originated from Madagascar, is commonly seen in tropical areas.

It prefers sheltered environments with adequate sunlight and good soil. It cannot stand well to wind and is not suitable for planting on hillsides.

- Deciduous

Carmona microphylla [基及樹 (福建茶)] Characteristics Family

Boraginaceae (紫草科)

Habit

Shrub

- Bipinnate - Alternate - Each 20 to 60 cm in length

Rhododendron farrerae (華麗杜鵑) Characteristics Family

Ericaceae (杜鵑花科)

Delonix regia is quick growing. It processes an umbrella-shaped crown and drooping canopy. Its flowers are red in colour and densely clustered together. The corolla is made up of 5 free petals, with a white and yellow striped upper petal.

Habit

Shrub

The tree looks like a glowing flambeau during the flowering season. It was said that a navigator screamed out for forest fire when he saw the blooming of flowers of the trees in Madagascar.“Flame of the forest” was then named.

Its wood can be used as firewood while the bark can be used as medicine to lower the blood pressure and relieve dizziness.

Up to 12 m

Special Feature

Ixora chinensis [龍船花 (山丹)] Characteristics Bark greyish brown, with pink wood underneath

Family

Rubiaceae (茜草科)

Habit

Shrub

91

MICROCLIMATE

93

MICROCLIMATE

95

MICROCLIMATE

97

MICROCLIMATE

99

PASSIVE SYSTEM

PASSIVE SYSTEM • • • •

Ventilation System Heating and Cooling System Passive Solar System Precedent Studies

101

PASSIVE SYSTEM

Chessboard arrangement of towers can avoid the effect of wind shadow and allow the towers in the back row to receive wind breeze.

Horizontal openings near floor level are most effective than vertical openings for ventilation purposes.

Friction-stayed casement windows on the windward side of the building offer some directional control of indoor airflow into occupied zones..

Horizontal and vertical fins tend to trap and channel the wind into the building.

Only one facade that windows should be located to provide ventilation openings at different heights to induce local air movement.

Having large openings for the passage of air and reducing the number of rooms through which the air has to pass. .

To be effective for personal thermal comfort, the air path through the building must pass through the occupant zone, that is, within 2m of floor level..

Gridiron arrangement may be desirable when the prevailing wind comes at an angle.

Uniformity of height and excessive variation are to be avoided. Lower building blocks should face the prevailing wind direction.

PLANNING OF BUILDING CLUSTERS TO MAXIMIZE VENTILATION

BUILDING ENVEOPE DESIGNS FOR NATURAL VENTILATION 103

PASSIVE SYSTEM

Wind ventilation is a kind of passive ventilation that uses the force of the wind to pull air through the building.

WIND VENTILATION - CROSS VENTILATION window horizontal placement of cross ventilation

WINDOW HORIZONTAL PLACEMENT OF CROSS VENTILATION opening height affect passive ventilation

105

PASSIVE SYSTEM

NATURAL VENTILATION

AIR JETS

It is a passive strategy using both wind and temperature differences to cool or ventiate spaces. This would helps improving air quality and ventilation include improved air quality and increased energy efficiency. Adding anactive component can enhance the effective of these strategies shown.

As airflow passes through a well-ventilated room, ‘air jet’ is formed. Increased airflow would enhancing the heat removal from building surface.

STACK VENTILATION SECTION

CROSS VENTILATION SECTION

CROSS VENTILATION PLAN

airflow movement

107

PASSIVE SYSTEM WIND VENTILATION Wing walls project outward next to a window, so that even a slight breeze against the wall creates a high pressure zone on one side and low on the other. The pressure differential draws outdoor air in through one open window and out the adjacent one. Wing walls are especially effective on sites with low outdoor air velocity and variable wind directions.

different wing walls of better and worse effectives (on same wall and adjacent walls)

opening height affects passive ventilation

109

PASSIVE SYSTEM STACK VENTILATION AND BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE Stack ventilation and Bernoulli’s principle are two kinds of passive ventilation that use air pressure differences due to height to pull air through the building. Lower pressures higher in the building help pull air upward. The difference between stack ventilation and Bernoulli’s principle is where the pressure difference comes from.

CROSS-VENTILATION SYSTEM STACK VENTILATION SECTIONS

combination of horizontal and vertical air pathways

111

PASSIVE SYSTEM STACK VENTILATION - SOLAR CHIMNEY

TROMBE WALL

A solar chimney uses the sun’s heat to provide cooling, using the stack effect. Solar heat gain warms a column of air, which then rises, pulling new outside air through the building. They are also called thermal chimneys or thermosyphons.

A Trombe wall is a passive solar building technique where a wall is built on the winter sun side of a building with a glass external layer and a high heat capacity internal layer separated by a layer of air.

different solar chimney designs, from a simple black-painted pipe to integrated trombe roof structure

solar chimney compared to a trombe wall Advanced solar chimneys can involve Trombe walls or other means of absorbing and storing heat in the chimney to maximize the sun’s effect, and keep it working after sunset. Solar chimneys are generally best when insulated from occupied spaces, so they do not transfer the sun’s heat to those spaces but only provide cooling.

113

PASSIVE SYSTEM OTHER POSSIBLE PASSIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS A solar chimney uses the sun’s heat to provide cooling, using the stack effect. Solar heat gain warms a column of air, which then rises, pulling new outside air through the building. They are also called thermal chimneys or thermosyphons.

mass wall

trombe wall

typical passive system water wall

semi-direction gain surface

glazing insulation thermal mass airflow radiation

thermosiphon with structure

Rockbed charged form a surface during the day

Heat passive discharged at night from rockbed

indirection gain surface

thermoaypion system

115

PASSIVE SYSTEM PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEM DIRECT SYSTEMS

INDIRECT SYSTEM

DIRECT GAIN/LOSS Direct gain is the most common passive solar approach; most structures use it to some degree. Collection and storage are integral to the space. Thermal storage, incorporated within the building structure, absorbs solar energy. During Cooling season, windows, walls, and roofs can be openable for natural or induced ventilation, cooling both the mass and space.

ROOF POND During heating seasons, insulation panels are moved to expose the storage mass to the sun in the day. Energy is absorbed by roof pond. At night, the panels are replaced over the storage, allowing stored heat to radiate to the building’s interior. The process is reversed in summer. The roofpond, insulated from the high summer sun during the day, absorbs the building’s internal heat. At night, the insulation is opened to allow stored heat to radiate to the sky.

INDIRECT SYSTEMS

ISOLATED SYSTEMS

THERMAL STORAGE WALL-MASS WALL Thermal storage walls are based on a ‘’sun to mass to space’’ concept. Collection and storage are seperated from the space, but linked thermally. Energy is transferred by conduction through wall, then by radiation to the space. A mass wall can be vented during the day. In the mass wall system, storage usually is in masonry or concrete directly behind the south glazing. Mass walls should be vented to the exterior and shaded during summer.

SUNSPACE Heating sollar collection and primary thermal storage often are isolated from living spaces, although variations are possible.

Heating solar system functions independently of the building interior, although heat can be drawn from sunspace as needed. For cooling, sunspace cab be used to induce a convective flow from the exterior, and should be shaded, preferably on the exterior.

INDIRECT SYSTEMS

ISOLATED SYSTEMS

THERMAL STORAGE WALL-WATER WALL Water wall systems use liquid, often held in barrier or tubes directly behind south-facing glass, as the thermal storage medium. Solar radiation is absorbed by the contained water.

This energy is released gradually, as needed, to the interior. Potential water problems are corrosion and bacteria and algae growth. A water wall should be shaded or vented to the exterior during cooling periods. Provide freeze protection where reauired.

THERMOSPHON A natural convection system, relies on the rise and fall of heated and cooled elements such as air. Air moves without mechanical assistance as temperature changes. When the sun warms a collector surface, warm air raised. Cooler air is pulled from the storage bottom, causinga natural convection loop.

Head is convected into the space or stored in the termal mass until needed. In cooling seasons, collectors may be used as a thermal chimney. Warm air rises, inducing precooled air from the ground or other source up through the storage mass to cool it.

117

PASSIVE SYSTEM SHADING DEVICES

overhang

louvered overhang

overhang with louvered

awining

light shelf

horizontal shading device

vertical shading device

eggcrate shading device

vertical louvers

window shading devices

segmental shading mask

external blinds

blind between glass

internal blinds

internal shades

radial shading mask

combination shading mask

SHADING DEVICES AND MASK

shading devices near glazing surface

119

PASSIVE SYSTEM SHADING DEVICES

vertical shading device

horizontal shading device

eggcrate shading device

121

PASSIVE SYSTEM

PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEM FIBRE GLASS WATER STORAGE TUBE

The Water tubes prevent temperature swings in greenhouse or sunroom by storing excess solar energy. It is a low tech thermal mass machines without moving parts.

Daytime (cooling) Tater storage tubes prevent wide temperature swings by absorbing and diffusing the sometimes overwhelming solar energy.

Night (heating) The tubes release stored energy to help keep the attached greenhouse or solarium deck from getting too cold.

123

PASSIVE SYSTEM PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEM ECO DOME, CALEARTH

The Eco-Dome home is built with coils of earth-filled sandbag tubes with wire barded in a cloverleaf pattern, stabilized with cement or lime. This technology was designed and built by architect Nader Khalili. The main dome is the living room with four surrounding niches for the kitchen, bathroom and small “bed-womb” plus a “windscoop” for passive cooling and heating.

Sandbags give a lot of thermal mass which gives the propoerty to the dome home that storing heat or cool without the need for heating or cooling with machines .

125

PASSIVE SYSTEM PASSIVE HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEM EARTH TUBES SYSTEM

Earth tubes is a passive heating and cooling technique which has been used for thousand years. The technique uses the constant 50 degree temperature of the earth for passive heating and cooling system, which best suited for climates that have extreme weather conditions.

Summer Incoming air is being pre-cooled by passing through the earth tubes buried under the earth before bringing into the building envelope.

Winter The cold Incoming air is being pre-heatedby passing through the earth tubes and finally bringing into the building.

127

PASSIVE SYSTEM PASSIVE VENTILATION SYSTEM . PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM THE ANCIENT PERSIAN WINDCATCHER

A wind catcher is a cooling tower that can bring interior temperatures down by directing airflow from the wind or by using a temperature gradient.

The Wind tower raised 15m above ground to capture wind which with the greatest velocity and the air is cleaner which with least sand.

There is a funnel which helps accelerate the decending air while the wind excert a high pressure downward. The circulation of air convey a cooling breeze. An opposite effect has been created on the other side, which strong updraught of air maintain the circulation

129

PASSIVE SYSTEM PASSIVE VENTILATION SYSTEM . PASSIVE COOLING SYSTEM THE WIND COWLS BY BEDZED

The Wind cowls were a modern application inspired by the Ancient Persian Windcatchers, designed for the BedZed housing project in the U.K. The Wind cowls could adjust to the direction of wind, which draw air through a passive ventilation system by making use of the fast wind above the roof tops. The apartment below with air minimized heat lost. The fast rooftop winds get scrooped into the buildings and the larger ourlets create lower pressures to naturally suck air out.

131

PASSIVE SYSTEM WATER COOLING SYSTEM THE SONY CITY OSAKI BUILDING BY NIKKEN SEKKEI

As nowadays most of the building are built with concrete, the urban heat island effect has been caused. The Sony Osaki Building designed by Nikken Sekkei serve like a huge cooling system for the city. It is built with a skin of water-filled ceramic pipes known as BioSkin.

BioSkin reduces the surface temperature of a building up to 12°C, and can even lower the micro-climate surrounding the building 2°C. The Principle is the the BioSkin tubes are made of extruded aluminum cores, with a highly water-retentive shell attached. When rainwater collects on the rooftop, it is then drained to a subsurface storage tank, where it is filtered and sterilized.

This water is then pumped up and circulated through the pipes. Rainwater penetrates outward through the porous ceramic, evaporating from the pipe’s surface, cooling the surrounding air.

133

PASSIVE SYSTEM WATER COOLING SYSTEM THE CH2 MELBOURNE CITY COUNCIL HOUSE 2

It is an office building located at 240 Little Collins Street in the CBD, in Melbourne, Australia. The Shower towers are used on the southern faรงade, which are made from tubes of lightweight fabric 1.4 meters in diameter. AIr outside has been drawn from above street level and cool the air by evaporation to form the shower of water. The cool water is used to pre-cool the water coming from the chilled water panels, while the cool air is used to supplied to the retail spaces.

The towers areTesting from these towers has shown a temperature reduction of 4 to 13 degrees Celsius from the top of the tower to the bottom of the tower.

135

PASSIVE SYSTEM EXAMPLE - COOLING BY PLANTS BOSCO VERTICALE BY BOERI STUDIO, MILAN

Bosco Verticale is a model of vertical densification of nature within the city.

It is located in the centre of Milan and will host 900 trees apart from a wide range of shrubs and floral plants.

The Bosco Verticale aids in the creation of a microclimate and in filtering the dust particles contained in the urban environment. The diversity of the plants and their characteristics produce humidity, absorb CO2 and dust particles, producing oxygen and protect from radiation and acoustic pollution, improving the quality of living spaces and saving energy. Plant irrigation will be produced to great extent through the filtering and reuse of the grey waters produced by the building.

137

PASSIVE SYSTEM EXAMPLE - COOLING BY PLANTS STACKING GREEN HOUSE BY VO TRONG NGHIA, SAIGON, VIETNAM

The house is located in Saigon, Vietnam, Which isone of the highest population densities in the world. It is on a block of land which measures only 4m in width and 20m in length. The front and back faรงades are constructed of layers of concrete planters cantilevered from two side walls.

In Ho Chi Minh City,it is not unusual for the power to go out several times a day, electrically powered air conditioning or ventilation systems are rendered ineffective in the hot and humid summer. The stacking green house promote natural ventilation while reduce heat gain from the direct sun. It is a low maintenance system that runs the full height of the house providing shade, daylight, and a cooling breeze. The house is also protected from solar heat gain from above by a roof garden..

139

PASSIVE SYSTEM TILTED EARTH REVOLVING AROUND THE SUN

Summer Solstice (夏至點): 21 June

Vernal Equinox (春分點): 21 March

E

N

S Winter Solstice (冬至點): 22 December

W Autumnal Equinox (秋分點): 23 September

The Earth rotates on its own axis and orbits the Sun. Its axis of rotation is tipped by 23.5o. The rotating Earth keeps the orientation of its axis fixed in space as it revolves around the Sun. The Northern Hemisphere is inclined towards the Sun in June and away in December.

The latitudes of Hong Kong is 22o17’ and located in sub-tropical area (亞熱帶地區). As Hong Kong is located at north hemisphere (北半球). Therefore, we will recieve more sunlight from south.

141

PASSIVE SYSTEM SUN ANGLE AT SUMMER SOLSTICE

NORTH CELESTIAL POLE

THE SUN AT SUMMER SOLSTICE

ANGLE: 23.5˚

0700

1300

0900

1500

1100

1700

CELESTIAL EQUATOR

IP ECL

TIC

SOUTH CELESTIAL POLE

The point on the ecliptic (黃道) where the Sun is at its northernmost point above the celestial equator (天赤道) is called the summer solstice (夏至點). The day when the Sun is at the summer solstice has the longest daytime of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. It is around June 21 every year.

Building shading onTai Ping Shan Street

143

PASSIVE SYSTEM SUN ANGLE AT WINTER SOLSTICE

NORTH CELESTIAL POLE

TIC

IP ECL

0800

1400

1000

1600

CELESTIAL EQUATOR

ANGLE: 23.5˚

THE SUN AT WINTER SOLSTICE

SOUTH CELESTIAL POLE

Winter solstice (冬至點) the point on the ecliptic(黃道) where the Sun is at its southernmost point above the celestial equator (天赤道). The day when the Sun is at the winter solstice has the shortest daytime of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. It is around December 22 every year.

1200

Building shading onTai Ping Shan Street

145

PASSIVE SYSTEM SUNLIGHT WITHIN INTERIOR SPACE

147

PASSIVE SYSTEM WINDOW SHADING SYSTEM Partial Sun March & September 64o at noon

Dec 21 44o at noon (Full Sun)

June 21 84o at noon

149

PASSIVE SYSTEM

151

HISTORY

CONSUMPTION • Water Consumption • Energy Consumption • Rain Reuse

153

HISTORY

155

300 10 200 5

100

AVERAGE ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF HOUSEHOLD IN HONG KONG 2010

0

0

1

WATER BOILING

19%

COOKING

LIGHTING

20%

7%

Number of Rainy Day (d

Total Rainfall (m

HISTORY

2

3

4

5

6 7 Month

8

9

10

11

12

Monthly means of total rainfall and number of rainy day recorded at Hong Kong Observatory between 1981 and 2010

Average distribition of rainfall in Hong Kong (Isohyets are in millimeter)

The Hong Kong land Area = 1105km2

12

1 TJ = 10 Joules

AIR CONDITIONING

REFRIGERATION

OTHERS

12%

21%

21%

Residential energy use

6000

air-conditioning other

5000

cooking boiling water

JAN

FEB

MAR

~240

~550

~810

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

~1140 ~3040 ~4574 ~3770 ~4330 ~3280 ~1000 ~376 ~280

The rainfall can be collected by the buildings. Those collected water can be filtered and reused in different ways as the following examples.

Plant watering

Drink

Cooling

refrigeration

3000

( Cli mate of H on g Kon g:ht t p:/ / w w w.h ko.gov.h k/ cis / clima h k_ e.htm, (acce s s d 2 1 s t Ja nua r y 2 0 1 5 ), 2 0 1 3

2000

YEAR 2005

The measurement of the rainfall volume can be desrcibed an valualized by numbers of OLYMPIC Swming Pool.

The numbers of swimming pools can be filled by the monthly rainfall :

Toliet Flushing

4000

Olympic Swimming Pool’s volume = 25M * 25M * 1.8M =1125m3

lighting

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Awareness of people towards energy saving are still very low, as the energy consumption of people from 2005 to 2010 is showing an increasing trend. From the report, it is shown that energy used for air-conditioning spent 20% of the totally energy consumption of the household. reference: Hong Kong Energy End-Uses 2012

157

HISTORY

BOOK REFERENCE

•

鄭寶鴻 (2014). 此時彼刻：中西區百年繁 華. 香港: 中華書局(香港)有限公司.

•

鄭寶鴻 (2006). 港島街道百年 (A Century of Hong Kong Roads and Streets)》. 香 港: 三聯書店(香港)有限公司,

•

蔡宏興 & 陳翠兒 (2005). 空間之旅－－香 港建築百年. 香港: 三聯書店(香港)有限公 司.

•

冼玉儀 & 石翠華 (2010). 街角・人情 : 香港砵甸乍街以 西 = A sense of place : Hong Kong west of Pottinger Street, 香港: 三聯書店(香港)有限公司.

•

Woo, P. L. (2012). Sai Ying Pun TongLau Shops. Hong Kong: Ocean Printing Company.

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Wong, W. S. & Chan, H. W. (2007). Architectural Graphic Standards, 11th edition. U,S.: Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 11th edition.

•

鄭寶鴻 & (2014). 默默向上游 - 香港五十 年代社會影像. 香港: 商務印書館(香港)有 限公司,

•

丁新豹 & 黃廼錕 (1994). 四環九約 : 博物館藏歷史圖片 精選 = City of Victoria : a selection of the museum’s historical photographs. 香港: 香港歷史博物館.

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BOOK REFERENCE

WEBSITE REFERENCE History Pre-war Tong Lau: A Hong Kong Shophouse Typology • http://www.heritageworldmedia.com/downloads/pdfs/Hoyin%20Tong%20Lau.pdf The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance - Heritage Trails: Tai Ping Shan Street • http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/trails_sheungwan1.php?tid=24 The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance - Heritage Trails: Tai Ping Shan Street • http://www.amo.gov.hk/en/trails_sheungwan1.php?tid=24 Hello, my old China! Photographs from 1860s believed to be among earliest in existence offer a fascinating insight into life in the Far East • http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2601651/Hello-old-China-Photographs-1860s-believed-earliest-existence-offer-fascinatinginsight-life-Far-East.html#ixzz3Q4OdW4TH 別問我是誰 - 上環觀音廟: 水月宮 • http://bekemp.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=3921768

•

Guzowski, M. & (2010). Towards ZeroEnergy Architecture: New Solar Design. : Laurence King Publishing.

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Dekay, M. (2014). Sun, wind & light architectural design strategies, : Wiley.

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Wong, S. L. & Pang, W. C. (2010). Physics At Work: Astronomy and Space Science E1, U.S.: OXFORD University Press.

•

Wong, W. S. & Chan, H. W. (2000). Building Hong Kong environmental considerations.

Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press.

HK Man (香港在消失ing) • http://www.flickriver.com/photos/old-hk/tags/%E4%B8%8A%E7%92%B0/

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WEBSITE REFERENCE Glossary

Vegetation

“Sustainability.” Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, • <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sustainability>.

50 Common Trees in Hong Kong Volumne 1 • http://www.greening.gov.hk/tc/planting_knowledge/species_for_planting.html

World Commission on Environment and Development - Our Common Future • http://www.un-documents.net/our-common-future.pdf

Hong Kong Floral and Vegetation • http://www.hkflora.com/v2/vegetation/vegetation_def.php

Passive Design • :http://www.level.org.nz/passive-design

People, Trees, Harmony and Greening • http://www.greening.gov.hk/tc/people_tree_harmony/planting_records.html • http://www.greening.gov.hk/tc/planting_knowledge/historical_account.html

NASA - What’s the Difference Between Weather and Climate?: • http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/noaa-n/climate/climate_weather Wilson, Edward O. (1984). Biophilia • http://bekemp.mysinablog.com/index.php?op=ViewArticle&articleId=3921768

Hong Kong Herbarium • http://herbarium.gov.hk/SpecialTopicsList.aspx?Id=3 Agricultural, Fisheries and Conservation Department : Floral Conservation • https://www.afcd.gov.hk/english/conservation/con_flo/con_flo_intro/con_flo_intro.html

Microclimate: • https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Microclimate.html, Biomass Energy Centre, UK •

http://www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk,

UNFCCC, Climate Neitral Now: • http://climateneutralnow.org/Pages/ClimateNeutralNow.aspx#cnn_section2, accessed 25thJanuary, 215)

Climate Climate of Hong Kong: • http://www.hko.gov.hk/cis/climahk_e.htm, Term Consultancy for Expert Evaluation and Advisory Services on Air Ventilation Assessment • http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/ava_register/ProjInfo/AVRG59_AVA_FinalReport.pdf

Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Environment - Feasibility Study Working Paper 2B: Wind Tunnel Benchmarking Studies – Batch I • http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/p_study/prog_s/ucmapweb/ucmap_project/content/reports/final_report.pdf

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WEBSITE REFERENCE Glossary Autodesk sustainability workshop • http://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com/buildings/stack-ventilation-and-bernoullis-principle

Forbes • http://www.forbes.com/pictures/ekkl45ekl/eco-dome-home/#gallerycontent

Houzz • http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/28579905?utm_source=Houzz&utm_campaign=u590&utm_medium=email&utm_ content=gallery2

Earthbagbuilding • http://www.earthbagbuilding.com/projects/shop.htm

The Natural home building sources • https://www.thenaturalhome.com/heatstorage.htm Remodelista • http://www.remodelista.com/posts/stacking-green-house-an-urban-jungle-in-vietnam Archdaily • http://www.archdaily.com/529486/building-skin-developed-that-could-cool-our-cities/ • http://www.archdaily.com/395131/ch2-melbourne-city-council-house-2-designinc/51cc7244b3fc4be56b00007f_ch2-melbourne-citycouncil-house-2-designinc_22_bioclimatic_section_day_-_designinc-png/ Thisbigcity •

http://thisbigcity.net/how-ancient-persian-architecture-captured-wind-energy-underground-to-green-buildings/

The Longest way home • http://www.thelongestwayhome.com/blog/best-travel-photography/windcatchers-from-an-iranian-ghost-town/

Inspirationgreen • http://www.inspirationgreen.com/earthbag-construction.html Green garage • http://www.greengaragedetroit.com/index.php?title=Earth_Tubes CLEAR • http://www.stefanoboeriarchitetti.net/en/news/il-bosco-verticale/ Dezeen • http://www.dezeen.com/2014/05/15/stefano-boeri-bosco-verticale-vertical-forest-milan-skyscrapers/ 14.Living Green Magazine • http://livinggreenmag.com/2013/07/22/home-garden/the-ancient-art-of-passive-cooling-for-todays-green-living/ Stack Ventilation and Bernoulli’s Principle | Sustainability Workshop • sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com

Passive Solar System Solar Information for Hong Kong Island Hong Kong Island 的太陽資料 • http://www.hk-mcc.net/david/solarinformation/display.php?glong=114.2&glat=22.26&tz=8&location=Hong%20 Kong%20Island%20&locationchi=%20%AD%BB%B4%E4%AEq

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TUTOR: GERHARD BRUYNS LAI SO MAN BETHANY 12106176D LAM NING SUET FION 12106604D MOK SIU MAN CANDY 12106878D LEE CHING VERONICA 12105614D LEE KA YEE CHARLOTTE 12101021D LEUNG CHING LING PHYLLIS 12106367D WONG HO MING JJ 12106961D YIK WING CHUN CHRIS 14035276D

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