Constructing the Curriculum: Final Design Report by Sophia J. Maheson

UPPER GROUND PLAN - 68.6M2 - 6.7M2 - 25.2M2 - 19.5M2 - 52.5M2 - 19M2 - 9.5M2 - 18M2 - 15M2 - 20M2 - 16M2 - 250M2 - 5M2 - 15M2 - 50M2 - 40M2

BASEMENT PLAN SCALE 1:200

LOWER GROUND PLAN SCALE 1:200

UPPER GROUND PLAN SCALE 1:200

FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

SECOND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

THIRD FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:200

ROOF PLAN SCALE 1:200

ELEVATIONS (OUTTAKES)

RIGHT ELEVATION (SOUTH FAÃ&#x2021;ADE)

ELEVATIONS (OUTTAKES)

FRONT ELEVATION (EAST FAÇADE)

BACK ELEVATION (WEST FAÇADE)

SECTIONS

DETAILED WALL SECTION

ENVIRONMENT & TECHNOLOGY - BUILDING MATERIALS - BUILDING SERVICES - TECHNOLOGY

BUIDLING MATERIALS : RAFT FOUNDATION RAFT FOUNDATION is reinforced concrete Slab which founds the entire supporting member of structure like column, shear wall etc. Foundation construction of this type is required where made up ground, expansive clay soil or marshy site are chosen to found a heavy structure. Raft foundation slab generally covers entire contact area of structure like a floor and foundation slab projects 30 cm to 45 cm distance from outer wall/basement wall of the structure towards all sides. But when property line merges with basement wall, the projections are sometimes avoided.

RAFT FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION STEPS 1. Ground excavated 40cm depth and levelled 2. Compacted hardcore & binding layers are added 3. Reinforcements added 4. Timber formworks installed 5. Concrete poured into formworks, levelled, dry. 6. Soil is added to fill the gap

DESIGN APPLICATION Soil condition on site is soft and unstable Located beside lakeside â&#x20AC;&#x201C; prone to water movement daily. Raft foundation can be combined with sheet piles and retaining wall effectively where sheet piles sit on the perimeter of the raft, transferring the load from superstructure evenly to the foundation. Small footing to minimize excavation work, cot and time saving.

BUIDLING MATERIALS : GREEN ROOF SYSTEM ADVANTAGES A green roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Container gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated. Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat greywater. Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, increasing benevolence and decreasing stress of the people around the roof by providing a more aesthetically pleasing landscape, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect. Natural functions of plants to filter water and treat air in urban and suburban landscapes DISADVANTAGES - High initial cost - Must be maintained

DESIGN APPLICATION - Reduce overall heating to the building (evaporative cooling) - Filter off pollutants and CO2 from urban context - Insulate building from sound â&#x20AC;&#x201C; study environment - - LOWER ENERGY CONSUMPTION

BUIDLING MATERIALS : REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL Reinforced concrete (RC) wall is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength or ductility. ADVANTAGES For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement needs to have the following properties at least: - High relative strength - High toleration of tensile strain - Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH, moisture, as it is close to the lake and it is susceptible to water Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to changing temperatures. - Durability in the concrete environment, irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress for example

BUIDLING MATERIALS : BRICK WALL

Brick Wall is the building of structures from individual units, which are often laid in and bound together by mortar; the term masonry can also refer to the units themselves. The common materials of masonry construction are brick, this material is chosen for the proposed building; reasons as follows ADVANTAGES Brick is naturally energy-efficient. Brick is a building material that has exceptional "thermal massâ&#x20AC;? properties. Thermal mass is the ability of a heavy, dense material to store heat and then slowly release it. Which is great for our tropical climate. Less maintenance, than other building materials. Brick offers lasting value Countless Recycling Options. Brick can be salvaged, crushed brick for sub-base materials Minimal Waste. manufacturing process making the recycling and waste containment unequalled by any other building material. Fire Protection. Since the primary ingredient in brick is clay which is fired to around 2000 F, it is a non-combustible material.

BUIDLING MATERIALS : GREEN WALL

green walls are regularly used throughout Europe and Asia, and in Tokyo they are considered more valuable than green roofs for cooling the city. The green walls being advocated today are designed and engineered with a support structure. Based on current applications and data from the experience of green roofs, green walls can offer considerable cost savings to both the public and private sectors.

ADVANTAGES - The interior and exterior living green walls function to cool the air in the warmer summer months by a process known as “evapotranspiration.” - Living green walls act as extra insulation with a layer of air between the plants and the wall. They also reduce noise levels by reflecting, refracting as well as absorbing acoustic energy. - Living green walls are natural air-filters, creating a cleaner, more invigorating work environment that will lead to better health

Modular trellis systems —rigid lightweight panels—are installed vertically as either wall-mounted or freestanding systems. They can be used on tall buildings in conjunction with intermediate planters or on rooftops. These planters may be required where the growth of climbing plants is physically restricted.

BUILDING SERVICES ELECTRICAL SUPPLY

THE SCHOOL PROVIDES BASIC ELECTRICAL ROOMS PLACED NEXT TO LIFTS ON ALL LEVELS 1. ELECTRICAL RISERS 2. ELV 3. TELEPHONE LINES

BUILDING SERVICES FIRE SAFETY

FIRE HYDRANT LOCATIONS FIRE HYRANT THAT OVERLAPS THE RADIUS OF 45M / 90M IN DIAMETER ALONG THE ENTIRE DRIVEWAY OF THE BOMBA FIRETRUCK. THERE ARE FIRE HYDRANTS LOCATED ALONG JALAN TAYLORS BUT A TOTAL OF 3 ADDITIONAL FIRE HYRANTS ARE ADDED TO SERVICE THIS THE GREEN SCHOOL ALONE

BUILDING SERVICES FIRE SAFETY

FIRE TRUCK ACCESS ROAD DRIVEWAY FRO BOMBA TRUCK SHALL BE AT LEAST 6.1M IN WIDTH. THE SITE IS SITUATED ON A SLOPE THEREFORE THE DRIVEWAY ON ITS SIDES IS ABLE TO COVER THE ENTIRE SITE AT ALL SURROUNDINGS.

BUILDING SERVICES FIRE SAFETY

STAIRCASE TO STAIRCASE (ESCAPE ROUTE) ACCORDING TO FIRE PROTECTION IN MALAYSIA DISTANCES BETWEEN STIARCASE TO STIARCASE IN SPRINKLED SPACE SHELL SHALL NOT EXCEED 45M IN RADIUS IN THIS DESIGN 3 SETS OF STIARCASES ARE REQUIRED TO COVER THE ENTIRE SITE ON EVERY LEVEL.

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY Solar Heat Gain,Qs, Qs=s*I*A (Watts)

4.48

350.00

12906.60

NORTH WEST (Normal)

32.80

0.42

5.67

620.00

8541.12

NORTH EAST (Normal)

31.30

SOUTH WEST (Normal)

28.50

31.30

28.50

31.30

Height (m)

28.50

32.80

U-Value, U (W/m²)

0.42

SOUTH EAST (Normal)

Solar Heat Gain Factor, ө

87.80

31.30

Façade Area, A (m²)

5510.40

28.50

Width(m)

400.00

Elevation

5.67

Outdoor Temperature, To(oC)

0.42

Indoor Temperature, Ti(oC) Solar Heat Gain Through Windows,Qs

Max Radiation,I(W/m ²)

OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) calculations

Max Radiation,I(W/ m²)

Solar Heat Gain,Qs, Qs=s*I*A (Watts)

35.50

0.72

400.00

10224.00

28.50

31.30

SOUTH WEST (Normal)

46.50

0.72

350.00

11718.00

28.50

31.30

NORTH WEST (Normal)

40.80

0.72

620.00

18213.12

28.50

31.30

NORTH EAST (Normal)

35.80

0.72

620.00

15981.12

Total Solar Heat Gain Through Windwos, Qs

U-Value, U (W/m²)

SOUTH EAST (Normal)

Solar Heat Gain Factor, ө

31.30

Width(m)

Elevation

28.50

Height (m)

Outdoor Temperature, To(oC)

26958.12

Indoor Temperature, Ti(oC) Solar Heat Gain Through Openings,Qs2

Façade Area, A (m²)

Total Solar Heat Gain Through Windwos, Qs

56136.24

2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90

13.90 10.00 31.20 18.90

42.81 45.30 39.25 44.42

Total Heat GainThrough Conduction,Qc

Heat Conductance Through Windows

28.50 28.50 28.50 28.50

31.30 31.30 31.30 31.30

SOUTH EAST (Normal) SOUTH WEST (Normal) NORTH WEST (Normal) NORTH EAST (Normal)

70.80 155.80 95.80 -

Total Heat Gain Through Conduction, Qc

Qc(Roof)+Qc(Wall)+Qc(Window ) Total Heat Gain through Conduction

= 31944.13 Watts

Total Heat Gain,OTTV=

Qc + Qs + Qs2 115038.49 Watts

= 115038.49 = 115038.49/2515 = 45.74 W/m2

5.67 4.48 5.67 -

13.90 10.00 31.20 -

Conduction Heat Gain, Qc ,Qc= UA∆T(W) (Affected By ExtensionRoof)

400.00 350.00 620.00 620.00

Conduction Heat Gain, Qc , Qc= UA∆T(W)

Solar Absorption Factor, α 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40

Sol-air Temperature,Ts, Ts=To+(I*A)/fo (°C)

Façade Area, A (m²) 150.00 310.10 150.00 165.60

Surface Conductance ,fo (W/m²K)

Elevation SOUTH EAST (Normal) SOUTH WEST (Normal) NORTH WEST (Normal) NORTH EAST (Normal)

Max Radiation,I (W/m²)

Outdoor Temperature, To(oC) 31.30 31.30 31.30 31.30

U-Value, U (W/m²)

Indoor Temperature, Ti(oC) Heat Conductance Through Walls

28.50 28.50 28.50 28.50

6225.19 15108.07 4675.69 7646.23

3112.60 4075.95 2337.85 3823.12

10758.83

5379.42

1124.02 1954.36 1520.92 4599.30

OTTV 60 55 50 45 40 35

OTTV

Based on MS 1525, the overall thermal transfer value (OTTV) should not exceed 50 W/m2. The proposed building has achieve the thermal comfort of 45.74 W/m2 . If compared to the benchmark building which is 50W/m2, building energy is considered efficient as the OTTV value is 45.74 W/m2 , as compared to the baseline mainly is because of the orientation of the building, where the long faรงades facing the north and south. The greatest contributor to OTTV is the solar radiation through glass windows.

30 25 20 15 10 BENCHMARK

LEARNING HUB

Proposal To further reduce the OTTV value, larger shadings and overhangs can be added at the faรงade and fenestration to further reduce the glare and heat from solar. Such approach reduces OTTV value by increasing the shading coefficient. Other than that, Lower U-value materials such as low-e glass can be used to reduce the heat transfer through window into internal space, hence reducing the internal temperature of building, keeping the internal spaces cool.

BEI Classroom

No (s)

Energy (kWh)

Megaman LED Reflector Lamps (0.007) Kosnic 15W Warm White (0.015 kW) Flourescent Lighting (0.058 kWh) HLVS Fan (1.6 kWh) A/C (1.5kWh) Ceiling Fan (0.05kWh) Sound system (0.05kWh) Total Total energy usage/day Total energy usage/ week Total energy usage/ year

0.28

Weightage (%) 1.7

0.375

2.2

1.45

8.8

1.6

8 5

12 0.25

72 1.5

0.5

Remarks - Assume the Classroom Learning Hub operate 8 hours per day, 7 days per week - Data centre and car park is excluded from the calculation - WOH to be constant of 56 base on the calculation - Area of community hall 663.8m2 - A/C unit referred to Panasonic Web - Parts of the hall required special lighting:LEDLuminaires for exhibition purposes. -Projector and acoustic appliances for occasional presentation has the least energy consumption

114 16.455 21.7 x 8 = 115.185 kWh 115.185 x 7 = 806.295 kWh 173.6 x 365 = 42,042 kWh

The BEI of proposed building in Classroom Learning Hub unit is 143.81kWh/m2/year, which is within the baseline of GBI rating of 120kWh/m2/year to 175kWh/m2/year. Thus it is energy efficient. The proposed building uses natural ventilation through passive design such as Venturi effect most of the time to maintain thermal comfort. As comparison, the BEI of Taylors University classroom is estimated at 186.1kWh/m2/year. The BEI is higher than the standard requirement because the major energy consumption of energy is from air conditioning throughout a day. However, most of the spaces are day lighted through large curtain wall and stainless steel outer skin able to filter part of excessive day lighting penetration.

BEI BEI can be defined by an energy component and a factor related to the energy used component of the building

BEI

(TBEC – CPEC – DCEC) (GFA ex. CP – DCA – (GLA*FVR) X (60/WOH)

Where; TBEC : Total Building Energy Consumption (kWh/year) CPEC : Carpark Energy Consumption (kWh/year) DCEC : Data Centre Energy Consumption (kWh/year) GFA : Gross Floor Area exclusive of car park area (m2) DCA : Data Centre Area (m2) GLA : Gross Lettable Area (m2) FVR : Weighted Floor Vacancy Rate of GLA (%) 52 : Typical weekly operating hours of office buildings in KL/Malaysia (hrs/wk) WOH : Weighted Weekly Operating Hours of GLA exclusive of DCA (hrs/wk)

Classroom Learning Hub (Weightage %) 13% 12% 3% 72%

TBEC

CPEC

DCEC

GFA ex CP

DCA

GLA

VCR

WOH

BEI

kWh/ year 42,042.53

kWh/ year -

m2 663.8

m2 -

% -

hour 56

kWh/ m2/year 90.09

Lighting Fan Sound system A/C

PHOTOVOLTAIC PV PANELS CALCULATIONS

THE Green School of Architecture is designed to be partially natural ventilated using large ceiling fans and it is reliant of natural breeze to flow through the common areas. Energy usage is significantly lowered as there is a minimal need to rely on air condition. Based on the calculation below the photovoltaic cells installed on the roof of the building are able to generate sufficient amount of energy to offset the energy of the electrical components of the building.

Electricity Load: Occupancy (sqm/pax) = 10sqm/ppax No. of occupants = 105 30% natural ventilation = 105/30% = 3 pax Fan cooling load 1kW/pax Fan cooling load required = 102kW Electrical Load = Cooling L/CoEfficient of performance = 165/3 = 34kW Generation of electricity form solar energy with a potential annual energy output of 171kWh/m2/y with an optimally placed 1,954.24 SQM PV Cell array means that 1sqm of PV Cells is able to generate annual energy output of 1.84kWh/m2/y PV Net Area = 1,954.24 sqm 1000 sqm of PV array electricity = 1.84 x 1,954.24 = 3,595kWh/m/y Potential generation per month = 299 kWh/m2 Total load frm electricity appliances = 229/30 = 10kWh % of BIPV energy replacement = 23/299 x 100% = 77%

BUILDING SERVICES RAINWATER HARVESTING THE ROOF PROFILE OF THE SCHOOL HAVE BEEN DESIGNED TO HAVE A 3 DEGREE SLOPE WHICH ENABLES WATER TO BE HARNESSED THROUGH A CENTRALIZED GUTTER BEFORE FLOWING DOWN THROUGH PIPES CASTED IN THE BUILDING COLUMNS AND THROUGH THE ECOCELL LEADING TO THE BASEMENTS RAIN WATER HARVESTING TANK WATER IS TREATED AND FLOWS TO THE MAIN VALVE AND IS STORED INTO THE MAIN TANK. CLEAN WATER IS PUMPED INTO THE UPPER FLOORS THROUGH THE WATER PUMP. CLEAN WATER IS DISTRIBUTED INTO TOILETS, AND TO WATER INTO

DIAGRAM FOR RAINWATER HARVESTING FOR THESIS 1

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Clean water enters from the main water supply, clean water goes through the building & stored on the ground floor. Clean water is pumped to the upper floors of the building. Grey water is collected in the harvesting tanks on the roof and is stored in the water catchment tank, grey water is used to circulate the reflective steams within the building and pumped into the toilets for use. Wind velocity on the roof is higher hence of lower pressure, which is the opposite of the ground level. Thus creating a stacked effect, air moves from a higher pressure point to a lower pressure point. Air movements through the atrium helps promote ventilation throughout the building

RAINWATER HARVESTING CALCULATIONS As there is a large landscaping area on the roof as well as the catchment pond. Rainwater Harvesting is necessary & helpful to reduce the amount of water supply. It would be applied on grey water usage (landscape irrigation) and toilets. It is a system of accumulation and deposition. With a large roof foot print, rainwater is collected into the storage tank. As such treated water dependency is reduced.

Calculation Average Water Demand = 300liters/day per user Average Water Demand = (200 students + 30 staffs) x 300l = 69000 liters/ day Estimated RWH value using the formula shown below Harvested Water (Gallon) = Catchment Area(sqft)X rainfall depth(in) x 0.623 (conversion factor)

Harvested Water = 25,000 sqft x 10 in. x 0.623 = 1557500 gallon/yr = 5895778.885 litres/yr Harvested Water/ day = 16152.8 litres (Assuming Efficiency = 100%) Potential water supply replacement = 16152.8 / 69000 x 100% = 23%

THERMAL & VISUAL COMFORT SUNPATH & SHADOW ANALYSIS

The shadow range study is from 9am to 6pm on the 21st June (Solstice). The shadow patterns help identify the number of hours that the site is in shade. However, the area highlighted in yellow shows that this portion receives 9 hours of sunlight. The smaller site, as shown in the red boundary line is in a higher density area because of the longer shadows casted. This will help determine where the green area can be planned on site.

The shadow range study is from 9am to 6pm on the 21st December (Solstice). The shadow patterns help identify the number of hours that the site is in shade. However, the area highlighted in yellow shows that this portion receives a minimum of 8 hours of sunlight and this will help determine the location of green spaces.

DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS Daylight factor of a sample studio unit of the Green School. The corridor, balcony and communal space are exposed to glare where the daylight level is too high that will cause discomfort to the eyes. However, the daylight level is comfortable when it is in the classroom and research units. Hence a green wall faรงade is to be installed at most of the the communal and study area, studios and as a skin and also corridors area as the corridor design is also for communal activities. Too much glare will cause visual discomfort during communal activities as well as studying and research.

The daylight factor reduces to comfortable level after the application of GREEN WALL.

NATURAL VENTILATION WIND ROSE ANALYSIS THERMAL COMFORT Hottest and driest months of the year July â&#x20AC;&#x201C; September Coolest and driest months of the year October â&#x20AC;&#x201C; December

Site receives most wind in March, April, October March is the driest month hence it is recommended to mitigate wind into the building Fungal growth is more apparent in the wetter months in November hence a dehumidifier should be installed to avoid destruction from fungus.

WIND SIMULATION ANALYSIS

Theory Proposal Venturi Effect & Cross Ventilation. Date: 21st June 2017 Wind direction : South-south East 5000mm height : Average wind speed increases from ground level. At 5000mm height, the average wind speed is 3.05m/s. Due to the relatively low surrounding building height, there are lesser obstruction at higher level, hence the higher wind speed.

The natural ventilation in buildings occurs as a result of the physical relation between outdoor and indoor environment through the building envelope. The amount of physical openings in the building corresponds to the natural wind flow â&#x20AC;˘The difference between air pressure levels is necessary for the formation of air flow. Air flows from a medium of high to low pressure. â&#x20AC;˘The speed of the airflow changes according to the differentiation of pressure levels and height from the surface of the earth. The higher the building is the space exposed would have more wind exposure as compared to buildings that are near to ground level.

WIND SIMULATION ANALYSIS

Cross ventilation happens in both of the different rooms achieving speeds above 4.0m/s, wind speeds within the building is at a comfortable level, corridoors/balcony of the faรงade is much cooler due to the channelling effect of the wind in to building.

CONCLUSION: GREEN WALL HELPS TO COOL DOWN THE BUILDING ENVELOPE