Hybrid Infrastructural Ecologies for Sydney by Sonny Meng Qi Xu

Hybrid Infrastructural Ecologies for Sydney KPF Paul Katz Fellowship 2018

Sonny Meng Qi Xu

Hybrid

adj composite; crossbreed; (multifunctional;) formed or composed of heterogeneous elements.

Infrastructural

adj of or pertaining to the basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning (and success and well-being) of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions (and amenities) including schools, (affordable housing, hospital, performing landscape, cultural center, public showers, street furniture) post offices, and prisons.

Ecologies

noun is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that straddles biology, geography, (architecture, landscape architecture, urban design, city planning, environmental science, social and cultural studies, economics, natural resource management) and Earth science.

for Sydney

proper noun Most populous city in Australia (with much to love, and yet much work to do)

Hybrid Infrastructural Ecologies for Sydney Proposed by: Sonny Meng Qi Xu Master of Architecture II ‘18 & Master of Landscape Architecture I AP ‘18 Harvard Graduate School of Design Advised by: Chris Reed, Mohsen Mostafavi, With generous inputs from Rosalea Monacella and Craig Douglas Infrastructure of the 21st century should no longer be designed as single-purpose structures. Instead, they should be imagined as hybrid, multi-functional systems that integrate transportation with ecological functions. In the recent past, there has been a resurgence of ecology as an integral part of design thinking. Ecological Urbanism (2010, 2016) edited by Mohsen Mostafavi and Gareth Doherty views “the fragility of the planet and its resources as an opportunity for speculative design innovations rather than as a form of technical legitimation for promoting conventional solutions.” Projective Ecologies (2013) edited by Chris Reed and Nina-Marie Lister replaces the Newtonian ecology concerning with “stability, certainty, and order” with “a set of conditions and relationships with political, economic, and social implications.” These ideas, rather than seeing infrastructure as management solutions, propose dynamic systems that can be combined to serve multiple purposes. “Infrastructural Urbanism” (1997) by Stan Allen and Landscape as Infrastructure (2017) by Pierre Bélanger redefine the roles of architects and landscape architects in infrastructure development and emphasize infrastructure as the backbone for resilient city. The city and its infrastructure need to be re-imagined in light of significant climate change, evolving economic drivers, and shifting social demographics. Recognizing the plurality of these ecological ideas and infrastructural theories, and through the multiple lenses established by ecologists, urbanists, architects and landscape architects, I examined Sydney’s existing infrastructural systems and explored visions for hybrid infrastructure that accommodate dynamic flux and flows. With its subtropical climate, beautiful landscapes, vibrant arts and culture, biodiversity and proximity to the world’s largest natural harbor, Sydney attracts a great number of residents and tourists alike. Despite these assets, Sydney is challenged by an array of urban issues. Climate change, inefficient mobility, social inequality, environmental injustice, rapidly increasing population (expected to increase by 3.1 million by 206l), and homelessness are the compounded complexity to be addressed. Sydney is beginning the process of transformation through recent public and private initiatives, notably the Hyperloop, high-speed rail, Western Sydney Airport, and Sustainable Sydney 2030. The city is investing $41.4 billion in public projects in the next four years - one of the biggest infrastructure developments Australia’s history. This presents a great opportunity to not only increase connectivity and transportation efficiency, but also address social, cultural, and environmental issues. Designers and planners can create value for the publics they serve through finding complementary opportunities for public infrastructures to solve multiple urban issues at the same time. How can infrastructural systems designed to restore and support a disappearing wildlife habitat simultaneously filter air and water, and combat drought and bushfires, and provide public space for urban dwellers? Seemingly contradictory, this type of question is ultimately focused on the issue of coordination and collaboration between stakeholders and proposing visionary multi-functional infrastructural ecologies. Trained as both an architect and a landscape architect, I am able to work at multiple scales - ranging from the material to the territorial - and at multiple time scales. Through thinking systematically and typologically, I will design operational strategies in response to various landscape and urban conditions. I brought the lessons from my past works to the Fellowship research, which will be structured around the study of three infrastructural ecologies: Green/ Blue, Transportation, and Social/ Cultural. During my travels and residency in Sydney, I documented and analyzed Sydney’s three infrastructural ecologies through a combination of techniques including spatial mapping, drawing,

model, film, photography, and interviews. I examined Sydney’s Green / Blue Infrastructural Ecology - including parks like Sydney Park, the Napier Street Reserve, and other open space networks - as performative landscape infrastructures that are not only recreational but also serve ecological functions such as air filtration, wildlife restoration, urban farming and water cleansing. By rethinking Sydney’s beaches, rivers and canals - including the Johnstons Creek, Parramatta River, Georges River, coastal salt marshes, seaside swimming pools, and tidal pools - I also investigated the man-made associated structures such as sea walls, dams, sewers, and sidewalks - and imagined them not as fixed concrete infrastructures that contain, tame, and control the natural forces but integrated dynamic systems that works with other types of infrastructure to accommodate multiple functions and changes. I gained a better understanding of Sydney’s existing coastal defense, and tried to come up with innovative methods to tackle climate change, sea-level rise, floods, droughts, and bushfires. Through analysing the Transportation Infrastructural Ecology - including highways, cable car, metro systems, pedestrian and bike networks, I aimed to explore ways in which the city can transform current transportation infrastructures, designed with a fixed, single-function in mind, in combination with underutilized spaces once served by these infrastructures to unlock hidden potential by imagining additional uses originally excluded in their planning process and increase social, environmental, and economic value. Cultural / Social Infrastructure was also considered and examined to uncover opportunities to address urban issues such as public space, play & recreation, homelessness and disappearing Aboriginal culture. By analyzing the strengths and shortcomings of each infrastructural ecology, I will explore new relationships through hybridized conditions. After my travel, I synthesized the research and analysis into a graphic report. Additionally, I proposed a series of design ideas accommodating the research to create more resilient, environmentally sensitive, ecologically productive, socially beneficial and culturally stimulating infrastructural ecologies. They will also act as speculative prototypical studies for academia, the profession, the Sydney government and the public. The hybrid infrastructural ecologies research along with the design studies can be applied globally, and the themes explored have significance to city development.

This research has been funded generously by the KPF Paul Katz Fellowship & KPF Foundation.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Blue-Green Infrastructural Ecologies

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Transportation Infrastructure

Transportation Infrastructural Ecologies

Transportation Infrastructure 9

Social-Cultural Infrastructure

Social-Cultural Infrastructural Ecologies

Social-Cultural Infrastructure

Blue-Green Infrastructural Ecologies

Green-Blue Infrastructural Ecologies Historically recreational spaces such as beaches and parks need to be reimagined and retooled in coastal cities like Sydney as infrastructure against climate change and storm surge.

Sydney is known internationally for its beautiful beaches. In Sydney alone, there are only 100 beaches, ranging from small ones that are only a few meters long to ones that are several kilometers. Famous beaches such as Bondi, Coogee and Manly all offer uniquely different experiences. With local communities’ rising concerns about sewage pollution, the the Beach Watch Program was established in 1989. The program kept the the beaches’ water and sand are relatively clean. The beaches are historically the social gathering places of people of all ages. Beach-goers engage in a full range of beach activities including surfing, swimming, kayaking, sailing, sunbathing, hiking…and the list goes on.

Sydney also has a network of rivers and canals such as the Parramatta River, Cooks River and Alexandra Canal that act as major ecological and transportation corridors but at the sametime major stormwater catchment basins. According the the Parramatta River Catchment Group’s estimations, with a waterway of 222.4 kilometers, the total catchment area of the Parramatta River is 257 square kilometers. And for Cooks River, according to the Cooks River Alliance, with a course of 23 kilometers, the catchment area is over 100 square kilometers. These natural river systems also support a very large population- with 235,000 people living in Parramatta region and 400,000 people living in the Cooks River area.

Sydney’s park and public space system is extensive. It has been calculated that around 98,000 hectares of native vegetation remains in the Sydney metropolitan area- about half of what is likely been existing since European arrivals. Over 400 parks are in Sydney, providing people in Sydney places of leisure and exercising. Centennial Parklands, comprised of over 360 hectares, provide habitats for a range of wildlife species including the pelicans, black swans, purple swamphens and flying foxes. Sydney Park, with its recent 11.2 million upgrade, has transformed from a clay-sourcing site to a stormwater harvesting system with channels and wetlands. The park successfully captures 850 million litres of stormwater a year, helping Sydney to achieve it’s 2030 target of reducing sediments/ nutrients from stormwater. The captured water also meets 10% of the local water demand.

In 2016, the journal Climatic Change has published a special edition of review papers which discussed the major natural hazards in Australia. For Australia, a country with 80% of Australian live within 50 kilometers of the coast, a sea-level rise of 1.1 metres (projected in the high-end scenario for 2100) will cause A$ 63 billion dollars worth of residential buildings at risk, exemplified by the devastating storm surge event that occured in Collaroy, Sydney in 2016, where many of the beachfront houses were destroyed.

On November 28th, 2018, Sydney was hit by the Worst November storm since 1984, with more than one month’s worth in just 90 minutes. The Observatory Hill recorded 125 mm (4.9 inches) of rain. This has caused a lot of flooding of tracks, roads and underpasses, and many traffic accidents. Fatalities and injuries also occurred.

On January 30th, 2019, Sydney experienced a major heat wave that reached 40 degrees Celsius (104°F), which has caused power outages for 45,000 homes in the Eastern suburbs. With climate change, these types of extreme wetness and extreme heat will only get worse in the upcoming years.

Despite Sydney’s abundance of the natural resources, the beaches, rivers, canals, wetlands and parks seem to be primarily for recreational uses only and are disconnected at the city scale. This chapter of the research project aims to examine Sydney’s existing conditions, to study the successful cases of Green-Blue Infrastructure design for resilience and adaptation, and to identify the potentials for a more climate-ready Sydney.

The research asks the following questions:

How can we upgrade the beaches, rivers, canals, wetlands and parks to better respond to heat waves, storm events and tidal actions?

How can the natural resources of Sydney be networked, connected and best utilized for increasing biodiversity and food production, improving air quality and quality of life?

How can we hybridize the Transportation and Social/Cultural Infrastructural Ecologies with what we learned from the Green-Blue infrastructural ecology?

Blue-Green Infrastructure

How can the historically recreational beaches and parks be reimagined to become a network of green-blue infrastructure in time of climate change and sea-level rise?

Blue-Green Infrastructure

La Perouse Location: 14 km (9 mi) south-east of Sydney CBD

La Perouse is a suburb in southeastern Sydney in New South Wales, Australia located 14 km from the Sydney central business district in the City of Randwick. Once known as “Gooriwal” to the Muruora-dial people, “La Perouse” became named after the French navigator Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse (1741–88), who landed on the northern shore of Botany Bay on 26 January 1788. It is one of few Sydney suburbs with a French name.

The La Perouse peninsula is the northern headland of Botany Bay. It is known for its historic structures including its old military outpost at Bare Island, 19th century Customs tower (used to guard against smugglers), church (missions for the Aboriginal reserve in 1885), and fortifications (part of the Eastern Command Fixed Defences unit designed to protect Botany Bay during WWII). In addition, La Perouse has a number of beautiful landscapes including the Kamay Botany Bay National Park, Congwong Beach, and Frenchmans Bay beach.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

La Perouse Landscape and Industries

The Kurnell Oil Refinery provides a backdrop for La Perouse, sulphur dioxide and other harmful pollutants are released into the ocean and air. The area is a popular spot for beach recreation and a habitat for native flora and fauna. 11

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Man-made infrastructural elements can be spotted all along the beach, often integrated and camouflaged into the rocks and vegetation. La Perouse, a historical beach and landing spot is an industrial landscape.

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La Perouse Native Flora and Fauna

Australian pigface plant (Carpobrotus rossii) and Pink Wax Flower (Eriostemon Australasius) 13

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Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and barnacles (Chthamalus stellatus)

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La Perouse Textures

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Natural and manade textures created by geological formation and erosion

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La Perouse Bare Island

The pedestrian wooden bridge to Bare Island 17

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Walking to Bare Island, an island used for Public Recreation, Nature Reserve and history museum.

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La Perouse Bare Island

The integration of rock formation and architecture. 19

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A water channel on the island.

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1,325’ 23

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Coogee to Bondi Coastal Walk Location: Eastern Coast of Sydney, Australia The scenic walk is six km (3.7 miles) long, which takes the hiker from Bondi to Tamarama, Bronte and Clovelly, and finally to Coogee, vise versa. One hour in each direction, the walk features stunning views of beaches, parks, cliffs, bays and rock pools. Programs also are scattered along the walk, with cafes, hotels, rest areas, restaurants, play areas, kiosks toilets and change-rooms. The Coogee to Bondi Coastal Walk connects many beaches and natural attractions.

Most beaches offer picnic shelters, play areas, kiosks, toilets and changerooms, Tamarama, Bronte, Coogee and Maroubra have free electric barbecues.

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Coogee to Bondi Coastal Walk

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Coogee to Bondi Coastal Walk

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Coogee to Bondi Coastal Walk

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Coogee to Bondi Coastal Walk Location:Sydney’s eastern suburbs Length: 6 km

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Gordons Ba

Goldstein Reserve

25’

440’

Dolphins Point

1,3

Coogee

250’

Grant Reserve

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Coogee Beach Location: City of Randwick, 8 km south-east of the Sydney CBD Coordinates: 33°55’13.60”S, 151°15’29.26”E Year: Inhabited by Aboriginal people, Coogee was first gazetted as a village in 1838 Coogee comes from the Aboriginal word “Koojah” which means “smelly place” or “koo-chai” which means “the smell of the seaweed drying” in the Bidigal language. The Aboriginal population was relocated in the mid-19th century, and the settlers have began to inhabit the area in 1800’s. Despite its pollution problems, Coogee has three historical saltwater baths: Giles Baths, Mclvers Baths, and Wylies Baths. It is also the end point of the famous Bondi to Coogee coastal walk.

The beach is 1,325’ long and about 250’ deep. From the front of the closest city building’s facade to the water is about ~440’.

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Coogee Beach

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Coogee Beach Resilent / Recreational Sectional Variatons

Above: Tide Pool Below: Shaded seating areas 37

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Above: Terraces and seating Below: Amphitheatre

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Coogee Beach Resilent / Recreational Sectional Variatons

Sketches showing the sectional changes along the Coogee Beach. The typical water e transform itself here into an array of different forms. The edges at Coogee not only for recreation, sun-cover, socializing and commercial acitivities. 39

Blue-Green Infrastructure

edge condition, for example, a seawall, which is found in many parts of the world, y provide resiliency against the tidal actions and storm surges but also creates spaces

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Coogee Beach Resilent / Recreational Sectional Variatons

The axonometric drawings reveals the different types of sp at the same time rises high enough for tidal protection agai 41

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patial conditions Coogee beach provide for the beach-goers, inst the rising sea.

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’

Coogee Beach

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’

Coogee Beach- Ross Jones Rockpool Location: South of Coogee Beach, City of Randwick, 8 km south-east of the Sydney CBD Coordinates: 33°55’13.60”S, 151°15’29.26”E Year: 1947 Built in 1947, The Ross Jones Rockpool is located at the south end of Coogee Beach. With zigzag steps, two rectangular shaped saltwater pools, castle-like turrets emerging from the water, the Rockpool is a very charming place to visit and swim. The main pool measure 50’ x 65’.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Coogee Beach Ross Jones Rockpool

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40’ Grant Reserve Playground 100’

Grant Reserve

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Coogee Beach- McIver Women’s Baths Location: 145-149R Beach St, Coogee NSW 2034, Australia South of Coogee Beach and Ross Jones Rockpool, City of Randwick, 8 km south-east of the Sydney CBD Coordinates: 33°55’27.29”S, 151°15’31.13”E Year: 1876 - 1886 Constructed from 1876 to 1886, the McIver Women’s Baths is a heritagelisted women’s baths, located in Coogee.

learn water safety skills. The pool measures 40’ x 100’.

The site where the pools occupies now, has been long used by the local Aboriginal women of the Eora people for bathing (where men frequent the northern side of Coogee Beach). The pool is continuously being used as a swimming pool for competitive swimming for women and a place to

Blue-Green Infrastructure

110’

155’

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Coogee Beach- Wylie’s Baths Location: Neptune Street, Coogee NSW 2034, South of Coogee Beach and McIver Women’s Baths City of Randwick, 8 km south-east of the Sydney CBD Coordinates: 33°55’32.75”S, 151°15’34.36”E Year: 1907 Constructed in 1907 by Henry Wylie, the father of Mina Wylie, who were one of Australia’s first female Olympic swimming atheletes, receiving Australia first olmypic gold. The pool allows the visitors to have a panoramic view of the Pacific Ocean and the famous Wedding Cake Island. The pool measures 110’ x 155’.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Coogee Beach Wylie’s Baths

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Clovelly

0’

2’

0’

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Waverley Cemetery

Clovelly Beach Location: 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Sydney CBD Coordinates: 33°54’48.85”S, 151°15’58.64”E Year: Name Changed to Clovelly in 1913 Clovelly is a small and peaceful beach that is located in the mouth of a narrow bay between two rocky ridges. There is a saltwater pool located in the southern side of the beach and the edges of the bay are concretized and constructed. The concrete structures are popular sunbathing spots. A large ramp on the northern side allow for disabled access to the water for people.

marine animals and plants such as anemones, barnacles, chitons, cockles, crabs, mussels, octopus, oysters, pipis, sea urchins, sea stars, snails and worms, whether they are dead or alive. Marine animals cannot be collected with the exception of blacklip abalone, eastern rock lobster and southern rock lobster. Marine vegetation cannot be collected except for sea lettuce and bait weed.

Located within the Bronte-Coogee Aquatic Reserve, the area is protected to prohibit the collection of small

The beach is 173’ long and about 360’ deep. With the pocket park behind the beach, the depth is 950’.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Clovelly Beach

’

’ 32

5’

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Clovelly Beach - The Geoff James Pool (Clovelly Ocean Pool) Location: Clovelly Road, Clovelly NSW 2031, Australia Coordinates: 33°54’51.00”S, 151°16’0.89”E Year: 1962

Adjacent to the Clovelly Beach on the southern side of the concrete promenade, the Geoff James Pool is a 75’ or 25m salt water pool with four lanes. With cafe, toilets, parking, and shower facilities nearby, the pool is great for laps and recreation.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Clovelly Beach

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Tamarama Park

Bronte Park

1,99

0’

225

925’

’

Waverley Cemetery 63

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Tamarama Beach

Bronte Beach Location: 2km south of Bondi Beach and North of Coogee Beach, in the Eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia Coordinates: 33°54’12.80”S, 151°16’4.77”E Year: 1900’s

The Bronte Beach is small recreational beach that attracts many visitors. At the south end of the beach, there is a 30-metre ocean pool, that is one of the most famous in Sydney. With many rock pools, and sandstone cliffs, and grassy parks, the Bronte Beach is provides great natural habitats for many sea critters. The beach is 925’ long and about 225’ deep. The Bronte Park acts as a Blue-Green buffer and protects the neighborhood from inundation. The

depth of the Park and the Beach is 1,990’.

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Bronte Beach

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Bronte Beach

Bronte Park

70’

’

125

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Bronte Beach - Bronte Baths Location: South of Bronte Beach, 2km south of Bondi Beach and North of Coogee Beach, in the Eastern suburbs of Sydney, Australia Coordinates: 33°54’19.04”S, 151°16’9.29”E Year: 1888 Opening in 1888, the Bronte Baths are built into the rock cliffs. Two sets of stairs lead you down from either side of the pool, connecting the saltwater pool to the nearby Bronte Park, changing facilities and the Bronte Beach. The shallow-ish water and smaller size makes the Bronte Baths family friendly, compared to its neighbouring pools.

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Bronte Beach - Bronte Baths

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470’

575’

1.8 Hectares

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Mackenzies Point Lookout Location: Bondi Bay, NSW, Australia

A small coastal nook between Bondi and Tamarama, MacKenzies Bay is a rocky inlet. However, every couple of years at the beginning of winter, the small cove turns into a beach. This is caused by a seasonal change when a low-pressure swell and an offshore wind sweep sand from nearby sandbars onto the shore, creating the MacKenzies Beach.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Mackenzies Point Lookout Near Tamarama Beach

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Mackenzies Point Lookout Near Tamarama Beach

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Bondi

5.3 Hectares

Tamarama

1,5

’

0’

Tamarama Beach

Bronte Beach

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Tamarama Beach Location: 7 km (4 mi) east of Sydney CBD Coordinates: 33°54’1.92”S, 151°16’13.53”E Area: 0.3 sq km (0.1 sq mi)

Tamarama beach and parks are popular places for recreation such as swimming, surfing, sunbathing, and picnics. Due to its deep waters, small size, and easterly conditions, Tamarama is considered dangerous for most swimmers even in moderate ocean swell. Despite its narrowness, Tamarama is nicknamed Glamarama (or Glamourama) for the glamourous “trend-setters” who come to sunbathe and be seen.

Tamarama was the site of Sydney’s first coastal amusement park, The Bondi Aquarium (1887). In 1906, Wonderland City replaced the Bondi Aquarium. Later in 1920, the New South Wales government bought the land and established Tamarama Park.

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Tamarama Beach

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North Bondi

0’

’

550

00’

2,5

Bondi

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Bondi Beach Location: 7 km East of Sydney CBD Coordinates: 33°53’29.31”S, 151°16’36.06”E Year: 1851 Bondi Beach is a popular beach in Sydney, New South Wales, and is one of the most visited tourist sites in Australia. The name “Bondi” or “Boondi” Come from the Aboriginal word meaning water breaking over rocks or noise of water break over rocks. At 1 KM long, the beach is a very popular surfing and swimming location. The beach is protected by underwater shark net, that overlaps and protects parts of the water close to shore. With free Wifi being implemented in 2011, locals and tourists alike can access events and business

information. A large commercial area stretches along the beach, with restaurants, cafes and hotels that overlook the beach. The Bondi Iceberg is a historical and famous swim club that dates back to 1929 and is open to the public. The Bondi Skate Park is also a popular destination since 1991. The farmers market opens weekly on Saturdays attracting locals and tourists with its fresh produce and street food.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Bondi Beach

The integration of infrastructure, social hang-out spaces and nature. Algae and barnacles cover the surface of concrete structures and rocks alike. 83

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Swimmers, surfers, and beach-goers exploring the algae-covered rocky landscape.

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Bondi Beach Textures and Colors

The Bondi Ocean outfalls sewage system was completed in 1889. The design of the blue-green infrastructure, here a excess-water discharge, also provide social spaces for people to sit around, hang-out and enjoy the ocean view. 85

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The various textures found at Bondi Beach. The rocks have been eroded by wave actions, creating pockets for organisms to live.

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Bondi Beach Sketches

Sketches from Bondi Beach, hilighting the colors, forms and textures. 87

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Bondi Beach

125’

185’

Hunter Park Bondi to Bronte Coastal Walk Begins

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Bondi Beach - Bondi Icebergs Swimming Club Location: 7 km East of Sydney CBD Coordinates: 33°53’42.51”S, 151°16’28.89”E Year: 1929 Bondi Icebergs Swimming Club began in 1929, when a group of local life savers wanted to maintain their fitness in the Winter months. The Swimming Club gained fame both nationally and internationally, especially today on social media because of its beautiful settings and supporting architecture. The Swimming Club also has very struct constitution, where members only maintain their memberships by competing three Sundays out of four for a period of five years. Controversially, the swimming Club did

not open its doors to women until the year of 1995.

Blue-Green Infrastructure

Bondi Beach - Bondi Icebergs Swimming Club

The Bondi Icerbergs Swimming Club’s hotel, was designed and renovated by Marchese Partners. the renovations completed in 2013 had a budget of $10 million. The design offers a restaurant, a new Club facility and new headquarters for the Australian Surf Life Saving Association. 91

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View looking at the pools from the cliff sides. At high tides, the waves crashes into the pool.

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Bondi Beach - Bondi Icebergs Swimming Club

The strata of the rocks, the layering of landscape architecture and the horizontal expression of the Bondi Icebergs architecture. 93

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View looking from the rocky beach.

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Bondi Beach - The Iceberg Axonometric Drawing

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How do we create rockpools that are beautiful to swim in, at the same time protect the nearby buildings from tidal actions?

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Bondi Beach

’

Biddigal Reserve

0’

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Bondi Beach - North Bondi Children’s Pool Location: 65 Ramsgate Ave, North Bondi NSW 2026, Australia Coordinates: 33°53’28.71”S, 151°16’56.47”E Date: 1947, reconstructed in the 1960s First constructed in 1947 by the Waverley Muncipal Council, the North Bondi Children’s Pool (also known as the Mermaid pool or Mermaid baths) is located below the Biddigal Reserve at North Bondi. The pool was later reconstructed to incorporate the mosaic wall murals which still can be seen today. The murals innitiated by volunteers from the Bondi Community, can be found along the length of the pool, featuring images of sea.

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Bondi Beach North Bondi Children’s Pool

The man-made fits snuggly into the varying topography and rocky landscape. 99

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The cliffs edges of Bondi Beach are common places for people to mediate.

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100

Freshwater

Freshwater Beach

Manly Lagoon

250’ 395’ Ivanhoe Park

Manly Wharf

0.4

101

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ile

Manly

0.9 miles

Fairlight

Manly Beach, Lagoon & Creek Location: Manly NSW, Australia Coordinates: 33°47’36.09”S, 151°17’15.45”E Year: Pre-colonial

Manly is notable for its beaches. Sandy beaches stretches along the ocean coast and harbor with a number of rock pools and Norfolk Island pine trees. The Corso, the main commercial area runs from the harbourside at Manly wharf to the ocean side at Manly Beach. Being a popular tourist destination, these areas are well connected via ferry and bus services. The Manly Ferry ride is a 30-minute scenic journey offering view of the Sydney Harbour, surrounding national parks, and iconic

destinations such as the Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge. The beach is 0.9 miles long and 250’ deep. From the closest building’s facade to the water edge is about 395’.

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102

Manly Beach - Manly Wharf

103

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104

Manly Beach

105

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200

’

70’

Manly Creek

Manly Beach - Quuenscliff Rockpool Location: 2096 N Steyne, Queenscliff NSW 2095, Australia Coordinates: 33°47’10.37”S, 151°17’21.78”E Year: 1937

Manly is notable for its beaches. Sandy beaches stretches along the ocean coast and harbor with a number of rock pools and Norfolk Island pine trees. The Corso, the main commercial area runs from the harborside at Manly wharf to the ocean side at Manly Beach. Being a popular tourist destination, these areas are well connected via ferry and bus services. The Manly Ferry ride is a 30-minute scenic journey offering view of the Sydney Harbour, surrounding national parks, and iconic

destinations such as the Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge. The beach is 0.9 miles long and 250’ deep. From the closest building’s facade to the water edge is about 395’.

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106

Manly Beach - Queenscliff Rockpool

107

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108

Manly Lagoon and Creek

109

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110

Clifton Garden

Taronga Zoo Sydney

3.92 sq km or. 1.5 sq mi

111

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Sydney Harbour National Park Location: Sydney NSW, Australia Date: 4 April 1975 Size: 3.92 sq km (1.5 sq mi)

The Sydney Harbour National Park ,an Australian national park in New South Wales, comprises part of Port Jackson, Sydney and its foreshores and islands. The national park protects the landforms of Bradleys Head, Clark Island, Dobroyd Head, Fort Denison, Georges Head, Goat Island, Middle Head, Nielsen Park, Rodd Island, Shark Island, Sydney Heads including the Quarantine Station at North Head and The Gap bluff at South Head. It also protests the waterway between North Head and Dobroyd Head, named the North

Sydney Harbour Aquatic Reserve. The national park hosts a wide range of important ecological, social, and historical functions. It is known for its sheltered beaches, scenic picnic areas, aquatic reserves and harbour islands, and deep Aboriginal, colonial, and military heritage. The Guringai Resting Places are Aboriginal reburial sites. Many military fortifications across the park dates back to the early years of the colony. Archaeological artifacts and engravings can be found at the Quarantine Station.

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112

Sydney Harbour National Park

113

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114

Bradley’s Head Amphitheatre

115

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116

Surry Hills

ile

Moore Park 131 hectares

Centennial Park 200 hectares

0.6

Kensington

117

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Queens Park 30 hectares

Centennial Parklands Location: Eastern suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Coordinates: 33°54’3.89”S, 151°13’49.30”E Year: 1816

Randwick

Comprised about 360 hectares (890 acres) and composed of three urban parklands, Centennial Parklands holds national, state and local heritage significance. Zooming in and focusing on the Centennial Park, the largest of the three parks which is at 200 hectares. Within Centennial Park, the Lachlan swamps, located within the Sydney Common, were naturally aquified and an ideal source of freshwater. The Lachlan Water Tunnel, also known as the Busby’s Bore was Sydney’s first

piped water supply. The tunnel at 3.7 km long, 1.7 m high x 1.4 m wide carried water from Lachlan Swamps to Hyde Park. The tunnel can supply Sydney with 15 days of water (at 6.8 megalitres).

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Inside Centennial Park, the varying kinds of vegetation and topography create many different habitats for animals- photographed here is a Long-billed Corella. 121

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Pelicans, Ducks, Australian White Ibis and Purple Swamphen among other waterfowls can be found in Centennial Park.

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The canal and water drainage in Centennial Park. 123

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The different kinds of water fountains scattered in the Park.

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Transportational Infrastructure: rentable Centenntial Park Cycles and biking & running trails.

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How can we create more conditions like Centennial Parklands, where the rainwater is capture, freshwater is cleansed and stored, and habitats preserved? Blue-Green Infrastructure

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The Royal Botanic Gardens Location: The Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Coordinates: 33°51’53.35”S, 151°13’0.24”E Area: 30 hectares (74 acres) Year: 1816

The Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney is a major heritage botanical garden, event venue and public recreation area on the eastern edge of the Sydney central business district. Opened in 1816, it is the oldest scientific institution in Australia and one of the most important historic botanical institutions in the world. The main structure and elements were designed by Charles Moore and Joseph Maiden; other elements were designed

and built under the supervision of Allan Cunningham, Richard Cunningham, and Carrick Chambers. Located on the Sydney Harbour, the Royal Botanic Garden is adjacent to the large public parks of The Domain as well as the Sydney Opera House. The garden is next to the Cahill Expressway on the south and west side, Macquarie Street on the northwest, Art Gallery Road to the east, and the Sydney Harbour to the north.

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The Royal Botanic Gardens

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The Royal Botanic Gardens Structures

Structures: Performance/cafe pavilion, tool-shed, restaurant. 133

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Structures: Greenhouses.

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The Royal Botanic Gardens Landscape Features

Corten steel planter. 135

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Stone structures.

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The Royal Botanic Gardens Aboriginal Plants of Sydney

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The Royal Botanic Gardens Aboriginal Plants of Sydney and Their Uses

Australian honeysuckles (Banksia): This plant’s seedpods are used as fire torches. 139

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Top-left: Paperbark Tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia): This plant’s bark can be used as insulation for huts, bedding and cushions. Top-center: Sydney Golden Wattle (Acadia longifolia): This plant’s leaves can be used as hand soap and branches used to sweep the ocean surface to bring the fish to the surface as the disruption causes the oxygen to escape from the water. Middle-center: Sandpaper Fig (Ficus coronata) This plant’s rough textured leaves are used as sandpaper.

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The Royal Botanic Gardens Aboriginal Plants of Sydney and Their Uses

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The Royal Botanic Gardens Landscape Features Around Mrs. Macquarie’s Point

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The Royal Botanic Gardens The Types of Seawalls Around the Gardens

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The Royal Botanic Gardens Landscape Features

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The garden contains a broad collection of native and exotic plants (8000 taxa and 45,000 accessions) acquired over the last 190 years. The purpose of the scientific study includes research for agriculture, ornamental horticulture and industry. Blue-Green Infrastructure

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Sydney Park Beaconsfield

Location: St. Peters, Sydney, NSW, Australia Coordinates: 33°54’36.07”S, 151°11’6.59”E Area: 44 hectares (110 acres) Year: 1991

Sydney Park is the third largest park in the inner-city area of Sydney. It provides large open recreational spaces, a children’s playground and bicycle track, a sports oval, public sculptures, wetlands, a heritage area preserving the remains of the former Austral brickworks, and the AIDS Memorial Grove. The construction of the West Connex project, a 33-km motorway, will take over some areas of the park.

Sydney Park, with its recent 11.2 million upgrade, has transformed from a claysourcing site to a stormwater harvesting system with channels and wetlands. The park successfully captures 850 million litres of stormwater a year, helping Sydney to achieve it’s 2030 target of reducing sediments/nutrients from stormwater. The captured water also meets 10% of the local water demand.

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Sydney Park Sydney Park Stormwater Reuse Project

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Sydney Park Gabion Wall and Landscape Features

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Sydney Park St Peters Smoke stacks

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The park successfully captures 850 million litres of stormwater a year, helping Sydney to achieve it’s 2030 target of reducing sediments/ nutrients from stormwater. Blue-Green Infrastructure

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Location: Tempe, tributary of the Cooks River Coordinates: 33°55’19.14”S, 151°10’39.98”E Year: 1887 Named after Princess Alexandra, the canal was once a salt marsh known as Shea’s Creek. Dredging in the area began in 1887 and was built under an unemployed work relief scheme with the intention that it will become the Birmingham of Australia. The canal flows through Sydney Airport to the Cooks River at Tempe, and stretches 4 KM long with a width of 60 m (200 ft) wide. In August 1999, a $300 million plan was announced by the South Sydney Development Corporations to carry out

a master plan in redeveloping the canal area with housing for 25,000 residents, cafes, restaurants and boating facilities. Bikeways and pedestrian paths are also featured in the masterplan that is released in 2001. By 2003, the plan was abandoned, because the Department of Environment and Climate Change declared the plan as too dangerous to disrupt the canal. The site, apart from being a main water canal for engineering purposes, also holds significant historical value and features 19th century navigational canal construction in Australia.

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Alexandra Canal

Looking down the Canal towards in the industrial side. 167

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Looking down the Canal towards Sydney Park side.

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Location: Tributary of Botany Bay, located in south-eastern Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Coordinates: Starts: 33°56’54.76”S, 151°10’5.26”E Ends: 33°52’59.17”S, 151° 4’25.24”E

At 23km long, The Cooks River is a natural river that has been canalized in locations. The tidal sections support significant areas of mangroves, bird, and fish life, and are used for recreational activities. Historically, the Cooks River has been an important source of fish and shellfish for the Aboriginal People. Natural destruction of the river such as pollution, nutrient

enrichment and habitat removal has put the natural ecosystem at risk. Cooks River Alliance was formed to advocate for the River.

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Cooks River

The Cooks River is

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Vines are grown over pavilion structure for place making and to block out sun.

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Cadigal Green, Darlington Campus University of Sydney Location: Sydney, NSW, Australia Date: 1850

Named after the group of Aboriginal Australians who originally inhabited this area, and located along Mace Crescent on the University of Sydney campus, the Cadigal Green is organized with curved ergonomic benches facing the Old School.

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University of Sydney Cadigal Green and Other Public Spaces Around Campus

Lounge chairs are arranged in the Cadigal Green in a radial formation facing the Old School. Rain gardens are also put into place to reduce stormwater run-off. 179

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An elevated plaza near the ThinkSpace University of Sydney Library.

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University of Sydney School of Information Technologies FJMT Studio

The School of Information Technologies, design by FJMT Studio features a semi-outdoor seating area, shaded by a glass structure. 181

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The narrow space is populated with trees and benches.

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Bicentennial Park Location: 16 km west of the Sydney Central Business District in the local government area of City of Parramatta Coordinates: 33°50’56.66”S, 151° 4’39.30”E Year: 1980’s

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The park situated on the shores of the Homebush Bay and is part of the Sydney Olympic Park in New South Wales, Australia. Bicentennial Park, at 40 hectares is a diverse natural park with lush Nadu Mangroves wetlands, and features play areas, cafe, picnic areas lakeside meadows and small hills. The park with its important salt marsh wetland ecosystem is a natural heritage site.

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Bicentennial Park

Tranquil and scenic spot for play and picnic. 185

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A popular spot for local weddings to be held, the semi-circle oftrees create an enclosure for the ceromony, and blocks the noises of the highway behind.

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Bouddi National Park Location: Central Coast region of New South Wales, in eastern Australia Coordinates: 33°31’11.58”S, 151°23’18.43”E Year: Established October 1st, 1967

At 15.32 sq km, or 5.9 sq miles, the Bouddi National Park is a protected national park. Extending into the Tasman Sea, the park creates fully protected habitats, with one of the last remaining mature temperate rainforests on the Central Coast, Fletchers Glen. Bouddi National Park features a popular walk, the Coastal Walk is an epic trail between Putty and Macmasters Beaches.

With 16 km of coastline and seven beaches and many camping grounds, Bouddi National Park is a fantastic, one of a kind natural resource and attraction for Sydney’s locals and tourists.

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Bouddi National Park A Place for Marine Biodiversity

A Port Jackson (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) Shark egg, the shark will pick up the egg with her mouth and screws it into the crevices of the rocks to prevent the egg from being washed away, hence explaining its interesting shape. 189

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Some findings on the beach include: sea urchin shell, red coral, sea sponges, and squid bone.

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Bouddi National Park Geological Formation

The rock formations at Bouddi National Park. 191

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The rock’s vivid colors are stunning against the ocean and the the sky.

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Bouddi National Park Textures

Textures found during the Coastal Walk. 193

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Bouddi National Park

A series of wooden narrow boardwalks allows the hiker to across the steep topography, otherwise inaccessible to humans. 195

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Gerrin Point Lookout offers the hikers a great view of the ocean, at the same time, is a good example of a tessellated pavement, where in geology and geomorphology, refers to a surface is subdivided into more or less regular rectangular blocks.

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Green-Blue Infrastructure Urban Interventions Underpass Planting and Trellis Pavilion

Deliberate planting of vines, palm trees and other vegetation as green infrastructure under highway overpasses to filter air and to hide monolithic concrete structures. 199

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Vines are grown over pavilion structure for place making and to block out sun.

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Sydney’s Rockpools Scale and Shape Comparison 1: 1,000

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Transportation Infrastructural Ecologies & Transit-Oriented Development

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Transportation Infrastructural Ecologies Sydney has a very extensive network of public transportation. Modes of operation includes suburban rail, light rail, buses and ferries. The rail infrastructure became the largest system in the Southern Hemisphere by the 1920’s.

The transportation system is undergoing continuous expansion and construction as well. A rapid transit Sydney Metro will be opened in 2019. The first line of the planned Sydney Metro will have 31 stations and 66 km of tracks, operating driverless and on a timely schedule. Despite the massive network of transportation and the various modes of transportation, Sydney’s transport system is not very sustainable nor effective. In a recent report by Arcadis, the 2017 Sustainable Cities Mobility Index showed Sydney ranking 51st out of 100 global cities. According to Arcadis executive Stephen Taylor: “ Sydney is truly a global city in many ways but it is still chasing truly integrated and sustainable Transport.” In the same report, Hong Kong was ranked No. 1 due to its “well connected metro network” and a high proportion of its residents taking trips by public transport. In the case of Sydney, according to the 2006 census, 26.3% of Sydney’s population travels to work or study by public transportation. Another reason why Sydney’s transportation system is ranked lower on the list is because despite a lot of infrastructure expansion planning and construction are going on, they are all yet to be finished. The troubled $2.1 billion light rail project which goes between Circular Quay in the CBD and Randwick and Kensington in the southeast has been delayed its opening repeatedly. The project which has been under construction for years is not going to be finished until 2020. The delays have been publicly criticized by the Sydneysiders and news agencies.

Sydney with a population of 5.1 million, has a rapid growth rate of 2 percent per year. This perpetual increase of population requires more space and demands more housing and jobs. Within Sydney’s city center, many transit oriented developments are happening at very fast pace. Barangaroo development, connected by all modes of transportation, provides 23,000 new jobs and homes to 3,500 residents. Green Square development, located between the Sydney Airport and Sydney’s CBD, takes over industrial buildings and become a new living an working center. By 2030, 61,000 people will live in Green Square.

Parramatta is another example of Transit Oriented Development. As one of Sydney’s major transport interchange on the Sydney rail network, Parramatta will grow to become Sydney’s second largest CBD. Served by many bus routes, ferry routes, Metro and the NSW Trainlink, Parramatta railway station is also connected by Sydney Train’s 205

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Cumberland Line, Inner West & Leppington Line, and North Shore, Northern & Western Line. Parramatta’s plan for light rail system was also announced in 2015, with the line connecting to Parramatta via two routes, one from Westmead to Camellia via Parramatta, and another connecting from Westmead to Sydney Olympic Park via Parramatta. As a fast emerging city, Parramatta growing both in population and economically. The city is experience major private and public investments, totally $8 billion worth of development will happen on 33 sites as of 2019. In the next 5-10 years, $10 billion will be invested in the infrastructure of the area, as highlighted by the Parramatta Interim Plan.

The research examined these developments, and aimed understand their relationship to the major transit hubs and public spaces. I documented these developments through photography and axonometric drawings, highlighting lessons learned.

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Barangaroo Location: 1 km (1 mile) north-west of Sydney CBD Year: 1788 as Cockle Bay Point; 1820s as Millers Point; 2007 as Barangaroo Area: 0.22 sq km (0.1 sq mi) Originally part of the territory of the Cadigal people as an important hunting and fishing ground, Barangaroo is now part of the local government area of the City of Sydney. In 2003, the government of New South Wales determined that the area should be redeveloped from shipping and stevedoring facilities to commercial, office and recreational spaces. Such redevelopment has began in 2012, and will continue until completion in 2023. The Barangaroo Delivery Authority was established to facilitate the outcomes of the redevelopment. The redevelopment will be comprised of three precincts: Barangaroo South, Barangaroo Central

and Barangaroo Reserve. Barangaroo South will act as an extension of Sydney’s CBD, with public spaces, offices, apartments, retails and a hotel. Barangaroo Central contains low-rise residential and commercial buildings. Barangaroo Reserve is a 6-hectare (15-acre) re-created park that is on the northern end of Barangaroo. Designed by Peter Walker and Partners and Richard Johnson, the landscape features Hawkesbury sandstone, which are excavated on site. Some 10,000 blocks are placed. 75,000 native trees comprised of 84 plant species are chosen and placed on site, making up the natural reserve.

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Barangaroo Axonometric Drawing: 1:6,000

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The Central Railway Station Location: Sydney central business district, City of Sydney, New South Wales Opened: August 5th, 1906

The Central Railway Station, a heritagelisted railway station, is the largest and busiest railway station in New South Wales. It serves as a major transportation hub and interchange for NSW TrainLink inter-city rail, Sydney Trains commuter rail, Sydney light rail, State Transit bus, and private coach tranport services.

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The Central Railway Station

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The Central Railway Station Railway Square

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The Central Railway Station Underground Throughpass

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The Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House Location: Sydney central business district, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Year: Construction begin: 1837 Completion: 1844 The Australian Aboriginals inhabited in this region as early as 30,000 years ago. Circular Quay was constructed in 1837-1844, by reconstructing the southern section of Sydney Cover with an artificial shoreline for commercial shipping. However, by 1870’s much of the commercial shipping has moved away from Circular Quay to other ports of Sydney. This has allowed to Circular Quay to transform into a passenger transportation hub. It became Sydney’s

hub for ferry transport since the 1890’s and Sydney’s tram, rail and bus hub as well.

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The Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House The Ferry Wharf

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The Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House The Train Station

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The Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House Plaza and Public Spaces

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The Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House Axonometric Drawing: 1:5,000

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The Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House The Iconic Architecture

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The Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House Video projections of an Aboriginal Story

Video projections onto the sails of the Opera House explaining the origin stories of the Aboriginal People. 247

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The Circular Quay and the Sydney Opera House Axonometric Drawing: 1: 2,500

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Darling Harbour Harbour adjacent to the city centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Historically site of the NSW Railways central marshalling yards and freight consolidation centre

Darling Harbour lies in the intersection of both ground and water transportation. Ferry wharves include Barangaroo and Pyrmont Bay provides access to nearby harbours. Train, light rail and Mini train also connects Darling Harbour by public transit. The Goodline connects Darling Harbour by foot to Railway Square and Central Station. Massive urban renewal development

has taken place in the East Darling Harbour, which will be rebranded as Barangaroo. The new site at 18-hectare will contain business and residential developments.

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Darling Harbour

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Green Square Location: inner-east of Sydney, in the suburbs of Alexandria, Zetland, Waterloo, Roseberry and Beaconsfield. 4 km south of the Sydney Central Business District

The Green Square area was previously comprised of light industrial buildingswith a few high-density residential towers. However, since 2007, the area is undergoing one of the largest urban renewal projects in Australia spanning 292 hectares. According to the mayor: “ Green Square will provide 20,000 new homes; 22,000 jobs; and house 40,000 new residents.” The development paid special attention to traffic, transport, stormwater and urban design, and consulted with the community

during its design phases. The entire redevelopment will cost more than $8 billion Australian. Green Square is already connected underground by the Airport & South Line and bus routes. The Mayor is also pushing to connect Green Square with the light rail.

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Green Square

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Green Square Development Around Green Square

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Olympic Park Station Location: Murray Rose Avenue, Sydney Olympic Park Opened: 8 March 1998

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Tree planting and design in Sydney Olympic Park. 273

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Local Rev. Graham Nathan Guy gave me a tour of Sydney Olmypic Park and showed me historical marking for the Metropolitan Meat Industry that used to be here.

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Olympic Park Soil Remediation

A brown field site: toxic wastes are capped with earth and planted with vegetation to stop the toxins from escaping. Such mounds can be spotted around the Olympic Park.

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The Olympic Village: individual houses were built by independent architectural firms for atheletes of different countries.

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Olympic Park Transportation Oriented Development

The Sydney Olympic Park Ferry Wharf on the southern side of the Parramatta River, serving the Sydney suburb of Wentworth Point.

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The development that is happening around Olympic Park and its associated train station and ferry wharf.

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Parramatta Location: 20 km (12 miles) west of Sydney CBD Established: 1788

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Fruit bats can be seen hanging from the tree canopies.

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Parramatta Axonometric Drawing: 1:10,000

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Strathfield Station Location: Albert Road, Strathfield, New South Wales Australia Opened: 9 July 1876

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Wentworth Park Railway Viaduct Location: Wentworth Park Road, Glebe, NSW

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Jubilee Park Railway Viaduct Location: 5 Northcote Rd, Glebe NSW 2037, Australia

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Jubilee Park Railway Viaduct

Can we incorporate social-cultural purposes into these archway structure as well? 295

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Social-Cultural Infrastructural Ecologies According to PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), from 2016-2020, global spending on capital projects and infrastructure will total between $27 trillion and $ 29 trillion. Social infrastructure will be a significant portion of this investment. Social infrastructure can be broadly defined as the “construction and maintenance of facilities that support social services.” Types of social infrastructure include healthcare (hospitals), education (schools, librarie, and universities), public facilities (community housing) and etc.” All of these structures serve as the backbone for communities and societies.

This is no different in Sydney, a metropolitan city known for its beach cultures and has a vibrant scene of musical, theatrical, visual, literary and other artistic activities. Historically, the numerous beaches and parks are some of the social spaces for gathering and for events to occur. With climate change, these public spaces will also take on ecological and resilience functions. Recently, there has been a rise of adaptive reuse projects in Sydney, where old warehouses and factories are becoming converted into new forms of social-cultural spaces. This process both preserve the beautiful industrial buildings and allow them to take on a second life. It also brings to light Sydney’s palimpsest of histories- both that of the Aboriginals and of the Europeans. This research delves into these socialcultural spaces such as the Carriageworks, Cockatoo Island and the Powerhouse Museum, where the rustic meets the chic.

In the case of Redfern Park, where the Park is not only renowned for its ecological and recreational significance, but also socially and culturally. It is where Prime Minister Paul Keating came to in December 1992 to deliver a speech and to launch the UN International Year of Indigenous People. The Redfern Park speech, became a moment, where Australia recognizes its history with the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Island people and the reconciliation between the groups can begin.

‘The starting point might be to recognise that the problem starts with us non-Aboriginal Australians. It begins, I think, with the act of recognition. Recognition that it was we who did the dispossessing. We took the traditional lands and smashed the traditional way of life. We brought the disasters. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practised discrimination and exclusion. It was our ignorance and our prejudice. And our failure to imagine these things being done to us. With some noble exceptions, we failed to make 299

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the most basic human response and enter into their hearts and minds. We failed to ask – how would I feel if this were done to me?’ Spaces like The Redfern Park holds great value and needs to be studied and preserved.

This research will also study how the characteristics of these spaces and how they can be emulated in other places in the world to address similar spatial or social conditions. At the same time, the research tries to see if these spaces offer opportunities for hybridization and can not only be socially resilient but also environmentally adaptive.

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Andrew (Boy) Charlton Pool Location: Mrs Macquarie’s Road, The Domain, City of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Opened: 1846

Andrew “Boy” Charlton Pool is an outdoor heated saltwater swimming pool on the shore of Wooloomooloo Bay in The Domain, near the Royal Botanic Gardens. Previously known as the new Domain Baths, the pool was renamed in 1968 in honour of Andrew “Boy” Charlton, an Australian swimmer who won five Olympic medals during the 1920s.

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Andrew (Boy) Charlton Pool

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Woolloomooloo Bay Location: 1.5 km (1 mi) east of Sydney CBD Area 0.5 sq km (0.2 sq mi)

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Woolloomooloo Bay

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Art Gallery of New South Wales Location: The Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Established: 1874

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Art Gallery of New South Wales Untitled (Illuminated Tree) 2012, by Jonathan Jones

The piece made from wood, electrical cables and lighting illustrated the Murray-Darling River sytem. Artist’s description of the project below. “The south-east of Australia is defined by the Murray-Darling River system. The country’s largest network of rivers, seasonal creeks, wetlands, floodplains and billabongs, it is the most fertile and resource-rich area of Australia. For countless generations the region has supported many different nations, their languages, people and ceremonies. The freshwater system connects nations like Kamilaroi at the top of the catchment to Ngarrindjeri wheere the river meets the sea. Stands of red gums, line the banks of the rivers, with canoes made from their bark, crafted to navigate the environment. The region was one of the first to be colonised, with diseases such as smallpox carried along the river ahead of any contact with white people, severely decimating the population. Lands were conquered, the rivers dammed and diverted, wetlands drained and bodies dumped in the river. This lifeline to the region has waned in recent years. Dollars are valued more than life. Once a trope of colonial painting, used to frame the western imagination in this vast landscape, the gum tree has fallen. Caked in white ochre, the tree traces the memory of the river, creating an Aboriginal framework that challenges the western pespectives that have been imposed on an Australian setting.” - Jonathan Jones, 2018

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Carriageworks Location: 245 Wilson St, Eveleigh NSW Opened: 2007

Carriageworks is an adaptive reuse development of the old Eveleigh Rail Yards developed by the NSW State Government through Arts NSW.

riage and the first air-conditioned train in Australia.

The Eveleigh Rail Yards were built on the site between 1880 and 1889. The buildings are considered one of the best examples of railway workshop complexes. They serve as an important site for the history of Australia’s major rail network and the work during the industrial time of the 19th century. Train carriages were built and maintained within these buildings including the first electric car-

The decline of productivity at the site from 1973 led to its eventual close in 1988. In June 2002 the NSW Ministry for the Arts purchased the Carriage and Blacksmith Workshops at the Eveleigh Rail Yards site, naming the new project Carriageworks. Carriageworks was envisioned to be an artistic hub where creative work could be explored, developed, commissioned, and presented on site. Construction began in 2003, and Carriageworks officially opened in 2007.

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Cockatoo Island, Sydney Harbour Location: 10 km (6 mi) west of CBD Area: 0.179 sq km (0.1 sq mi)

Cockatoo Island is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located at the junction of the Parramatta and Lane Cove rivers in Sydney Harbour. It is the larges of several islands originally heavily timbered sandstone knolls. It was called Wa-rea-mah by the Indigenous Australians. Between 1839 and 1869, the island was a convict penal establishment. Between 1857 and 1991, it was the site of one of Australia’s biggest shipyards. In July 2010, UNESCO named Cockatoo Island as a

World Heritage Site.

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Cockatoo Island, Sydney Harbour

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The old machineries become very interesting artifacts for a social-cultural oriented park.

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Cockatoo Island, Sydney Harbour

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The large warehouse provides enough vertical space for any kind of indoor event.

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Cockatoo Island, Sydney Harbour Axonometric Drawing

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The Goods line Landscape Architect: Aspect Studios Location: UTS campus, Sydney Cost: $15 million transformation Date: August 2015

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The Goods Line

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Iconic yellow seating are arranged along the Goods Line.

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The Goods Line Axonometric Model 1:3500

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The Grounds of Alexandria Location: 7a/2 Huntley St, Alexandria NSW 2015, Australia Year: April 2012

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The Grounds of Alexandria

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The Grounds of Alexandria is famous for its floral decorations and the iconic pig sculpture, which draws a lot of attention from the millennial crowd.

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King George V Recreation Centre Architect: Lippmann Partnership Location: The Rock, Sydney, Australia Year: 1998

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King George V Recreation Centre

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The bright yellow paint, curved forms and grafitti really give the gym energy and youth.

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Newtown Location: 4 km (2 mi) south-west of Sydney CBD Area: 1.6 sq km (0.6 sq mi)

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Newtown

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The careful preservation, renovation of these historical building combined with new programming allow Newtown to become attractive for both tourists and locals.

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One Blight Street Architects: Architectus in collaboration with Ingenhoven Architects Location: Sydney, NSW, Australia Year: 2011

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One Blight Street

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The metal mesh, which hangs over the steps, create areas of hade from the Australian blazing sun and provide privacy. The steps become a great place for events or just hanging out and enjoying lunch.

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One Central Park Architects: Foster and Partners, Ateliers Jean Nouvel and PTW Architects Location: Chippendale, Sydney, Australia Year: 2012

One Central Park is constructed as the first stage of the Central Park urban renewal project. It is a mixed-used building in the suburb of Chippendale, comprising of two residential apartment towers and a six-level retail shopping centre. It was awarded a 5 star Green Star - “Multi-Unit Residential Design v1” Certified Rating by the Green Building Council of Australia, the largest multi-residential building in Australia to receive the award.

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One Central Park

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Powerhouse Museum Location: 500 Harris St, Ultimo NSW 2007, AustraliaSouth Wales, Australia Established: 1879

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Powerhouse Museum

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Prince Alfred Park And Pool Architects: Neeson Murcutt Architects with Sue Barnsley Design Landscape Architecture Location: Surry Hills, Sydney, Australia Year: 2013 Area: 7.5 hectares Prince Alfred Park borders the eastern side of Central Station in the suburb of Surry Hills. It has undergone several transformations throughout its history; most recently, a 18-million-dollar redevelopment project completed in 2013. The 7.5 hectare park now offers open green spaces, benches, off-lease area for dogs, barbecue and picnic areas, tennis and basketball courts, kids play area, sustainable landscaping, and the city’s first heated outdoor pool.

The new redevelopment includes 2 playgrounds, 1 km exercise circuit of accessible paths, hundreds of new rainforest species and succulent trees and plants, underground stormwater reuse to supply 95% of the park’s water, energy-efficient lighting, filtration systems, water-saving fixtures, and stormwater harvesting, native grass green roof, animated chimneys as functional public art sculptures.

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Prince Alfred Park And Pool

The colorful lightwells of the changing rooms extrudes out from the ground and can be seen from a distance. Tents and canopies are used to provide shades for the play structures. 371

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Prince Alfred Park And Pool

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Prince Alfred Park And Pool

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Prince Alfred Park And Pool Axonometric Model: 1:3,000

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Queen Victoria Building Location: 455 George St, Sydney NSW 2000, AustraliaYear: 1833 Opened: 21 July 1898 Renovated: June 1917, 1933-35, 1979-86, 2006-09

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Queen Victoria Building

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Redfern Park Location: Redfern, New South Wales Opened: 1885

Redfern Park is an Australian football ground in the suburb of Sydney located 3 km south of Sydney central business district. Redfern was subject to extensive redevelopment plans by the government to increase the population and reduce poverty in the suburb.

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Redfern Park

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Redfern Park

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Royal Randwick Racecourse Location: Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. Year: 1833

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Royal Randwick Racecourse

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Sirius Building, The Rocks Architect: Tao Gofers Location: The Rock, Sydney, Australia Year: 1981

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Sirius Building, The Rocks

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Sydney Fish Market Location: Corner Pyrmont Bridge Road &, Bank St, Sydney NSW 2009, Australia Established: 1945

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Sydney Fish Market

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Taronga Zoo Sydney Location: Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia Year: October 7, 1916 Area: 28 hectares (69 acres)

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Taronga Zoo Sydney

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Taronga Zoo Sydney

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Tramsheds Location: 1 Dalgal Way, Forest Lodge NSW 2037, Australia

Tramshed is one of Sydney’s most exciting food destination, housed in the former historic Rozelle Tram Depot.

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Tramsheds

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Waterloo Fernside Skatepark Location: Elizabeth St & McEvoy St, Waterloo NSW 2017, Australia

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Waterloo Skatepark

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The Waverley Cemetery Location: St Thomas Street, Bronte, Waverley Municipality, New South Wales Size: 17 hectares (41 acres) Year: 1877 No. of graves: 50,000

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The Waverley Cemetery

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Thank you very much for your generous support. This travel and research could only have been made possible by the generous funding and support by the Paul Katz family and friends, the KPF Foundation, James von Klemperer, Forth Bagley and the principals at KPF. You have allowed me to travel and live in a different part of the world to learn about their culture and environment for a significant amount of time. Through this experience, I have enriched my design education tremondously. I sincerely hope this research can pay homage to the late Paul Katz and his lifetime contribution to urbanism and infrastructure around the world. Sincere gratitude for my academic advisors, professors and colleagues at Harvard Graduate School of Design: Mohsen Mostafavi, Chris Reed, Rosalea Monacella, Craig Douglas, and Kate Cahill who have inspired me and pushed me along the way. Thank you to Tonia Sing Chi for the conversations about research and to the locals I have met and befriended in Sydney, who have shared with me their insights on Sydney: Yane Kostadinovski and Winten Xu. Lastly, a big thank you to my parents: Roger Xu and Wendy Yuan, and also to my partner Grace Suthata Jiranuntarat, who have supported me unconditionally. Thank you!

Sonny Meng Qi Xu

Work Cited “Barangaroo » The Project » Progress » Barangaroo Development.” Barangaroo, www.barangaroo.com/the-project/ progress/barangaroo-development. Blašković, Teo. “Sydney Hit by Worst November Storm since 1984, More than a Month’s Worth of Rain in 90 Minutes.” The Watchers - Daily News Service | Watchers.NEWS, watchers.news/2018/11/28/sydney-stormnovember-28-2018/. “Cooks River Catchment.” Cooks River Alliance, cooksriver.org.au/about-us/cooks-river/. “Greater Parramatta Growth Area.” Department of Planning and Environment, www.planning.nsw.gov.au/Plans-foryour-area/Priority-Growth-Areas-and-Precincts/Greater-Parramatta-Growth-Area. McInnes, Kathleen, et al. “Hurt by Sea: How Storm Surges and Sea-Level Rise Make Coastal Life Risky.” The Conversation, 29 Nov. 2018, theconversation.com/hurt-by-sea-how-storm-surges-and-sea-level-rise-make-coastallife-risky-68348. Miller, Barbara, and Specialist Reporting Team. “A Tale of Three Cities: Populations Soar in Melbourne, Sydney and Brisbane.” ABC News, 25 Apr. 2018, www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-24/melbourne-sydney-brisbane-populationssoar-growth-drivers-differ/9693470. “Our Catchment.” Parramatta River Catchment Group RSS, www.parramattariver.org.au/our-catchment. O’Sullivan, Matt. “Sydney’s Transport Network Lags Brisbane in Global Rankings.” The Sydney Morning Herald, The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 Nov. 2017, www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/sydneys-transport-network-lags-brisbane-inglobal-rankings-20171030-gzaphc.html. Press, Australian Associated. “Sydney’s Troubled $2.1bn Light Rail Project Delayed Again.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 4 Oct. 2018, www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/oct/04/sydneys-troubled-21bn-light-railproject-delayed-again. “Sydney Park Wetlands - City of Sydney.” Sydney Park Wetlands - City of Sydney, CorporateName: City of Sydney, www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/vision/better-infrastructure/parks-and-playgrounds/completed-projects/sydney-parkwetlands.