SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Centre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)
Master of Architecture FINAL DESIGN REPORT
Name: Sophia Maheson ID: 1007P69807
ABSTRACT The Sustainable School of Architecture also referred to as The Green School of Architecture, Building and Design benefits the students, lecturers and administrators who live and work in the campus. Excellent green design universities make use of renewable energy and sustainable materials ie. being energy efficient and to lower overall carbon foot print. Environmental benefits could be increased through the reduction of emission of pollutants and to promote net zero energy. Sustainable campuses also cost lesser to build and maintain in the long run as compared to traditionally constructed buildings. The availability of advanced technology and building methods has transformed the traditional university campus. Case studies of the effect of the environment on the learning outcomes of students will be analysed to determine how universities in Malaysia could be improved. This research aims to discover the effects of architecture driven by a green pedagogy on the learning experience of students of the built environment and design.
SITE LOCATION & PHOTOS
Located in PJS 7, Subang Jaya, Taylors University was Taylors second establishment in the Klang Valley established in then a new township in 2010. The university bares relatively good aesthetics, but highly functional and efficient. The university exhibits good cross ventilation and floor to ceiling windows to maximise daylighting which would set a baseline for the research proposal. Existing university layout consists of ample open space, including an ampitheatre and an open assembly space or a walkway for students to mingle around during lunch hours or free periods. The site provides opportunity for exploration of open spaces and lower density building, and also surrounded by residential high-rise neighbourhoods occupied mainly by small families and student residents and shop lots.
DESIGN NARRATIVE DIAGRAMS
SECTIONS SECTION 01
SECTION 02
NATURAL VENTILATION Wind rose analysis. Wind velocity on the roof is higher hence of lower pressure, which is the opposite of the ground level. Thus creating a stacked effect, air moves from a higher pressure point to a lower pressure point. Air movements through the atrium helps promote ventilation throughout the building
Thermal Comfort Hottest and driest months of the year July – September Coolest and driest months of the year October – December
Site receives most wind in March, April, October March is the driest month hence it is recommended to mitigate wind into the building Fungal growth is more apparent in the wetter months in November hence a dehumidifier should be installed to avoid destruction from fungus.
SECTION 03
SECTION 04
WATER TANK & PUMP ROOM
WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM Clean water enters from the main water supply, clean water goes through the building & stored on the ground floor. Clean water is pumped to the upper floors of the building. Grey water is collected in he harvesting tanks on the roof and is stored in the water catchment tank, grey water is used to circulate the reflective steams within the building and pumped into the toilets for use.
MAIN WATER SUPPLY
ELEVATIONS
PERSPECTIVES 01
PERSPECTIVES 02
SABD LIBRARY Overlooking sky terracing to encourage natural views and to promote natural ventilation within the building
SABD LIBRARY Overlooking sky terracing to encourage natural views and to promote natural ventilation within the building
PERSPECTIVES 03
DETAILINGS
ALUMINIUM AEROFOIL CLADDINGS – DOUBLE SKIN FAÇADE SYSTEM ADVANTAGES
DURABLE Aluminium building products are made from alloys that are weather-proof, corrosion-resistant and immune to the harmful effects of UV rays, ensuring optimal performance over a very long lifetime. FLEXIBLE Aluminium’s combination of properties mean that it can be easily shaped by any of the main industrial metalworking processes, including rolling, extrusion, forging and casting, guaranteeing virtually unlimited design potential. LIGHT-WEIGHT - Aluminium’s light weight makes it cheaper and easier to transport and handle on site. MAINTENANCE - Minimal STRENGTH - The use of aluminium in buildings assists architects meet performance specifications while minimising expenditure on foundations. Alloyed aluminium can be as strong as steel at only a third of the weight.
This type of louvres gives the Architect freedom of design as there are not many restrictions in size and shape . can be adjustable or fixed ,install vertically or horizontally, be painted or anodised. Purpose made aerofoil louvres are made from galvinised M.S or aluminium to a width of 1000mm and length of 3000mm. Louvres can be anodised or epoxy powder coated. Louvres can be fixed with concealed brackets or on ends with ferrules
DESIGN APPLICATION - To minimize sun glares on site (WestEast façade) PROTECTION FROM DIRECT SUNLIGHT - Increase green building performance - Aluminium is 100% recyclable and uses only 5% of the energy used to make the original product. Almost all aluminium used in construction is recycled.
RAFT FOUNDATION is reinforced concrete Slab which founds the entire supporting member of structure like column, shear wall etc. Foundation construction of this type is required where made up ground, expansive clay soil or marshy site are chosen to found a heavy structure.
Raft foundation slab generally covers entire contact area of structure like a floor and foundation slab projects 30 cm to 45 cm distance from outer wall/basement wall of the structure towards all sides. But when property line merges with basement wall, the projections are sometimes avoided.
RAFT FOUNDATION CONSTRUCTION STEPS 1. Ground excavated 40cm depth and levelled 2. Compacted hardcore & binding layers are added 3. Reinforcements added 4. Timber formworks installed 5. Concrete poured into formworks, levelled, dry. 6. Soil is added to fill the gap
DESIGN APPLICATION Soil condition on site is soft and unstable Located beside lakeside – prone to water movement daily. Raft foundation can be combined with sheet piles and retaining wall effectively where sheet piles sit on the perimeter of the raft, transferring the load from superstructure evenly to the foundation. Small footing to minimize excavation work, cot and time saving.
GREEN ROOF SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES A green roof of a building that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane. It may also include additional layers such as a root barrier and drainage and irrigation systems. Cont ainer gardens on roofs, where plants are maintained in pots, are not generally considered to be true green roofs, although this is debated. Rooftop ponds are another form of green roofs which are used to treat greywater. Green roofs serve several purposes for a building, such as absorbing rainwater, providing insulation, creating a habitat for wildlife, increasing benevolence and decreasing stress of the people around the roof by providing a more aesthetically pleasing landscape, and helping to lower urban air temperatures and mitigate the heat island effect. Natural functions of plants to filter water and treat air in urban and suburban landscapes DISADVANTAGES - High initial cost - Must be maintained
DESIGN APPLICATION - Reduce overall heating to the building (evaporative cooling) - Filter off pollutants and CO2 from urban context - Insulate building from sound – study environment - - LOWER ENERGY CONSUMPTION
FIRE REQUIREMENTS – PLAN FIRE EXTINGUISHER HOSE REEL HR FIRE ALARM
DESCRIPTION - 7TH SCHEDULE OF UBBL COMPLIANT STAIRCASES - Dead end limit is not required for such flexible plan & running distance is 45m when alternative exits are available - Fire alarm equipped outside classes in the common area - Dry powder extinguishers - Fireman lift – in the event of fire. - TYPES OF FIRE POSSIBLE IN A SCHOOL - Types A & C - Ordinary combustibles - Exhibition spaces, studios - Electric components.
HR
HR
OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value)
Solar Heat Gain,Qs, Qs=s*I*A (Watts)
350.00
12906.60
NORTH WEST (Normal)
32.80
0.42
5.67
620.00
8541.12
NORTH EAST (Normal)
-
-
-
-
-
31.30
SOUTH WEST (Normal)
28.50
31.30
28.50
31.30
U-Value, U (W/m²) 4.48
28.50
32.80
Solar Heat Gain Factor, ө 0.42
SOUTH EAST (Normal)
Façade Area, A (m²)
87.80
31.30
Width(m)
5510.40
28.50
Height (m)
400.00
Elevation
5.67
Outdoor Temperature, To(oC)
0.42
Indoor Temperature, Ti(oC) Solar Heat Gain Through Windows,Qs
Max Radiation,I(W/ m²)
OTTV (Overall Thermal Transfer Value) calculations
Max Radiation,I( W/m²)
Solar Heat Gain,Qs, Qs=s*I*A (Watts)
0.72
-
400.00
10224.00
28.50
31.30
SOUTH WEST (Normal)
46.50
0.72
-
350.00
11718.00
28.50
31.30
NORTH WEST (Normal)
40.80
0.72
-
620.00
18213.12
28.50
31.30
NORTH EAST (Normal)
35.80
0.72
-
620.00
15981.12
Total Solar Heat Gain Through Windwos, Qs
U-Value, U (W/m²)
35.50
Solar Heat Gain Factor, ө
SOUTH EAST (Normal)
Façade Area, A (m²)
31.30
Width(m)
Elevation
28.50
Height (m)
Outdoor Temperature , To(oC)
Solar Heat Gain Through Openings,Qs2
26958.12
Indoor Temperature , Ti(oC)
Total Solar Heat Gain Through Windwos, Qs
56136.24
2.90 2.90 2.90 2.90
13.90 10.00 31.20 18.90
42.81 45.30 39.25 44.42
Total Heat GainThrough Conduction,Qc
Heat Conductance Through Windows
28.50 28.50 28.50 28.50
31.30 31.30 31.30 31.30
SOUTH EAST (Normal) SOUTH WEST (Normal) NORTH WEST (Normal) NORTH EAST (Normal)
70.80 155.80 95.80 -
-
-
Total Heat Gain Through Conduction, Qc
Qc(Roof)+Qc(Wall)+Qc(Window ) Total Heat Gain through Conduction
= 31944.13 Watts
Total Heat Gain,OTTV=
Qc + Qs + Qs2 115038.49 Watts
= 115038.49 = 115038.49/2515 = 45.74 W/m2
5.67 4.48 5.67 -
-
-
13.90 10.00 31.20 -
-
-
Conduction Heat Gain, Qc ,Qc= UA∆T(W) (Affected By ExtensionRoof)
400.00 350.00 620.00 620.00
Conduction Heat Gain, Qc , Qc= UA∆T(W)
Solar Absorption Factor, α 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40
Sol-air Temperature,Ts, Ts=To+(I*A)/fo (°C)
Façade Area, A (m²) 150.00 310.10 150.00 165.60
Surface Conductance ,fo (W/m²K)
Elevation SOUTH EAST (Normal) SOUTH WEST (Normal) NORTH WEST (Normal) NORTH EAST (Normal)
Max Radiation,I (W/m²)
Outdoor Temperature, To(oC) 31.30 31.30 31.30 31.30
U-Value, U (W/m²)
Indoor Temperature, Ti(oC) Heat Conductance Through Walls
28.50 28.50 28.50 28.50
6225.19 15108.07 4675.69 7646.23
3112.60 4075.95 2337.85 3823.12
10758.83
5379.42
1124.02 1954.36 1520.92 4599.30
OTTV 60 50 40 OTTV
30 20 10 BENCHMARK
LEARNING HUB
Based on MS 1525, the overall thermal transfer value (OTTV) should not exceed 50 W/m2. The proposed building has achieve the thermal comfort of 45.74 W/m2 . If compared to the benchmark building which is 50W/m2, building energy is considered efficient as the OTTV value is 45.74 W/m2 , as compared to the baseline mainly is because of the orientation of the building, where the long faรงades facing the north and south. The greatest contributor to OTTV is the solar radiation through glass windows.
Proposal To further reduce the OTTV value, larger shadings and overhangs can be added at the faรงade and fenestration to further reduce the glare and heat from solar. Such approach reduces OTTV value by increasing the shading coefficient. Other than that, Lower U-value materials such as low-e glass can be used to reduce the heat transfer through window into internal space, hence reducing the internal temperature of building, keeping the internal spaces cool.
BEI Classroom
No (s)
Energy (kWh)
Megaman LED Reflector Lamps (0.007) Kosnic 15W Warm White (0.015 kW) Flourescent Lighting (0.058 kWh) HLVS Fan (1.6 kWh) A/C (1.5kWh) Ceiling Fan (0.05kWh) Sound system (0.05kWh) Total Total energy usage/day Total energy usage/ week Total energy usage/ year
40
0.28
Weightage (%) 1.7
25
0.375
2.2
25
1.45
8.8
1
1.6
10
8 5
12 0.25
72 1.5
10
0.5
3
Remarks - Assume the Classroom Learning Hub operate 8 hours per day, 7 days per week - Data centre and car park is excluded from the calculation - WOH to be constant of 56 base on the calculation - Area of community hall 663.8m2 - A/C unit referred to Panasonic Web - Parts of the hall required special lighting:LEDLuminaires for exhibition purposes. -Projector and acoustic appliances for occasional presentation has the least energy consumption
114 16.455 21.7 x 8 = 115.185 kWh 115.185 x 7 = 806.295 kWh 173.6 x 365 = 42,042 kWh
The BEI of proposed building in Classroom Learning Hub unit is 143.81kWh/m2/year, which is within the baseline of GBI rating of 120kWh/m2/year to 175kWh/m2/year. Thus it is energy efficient. The proposed building uses natural ventilation through passive design such as Venturi effect most of the time to maintain thermal comfort. As comparison, the BEI of Taylors University classroom is estimated at 186.1kWh/m2/year. The BEI is higher than the standard requirement because the major energy consumption of energy is from air conditioning throughout a day. However, most of the spaces are day lighted through large curtain wall and stainless steel outer skin able to filter part of excessive day lighting penetration.
BEI
BEI can be defined by an energy component and a factor related to the energy used component of the building
BEI
=
(TBEC – CPEC – DCEC) (GFA ex. CP – DCA – (GLA*FVR) X (60/WOH)
Where; TBEC : Total Building Energy Consumption (kWh/year) CPEC : Carpark Energy Consumption (kWh/year) DCEC : Data Centre Energy Consumption (kWh/year) GFA : Gross Floor Area exclusive of car park area (m2) DCA : Data Centre Area (m2) GLA : Gross Lettable Area (m2) FVR : Weighted Floor Vacancy Rate of GLA (%) 52 : Typical weekly operating hours of office buildings in KL/Malaysia (hrs/wk) WOH : Weighted Weekly Operating Hours of GLA exclusive of DCA (hrs/wk)
Classroom Learning Hub (Weightage %) 13% 12% 3% 72%
TBEC
CPEC
DCEC
GFA ex CP
DCA
GLA
VCR
WOH
BEI
kWh/ year 42,042.53
kWh/ year -
kWh/ year -
m2 663.8
m2 -
m2 -
% -
hour 56
kWh/ m2/year 90.09
Lighting Fan Sound system A/C
SHADOW ANALYSIS
From the sun diagram analysis, the North-East façade is exposed to morning sun glare, while the North-West façade is exposed to afternoon sun glare. The façade that exposed to the direct sun glare should be shaded to avoid the discomfort to the eye and discomfort caused by high temperature. On the other hand, due to the building height and orientation, eateries and café is shaded from direct sun glare from morning to afternoon. Hence it is very suitable for indirect illumination for daytime activities.
DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS
Daylight factor of a sample studio unit of the Green School. The corridor, balcony and communal space are exposed to glare where the daylight level is too high that will cause discomfort to the eyes. However, the daylight level is comfortable when it is in the classroom and research units. Hence double skin aluminium faรงade is to be installed at most of the the communal and study area and as a skin and also corridors area as the corridor design is also for communal activities. Too much glare will cause visual discomfort during communal activities as well as studying and research.