Borderhood: Re-imagining the Canada | U.S. Borderlands

Borderhood Re-imagining the Canada | U.S. Borderlands A Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis proposal by: Sonny Meng Qi Xu MLA’ 17 & M.Arch II’ 18 Professor Sergio Lopez-Pineiro, Thesis Advisor Professor Charles Waldheim, Thesis Preparation

Interests in Borders, Borderlands and Enclaves Critical Landscapes: Can border areas be considered a new urban model, in terms of infrastructure, governance and the cultural imagination they can foster?

The land boundaries in the world total 251,868 km, that’s equivalent to 6 laps around the Earth.

By 2050, we will have over a billion refugees, today we have 65 million.

Shaney Peña-Gómez, Loeb Fellow Lecture

Contested Borders and Enclaves

Melilla Exclave of Spain, Enclave of Morocco

Baarle-Nassau, The Netherlands | Belgium 8 Netherlands enclaves, and 22 Belgian enclaves

Dahala Khagrabari, Indian | Bangladesh 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh, 51 Bangladeshi enclaves in India

Contested Borders and Enclaves

U.S. | Mexico Border Estimation of $21.6 billion it would cost to build the wall

Longest Border

United States of America

Canada

United States of America

Longest Border

United States of America

A Total Length of 8,891 KM 300,000 people and $2 billion in goods and services cross the border daily 80% of the Canadian population Canadalives within 160 KM of the border

United States of America

Introduction

This design thesis Borderhood explores the reinvention of the Canada | United States borderland as a form of ecological, social, and cultural infrastructure. The Canada | U.S. border is the longest undefended border in the world. Marked by the 49th Parallel, the border marks the separation of two of the largest countries in the world. Canada is the second largest country in terms of land area at 9.985 million km², and the U.S. is the third largest at 9.63 million km². The two countries shares a border that is 8,891 km long (Countries Compared by Geography Area Total. International Statistics). 300,000 people and $2 billion in goods and services cross the border daily and 80% of the Canadian population lives within 160 KM of the border (“Canada.” U.S. Department of State.

U.S. Department of State, 01 Feb. 2018. Web. 06 May 2018).

The Historical Formation of the Canadian | U.S. Border

The Border - A simple fence (Source - Harper’s Magazine, 1874)

The Historical Formation of the Canadian | U.S. Border

Trail Blazing Cutting lines across the boreal forest of the 49th Parallel, 1860 (Source: http://www.press.uchicago.edu)

Am eri ca Pu rch

The Alaska boundary dispute (1903)

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The Historical Formation of the Canadian | U.S. Border through Treaties, Surveys and Purchases

The Oregon Treaty (1846) The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61)

The London Convention (1818) & Rush-Bagot Treaty (1818) The International Boundary Survey (1872–76)

The Treaty of Paris (1783) The Jay Treaty (1794) Webster–Ashburton Treaty (1842) The Treaty of 1908

1:15,000,000

The Historical Treaties that formed Canadian | U.S. Border

Rush–Bagot Treaty (1818) The London Convention (1818)

The Treaty of Paris (1783)

1750 1750

1800 1800

1850 1850

The Oregon Treaty (1846)

1900 1900

Purchase of Alaska (1867)

“September 11th” Attack (2001) Border Control Tightens

The Alaska boundary dispute (1903)

1950 1950

2000 2000

TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNITED KINGDOM CONCERNING THE BOUNDARY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE DOMINION OF CANADA FROM THE ATLANTIC OCEAN TO THE PACIFIC OCEAN Signed at Washington, April 11, 1908 (Ratifications exchanged at Washington, June 4, 1908) ________________________________________________________________________ The United States of America and His Majesty Edward the Seventh, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, and Emperor of India, being desirous of providing for the more complete definition and demarcation of the international boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada, have for that purpose resolved to conclude a Treaty, and to that end have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries: The President of the United States of America, Elihu Root, Secretary of State of the United States; His Britannic Majesty, Right Honourable James Bryce, O.M., his Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary at Washington; and Who, after having communicated to each other their respective full powers, which were found to be in due and proper form, have agreed to and concluded the following articles: Article I The boundary through Passamaquoddy Bay The High Contracting Parties agree that each shall appoint, without delay, an expert geographer or surveyor to serve as Commissioners for the purpose of more accurately defining and marking the international boundary line between the United States and the Dominion of Canada in the waters of Passamaquoddy Bay from the mouth of the St. Croix River to the Bay of Fundy, and that in defining and marking said boundary line the Commissioners shall adopt and follow, as closely as may be, the line surveyed and laid down by the Commissioners appointed under Article II of the Treaty of July 22, 1892, between Great Britain and the United States, so far as said Commissioners agreed upon the location of said line, namely:--

The Jay Treaty (1794)

Webster–Ashburton Treaty (1842)

The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–61)

The International Boundary Survey (1872–76)

The Treaty of 1908 U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement of 1989 NAFTA 1994 “de-bordering” initiated

The History of Surveying Technologies Used

1750 1750

1600’s: The surveyor’s chain 66 feet (about 20 m) long, composed of 100 links Astronomic observation techniques used

1800 1800

1860: Photogrammetry The method of determining the shapes and sizes of objects and their relative positions using photographs Astronomic observation techniques used

1850 1850

1900 1900

1871: Steel tapes Were introduced

1950 1950

1920: Aerial photogrammetric techniques (ie, aerial surveys) have been developing in Canada

2000 2000

1972: First satellite designed specifically for remote sensing purposes was ERTS 1 (Landsat 1)

Image Sources: http://foto-basa.com/imagerdata-ranging-rod-used-in-surveying.htm https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/283189

History of the Border

The Canada | U.S. border was created through a series of historical treaties, wars, purchases and agreements. What is particularly interesting here is the evolution of the surveying technologies used to survey and determine the border. From the surveyor’s chain which were used in the 1600’s to hot air balloons and photogrammetry to the development of the earliest Landsat and satellite imaging- the border’s definition has gained more accuracy and more resolution over time. However, because of the lack of accurate geospatial technologies during the initial surveying of the border, “the border markers were inadvertently placed in a zig-zaggy fashion, straying north or south of the official 49th parallel border by an average of 295 feet” (Blank, 1). Many mismeasurements and anomalies also occur on this border. Point Roberts and Elm Point are famous U.S. enclaves that were separated from its homeland by the border, to be only connected to Canada by land.

The border was established over a span of more than 200 years with many segments that formed the line. The first treaty was the Treaty of Paris (1783) which “negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence” (History.com). The border was negotiated from the East Coast to the West Coast, ending with the Alaska boundary dispute of 1903. The border saw more fluid flows with the implementation of North American Free Trade Agreement or NAFTA of 1989 which allowed professionals of the U.S., Canada and Mexico to work more freely in the three countries. It also eliminated all duties and quantitative restrictions (ustr, 1). The U.S. | Canada border was at one moment in history, becoming a border that is less intrusive on the flows of people, goods and ecological systems.

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control on the Canada | U.S. Border

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: The “Slash”

http://www.vftt.org/forums/showthread.php?48596-2-guys-3-days-4-Border-Patrol-encounters-and-5-peaks-to-finish-the-NEHH

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: The “Slash”

The 1,349 miles long and 20’-wide clearing or the “Slash” of the forest along the Canadian and U.S. border is maintained by the International Boundary Commission with an annual budget of $1,400,000, funded by the Canadian and U.S. citizens’ tax money.

20 feet x 1,349 miles = 13,234.45 km2

20’

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: The “Slash” Site #2: The 20’ wide “Slash”

Image Source: https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2013/06/07/canada-us-border-video_n_3402435.html

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: The 8000+ Monuments Placed Along the Border

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: The 8000+ Monuments Placed Along the Border

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: U.S. Border Patrol & Canada Border Services Agency

https://www.gettyimages.com.au/event/customs-and-border-protection-monitors-canadian-american-border-by-land-air-andriver-patrols-169964996#/border-patrol-agents-talk-while-at-a-marina-on-the-niagara-river-at-picture-id169866399

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: Border Crossings

https://www.citylab.com/design/2012/02/strange-existence-point-roberts-washington/1265/

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: Border Crossings

360,000 mm

Border Check Point, White Rock, BC

Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control: Border Crossings

Cascade

Waneta Nelway

[Christina BC 395 Lake] [Christina BC 22 Lake] [Rossland] BC 22 BC 22A [Rossland] [Montrose] BC 22A [Montrose] BC 6 [Salmo]

Nelway

BC 6 [Salmo]

Cascade Paterson Paterson Waneta

Border Crossings 118 active ones

Laurier

US 395

Laurier Frontier

US 395 SR 25 [Northport] SR 25 Waneta Road [Northport] [Northport] Waneta Road [Northport] SR 31

Frontier Boundary Boundary Metaline Falls Metaline Falls

49°0′0.36″N 118°13′26.12″W 49°0′0.36″N 118°13′26.12″W 49°0′1.80″N 117°49′54.12″W 49°0′1.80″N 49°0′2.52″N 117°49′54.12″W 117°37′30.36″W 49°0′2.52″N 117°37′30.36″W 49°0′0.00″N 117°17′58.92″W 49°0′0.00″N 117°17′58.92″W

year­round (8:00 am– Daytime­evening service midnight) year­round (8:00 am– midnight) 24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round Daytime service year­round (9:00 am–5:00 pm) Daytime service year­round Daytime­evening service (9:00 am–5:00 pm) year­round (8:00 am– Daytime­evening service midnight) year­round (8:00 am– midnight)

SR 31

British Columbia–Idaho British Columbia–Idaho Daytime­evening service Rykerts Rykerts

BC 21 [Creston] BC 21 [Creston]

Porthill

SH­1

Porthill

SH­1

year­round (2nd Sunday Daytime­evening service March–1st Saturday Nov. year­round (2nd Sunday (MST=PDT), 7:00 am– March–1st Saturday Nov. 11:00 pm; rest of year, 8:00 (MST=PDT), 7:00 am– am–midnight MST = 7:00 11:00 pm; rest of year, 8:00 am–11:00 pm PST) am–midnight MST = 7:00 24­hour service year­round. am–11:00 pm PST) Canadian port of entry 24­hour service year­round. closed holidays.

Canadian port of entry closed holidays.

Kingsgate

BC 95

Eastport

US­95

Kingsgate

BC 95

Eastport

US­95

Roosville

US 93 [Eureka]

Roosville

US 93 [Eureka]

48°59′59.64″N 116°29′58.56″W 48°59′59.64″N 116°29′58.56″W 49°0′1.80″N 116°10′53.40″W 49°0′1.80″N 116°10′53.40″W

British Columbia–Montana Roosville Roosville

12/10/2017 12/10/2017 Canada Canada Port of Entry Port of Entry Name Name

List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia Canada Canada Road / Road / Highway Highway [Community] [Community]

United United States States Port of Port of Entry Name Entry Name

United States United States Road / Road / Highway Highway [Community] [Community]

Notes Notes

Structure or Structure or Notable Feature Notable Feature

Beaver Creek Beaver Creek

Hwy 9 (Top of Hwy 9 (Top of the World the World Highway) Highway)

Hwy 1 (Alaska Hwy 1 (Alaska Highway) Highway)

Poker Creek Poker Creek

Alcan Alcan

AK­2 (Alaska AK­2 (Alaska Highway) Highway)

Daytime­evening service Daytime­evening service seasonal May–September, seasonal May–September, depending on weather and depending on weather and road conditions (9:00 am– road conditions (9:00 am– 9:00 pm PT = 8:00 am– 9:00 pm PT = 8:00 am– 8:00 pm AKT). Canadian 8:00 pm AKT). Canadian port of entry closed port of entry closed holidays. holidays.

24­hour service year­round; 24­hour service year­round; Canadian port of entry Canadian port of entry (29 km from the border) (29 km from the border) closed holidays. closed holidays.

Chief Mountain

Carway Northernmost and highest Northernmost and highest altitude (1258 m / 4127 ft) altitude (1258 m / 4127 ft) Canada­U.S. border Canada­U.S. border crossing crossing

64°5′8.02″N 141°0′3.92″W 64°5′8.02″N 141°0′3.92″W

62°36′54.78″N 62°36′54.78″N 141°0′4.87″W 141°0′4.87″W

British Columbia–Alaska British Columbia–Alaska Pleasant Camp Pleasant Camp

Hwy 3 (Haines Hwy 3 (Haines Highway) Highway)

Fraser Fraser

Hwy 2 Hwy 2 (Klondike (Klondike Highway) Highway)

Stewart Stewart

BC 37A BC 37A

Dalton Dalton Cache Cache

AK­7 (Haines AK­7 (Haines Highway) Highway)

Skagway Skagway

AK­98 AK­98 (Klondike (Klondike Highway) Highway)

(closed ­ (closed ­ was Hyder) was Hyder)

Daytime­evening service Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am– year­round (8:00 am– midnight PT = 7:00 am– midnight PT = 7:00 am– 11:00 pm AKT).

11:00 pm AKT).

Canadian port of entry Canadian port of entry (12 km north of border): 24­ (12 km north of border): 24­ hour service April–October, hour service April–October, daytime­evening service daytime­evening service November–March (8:00 November–March (8:00 am–midnight PT). U.S. port am–midnight PT). U.S. port of entry (8 mi south of of entry (8 mi south of border): 24­hour service border): 24­hour service year­round. year­round.

Canadian port of entry: Canadian port of entry: Daytime­evening service Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am– year­round (8:00 am– midnight PT = 7:00 am– midnight PT = 7:00 am– 11:00 pm AKT), video 11:00 pm AKT), video telephone reporting after telephone reporting after hours. U.S. border is hours. U.S. border is unstaffed and open (station unstaffed and open (station closed in the 1960s); roads closed in the 1960s); roads connect only to Canada. connect only to Canada.

International International Street Street

59°27′1.67″N 59°27′1.67″N 136°21′42.42″W 136°21′42.42″W

56th Street 56th Street [Delta] [Delta]

Douglas Douglas

BC 99 [Surrey] BC 99 [Surrey]

Pacific Pacific Highway Highway Aldergrove Aldergrove Abbotsford­ Abbotsford­ Huntingdon Huntingdon Chopaka Chopaka

BC 15 [Surrey] BC 15 [Surrey]

BC 13 BC 13

Point Point Roberts Roberts Blaine ­ Blaine ­ Peace Arch Peace Arch

Tyee Drive Tyee Drive

24­hour service year­round.

24­hour service year­round.

No commercial vehicles.

No commercial vehicles.

24­hour service year­round.

24­hour service year­round.

Commercial vehicles must Commercial vehicles must use this crossing between use this crossing between Surrey and Blaine.

Surrey and Blaine.

Daytime­evening service Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am– year­round (8:00 am– midnight) midnight)

SR 543 SR 543

Lynden Lynden

SR 539 SR 539

55°54′43.28″N 55°54′43.28″N 130°1′2.86″W 130°1′2.86″W

49°0′7.17″N 123°4′5.66″W 49°0′7.17″N 123°4′5.66″W Peace Arch Park Peace Arch Park

49°0′7.45″N 49°0′7.45″N 122°45′23.49″W 122°45′23.49″W 49°0′7.74″N 122°44′7.58″W 49°0′7.74″N 122°44′7.58″W

49°0′8.14″N 122°29′6.37″W 49°0′8.14″N 122°29′6.37″W

BC 11 BC 11

Sumas Sumas

SR 9 SR 9

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

Nighthawk Nighthawk Road Road [Cawston] [Cawston]

49°0′8.65″N 49°0′8.65″N 122°15′55.25″W 122°15′55.25″W

Nighthawk Nighthawk

Similkameen Similkameen Road Road

Daytime service year­round Daytime service year­round (9:00 am–5:00 pm) (9:00 am–5:00 pm)

49°0′0.76″N 49°0′0.76″N 119°40′15.74″W 119°40′15.74″W

BC 97 BC 97

Oroville Oroville

US 97 US 97

Dominion Dominion Street Street

49°0′0.36″N 49°0′0.36″N 119°27′45.72″W 119°27′45.72″W 49°0′0.36″N 49°0′0.36″N 118°45′39.96″W 118°45′39.96″W 49°0′0.36″N 118°30′11.85″W 49°0′0.36″N 118°30′11.85″W 49°0′0.36″N 118°13′26.12″W 49°0′0.36″N 118°13′26.12″W 49°0′1.80″N 117°49′54.12″W 49°0′1.80″N 117°49′54.12″W 49°0′2.52″N 117°37′30.36″W 49°0′2.52″N 117°37′30.36″W 49°0′0.00″N 117°17′58.92″W 49°0′0.00″N 117°17′58.92″W

British Columbia–Idaho British Columbia–Idaho Daytime­evening service Rykerts Rykerts

BC 21 [Creston] BC 21 [Creston]

Porthill

SH­1

Porthill

SH­1

Kingsgate

BC 95

Eastport

US­95

Kingsgate

BC 95

Eastport

US­95

Roosville Roosville

BC 93 [Grasmere] BC 93 [Grasmere]

year­round (2nd Sunday Daytime­evening service March–1st Saturday Nov. year­round (2nd Sunday (MST=PDT), 7:00 am– March–1st Saturday Nov. 11:00 pm; rest of year, 8:00 (MST=PDT), 7:00 am– am–midnight MST = 7:00 11:00 pm; rest of year, 8:00 am–11:00 pm PST) am–midnight MST = 7:00 am–11:00 pm PST) 24­hour service year­round.

Canadian port of entry 24­hour service year­round. closed holidays.

Canadian port of entry closed holidays.

48°59′59.64″N 116°29′58.56″W 48°59′59.64″N 116°29′58.56″W 49°0′1.80″N 116°10′53.40″W 49°0′1.80″N 116°10′53.40″W

British Columbia–Montana British Columbia–Montana

Roosville

US 93 [Eureka]

24­hour service year­round

Roosville

US 93 [Eureka]

24­hour service year­round

48°59′58.56″N 115°3′21.24″W 48°59′58.56″N 115°3′21.24″W

Chief Mountain

Carway Carway

Hwy 6 [Waterton Hwy 6 Park] [Waterton

Park]

Hwy 2 [Cardston] Hwy 2 [Cardston]

Chief Mountain Chief Mountain

MT 17 MT 17

Piegan

US 89 [Babb]

Piegan

US 89 [Babb] S­213 [Cut

(May 15–31, 9:00 am–6:00 Daytime service seasonal pm; June 1–Labor Day, (May 15–31, 9:00 am–6:00 7:00 am–10:00 pm; Day pm; June 1–Labor Day, after Labor Day–September 7:00 am–10:00 pm; Day 30, 9:00 am–6:00 p.m; Oct. after Labor Day–September 1 – May 14, closed) 30, 9:00 am–6:00 p.m; Oct. 1 – May 14, closed) Daytime­evening service year­round (7:00 am–11:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (7:00 am–11:00 pm) Daytime service year­round (June 1 – September 15, Daytime service year­round

MT 17

Piegan

US 89 [Babb]

Piegan

US 89 [Babb] S­213 [Cut Bank] S­213 [Cut Bank]

Del Bonita

Hwy 62

Del Bonita

Del Bonita

Hwy 62

Del Bonita

Coutts

Hwy 4

Sweetgrass

I‑15

Coutts Aden

Hwy 4 Hwy 880

Sweetgrass Whitlash

I‑15 S­409

Aden

Hwy 880

Whitlash

S­409

Wild Horse

Hwy 41

Wild Horse

S­232 [Havre]

Wild Horse

Hwy 41

Wild Horse

S­232 [Havre]

Waterton­Glacier

International Peace Park, Waterton­Glacier Chief Mountain Border International Peace Park, Station and Quarters Chief Mountain Border Station and Quarters

48°59′58.92″N 113°39′38.88″W 48°59′58.92″N 113°39′38.88″W

Sault Ste. Marie Sault Ste. Marie Sarnia (Blue Water Bridge) Sarnia (Blue Water Bridge)

48°59′53.16″N 113°22′44.40″W 48°59′53.16″N 113°22′44.40″W

Windsor­ Detroit Tunnel Windsor­ Detroit Tunnel

48°59′54.96″N 112°47′17.95″W 48°59′54.96″N 112°47′17.95″W 48°59′54.24″N 111°57′37.44″W 48°59′54.24″N 48°59′50.28″N 111°57′37.44″W 111°15′31.27″W 48°59′50.28″N 111°15′31.27″W 48°59′57.48″N 110°12′55.08″W 48°59′57.48″N 110°12′55.08″W

24­hour service year­round Daytime service year­round (9:00 am–5:00 pm) Daytime service year­round Daytime service year­ (9:00 am–5:00 pm) round. (May 15 – Daytime service year­ September 30, 8:00 am– round. (May 15 – 9:00 pm; Oct. 1 – May 14, September 30, 8:00 am– 8:00 am–5:00 pm).

9:00 pm; Oct. 1 – May 14, 8:00 am–5:00 pm).

Boissevain Lena

PTH 10 PTH 18 [Killarney]

Dunseith Saint John

US 281 ND 30

Lena Cartwright

PTH 18 [Killarney] PTH 5

Saint John Hansboro

ND 30 ND 4

Cartwright Crystal City

Daytime­evening service 24­hour service year­round year­round (8:00 am–9:00 pm) Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am–9:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (8:00 am–9:00 pm) Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am–9:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (9:00 am–10:00 pm) Daytime­evening service year­round (9:00 am–10:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (9:00 am–10:00 pm) Daytime­evening service year­round (9:00 am–10:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (9:00 am–10:00 pm) Daytime­evening service year­round (9:00 am–10:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (8:00 am–10:00 pm) Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am–10:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (8:00 am–10:00 pm) Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am–10:00 24­hour service year­round pm) Formerly known as "West 24­hour service year­round Lynne", the Canadian side

Windsor ­ Ambassador Windsor ­ Bridge Ambassador Bridge

Waterton­Glacier International Peace Park, Waterton­Glacier Chief Mountain Border International Peace Park, Station and Quarters Chief Mountain Border Station and Quarters

Highway 61 [Neebing] Highway 61 [Neebing]

Grand Portage Grand Portage

List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia MN 61 24­hour service year­round Pigeon River Bridge MN 61 24­hour service year­round Pigeon River Bridge

48°59′58.92″N 113°39′38.88″W 48°59′58.92″N 113°39′38.88″W 48°59′53.16″N 113°22′44.40″W 48°59′53.16″N 113°22′44.40″W 48°59′54.96″N

International Peace Garden

49°0′0.00″N 109°43′53.76″W 48°59′58.56″N 49°0′0.00″N 101°1′4.80″W 109°43′53.76″W 48°59′58.56″N 101°1′4.80″W 48°59′57.84″N 100°33′20.11″W 48°59′57.84″N 48°59′57.48″N 100°33′20.11″W 100°3′8.28″W

3/22 3/22

48°59′57.48″N 48°59′57.84″N 100°3′8.28″W 99°39′32.15″W

48°59′58.92″N 99°20′48.84″W 49°0′0″N 98°56′15.79″W

Crystal City Snowflake

PTH 34 PR 242

Sarles Hannah

ND 20 91st Ave. NE

Snowflake Windygates

PR 242 PTH 31 [Darlingford]

Hannah Maida

91st Ave. NE ND 1 [Langdon]

Windygates Winkler

PTH 31 [Darlingford] PTH 32

Maida Walhalla

ND 1 [Langdon] ND 32

Winkler Gretna

PTH 32 PTH 30

Walhalla Neche

ND 32 ND 18

Gretna

PTH 30

Neche

ND 18

Emerson

PTH 75

Pembina

I­29 / US 81

Formerly known as "West of this busy crossing was Lynne", Canadian when side renamed the "Emerson"

49°0′1.80″N 97°14′15.72″W

I­29 / US 81

of this busy crossing was Emerson East closed in renamed "Emerson" when 2003.

49°0′1.80″N 97°14′15.72″W

Pembina

49°0′1.08″N 98°21′53.64″W 49°0′1.80″N 97°54′30.96″W 49°0′1.80″N 97°54′30.96″W 49°0′1.80″N 97°33′25.20″W 49°0′1.80″N 97°33′25.20″W

PTH 59

Lancaster

US 59

Lancaster

US 59

Piney

PTH 89

Pinecreek

MN 89

Piney

PTH 89

Pinecreek

MN 89

South Junction

PR 310

Roseau

MN 310

South Junction

PR 310

Roseau

MN 310

Sprague

PTH 12

Warroad

MN 313

Sprague

PTH 12

Warroad

MN 313

Jefferson Avenue / M­ Jefferson 10 / M­3 / I­375 Avenue / M­ 10 / M­3 / I­375

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

Niagara Falls Rainbow Niagara Falls Bridge Rainbow Bridge

Highway 420 / Falls Avenue Highway 420 / Falls Avenue

NY 384 / NY 104 / NY 384 / US 62 NY 104 / US 62

No commercial trucks. 24­ hour service year­round No commercial trucks. 24­ hour service year­round

Rainbow Bridge Rainbow Bridge

43°5′24.62″N 79°4′3.69″W 43°5′24.62″N 79°4′3.69″W

Whirlpool Street Whirlpool Street

NEXUS use only. Daytime­ evening service year­round NEXUS use only. Daytime­ (7:00 am–11:00 pm) evening service year­round (7:00 am–11:00 pm)

Whirlpool Rapids Bridge Whirlpool Rapids Bridge

43°6′33.27″N 79°3′30″W 43°6′33.27″N 79°3′30″W

I­190 / NY 104 I­190 / NY 104

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

Lewiston–Queenston Bridge Lewiston–Queenston Bridge

43°9′10.77″N 79°2′40.12″W 43°9′10.77″N 79°2′40.12″W

I­81 I­81

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

NY 812 NY 812

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

Thousand Islands Bridge Thousand Islands Bridge Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge Ogdensburg–Prescott International Bridge

44°20′50.18″N 75°59′0.34″W 44°20′50.18″N 75°59′0.34″W 44°43′59.33″N 75°27′27.88″W 44°43′59.33″N 75°27′27.88″W

NY 37 [Rooseveltown] NY 37 [Rooseveltown]

24­hour service year­round.

Canadian port of entry 24­hour service year­round. ("interim") at the north end Canadian port of entry of the new (low) north ("interim") at the north end channel bridge. Travellers of the new (low) north from the U.S. to Cornwall channel bridge. Travellers Island first cross the island from the U.S. to Cornwall to the Canadian port of Island first cross the island entry. to the Canadian port of entry.

Seaway International Bridge, Three Nations Seaway International Crossing Bridge, Three Nations Crossing

44°59′26.37″N 74°44′22.26″W 44°59′26.37″N 74°44′22.26″W

Niagara Falls Whirlpool Niagara Falls Bridge Whirlpool Bridge Queenston ­ Lewiston– Queenston ­ Queenston Lewiston– Bridge Queenston Bridge Lansdowne Lansdowne

River Road River Road Highway 405 [Niagara­on­ Highway 405 the­Lake] [Niagara­on­ the­Lake] Highway 137 [Hill Island] Highway 137 [Hill Island] Highway 16 [Johnstown] Highway 16 [Johnstown] Akwesasne International Akwesasne Road International [Kawehnoke Road (Cornwall [Kawehnoke Island), (Cornwall Akwesasne Island), Reserve 59] / Akwesasne Brookdale Reserve 59] / Avenue Brookdale [Cornwall] Avenue [Cornwall]

Niagara Falls ­ Niagara Rainbow Falls ­ Bridge Rainbow Bridge Niagara Falls ­ Niagara Whirlpool Falls ­ Bridge Whirlpool Bridge Lewiston ­ Lewiston– Lewiston ­ Queenston Lewiston– Bridge Queenston Bridge Alexandria Bay Alexandria Bay Ogdensburg Ogdensburg

Massena Massena

Dundee Dundee Trout River Trout River

Route 132 Route 132 Route 138 [Athelstan] Route 138 [Athelstan] Route 202 [Hinchinbrooke] Route 202 [Hinchinbrooke]

Fort Covington Fort Covington Trout River Trout River

NY 22 (Hemmingford Road)

A­15

Champlain

49°0′0.72″N 96°48′5.40″W

Lacolle: Route 221

Route 221

Overton Corners

48°59′59.64″N 95°58′41.52″W

Lacolle: Route 223

Route 223

48°59′58.56″N 95°45′59.40″W

Noyan

48°59′58.56″N 95°45′59.40″W 48°59′56.40″N 95°22′34.32″W 48°59′56.40″N 95°22′34.32″W

Baudette – Rainy River International Bridge

48°43′8.94″N 94°35′25.25″W

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

Baudette – Rainy River Fort Frances–International International Bridge Falls International Bridge

48°43′8.94″N 48°36′26.69″N 94°35′25.25″W 93°24′6.42″W

International US 53 / US 71 Fort Frances Highway 71 24­hour service year­round https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings Falls

Fort Frances–International Falls International Bridge

48°36′26.69″N 93°24′6.42″W

24­hour service year­round Ontario–Minnesota

Rainy River

Highway 11

Baudette

MN 72

Highway 71 Highway 11

International Baudette Falls

US 53 / US 71 MN 72

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

42°18′42.47″N 83°4′26.39″W 42°18′42.47″N 83°4′26.39″W

42°54′25.06″N 78°54′21.45″W 42°54′25.06″N 78°54′21.45″W

44°59′52.92″N 74°30′27.94″W 44°59′52.92″N 74°30′27.94″W 44°59′31.38″N 74°18′29.43″W 44°59′31.38″N 74°18′29.43″W 44°59′37.13″N 74°5′8.67″W 44°59′37.13″N 74°5′8.67″W 44°59′56.41″N 73°56′20.57″W 44°59′56.41″N 73°56′20.57″W

6/22 6/22

45°0′11.32″N 73°45′22.90″W

24­hour service year­round

45°0′16.07″N 73°36′10.88″W

I­87

24­hour service year­round

45°0′31.83″N 73°27′8.26″W

NY 276 [Champlain]

24­hour service year­round

45°0′35.7″N 73°24′0.63″W

Rouses Point

US 11

24­hour service year­round

45°0′37.33″N 73°22′15.21″W

Route 225

Alburg

VT 225 [Alburgh]

24­hour service year­round

45°0′41.69″N 73°17′47.54″W

Clarenceville

Chemin Beech Sud

Alburg Springs

Alburg Springs Road [Alburgh]

Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am– midnight)

45°0′46.92″N 73°12′44.27″W

St–Armand / Phillipsburg

Route 133

Highgate Springs

I‑89

24­hour service year­round

45°0′55.55″N 73°5′5.17″W

VT 235

Daytime service year­round (Canada staffed 8:00 am– 4:00 pm; U.S. 8:00 am– midnight). Canadian port has Remote Traveller Processing all other hours, only open to citizens and permanent residents of Canada and the U.S. [3]

45°0′51.45″N 72°58′42.59″W

45°0′58.67″N 72°49′31.13″W

Quebec–Vermont

Ontario–Minnesota

Fort Frances Rainy River

Peace Bridge Peace Bridge Busiest passenger vehicle

Busiest passenger vehicle crossing[2] crossing[2]

24­hour service year­round Herdman Chateaugay Herdman Chateaugay 24­hour service year­round Canadian port of entry closed. U.S. port of entry Canadian port of entry (closed – was open 8:00 am–4:00 pm. closed. U.S. port of entry Franklin (closed – was Route 209 Churubusco NY 189 12/10/2017 List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia Persons are not permitted open 8:00 am–4:00 pm.

Centre) Franklin Route 209 Churubusco NY 189 Persons are not permitted to enter Canada at this Centre) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings location https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings Daytime service year­round (8:00 am–4:00 pm; Cannon Route 203 Cannon Canadian port of entry Covey Hill Corners Road [Havelock] Corners open until midnight May– [Mooers Forks] October) Mooers

24­hour service year­round

Southernmost road crossing and busiest crossing and busiest commercial crossing commercial crossing

Quebec–New York Quebec–New York Water Street Water Street NY 30 [Constable] NY 30 [Constable] NY 374 (River Street) NY 374 (River Street)

Route 219

48°59′59.64″N 95°58′41.52″W

road

42°19′25.96″N 83°2′25.04″W 42°19′25.96″N 83°2′25.04″W

QEW QEW

St­Bernard­de­ Lacolle: Highway 15

49°0′0.72″N 96°48′5.40″W

Detroit–Windsor Tunnel Detroit–Windsor Tunnel Ambassador Bridge Ambassador Bridge Southernmost

I­190 / Baird Drive I­190 / Baird Drive

Hemmingford

pm); U.S. port of entry Daytime­evening service service reduced to daytime year­round (8:00 am–10:00 only of January 7, 2018 (8 pm); U.S. port of entry am–4 pm)[1] service reduced to daytime only of January 7, 2018 (8 Daytime service year­round [1] am–4 pm) (Canadian port of entry 9:00 am–10:00 pm; U.S. Daytime service year­round port of entry 9:00 am–5:00 (Canadian port of entry pm) 9:00 am–10:00 pm; U.S. port of entry 9:00 am–5:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (8:00 am– midnight); U.S. port of Daytime­evening service entry service reduced to year­round (8:00 am– daytime only of January 7, midnight); U.S. port of 2018 (8 am–4 pm)[1] entry service reduced to daytime only of January 7, 24­hour service year­round 2018 (8 am–4 pm)[1]

46°30′30.24″N 84°21′38.58″W 46°30′30.24″N 84°21′38.58″W 42°59′55.3″N 82°25′24.44″W 42°59′55.3″N 82°25′24.44″W

Buffalo ­ Peace Buffalo ­ Bridge Peace Bridge

Daytime­evening service

Manitoba–Minnesota year­round (8:00 am–10:00

PTH 59

Blue Water Bridge Blue Water Bridge

49°0′0.72″N 98°41′39.48″W 49°0′1.08″N 98°21′53.64″W

2003.

Tolstoi

Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

Fort Erie ­ Peace Bridge Fort Erie ­ Peace Bridge

49°0′0″N 98°56′15.79″W 49°0′0.72″N 98°41′39.48″W

Manitoba–Minnesota

Tolstoi

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

I­69 / I­94 I­69 / I­94

I­75 / I­96 I­75 / I­96

Cornwall Cornwall

Emerson East closed in

2/22 2/22

Ontario–Michigan Ontario–Michigan I­75 I­75

Detroit ­ Ambassador Detroit ­ Bridge Ambassador Bridge

48°59′57.84″N 99°39′32.15″W 48°59′58.92″N 99°20′48.84″W

ND 4 ND 20

PTH 75

Highway 402 [Point Edward] Highway 402 [Point Edward] Ouellette Avenue / Ouellette Goyeau Street Avenue / [Windsor] Goyeau Street [Windsor]

Sault Ste. Marie Sault Ste. Marie Port Huron ­ Blue Water Port Huron ­ Bridge Blue Water Bridge Detroit­ Windsor Detroit­ Tunnel Windsor Tunnel

48°0′5.1″N 89°35′6.61″W 48°0′5.1″N 89°35′6.61″W

Highway 3 [Windsor] Highway 3 [Windsor]

Prescott Prescott

Hansboro Sarles

Emerson

Huron Street Huron Street

Ontario–New York Ontario–New York

PTH 5 PTH 34

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings

Alberta–Montana Alberta–Montana Daytime service seasonal Chief Mountain

(May 15–31, 9:00 am–6:00 Daytime service seasonal pm; June 1–Labor Day, (May 15–31, 9:00 am–6:00 7:00 am–10:00 pm; Day pm; June 1–Labor Day, after Labor Day–September 7:00 am–10:00 pm; Day 30, 9:00 am–6:00 p.m; Oct. after Labor Day–September 1 – May 14, closed) 30, 9:00 am–6:00 p.m; Oct. Daytime­evening service 1 – May 14, closed) year­round (7:00 am–11:00 Daytime­evening service pm) year­round (7:00 am–11:00 Daytime service year­round pm) (June 1 – September 15, Daytime service year­round 8:00 am–9:00 pm; Sept. 16 (June 1 – September 15, – May 31, 9:00 am–6:00 8:00 am–9:00 pm; Sept. 16 pm).

– May 31, 9:00 am–6:00 pm).

24­hour service year­round

MT 17

(2nd Sunday March–1st Daytime service year­round Saturday Nov. 12/10/2017 List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia Hwy 21 Willow (2nd Sunday March–1st (CST=MDT), 9:00 am–5:00 Willow Creek S­233 [Consul] Creek PTH 83 Daytime­evening service Coulter Westhope US 83 Saturday Nov. pm; rest of year, 10:00 Hwy 21 Willow [Melita] year­round (8:00 am–9:00 12/10/2017 List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia (CST=MDT), 9:00 am–5:00 Willow Creek S­233 am–6:00 pm CST = 9:00 [Consul] Creek pm) pm; rest of year, 10:00 am–5:00 pm MST) PTH 83 Daytime­evening service Coulter Westhope US 83 am–6:00 pm CST = 9:00 year­round (8:00 am–9:00 [Melita] Daytime­evening service https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings am–5:00 pm MST) PTH 21 pm) Goodlands Carbury ND 14 [Souris] year­round (9:00 am–10:00 [Deloraine] pm) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings Daytime­evening service PTH 21 Goodlands Carbury ND 14 [Souris] year­round (9:00 am–10:00 [Deloraine] Boissevain PTH 10 Dunseith US 281 24­hour service year­round International Peace Garden pm)

59°37′45.69″N 59°37′45.69″N 135°9′50.15″W 135°9′50.15″W

24­hour service year­round.

24­hour service year­round.

Canadian port of entry Canadian port of entry closed holidays. closed holidays.

Customs Road Daytime service year­round Midway Ferry Customs Road Daytime service year­round [Curlew] (9:00 am–5:00 pm) Midway Ferry 12/10/2017 List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia [Curlew] (9:00 am–5:00 pm) 12/10/2017 List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia Daytime­evening service BC 41 [Grand https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings Carson Danville SR 21 year­round (8:00 am– https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings Forks] Daytime­evening service BC 41 [Grand midnight) Carson Danville SR 21 year­round (8:00 am– Forks] midnight) BC 395 Daytime­evening service Cascade [Christina Laurier US 395 year­round (8:00 am– BC 395 Daytime­evening service Lake] midnight) Cascade [Christina Laurier US 395 year­round (8:00 am– midnight) Lake] BC 22 SR 25 Paterson Frontier 24­hour service year­round [Rossland] [Northport] BC 22 SR 25 Paterson Frontier 24­hour service year­round [Rossland] [Northport] BC 22A Waneta Road Daytime service year­round Waneta Boundary (9:00 am–5:00 pm) [Montrose] [Northport] BC 22A Waneta Road Daytime service year­round Waneta Boundary [Montrose] [Northport] (9:00 am–5:00 pm) Daytime­evening service Metaline Nelway BC 6 [Salmo] SR 31 year­round (8:00 am– Daytime­evening service Falls Metaline midnight) Nelway BC 6 [Salmo] SR 31 year­round (8:00 am– Falls midnight) Osoyoos Osoyoos

Hwy 2 [Cardston] Hwy 2 [Cardston]

Chief Mountain Chief Mountain

Saskatchewan–Montana Daytime service year­round

24­hour service year­round 24­hour service year­round

I‑5 I‑5

Blaine ­ Blaine ­ Pacific Pacific Highway Highway

Carway

Hwy 6 [Waterton Hwy 6 Park] [Waterton Park]

Saskatchewan–Montana

British Columbia–Washington British Columbia–Washington Boundary Bay Boundary Bay

12/10/2017 12/10/2017 Pigeon River Pigeon River

48°59′58.56″N 115°3′21.24″W 48°59′58.56″N 115°3′21.24″W

24­hour service year­round

Alberta–Montana Daytime service seasonal

Coordinates Coordinates Chief Mountain

Top of the Top of the World Highway World Highway

British Columbia–Montana 24­hour service year­round

Alberta–Montana

Yukon–Alaska Yukon–Alaska

Little Gold Little Gold Creek Creek

BC 93 [Grasmere] BC 93 [Grasmere]

Morses Line

Route 235 [St­ Armand]

Morses Line

5/22 5/22

Frelighsburg

Route 237

West Berkshire

VT 108 [Berkshire]

24­hour service year­round

East Pinnacle

Chemin de Richford

Pinnacle Road

Pinnacle Road [Richford]

Canada daytime service year­round (8:00 am–4:00 pm); U.S. 24­hour service year­round

45°0′56.03″N 72°42′00.15″W

Abercorn

Route 139

Richford

VT 139

24­hour service year­round

45°0′54.00″N 72°39′45.51″W

Glen Sutton

Chemin de la Vallée­ Missisquoi [Sutton]

East Richford

VT 105A [Richford]

Canada daytime service year­round (8:00 am–4:00 pm); U.S. 24­hour service year­round

Highwater

Route 243

North Troy

VT 243

24­hour service year­round

Missisquoi River Bridge

45°0′42.79″N 72°35′19.13″W 45°0′26.12″N 72°24′57.25″W

Border Crossings 118 active ones 12/10/2017

List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia to enter Canada at this location

Covey Hill

Route 203 [Havelock]

Cannon Corners

Cannon Corners Road [Mooers Forks]

Daytime service year­round (8:00 am–4:00 pm; Canadian port of entry open until midnight May– October)

45°0′11.32″N 73°45′22.90″W

45°0′16.07″N 73°36′10.88″W

Hemmingford

Route 219

Mooers

NY 22 (Hemmingford Road)

24­hour service year­round

St­Bernard­de­ Lacolle: Highway 15

A­15

Champlain

I­87

24­hour service year­round

45°0′31.83″N 73°27′8.26″W

Lacolle: Route 221

Route 221

Overton Corners

NY 276 [Champlain]

24­hour service year­round

45°0′35.7″N 73°24′0.63″W

Lacolle: Route 223

Route 223

Rouses Point

US 11

24­hour service year­round

45°0′37.33″N 73°22′15.21″W

Noyan

Route 225

Alburg

VT 225 [Alburgh]

24­hour service year­round

45°0′41.69″N 73°17′47.54″W

Clarenceville

Chemin Beech Sud

Alburg Springs

Alburg Springs Road [Alburgh]

Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am– midnight)

45°0′46.92″N 73°12′44.27″W

St–Armand / Phillipsburg

Route 133

Highgate Springs

I‑89

24­hour service year­round

45°0′55.55″N 73°5′5.17″W

Morses Line

Route 235 [St­ Armand]

VT 235

Daytime service year­round (Canada staffed 8:00 am– 4:00 pm; U.S. 8:00 am– midnight). Canadian port has Remote Traveller Processing all other hours, only open to citizens and permanent residents of Canada and the U.S. [3]

45°0′51.45″N 72°58′42.59″W

VT 108 [Berkshire]

24­hour service year­round

45°0′58.67″N 72°49′31.13″W

Canada daytime service year­round (8:00 am–4:00 pm); U.S. 24­hour service year­round

12/10/2017

Quebec–Vermont

Frelighsburg

Route 237

Morses Line

West Berkshire Pinnacle Road

Pinnacle Road [Richford]

Abercorn

Route 139

Richford

VT 139

24­hour service year­round

Glen Sutton

Chemin de la Vallée­ Missisquoi [Sutton]

East Richford

VT 105A [Richford]

Canada daytime service year­round (8:00 am–4:00 pm); U.S. 24­hour service year­round

12/10/2017 Highwater

Route 243

North Troy

List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia VT 243 24­hour service year­round

Stanstead (Beebe)

Route 247

Beebe Plain

Beebe Road 24­hour service year­round [Derby] Quebec–New Hampshire

Stanstead (Rte 143) Chartierville Stanstead (55)

Route 257

Derby Line ­ Rte 5 Pittsburg

US 3

A­55

Derby Line

I‑91

Route 143

US 5

45°0′56.03″N 72°42′00.15″W 45°0′54.00″N 72°39′45.51″W Missisquoi River Bridge

named

45°0′26.12″N 72°24′57.25″W

Woburn Stanhope

Route 161 Route 147

Coburn Norton Gore

SR 27 VT 147

24­hour service year­round

45°22′43.01″N 45°0′38.46″N 70°48′28.96″W 71°47′35.88″W

Armstrong Hereford Road

Route 173 Route 141

Jackman Canaan

US 201 / SR 6 VT 141

24­hour service year­round

45°48′20.26″N 45°0′45.47″N 70°23′48.24″W 71°33′36.80″W

Canadian port of entry 24­hour service year­round open only for Pilot Project for Travellers in Remote Areas ­ Quebec (PPTRA­ Golden Road [4] permit holders, during Route de la Q) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings St­Zacharie St. Zacharie (private­North Frontière U.S. port hours. U.S. port Maine Woods) of entry daytime service year­round (6:00 am–8:00 pm Monday–Thursday & 6:00 am–4:00 pm Friday)

Ste­Aurélie

St­Just­de­ Bretenières

St­Pamphile

Pohenegamook

Route 253

Route 277

Rue des Moulins

Route Elgin Sud

Rue de la Frontière

Beecher Falls

St. Aurelie Road (private­ North Maine Woods)

St. Juste

St. Juste Road / Stetson Road (private­North Maine Woods)

Daytime service year­round (Canadian port of entry: 9:00 am–5:00 pm Monday– Friday with additional hours for PPTRA­Q permits; U.S. port of entry 6:00 am–9:00 pm Monday–Thursday & 6:00 am–4:00 pm Friday)

St. Pamphile

Blanchette / Maibec Road (private­North Maine Woods)

Daytime service year­round (Canadian port of entry 9:00 am–5:00 pm Monday– Friday with additional hours for PPTRA­Q permits; U.S. port of entry 6:00 am–9:00 pm Monday & Thursday, 6:00 am–8:00 pm Tuesday & Wednesday & Friday, 8:00 am–4:00 pm Saturday)

Estcourt

Frontier Road (public) / Estcourt Road (private­North Maine Woods)

Canadian port of entry at town: daytime service year­round (9:00 am–5:00 pm Monday–Friday) with additional hours for PPTRA­Q permits. U.S. port of entry at road to Maine interior, 0.85 km / 0.53 mi southwest of Canadian port of entry, open 8:00 am–4:00 pm Saturdays only

Ste. Aurelie

45°0′48.21″N 71°30′19.11″W

VT 253

Daytime service year­round (Canadian port of entry: 9:00 am–5:00 pm Monday– Friday with additional hours for PPTRA­Q permits; U.S. port of entry 6:00 am–9:00 pm Monday–Thursday & 6:00 am–4:00 pm Friday)

46°05′34.29″N 70°17′25.68″W

7/22

24­hour service year­round

46°55′28.45″N 67°47′24.57″W

U.S. port of entry closed.

Canadian port of entry open 9:00 am–11:30 pm AT, from 3rd Monday in April to 2nd Sunday in October. Persons are not permitted to enter the U.S. at this location.

46°49′24.21″N 67°47′22.65″W

Gillespie Portage

Route 375

Limestone

Brown Road

(closed – was East Road)

Russell Road

Andover

Route 190 [Perth­Andover]

Fort Fairfield

SR 167

24­hour service year­round

46°45′55.18″N 67°47′21.84″W

River de Chute

Smugglers Road

Easton

Ladner Road

Daytime service year­round (9:00 am–5:00 pm AT = 8:00 am–4:00 pm ET)

46°36′01.14″N 67°47′17.79″W

Centreville

Route 110

Bridgewater

Boundary Line Road

24­hour service year­round

46°27′01.28″N 67°47′05.18″W

Daytime service year­round (9:00 am–5:00 pm AT = 8:00 am–4:00 pm ET Monday–Saturday).

Canadian port of entry also open Sunday June– October.

46°19′03.33″N 67°46′58.14″W

46°08′06.74″N 67°46′52.76″W

Bloomfield

Line Road

Monticello

Fletcher Road

Woodstock Road

Route 95

Houlton

I‑95

24­hour service year­round

Boundary Bridge

45°49′00.30″N 67°46′51.21″W

Fosterville

Route 122

Orient

Boundary Road

Daytime service year­round (mid May–end November: 8:00 am–midnight AT = 7:00 am–11:00 pm ET; December–mid May Canada 9:00 am–5:00 pm AT Sunday–Friday & 8:00 am–midnight AT Saturday, U.S. 7:00 am–5:00 pm ET)

Forest City

Forest City Road

Forest City

Forest City Road

Daytime service year­round (9:00 am–5:00 pm AT = 8:00 am–4:00 pm ET; U.S. port of entry closed Sundays in winter)

Forest City Bridge

45°39′46.87″N 67°43′42.01″W 45°34′07.58″N 67°25′42.86″W

St. Croix

Route 4

Vanceboro

SR 6

24­hour service year­round

Saint Croix – Vanceboro Bridge

St. Stephen (3rd Bridge)

St. Stephen Drive

Calais ­ International Ave

International Avenue

24­hour service year­round.

Commercial vehicles must use this crossing between St. Stephen and Calais.

International Avenue Bridge

45°09′39.76″N 67°18′09.79″W

Milltown

Milltown Boulevard [St. Stephen]

Calais ­ Milltown Bridge

North Street Extension

07:00­23:00 AST (closed over nights)

Milltown International Bridge

45°10′11.88″N 67°17′48.39″W

St. Stephen (Ferry Point Bridge)

Milltown Boulevard / Route 170

Calais ­ Ferry Point

Main Street

24­hour service year­round.

No commercial vehicles.

Ferry Point International Bridge

45°11′30.0″N 67°17′0.2″W

SR 189

24­hour service year­round.

Canadian port of entry closed holidays.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge

44°51′33.8″N 66°58′48.8″W

Campobello 46°12′27.02″N 70°16′34.31″W

Route 774

Lubec

Closed land ports of entry This list includes only those crossings known to have had Customs or Immigration services at the border. They are listed in order from west to east. Other unattended roads are listed in the Unstaffed Road Crossings section.

46°32′44.60″N 70°01′44.66″W

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings

46°56′33.06″N 69°45′01.39″W

47°27′22.46″N 69°13′41.38″W 47°26′59.31″N 69°14′5.20″W

New Brunswick–Maine Clair

Route 205

Fort Kent

US 1

24­hour service year­round

Clair – Fort Kent Bridge

47°14′57.3″N 68°36′13.6″W

Edmundston

Route 120

Madawaska

Bridge Street

24­hour service year­round

Edmundston–Madawaska Bridge

47°21′36.5″N 68°19′43.3″W

St. Leonard

Bridge Street/Rue du Pont

Van Buren

Bridge Street

24­hour service year­round

St. Leonard – Van Buren Bridge

47°09′34.92″N 67°55′51.24″W

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_crossings

SR 229

Boundaryline Road

45°0′21.11″N 72°05′17.46″W

Rock

Island

Quebec–Maine

East Hereford

47°03′37.95″N 67°47′24.57″W

Hamlin

45°0′20.93″N 72°08′31.16″W 45°0′20.64″N 72°05′57.56″W 45°15′09.80″N 71°12′15.20″W

24­hour service year­round Canada daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am–midnight); U.S. 24­hour 24­hour service year­round service year­round Canadian port of entry formerly

45°0′42.79″N 72°35′19.13″W

Daytime­evening service year­round (8:00 am– midnight AT = 7:00 am– 11:00 pm ET)

Route 218

Four Falls

Chemin de Richford

East Pinnacle

List of Canada–United States border crossings ­ Wikipedia

Grand Falls

8/22

9/22

Catalog of Landscape Technologies of Surveillance and Control:

0.15mm

20mm - 50mm

Smart Dust

100mm - 500mm

Artificial Insect/ Insect Drones

Drone

210mm

100mm - 500mm

100mm - 500mm

Drone

Drone

Surveillance Camera 360 °

300mm

400mm

Infrared Surveillance Camera

800mm

Surveillance Robot

2,500mm

7,400mm

Surveillance Robot

14,630mm

8,000mm

Weight Sensors

Truck Scanning

Highway Surveillance System

32,900mm

10,000mm 10,000mm 18,900mm

5,690mm

Surveillance Personnel

Lamp Post Surveillance System

19,200mm

Surveillance Van

Surveillance Helicopter

Surveillance Plane

Watch Tower

45,000mm 160,000mm 360,000 mm

Border Check Point

17,000mm - 38,000mm

Rapid Aerostat

58,000mm

25,000mm

Blimp

Satellite

Satellite Dish

Surveillance Control Center

Surveillance Technologies

Post- 2001

However, things changed after 2001. The September 11th attack on the World Trade Centers had caused the tightening of the U.S. border controls in the years to come.

This applies to all airports, seaports, train stations, checkpoints, terminals and the physical border with Canada and Mexico. Fearing the terrorists have entered the U.S. from Canada, state-of-art surveillance technologies such as cameras, infrared heat sensors, motion sensors, weight sensors were installed along the border to understand the human flow across the longest undefended border (Mallonee, 1). The border’s invisible security can seem very creepy to people who live on the border and or commute across it on a routinely basis. The thesis begs the questions: how can the outdated and heavily surveillanced border better fit for the 21st century? How can this border, which is often treated as the testing grounds for new technologies and innovations, be a border that offers cultural, social and ecological benefits?

The US - Canadian border has recently been brought back into general public awareness. Since the election of Donald Trump as the 45th President of the U.S, the new administration’s policies have not only acted to deter illegal immigrants from the southern border but have also catalyzed a northbound migration of illegal residents that face potential extradition. Refugees of varied nationalities have recently begun a steady migration to American border towns to cross the border to Canada in order to seek asylum because of the Safe Third Country Agreement signed by Canada and U.S. The agreement allows the migrants of third countries to apply for refugee status claims. With the increase of migrants, the application process time has also increased to six months waiting period. These migrants spend the waiting period in homeless shelters and tents recycled from the materials of the Montreal Olympic Stadium. Yet these illegal immigrants are only a percentage of foreigners entering Canada with the hope of permanent residence - unnoticed and undetected by the surveillance technology. As the weather of the hinterland region can be very harsh during the winter months, some of the migrants lose their ways in the snow and the forest. The sub-zero temperature causes the migrants to get frost-bites which leads to amputations of the fingers and toes (Mochama, 1).

Post 9/11 2001-2016

Everything changed after 9/11. Worried about terrorists sneaking into the U.S. from Canada, Congress more than doubled the budget of Customs and Border Protection, the agency tasked with defending the border. The number of agents deployed on the Canadian border grew from 340 in 2001 to more than 2,237 in 2011, an increase of almost 560%, according to the Migration Policy Institute.

Casey Tolan 10/14/16 11:10am, Splinter News

Post 9/11: Major Canada-U.S. Border Security Enhancements

Source: Compiled by Victor Konrad, from generalized border crossing enhancement information. Credit� Stephen Gardiner, Trent University, Canada

United States of America

Canada

United States of America

2017: Illegal Crossing into Canada Along the border, 15,102 known people illegally entered into Canada (more undocumented) in 2017. In total Canada received 36,000 refugee claims in 2017.

2017: Illegal Crossing into Canada

2017: Illegal Crossing into Canada in the News October, 2017

May, 2017 U N I T E D S TAT E S – CA NA DA BE YON D T H E BOR DER :

A SH A R E D V I SION F OR PER I M E T ER SE C U R I T Y A N D E C ONOM IC C OM PE T I T I V E N E S S

Action Plan

September, 2017

DECE M BER 2 011

August, 2017 September, 2017 February, 2017

October, 2017 October, 2017

August, 2017

September, 2015 May, 2017

New Imaginations of the Border

Recent studies have shown that upward economic mobility has become more attainable in Canada than in the US, leading some to claim that the American Dream is now more alive in Canada than in the United States. Canada’s open attitude towards immigration has caused recent fluctuations in the real estate markets of several of the country’s urban centers. Foreign investment and resettlement has caused significant transformation of the architecture and organization of cities such as Toronto and Vancouver, which has retroactively contributed to pushing out Canadian National born citizens unable to afford rising rents. With climate change, the North will experience favorable temperature increase- making areas that were too cold to be occupied by human settlements. At the sametime, the biggest bodies of freshwaters on the Planet - The Great Lakes will attract more people moving North, as the equator and the South dries up or suffers from coastal storm surges.

Given the historical close and extensive relationship of Canada and the United States and the numerous issues the Canada |U.S. border sees such as the outdated technologies of surveillance, migrant crossing issues, ecological disturbance, pollution, and the separation of First Nations and local communities, Borderhood reinvents moments along the Canada | U.S. border to offer new imaginations of the border. The thesis critiques the 19th century notion of the border such as the 20’ wide, 2171 KM long “Slash” in the forests for surveillance and the 8000+ monuments that are along the border. The “Slash” and the monuments are maintained by the International Boundary Commission with an annual budget of $1,400,000.

The “Slash” is cleared every six years to warn anyone that crossing the undefended border is a serious crime punishable by imprisonment and fines. The obelisk shaped monuments mark and scar the border. First put there by the settlers, the obelisks are symbols of colonialism. They extrude from the ground as visual and physical markers of the land and symbolize the ownership of the land by Canada and the U.S, disregarding the First Nations that once occupied the land. The First Nations, shrunk in both population and landmass, are fragmented and pushed to the fringes of Canada and the U.S.

Traveling Fellowship: Borderline Encounters

Traveling Fellowship: Borderline Encounters

In summer 2017, my research of the Canada | U.S. borderlands first began by a two month long on-sites investigation and exhibition at Cornell University titled Borderline Encounters. Collaborators Joseph Kennedy, Grace Jiranuntarat (M.Arch’ 19), and I, Sonny Meng Qi Xu went on parallel train journeys funded by the Eidlitz Fellowship of Cornell University College of Architecture, Art and Design to better understand the hinterlands of each other’s countries. Kennedy, the American, was traveling on the Canadian Pacific from Vancouver, BC to Halifax, NS. I, the Canadian and Jiranuntarat traveled on the American train the Empire Builder, starting in Seattle, WA and ending in Buffalo, NY. We visited eight pairs of Sister Cities that were on the train’s path to better understand cross-boundary culture, urbanism, architecture and landscape. We saw the border from both sides of the border and documented the borderlands systematically. Jiranuntarat examined and documented the American/ Canadian border conditions, eight American railway cities (Seattle, Whitefish, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, Schennedy), various landscape typologies, railway stations and railway systems (both in use and abandoned).

Kennedy examined the sister cities and related topics on the Canadian side. Together, we did a comparative study and exhibition on this topic at Cornell University. We began to understand the border as political infrastructure and the translation of a hard line on a map onto the physical ground as it cuts across North America landscapes, cities and waters.

Borderline Encounters: Canada Pacific Map & Amtrak System Map

Joseph Kennedy’s journey

Suthata Grace Jiranuntarat & Sonny Xu’s joruney

Borderline Encounters: Map and Timeline of the Two Parallel Journeys

Traveling Fellowship: Borderline Encounters

Joseph Kennedy’s documentation of Canadian border towns and Landscapes

Suthata Grace Jiranuntarat & Sonny Xu’s documentation of American border towns and landscapes

Traveling Fellowship: Borderline Encounters

Satellite images of the Canada | U.S. border

Research: Canada Pacific & Amtrak

Research: Canada Pacific & Amtrak

Traveling Fellowship: Exhibition

Traveling Fellowship: Exhibition

Traveling Fellowship: Exhibition

Traveling Fellowship: Exhibition

Landscape Types of the Canada | U.S. Border

Landscape Types of the Canada | U.S. Border

After the research, Using cataloguing, categorizing, and site-specific studies, Borderhood examines the Canada | U.S. through typological study. Borderhood first catalogs 215 conditions along the Canada | U.S, border. The number of sites is the combination of the 115 checkpoints and 100 non-checkpoint sites along the border.

On the next two pages, the ones with yellow boxes are conditions with checkpoints, the ones left without are conditions without checkpoints. The crossing of humans and goods are only allowed at the conditions with checkpoints- rendering an “invisible wall” that separates the communities along the 8,891 km border.

Bottleneck condition is only one of the many conditions that were identified.

The aforementioned 215 conditions exemplifies eight different border typologies. These typologies are the result of the unique positioning of the Canada | U.S. border, its history and relationship.

The eight different border typologies are: 1: Twinning/ Mirroring of checkpoints 2: Twinning/ Mirroring of Infrastructure: (roads, reservoirs, power stations) 3: Twinning/ Mirror of urban areas 4: Bottleneck 5: Mismatch of land use/ landscape type/ ownership 6: Mismatch of treatment of natural resources and habitats 7: “Slash” for visibility 8: Natural Boundaries (mountains and rivers)

Catalog of Border Crossings and Non-Crossings (West Coast to East):

Catalog of Border Crossings and Non-Crossings (West Coast to East):

1. Twinning/ mirroring of checkpoints as technologies of surveillance and control

Kingsgate, Kitchener, BC | Eastport, ID

1. Twinning/ mirroring of checkpoints as technologies of surveillance and control

• The twinning or mirroring of elements across the border • Outdated technology of surveillance and control

2. Twinning/ Mirroring of infrastructure: roads, reservoirs, power stations

Sir Adam Beck Power Plant | Robert Moses Power Plant Queenston, ON L0S 1L0 | Lewiston, NY 14092

2. Twinning/ Mirroring of infrastructure: roads, reservoirs, power stations

Shared Resource

• The twinning or mirroring of infrastructure across the border • Inefficiency and lack of sharing

3. Twinning/ Mirroring of urban areas

Douglas, BC | Blaine, WA

3. Twinning/ Mirroring of urban areas

• The twinning or mirroring of urban areas over the border • The disconnection of street networks

4. Bottleneck as technology of surveillance and control

Sir Adam Beck Power Plant | Robert Moses Power Plant Queenston, ON L0S 1L0 | Lewiston, NY 14092

4. Bottleneck as technology of surveillance and control

• The disconnection of street networks • The neighborhoods on two sides are connected by only one street

5. “Slash� for Visibility as technology of surveillance and control

Piney, MB R0A 1Z0 | Roseau County, MN 56751

5. “Slash” for Visibility as technology of surveillance and control

20’ Clearing

• Outdated surveillance technology from the 18th century • Waste of human and monetary resources

6. Natural Boundaries of Mountains and rivers

Piney, MB R0A 1Z0 | Roseau County, MN 56751

6. Natural Boundaries of Mountains and rivers

• Shifting Natural Boundaries

7. Mismatch of Land use/ Landscape type/ Ownership

Frontier No. 19 Saskatchewan | Blaine County, Montana

7. Mismatch of Land use/ Landscape type/ Ownership

• The stoppage of landscape types and ownerships at the border producing inefficiencies

8. Mismatch of treatment of natural resources and habitats

Enniskillen No. 3, SK, Canada | North Star, Kenmare, ND 58746

8. Mismatch of treatment of natural resources and habitats

National Wildlife Refuge

• Stoppage of National Wildlife Refuge at the border

Catalog of Landscape Types of the Canada | U.S. Border

Shared Resource

1. Twinning/ Mirroring Check Points as technologies of surveillance and control

2. Twinning/ Mirroring Infrastructure: roads, reservoirs, power stations

3. Twinning/ Mirroring Urban areas

20’ Clearing

5. “Slash” for Visibility Technology of surveillance and control

4. Bottleneck Technology of surveillance and control

National Wildlife Refuge

6. Natural Boundaries Mountains and rivers

7. Mismatch Land use/ landscape type/ ownership

8. Mismatch Treatment of natural resources and habitats

Anomalous Conditions of the Canada | U.S. Border

Enclaves & Exclaves

A catalogue of enclaves and exclaves along the Canadian and U.S. International borders from West to East.

Point Roberts Exclave of Washington, Enclaved by British Columbia

Elm Point Exclave of Minnesota and enclaved by Winnipeg

Northwest Angle Exclave of Minnesota, Enclaved in Manitoba / Ontario 70% owned by the Red Lake Indian Reservation

Alburg Tongue Exclave of Vermont, enclaved by Quebec

Province Point Exclave of Vermont, enclaved by Quebec

Campobello Island Exclave of Canada, connected to Maine by bridge

Shared Territories

A catalogue of shared territories and seas along the Canadian and U.S. International borders from West to East.

The Peace Arch park Washington, U.S.A., and British Columbia, Canada, 20 acres

The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park Montana, U.S.A, and Alberta, Canada 505 km2 + 4,100.77 km2

International Peace Garden North Dakota, U.S.A, and Manitoba, Canada, 9.5 km2

Roosevelt Campobello International Park Maine, U.S.A., and New Brunswick, Canada, 11.01 km2

Machias Seal Island Shared Territory of New Brunswick and Maine, 20 acres

North Rock Shared Territory of New Brunswick and Maine

Grey Zones, “Holes�& Immunities A catalogue of other anomolous conditions

The Canadian Embassy in Washington, DC The U.S. Embassy in Ottawa, ON

International Airports

Border Crossings, Duty Free Shops, Casinos

Haskell Free Library and Opera House And other structures, properties, ranches, farms habitats that are bi-national

3155 Beebe Road Derby, VT 05830 A House on the border

St. Regis/ Akwesasne Mohawk Reservation

Akwesasne and other First Nations along the border Police can not enter these territories, Smuggling of cigarettes and drugs

Questioning The Line in Favor of Regions

Pre 9/11, 2001

The National Geographic, February, 1990

Pre 9/11, 2001

The National Geographic, February, 1990

The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park A Transnational Park

The National Geographic

The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park A Transnational Park

Re-imagination new types of Canada | U.S. border landscapes with emerging technology and culture

Cultural Imagination and the Canada | U.S. Border Cascadia and Tor-Buff-chester are bioregions of North America that are transnational

Cultural Imagination and the Canada | U.S. Border Bioregional Map of North America

commons.wikimedia.org

Thesis Statement

Given the historically close relationship of Canada and the United States and the pressing issues the border sees such as ecological degradation, displacement of First Nations, separation of local communities, and surge of migrants, Borderhood reinvents the Canada | U.S. border.

Through the mapping of the flows (ecological, commercial, daily and migratory), anomalies and grey zones along the border, the thesis aims to understand the different types of conditions the longest “undefended� border crosses. With the advancement in technology and surveillance, how does the border, vista, checkpoints evolve (or become obsolete) to fit 21st century visions of a seamless transition between two neighbouring countries? Through the creation of six bio-political zones that serve ecologically, socially and culturally, Borderhood proposes cultural reimagination of the Canada | U.S. borderland privileging human subjectivity.

The thesis recognizes the body of work on borders, borderland urbanism and migrant issues.

Borderhood aims to contribute to that body of work by studying and re-imagining the Canada | U.S. border while providing insights and design ideas to the solution of the Mexican | U.S. border and other borders of conflicts around the world.

Canada | United States: Two Distrinct Cultures

United States of America

Canada

United States of America

A Grey Zone

United States of America

Canada

United States of America

Flows and “Holes”

Through the mapping of the flows, and “holes” along the border, Borderhood aims to understand the different types of landscape conditions the longest border crosses and creates. With the advancement in technology and surveillance, and the development of border culture, how does the border, vista, checkpoints evolve (or become obsolete) to offer seamless transition between two neighboring countries and the same time create bioregional, transnational identities? The thesis reimagines the Canada | U.S. border as a cultural project that serves social, infrastructural, ecological and recreational functions. At the same time, the thesis connects divided human and ecological communities and border towns. Borderhood aims to create a thick nationality-grey zone between the two countries rather than the existing thin but hard boundary line.

Design Interventions

Six Sites of Investigation Borderhood

Re-imagining the Canada | U.S. Borderlands

Canada

United States of America

a

Bibliography: Books

Chak, Tings. Undocumented: the Architecture of Migrant Detention. Ad Astra Comix, 2017.

Gennep, Arnold van. The Rites of Passage. Routledge, 2010.

Norman, Emma S., et al.

Water without Borders?: Canada, the United States, and Shared Waters. University of Toronto Press, 2013.

Rael, Ronald. Borderwall as Architecture: a Manifesto for the U.S.-Mexico Boundary. University of California Press, 2017.

Grichting, Anna, and Michele Zebich-Knos. The Social Ecology of Border Landscapes. Anthem Press, an Imprint of Wimbledon Publishing, 2017.

Helleiner, Jane Leslie. Bor- IbanĂŒnez, Daniel, et al. derline Canadianness: Bor- Third Coast Atlas: Prelude der Crossings and Everyday to a Plan. Actar, 2017.

Nationalism in Niagara.

University of Toronto Press, 2016.

Sparrow, James T., et al.

Boundaries of the State in US History. The University of Chicago Press, 2015.

Cantrell, Bradley et al.

Responsive Landscapes.

2016.

Regine Keller, Thomas Hauck. Infrastructural Urbanism. 2011.

Konrad, Victor A., and Heather N. Nicol. Beyond Walls: Re-Inventing the Canada-United States Borderlands. Routledge, 2016.

Six Sites of Investigation The thesis then zooms into six sites along the border and proposes design interventions to address different flows and processes.

The six design interventions are explained through six diagrams below.

Flow of Daily Commuters

Passage of Time

Ecological Flow

An U.S. exclave of 1,314 people that is connected to British Columbia: Delta, BC | Point Roberts, WA

The 8000+ border monuments Oungre, SK | DeWitt, ND

A shared tiny garden within a wetland landscape: The International Peace Garden, Boissevain, MB | Dunseith, ND

A dashed line

A filled box

An empty box

Flow of Migrants

A frequent migrant crossing of 1,000 people (2017 data): Emerson, MB | Noyes, MN

Moving segments

Flow of Pollutants

A First Nation situated on a river between Canada and U.S.: Sault Ste Marie, ON | Sault Ste Marie, MI | Whitefish Island Indian Reserve

Accumulating segments

Flow of Goods

The “Slash� that runs for 1349 KM Elgin, QC } Constable, NY

A continuous line

#1: Ecological Flow A shared tiny garden within a wetland landscape: The International Peace Garden, Boissevain, MB | Dunseith, ND

The proposal is the expansion of this shared zone from a peace garden of 1km2 to a peace park of 3000km2. The peace park recognizes the existing unique landscape of wetlands and mountains, wildlife diversity and beauty of the area. I propose ways of preserving the existing conditions by allowing the existing ecology to fully flourish. Human access is restricted by the use of a moat around the new International Peace Park. Roads are unpaved inside the zone to make mounds for observation. The new International Peace Park will be the preservation of the last undisturbed landscapes of its type in the region and it will offset the carbon footprint and destruction the nearby farmlands and industries create.

#1: Ecological Flow Watercolors of the proposed International Peace Park

#1: Ecological Flow Watercolors of the proposed International Peace Park

#1: Ecological Flow View of the model of proposed International Peace Park

#1: Ecological Flow Depaving the roads inside the proposed International Peace Park

Asphalt Rubbles Excavator

Ca na U. da S.

#1: Ecological Flow Proposed street sections

#1: Ecological Flow Proposed street sections

#1: Ecological Flow Aerial perspective of the proposed 3000km2 International Peace Park in endless farmlands

#1: Ecological Flow Perspectives of the four seasons, on four sides of the proposed International Peace Park

#1: Ecological Flow Section across the International Peace Park

North Dakota State Forest Service Land

Turtle Mountain Provincial Park

International Peace Garden

William Lake Provincial Park School Section Lake National Wildlife Refuge

+750 meters +543 meters

+708 meters

#1: Ecological Flow Model 1:8000

#1: Ecological Flow Model 1:8000

#1: Ecological Flow Model 1:8000

#1: Ecological Flow Model 1:8000

#2: Flow of Pollutants A First Nation situated on a river between Canada and U.S.: Sault Ste Marie, ON | Sault Ste Marie, MI | Whitefish Island Indian Reserve

Sault Ste Marie, Michigan and Sault Ste Marie, Ontario are sister cities. The two cities shared a long history of friendly relations and was one community before the border cut them apart. The Whitefish Island Reservation is situated on the tiny island between the two cities. The steel mill on the Canadian side and the ships that pass by release a lot of toxic wastes into the river- causing environmental and health concerns for Canadian, Americans and First Nation citizens alike. The project proposes a series of island creating floating wetlands made from the dredge material from the maintenance of the shipping lanes. The productive wetlands will clean the water and restore the ecology for the residents. As the wetlands grow in numbers and sizes, the new islands become additional land for the First Nation whose land was annexed and lost.

#2: Flow of Pollutants Island creating floating wetlands axonometric drawing

#2: Flow of Pollutants Section perspective Island Building with Dredge for First Nations

Soo Locks, Sault Ste. Marie

Whitefish Island Indian Reserve

Existing Dredging Practice

Canadian Shipping Lanes

Sediment Collecting Baffles

U.S. Shipping Lanes

Map from 1913 International Waterways Commission (International Boundary) Map, used as the HGIS base map, contains the most accurate international land survey details, and bathymetry points available. Source: International Waterways Commission

#2: Flow of Pollutants Model: 1:3000

#2: Flow of Pollutants Model: 1:3000

#2: Flow of Pollutants Model: 1:500

#2: Flow of Pollutants Model: 1:500

#3: Passage of Time The 8000+ border monuments Oungre, SK | DeWitt, ND

The 8000+ border monuments located within the “Slash� mark the border between the two countries. The monuments placed historically with outdated surveying technologies are very much inaccurately located on the 49th parallel. Their locations do not reflect to the terms agreed in the Treaties signed by the two countries. Their forms, often symbolic of obelisks, trace back to colonialism. I propose to retire all the monuments and place them in a gridded field condition in the picturesque kettle hole landscapes of where Saskatchewan and North Dakota meets. The placement of the monuments align with the Spring and Fall equinoxes, marking the solar movements for the enjoyment of the people. The monuments, just like the Carnac Stones in France, and the Epytian obelisks should reference the sun. The proposal of the monument park serves local communities and tourists as a place of enjoyment and a place of memory.

#3: Passage of Time Watercolors of the proposed monument park with 8000+ retired border monuments

#3: Passage of Time Materiality of border monuments

Stone

Concrete

Granite

Marble

Sandstone

Aluminum

#3: Passage of Time Aerial perspective of the monument park at sunset

#3: Passage of Time Animation still of passing through the monument graveyard

#3: Passage of Time Aerial perspective of the monument park at sunset Retiring Outdated Border Monuments for the Creation of Monument Park

Alighnment to the Sun During Spring / Fall Equinox

#3: Passage of Time Model 1:50

#3: Passage of Time Model 1:50

#3: Passage of Time Model 1:50

#3: Passage of Time Model 1:50

#3: Passage of Time Model 1:50

#3: Passage of Time Model 1:50

#3: Passage of Time Model 1:50

#3: Passage of Time Model 1:50

#4: Flow of Goods The “Slash” that runs for 1349 KM Elgin, QC | Constable, NY

The “Slash” runs 1,349 KM (838 miles) along the border. It is a 7 meter (20’) wide clearing that is maintained by the International Boundary Commission every six years and costs taxpayers millions of dollars (1.4 million dollars each year). The clearing of the border through the forest is not only an outdated notion of keeping a vista for surveillance but also causes ecological disturbance. I propose a Christmas tree farm to fill the voids created by the IBC. 30-50 million Christmas trees are sold in the U.S. and 3-6 million Christmas trees are sold in Canada annually. The most popular Christmas tree species is the Balsam Fir, which has a life cycle of one to 14 years. The clearing of the trees every six years is replaced by the ceremonial and seasonal cutting of Christmas trees. The project proposes an economic opportunity for the borderlands which has been economically draining for centuries. At the sametime, the proposal critiques the commercialization and consumerism of nature and religion.

#4: Flow of Goods Watercolors of the Christmas tree farm that runs in the “slash”

#4: Flow of Goods Aerial perspective

#4: Flow of Goods Section perspective Can the 19th century vista “Slash” transform into a productive landscape?

= 1 million = 1 million

3-6 million Christmas Trees are produced in Canada annually. 1 in 7 Canadians buys a Christmas tree. In 2006, Canada exported 2.25 million Christmas trees to over 25 countries including Japan, Mexico, the United States and Jamaica.

25-30 million real Christmas Trees are sold in the U.S. every year. 350 million real Christmas Trees are currently growing on Christmas Tree farms in the U.S. alone.

90% of Americans celebrate Christmas.

Balsam Fir is a popular species for Christmas tree in North America. With a growth rate of <12” per year, they are typically grown until six to ten years of age until cut.

The “Slash” is maintained by the International Border Commission every six years. But instead, can tree farmers take advantage of this zone for production?

20’ wide “Slash” 1349 miles of forested land

#4: Flow of Goods Animation still from walking through the “Slash”

#4: Flow of Goods Aerial perspective

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:100

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:100

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:100

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:100

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:100

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:100

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:100

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:100

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:25

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:25

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:25

#4: Flow of Goods Model 1:25

#5: Flow of Daily Commuters An U.S. exclave of 1,314 people that is connected to British Columbia: Delta, BC | Point Roberts, WA

The U.S. exclave is only connected to mainland by a single checkpoint, creating a bottleneck condition. The implementation of 21st century facial recognition technologies created a new society. Despite surveillance technologies allow for the easy commute of the people on either side of the border, the privacy of the commuters is sacriďŹ ced. The project paints a picture of a dystopian society where surveillance technologies become the norm of everyday life- the trees, rocks and mailboxes become hosts for surveillance technologies. Everything around you is constantly looking at you. The project oďŹ&#x20AC;ers to the thesis as an antithesis to illustrate the current state of the border and what the future might become if technological advancement is not integrated with humane design.

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Watercolors of the technologies of surveillance

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters The technology for the border between Boundary Bay, BC | Point Roberts, WA

Tree & Smardust

Artitificial Tree & Drone Hive

Street Lamp & Camera

Mail box & Biometrics

Rock & Motion Sensor

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Section perspective showing the embedded technologies of surveillance

Landscape technology of surveillance | Flows of everyday 100mm - 500mm

Aritificial tree & Drone hive

0.15mm 5m mm m

210mm

Forest Fore Fo rest st & Smart dust

Street lamp & Security camera

Aritificial rock & Motion sensor

Mailbox & Biometric scanner

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Model 1:200

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Drone hive

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Drone hive

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Drone hive / artiďŹ cial tree / surveillance rock

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Drone hive

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Drones hovering over

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Surveillance rock

#3: Flow of Daily Commuters Model 1:1 Drone hive / ArtiďŹ cial tree

#6: Flow of Migrants A frequent migrant crossing of 1,000 people (2017 data): Emerson, MB | Noyes, MN

The implementation of a “nationality-neutral” movable zone between Canada and U.S. for the temporary stay of migrants, refugees and IDPs (Internally Displaced Persons) and other people of need. With the current political situation and U.S. president Donald Trump in power, Canada sees an influx of migrants from its Southern neighbor, the U.S..

The U.S. meanwhile, sees an increase of migrants from Central and South Americas.

The project aims to offer alternatives to the practice of installing refugee camps which often become slums and “tent-cities”. The project will take advantage of the existing Amtrak and CN rail tracks to make deployable temporary housing. As migrant flows’s location and numbers are hard to predict, how can designer use a method that is both fluid and modular? By designing with the dimensions and forms of a train cabin in mind, I propose movable housing on tracks. The proposal, at the same time will provide weather shelter, medical care, work, food, amenities and the transportation of the migrants. At the sametime, the zone becomes an attractor point for aids and volunteers. First Aid beacons are also scattered along the border to provide the migrants with gloves, food and jackets to combat the potential cold and hunger (Porter,1).

#6: Flow of Migrants Deployable temporary housing for migrants

#6: Flow of Migrants Section Perspective

#6: Flow of Migrants Deployable ďŹ rst aid beacon

Blue light

Solar panel

First aid beacon: canned food, blankets, jackets, gloves, heat packs & fire kit

#6: Flow of Migrants Zoom in of the deployable ďŹ rst aid beacon

First aid beacon: canned food, blankets, jackets, gloves, heat packs & ďŹ re kit

#6: Flow of Migrants Canada PaciďŹ c and Amtrak lines along the border

#6: Flow of Migrants Model 1:40

#6: Flow of Migrants Model 1:40

#6: Flow of Migrants Model 1:40

#6: Flow of Migrants Model 1:40

#6: Flow of Migrants Model 1:40

#6: Flow of Migrants Model 1:40

#6: Flow of Migrants Model 1:40

#6: Flow of Migrants Model 1:40

#6: Flow of Migrants First aid beacon 1:1 Prototype

#6: Flow of Migrants First aid beacon 1:1 Prototype

Conclusion

Borderhood critiques the Canada | U.S. border’s historical formation and current situation at the same time, suggests potentials for the future. By analyzing the flows, the thesis presents a border that is ecologically productive, culturally imaginative and socially conscious. In contemporary society, where people associate crossing the border with long waiting time and sometimes fear, how can the redesign of the border offer hope if not excitement and happiness? Through the creation of a new borderland, the thesis aims to offer a cultural identity that moves beyond national pride and national security. With the rise of city and the megalopolis and the shrinking of the importance of the nationstate, the thesis takes advantage of the situation by inserting ecology as the protagonist.

By proposing ecology and bioregions as the driving force and identifier, can humans be associated by the plants that they grow up and the bioregions they are from with rather than a country they are born in? By first testing these ideas on the Canada | U.S. border, a border that divides two countries that are friendly historically, share natural and human resources, and trade extensively, the thesis aims to further the research of border studies on other contentious borders around the world.

The Thesis Presentation

The Thesis Presentation May 10th, 2018 Reviewers: Silvia Benedito, Neeraj Bhatia, Bradley Cantrell, Julia Czerniak, Chris Reed, Ashley Schafer & Krzysztof Wodiczko Hosted by: Craig Douglas, Sergio Lopez-PiĂąeiro & Charles Waldheim

Photo by Anita Kan

The Thesis Presentation May 10th, 2018 Reviewers: Silvia Benedito, Neeraj Bhatia, Bradley Cantrell, Julia Czerniak, Chris Reed, Ashley Schafer & Krzysztof Wodiczko Hosted by: Craig Douglas, Sergio Lopez-PiĂąeiro & Charles Waldheim

Photo by Anita Kan

The Thesis Presentation May 10th, 2018 Reviewers: Silvia Benedito, Neeraj Bhatia, Bradley Cantrell, Julia Czerniak, Chris Reed, Ashley Schafer & Krzysztof Wodiczko Hosted by: Craig Douglas, Sergio Lopez-PiĂąeiro & Charles Waldheim

Photo by Anita Kan

The Thesis Presentation May 10th, 2018 Reviewers: Silvia Benedito, Neeraj Bhatia, Bradley Cantrell, Julia Czerniak, Chris Reed, Ashley Schafer & Krzysztof Wodiczko Hosted by: Craig Douglas, Sergio Lopez-PiĂąeiro & Charles Waldheim

Photo by Anita Kan

The Thesis Presentation May 10th, 2018 Reviewers: Silvia Benedito, Neeraj Bhatia, Bradley Cantrell, Julia Czerniak, Chris Reed, Ashley Schafer & Krzysztof Wodiczko Hosted by: Craig Douglas, Sergio Lopez-PiĂąeiro & Charles Waldheim

Photo by Jan Kwon

The Thesis Presentation May 10th, 2018 Reviewers: Silvia Benedito, Neeraj Bhatia, Bradley Cantrell, Julia Czerniak, Chris Reed, Ashley Schafer & Krzysztof Wodiczko Hosted by: Craig Douglas, Sergio Lopez-PiĂąeiro & Charles Waldheim

Photo by Jan Kwon

The Thesis Presentation May 10th, 2018 Reviewers: Silvia Benedito, Neeraj Bhatia, Bradley Cantrell, Julia Czerniak, Chris Reed, Ashley Schafer & Krzysztof Wodiczko Hosted by: Craig Douglas, Sergio Lopez-PiĂąeiro & Charles Waldheim

Photo by Jan Kwon

The Thesis Presentation May 10th, 2018 Reviewers: Silvia Benedito, Neeraj Bhatia, Bradley Cantrell, Julia Czerniak, Chris Reed, Ashley Schafer & Krzysztof Wodiczko Hosted by: Craig Douglas, Sergio Lopez-PiĂąeiro & Charles Waldheim

Photo by Jan Kwon

Bibliography: Theses, Projects, Films #!.!$!

53!

h! PRIVATELY OWNED LANDFILL CAN DEVELOP A CONTRACT WITH #ANADA ,OW DISPOSAL RATES MAKE -ICHIGAN AN ATTRACTIVE OPTION

2EBECCA 'UTHRIE

3UGAR CONTAINING PRODUCTS GOING INTO THE 5 3 MARKET ARE SUBJECT TO A TARIFF RATE QUOTA SYSTEM

BUT SUGAR BEETS TRADE FREELY ACROSS THE BORDER IF THEY ARE CLEAR OF SOIL /NTARIO !!#

AT 7INDSOR 2ACEWAY THE ONLY THING THAT CHANGES MORE OFTEN THAN THE PROGRAM IS THE LANDSCAPE 3TANDARDBRED #ANADA

!T THE "UFFALO CROSSING SHELTER STAFF ARE ABLE TO MANAGE THE FLOW SO NO ONE GOES DIRECTLY TO THE BORDER AND RISKS DETENTION !SIAN #ANADIAN ,ABOUR !LLIANCE

h/PPORTUNITY TO TEST MERCHANDISE AND TO DESTROY

RETURN OR REPAIR SUBSTANDARD GOODS AND THUS AVOID IMPORT DUTIES v

h*UST THINK ABOUT IT A CAR COMPANY CAN MOVE ITS OP ERATION TO -EXICO AND CLAIM ITS A FREE MARKET BUT HEAVEN HELP THE ELDERLY WHO BUY PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FROM A #ANADIAN PHARMACY !INT THAT SOME KIND OF BULL v

SUDDENLYSENIOR COM

h+ODAK WILL TRANSITION ITS 4ORONTO FACTORY TO PRODUCTION OF INKJET PAPER AND WILL RESULT IN 4ORONTO JOBS MOVING TO +ODAK 0ARK v 2OCHESTER $EMOCRAT AND #HRONICLE

h4HE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR AFFECTING CROSS BORDER TRIPS IS THE VALUE OF THE #ANADIAN DOLLAR /F MILLION !MERICAN VISITORS TO /NTARIO IN STAYED FOR ONE DAY OR LESS v

7ATER ENTRY IS A LOOPHOLE FOR 3AFE 4HIRD #OUNTRY

3IMA :EHERI .O /NE IS )LLEGAL 4ORONTO

h0ARCEL AND FREIGHT OPPORTUNITIES ARE CRITICAL TO THE YEAR ROUND AND EVENING OPERATIONS OF THE FERRY #!43 v

Begley, Josh. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Best of Luck with the Wall.â&#x20AC;? Field of Vision, 26 Oct. 2016, ďŹ eldofvision.org/best-ofluck-with-the-wall.

Estudio Teddy Cruz + Forman.

Projects on the San Diego andTijuana border

Grichting, Anna. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Boundaryscapes: a Digital and Dynamic Atlas for Collaborative Planning in the Cyprus Green Line.â&#x20AC;? 2015

Hutton, Jane, Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis. University of Toronto, 2004.

Kim, Dongsei. Border as Urbanism: Redrawing the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) Between North and South Korea.

Rutkauskas, Andreas â&#x20AC;&#x153;Borderline.â&#x20AC;? www.andreasrutkauskas.com/borderline/.

Hunt, Courtney. Frozen River, Bordertown, 1989 2008

GSD 9341Ă&#x2019; Preparation for a MLA Design ThesisĂ&#x2019; Professor Charles WaldheimĂ&#x2019; Sonny Meng Qi Xu, MLA I APâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; 18 + M.Arch II â&#x20AC;&#x2122;18Ă&#x2019; September 18th, 2017Ă&#x2019;

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Architectural Association thesis, 1972.

Bibliography: Journals & Articles Blank, Lew. “US-Canada Border Slash.” Atlas Obscura. Atlas Obscura, 19 Sept. 2016. Web. 06 May 2018.

“Canada.” U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, 01 Feb. 2018. Web. 06 May 2018.

“Countries Compared by Geography Area Total. International Statistics.” NationMaster.com. NationMaster, n.d. Web. 06 May 2018.

Nicol, Heather. “The Canada-U.S. Border after September 11th: The Politics of Risk Constructed.” Journal of Borderlands Studies, vol. 21, no. 1, 2006, pp. 47–68., doi:10.1080/08865655.2006.9695651.

Nicol, Heather N. “The Wall, the Fence, and the Gate: Reflexive Metaphors along the Canada-US Border.” Journal of Borderlands Studies, vol. 27, no. 2, 2012, pp. 139–165., doi:10.1080/08865655.2012.687213.

Helleiner, Jane. “Unauthorised Crossings, Danger and Death at the Canada-US Border.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 39, no. 9, 2013, pp. 1507–1524., doi:10.1080/1369183x.2013.815431.

History.com Staff. “Treaty of Paris.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, 2009. Web. Mallonee, Laura. “The Invisible Security of Canada’s Seemingly Chill Border.” Wired. Conde Nast, 03 June 2017. Web. 06 May 2018.

Mochama, Vicky. “Canada Vastly Unprepared to Process Migrants and Refugees.” Thestar.com. N.p., 01 Mar. 2018. Web. 06 May 2018.

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Acknowledgement

This thesis project would have been impossible without the generous help, guidance and support from my advisors, family and friends. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to the following: Sergio Lopez-Piñeiro, Charles Waldheim, Krzysztof Wodiczko, Mohsen Mostafavi, Homa Farjadi, Pierre Bélanger & Chris Reed for your kindness and intellectual criticism.

My parents and Grace Suthata Jiranuntarat for your love and support.

My dear friends and colleagues: Mann Sangthongjai, Parawee Wachirabuntoon, Anthony Terzino, Isaac Stein, Jan Kwan, Burton Legeyt, Rachel Stefania Vroman, Joseph Kennedy, Daniel Quesada Lombó, Christopher Reznich, Bom Chinburi, Tianhui Hou, Ziwei Zhang, Grace Chee, Daniel Berdichevsky, Sarah Diamonds, Beth Savrann, Bailun Zhang, Junbo Zhang, Aziz Barbar, Sarah Hutchinson, Anita Kan, Suyin Stein, David Zielnicki, Jonah Susskind & Wanwan Fei. Thank you so much!