A Community Wellness Center for Women by Sophia Warne Rowe

A Community Wellness Center for Women

To my other half, Melody. Your strength in the face of adversity, passion for adventure, and unwavering kindness inspires me every day. Thanks for keeping me wild.

Table of Contents 1-10

11-18

Section 1 Project Intro. and Design Objectives Section 2 Historiography

19-76

Section 3 Case Studies

77-88

Section 4 Quantitative & Technical Criteria

89-116

Section 5 Topical Explorations

Section 6 Existing Site, Climate, Context & Zoning

117-128

Section 7 Program Development

129-140

Section 8 Building Analysis, Code, Regulations & Standards

141-148

Section 9 Executive Summary

149-152

Section 10 Bibliography

153-164

Section

Project Objectives In the United States women and families are the fastest growing population of people living in poverty.1 In 2015 women were 35% more likely to live in poverty than men, and 1 in 3 single mothers lived in poverty. This inequality is reflected worldwide, especially in areas where discrimination causes even higher rates of poverty among women. “Despite tremendous differences in living standards, wealth, and opportunity, common root causes emerge around the world – discrimination, unequal sharing of family and household responsibilities, abusive relationships, lack of control and access to resources, and segregation into low-status jobs.” 2 A way to combat this inequality is to empower women in their communities and provide the necessary resources to disrupt the cycle of poverty. One solution to combat the sociocultural and circumstantial barriers women face is to provide a community center for women which is focused on 3

providing basic needs, family resources, and programs such as healthcare, education, legal, and financial services. Once women mitigate the stress of poverty and instability, they will be able to focus on their own well-being. This is the concept behind the design of a new Women’s Community and Wellness Center in Philadelphia. A women’s community and wellness center in the innercity would provide women and single-mothers with access to community resources including healthcare, education and child-care services. The main goal of this center is to provide a dignified outreach center to help empower women and their families, to live healthier lives, and disrupt the cycle of poverty in the community. By providing an environment that encourages education, self-sufficiency, and wellness for underprivileged groups, communities can prevent generational cycles of poverty and homelessness.

Raising children can be an immense barrier for women seeking higher education or a career. Child-care can be expensive and locking women into a cycle of being unable to afford child-care and, without child-care, unable to hold a job. “Most single-parent families are female-headed (71%). Single-parent families are among the poorest in the nation and as such, are extremely vulnerable to homelessness”. 3 Poverty and chronic unemployment can be an extremely difficult cycle to break, which means families’ may find themselves depending on outreach centers for food and housing assistance. One of these centers is the OUR Center in Longmont, CO. Volunteering at the OUR Center provided a better understanding of the variety of services they offer, and the effectiveness these centers can have on communities.

“Behind today’s grim statistics are real people who are finding it harder than ever to keep a roof over their heads, feed their families, get the health care they need and give their children a chance at a better life.” -Joan Entmacher NWLC V.P. 4

Other contributors to the cycle of poverty include situations of domestic violence, sexual abuse, substance addictions, criminal offenses, and limited education opportunities. The Women’s Bean Project is a nonprofit which helps women who are living below the poverty due to these barriers. A tour of the Women’s Bean Project, located in Denver, CO, showed how the organization, empowers women by teaching important job and life skills while employing them in the production of bean soup mixes. During the tour, a participant in the Bean Project shared the story of how through their program she had overcome substance addiction, gained useful job and life skills, and created incredible changes for both her and her family. The Women’s Bean Project helped empower her to take charge of her life, despite difficult circumstances, so she could be a role-model for her kids. Programs like the Women’s Bean Project are important in helping women, who despite facing incredible hardships and 5

barriers, realize they have the power to change their life. Neither the OUR Center or the Women’s Bean Project are based on the idea of “handouts”. They are focused on empowering people to become self-sufficient and independent in order to break the cycle of poverty. By supporting those most in need, we invest in the whole of our communities and the futures of generations to come.

-Bryan Stevenson 2

Tours of non-profit organizations such as The OUR Center, Metro Caring, and the Women’s Bean Project will help provide insight into the different types of resources that benefit women in need. Government organizations such as The United States Census Bureau hold extensive statistics on demographics, poverty, employment, family-structure, and welfare, all of which are important to research on the poverty of women. Journals and articles from reputable sources will provide a snapshot into the current trends of poverty on a smaller scale. National organizations such as the US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health and the National Women’s Law Center provide further insight into demographics, health, and statistics of poverty.

“Empowering women is one of the most effective tools for improving the lives of families, communities and nations all over the world....” -Global Citizen.org

3 Books such as Women and Poverty: An Ongoing Crisis, and Women and Poverty in 21st Century America provide an in-depth history into the causes and effects of womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s poverty in America. Research will also be conducted into inequality of race, gender, and soci-economics that contribute to poverty in America. Urban Injustice by David Hilfiker discusses the system of oppression and inequality that has created a vast wealth disparity in America, disproportionately affecting women and people of color. Further research will be conducted into case studies that reflect the intent of the 7

environment. The health, safety and welfare of the inhabitants is of incredible importance, and it is the designers job to meet these requirements. The designer must understand how color, material, lighting, and circulation influence peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mood and well-being. Ease of management and staff comfort must also be considered so as to provide a productive, safe, and functional work environment. The designation of gathering spaces will be important in encouraging social interactions as well as a The role of the designer is to facilitating a welcoming and understand human behavior, communal atmosphere. social and cultural tendencies to provide a functional and safe new Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Community and Wellness Center. The OUR Center provides an example of a facility that offers a variety of community resources under one roof, such as food, clothing, housing, legal assistance, childcare, education, and family services. Another case study, The Moorhead Rec Center in Aurora, CO, is an example of a center that provides a gathering place for the community, while encouraging health, wellness, and education.

4 The sustainability goals for this project will be to provide a safe environment which utilizes environmentally conscious strategies for energy usage, waste management, and relation to site. The project will apply a combination of technology and passive strategies to take advantage of site conditions, existing structure and materials such as adaptive re-use, as well as renewable energy resources like wind, geo-thermal, and solar. By increasing the efficiency of the building, the organization can minimize operation costs, an important consideration of running a non-profit. Due to the Women’s Community Center’s

focus on health and well-being, it is important to consider nontoxic, zero-VOC, and green building materials. A way to encourage health and wellness within the center will be to facilitate interactions with nature. Gardens and landscaping can take advantage of sustainable strategies for collecting rain water and runoff while encouraging interactions with the outdoors. The Women’s Resource Center located in Wayne, PA, is a nonprofit organization that strives to strengthen, support, and serve women in need, making it an ideal client for the project. The organization supports services

such as family, financial, health, and legal services, as well as school programs that empower girls to be leaders in their communities. Non-profits such as the WRC provide many outreach services however, most are by way of referral and are not available on-site. The proposed Women’s Community & Wellness Center would provide a site for housing these services under one roof.

The users of the facility would consist of staff, participants in their programs, and visitors from the local community. The center will inform visitors from the community about the organization and share their programs mission with potential donors. Most importantly the center will provide services for women and single-mothers who are in need, including homeless women and those with mental health or substance abuse issues. The community center will be geared towards lower-income and impoverished groups. Due to its non-profit status, the WRC relies heavily on donors. This means the center will facilitate the logistics of networking and donations and would need space for hosting events or fundraising. This would help the organization establish its presence within the community as well as encourage its financial stability. The proposed Women’s Community and Wellness Center will be geared towards vulnerable

populations of women, which will include elderly women, those with disabilities, single mothers, immigrants, and women of color. The cultural context of the project should reflect the community by connecting its program and design to women’s culture, Philadelphia, and the African American community. By encouraging self-sufficiency and personal growth, the center will help empower women to take charge of their lives. Through providing basic services necessary for a successful and healthy family, the project will also encourage stability in the community and disrupt the oppressive cycle of poverty which so many women find themselves in. As Tamra Ryan, CEO of the Women’s Bean Project, once said, “every woman who is successful creates a ripple effect”, improving the well-being of herself, her family and her community.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;There is no passion to be found playing small - in settling for a life that is less than the one you are capable of living.â&#x20AC;? - Nelson Mandela

Section

Historiography A variety of factors contribute to the oppression of women, including socio-cultural attitudes, and the design and planning of urban spaces. Historically the built-environment has been disproportionately designed by men and for men, excluding the needs of women in the urban environment. The United States fairs poorly when it comes to gender equality, ranking 47th by the U.N. With women only occupying 18% of parliamentary seats, and with a low labor force participation rate compared to other 1 developed countries. Unlike most high-income countries, such as those of northern Europe, the U.S. is behind in many aspects of inequality. This is further demonstrated by the gender wage-gap, and economic inequality of the men and women in the U.S.

Economic disparities between the sexes and limitations to women’s upward mobility have been influenced by both social and cultural expectations. These expectations are perpetuated through the design of the builtenvironment and urban city planning. Women historically have been associated with the home and domestic life, while men have been associated with ‘real work’ and public spaces. “The home, long considered women’s special domain, reinforces sex-role stereotypes and subtly perpetuates traditional views of family.” 2 Women have been traditionally discouraged from being in public spaces, and encouraged to take their place as a homemaker, care-taker and wife.

The U.S. ranks 47th in gender equality. -The U.N. on Gender Equality

“Women are perceived as having very little to do with public space. In public buildings and spaces both physical and cultural barriers exclude women with children. A woman with a child in a stroller, trying to get through a revolving door or a subway turnstile, is a ‘handicapped’ person. Public spaces rarely provide space where infants can be breastfed or have their diapers changed – the implication being that mothers and children should be at home where they belong.” 3

Some common difficulties women face when navigating urban environments are “having to navigate poorly maintained sidewalks or stairs with a stroller, use restrooms without trash or changing tables, and avoiding public transit rather than facing conditions, like desolate and poorly lit bus stops that make them feel unsafe.” An obvious example is the disproportionately longer lines in women’s restrooms than men. Women tend to use the restroom more often and for longer amounts of time. This is partially due to women more often having children with them, or being forced to breast feed in restrooms. Women also use cities differently than men, often having more complex travel behavior than men due to their combined household and work responsibilities.5 Women also rely more on public transportation, taking 75% of all bus journeys.6 This means the urban planning and safety of public transportation

disproportionately effects women, and is important when considering women’s use of public space. “Poor public transport and lack of caring facilities and shopping outlets near employment locations restrict women’s access to the labor market.” 7 By redesigning the accessibility of public space and urban planning, cities can better support women and their unique needs when it comes to the built-environment. The disparities in the design of public spaces for women is largely due to the domination of men in the fields of planning and design. The exclusion and discrimination of women in these fields has furthered the androcentrism, or male-focus of urban design, which ignores the unique needs of women. This has “exacerbated the treatment of women as a “specialized subgroup” and diminished… the role the built environment plays in both perpetuating and creating gender inequality.” 8

The adrocentrism of public design can also be seen in the smaller scale of interior design. “Often the “average male” is used for design prototyping although there are biological differences between men and women that result in different ergonomic needs and comforts.” 9 From door handles to furniture to anthropometric standards, public spaces are usually designed with men as the standard user. The equality of women in the built-environment is much more complicated than simple ergonomics and anthropometrics of space. These are small windows into the larger issue of design inequality in urban planning and community spaces. Leslie Weismann discusses the power of space and womens’ rights to public buildings that support their lifestyles:

“The appropriation and use of space are political acts. The kinds of spaces we have or don’t have, or are denied access to can empower us or render us powerless. Spaces can enhance or restrict, nurture or impoverish. We must demand the right to architectural setting which will support the essential needs of all women.” 10 16

Day-care centers, women’s resource centers and shelters support these essential needs and help women overcome barriers to employment. Through urban planning, the design of the built environment and transportation considerations, cities can help empower women and improve their experience of public space.

“No city can truly thrive, if it discounts the talents, contribution and leadership of its women.” -Wendy Lewis Jackson

Gender Preferences: When shown to respond differently to colors towards the red end of

discussing how designers can create more inclusive spaces for women, it is important to understand how factors such as color and materials play a role in the built environment. This may be useful in designing spaces specifically for women, such as the proposed community and wellness center. Just as women have different physical requirements for the built environment, women and men have been

colors and materials. “Women showed particularly positive responses to brighter colors and negative responses to darker colors, whereas men were much likely to have a positive emotional reaction to dark colors.” 11 Studies have found that women prefer pastels and tints, while men favor bright colors and shades.12 Blue is the most popular color across both genders. Women also were more likely to choose

the color spectrum, while men leaned towards the blue end of the spectrum.” 13 There was also a difference in material preferences between the sexes; “women felt it was more important to have contact with nature and natural materials that soothe and stimulate the senses.” 14 By understanding these inclinations designers can create more comfortable and inviting spaces for both women and men.

Section

Case Study #1

Longmont, CO

The OUR Center

The U.S. ranks 47th in gender equality. -The U.N. on Gender Equality

Overview The OUR Center is a 30,000-sq. ft. outreach center located at 220 Collyer St. Longmont, Colorado. The building was adapted from its original use as a lumber yard by Dennis and Ryan Bloemker, of DLB & Associates, who designed the interior renovation and exterior expansion. The interior renovation includes the addition of a mezzanine, converting the open warehouse into a 2-story space. This project had a low

budget due to its reliance on donations from the community and was even designed probono by the architects. The building is owned by the OUR Center which provides outreach services to people in need within the community. The primary users are the staff, volunteers, and the families, seniors, and individuals they serve. Users, or â&#x20AC;&#x153;participantsâ&#x20AC;? of the OUR Centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s programs include those

who may be homeless, disabled, veterans, senior citizens, mentally ill, and low-income. Some of the services the OUR center provides include: housing referrals, healthcare, counseling, education, childcare, legal resources, and food assistance, which includes the serving of hot meals. The Center serves 300400 meals daily and provides for over 10,000 individual families per year.

Site Diagram

Business / Municipal

Residential

Industrial

This project is an important precedent for the proposed Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Wellness and Community Center because it is one of the few organizations that houses all of these resources in one space. The OUR Center is a dignified environment that provides the community with a place of gathering, support, and networking to empower those in need. The OUR Center is located at the edge of a residential area, just north of an industrial section of the city and just west of the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main street. The surrounding residential area is primarily low-income to middleclass citizens. Few trees exist on site, due to its history as an industrial warehouse. This means shading devices are necessary on the western side, which has 23

the highest amount of glazing, and the southern side, which receives the most sunlight. Vast windows in the dining area take advantage of the abundant, Colorado sunshine.

Design: Concept & Style The style of the building is very industrial due to its history as a lumber building. The simple design is due to the projects small budget and its integration with the pre-existing building. The expansion from the most recent renovation has a brick exterior, which reflects the original brick of the lumber building. The brick exterior absorbs warmth from the sun during colder seasons, while

the glass-block glazing provides insulative properties while allowing sunlight to penetrate the space. The Interior maintains the industrial feeling with more exposed brick as well as painted metal beams and columns. The driving concept for the project was to provide a dignified, safe, and functional space that could successfully integrate a variety of services and programs under one roof. This affected the overall space planning of the design which provides a clear distinction between public and private, volunteer spaces, and staff/ administrative areas. The building is separated into two levels.

The first floor has an open lay-out and houses the main public spaces such as the lobby/reception area, dining area and kitchen, classrooms, health and counseling services, donation drop-offs, child-care, and ‘shopping’ experiences like the “Community Market” and “Community Closet”. These ‘shopping’ experiences are located near the dropoff and warehouse areas, where volunteers organize the donations for distributing. Reception / Lobby

Community Cafe

The kitchen, café, and dining area are all adjacent to each other and are located at the south and southwestern sides of the corners of the building. The counseling offices and small healthcare clinic are more private and located on the north and north-eastern side of the building, opposite from the louder public and service spaces. The second floor is smaller and houses the bulk of storage and administrative spaces such as the conference room and private offices.

The administrative offices stack with the counseling offices below, designating the northern side as a quieter, more private section of the building. There is a clear horizontal circulation on the first floor, with visibility between the large public spaces such as the dining room, reception, and atrium/waiting area. The vertical circulation is more private to discourage its use by non-staff members. Stairs are located at the Northwest, Northeast, and Southeast corners of the building away from public spaces. The main public areas such as the Community Closet, Community Market, and Community CafĂŠ are clearly labeled with large signs, although few other wayfinding strategies exist.

Sustainability

The building employs several sustainable features such as operable windows in the private offices as well as 20 indoor plants in the waiting and common areas. The large windows and open layout take advantage of natural lighting, while the more enclosed areas use minimal artificial lighting. LEDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are used throughout the building, many 25

with motion sensors. The OUR Center received a $25,000 grant from the Nonprofit Energy Efficiency Program, a program of Energy Outreach Colorado, for the energy efficiency of the building. The HVAC system is computer operated to maximize efficiency. Fabric awnings shade the glazing on the western and southern sides of the building, which help keep the building cool during the summer. The OUR Center is a day-use only building, which means it uses less artificial lighting and takes advantage of natural daylighting strategies.

Interior Design The interior consists of both industrial and natural finishes and materials. Warm woods, brick, and earth tones of the paint and linoleum contrast with aluminum accents and the exposed metal structure. The floor is linoleum in the high traffic areas such as the CafĂŠ, which is appropriate due to its durability and low-cost. Carpet is used in the quieter areas such as the private offices, counseling rooms and classrooms which provides acoustic properties.

Community Cafe

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Wherever there is a human being, there is an opportunity for a kindness.â&#x20AC;? - Seneca

6 The warehouse spaces consist of concrete flooring, which is appropriate for their use as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;back of houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; spaces. Durable, commercial-grade furniture is used in the main public spaces, such as stackable plastic chairs and sturdy dining tables in the CafĂŠ area. The space consistently functions as a dining room, so tables do not need to be moved or put away when not in use. The waiting area consists of padded chairs to accommodate for longer wait times, while the childcare/reading area features comfortable lounge-style furniture. The kitchen is a full industrial kitchen complete with commercial food prep, serving, and dishwashing equipment, 27

as well as a walk-in refrigerator. The Community Market includes a refrigerated section and displayed storage of dry goods, which is important for providing participants with a shoppinglike experience. Wayfinding strategies are minimal, and consist of signage on the windows of the community market and closet. (Fig. 5) A larger sign, above the child-care area, leads visitors from the atrium to these important spaces. (Fig. 13) The warm color scheme adds to the inviting and welcoming atmosphere. Warm wood finishes greet the user as they enter the lobby/reception area. Here there is smaller scale

pendent lighting, inviting the visitor to the reception desk. Earthy orange hues add warmth and color to the otherwise analogous color palette. Natural lighting is predominantly used in the open public spaces such as the dining area, with more task oriented lighting placed over the reception desk. Bright lighting is used appropriately in the kitchen service area and small health clinic space. The circulation between the private office spaces is dimly lit and finished in brick and wood, providing a more calming atmosphere. These private offices have access to natural daylight which minimizes their need for artificial lighting.

Paintings of churches decorate the mezzanine reflecting the OUR Center’s non-secular roots. (Fig. 6) Hand-made, quilted banners, which illustrate uplifting words and phrases, hang from the mezzanine balcony and overlook the dining space. A large scale, iron art piece decorates the waiting area, honoring donors who contributed to the OUR Center’s Capital Campaign.

“No act of kindness, no matter how small, is ever wasted” -Aesop

Mezzanine Circulation

Post-Occupancy Survey Designed by DLB & Associates and completed in 2016, the OUR Center provides a dignified outreach experience for people in need. The new building allows the center to consolidate its programs under one roof. These include a Community Resources Center, Community Closet, Critical Needs Center, Community CafĂŠ, Volunteer Support Center, Administrative Offices, Community Markey, and Life Skills & Self Sufficiency Classrooms. Ancillary spaces consist of administrative support and volunteer areas. The building is privately owned by the OUR Center, which is a non-profit organization. The users of the building are demographically diverse. It primarily serves working families who are struggling to make ends meet. 75% of its participants are working and have children. A growing percentage of visitors are senior citizens struggling to meet growing medical, housing, and food costs. 29

Community Cafe (North View)

There are only 22 full-time staff members so the organization relies heavily on volunteers (about 400-500 annually). The center serves 300-400 meals daily with 80-100 families relying on the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Community Marketâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; for groceries each day. 1 The OUR Center provides for over 10,000 individual families per year and that number is growing. The separation of public and private spaces works well in the building, as well as the consolidation of the various community resources the center provides. The dignified and inviting atmosphere is a welcome change from the small, cramped spaces of the previous location.2 Overall the lighting and organization of spaces is appropriate.

Communinty Market

The biggest issue with the interior design of the building is the acoustics. The noise from the open public spaces, such as the dining room, can carry throughout the building and be slightly overwhelming during meal-times. A large loading dock and vast storage areas are some of the most functional aspects of the building. Another feature is the Community Market which brings dignity and functionality to the distribution of donated food items. The culture and mood of the building is welcoming and inviting, providing a sense of hope and dignity. The new center provides human interaction and social connections to those who are often pushed aside and have no other place to go. The size of the parking lot and limited number of

outlets in the classroom spaces were some of the changes staff would make to the space. However, overall it is very functional and accommodating of both visitors and staff. The lighting is appropriate with lots of natural daylight flooding the high-traffic and most public spaces. It is difficult to assess the durability of the materials and finishes due it being such a recent project, however they seem to be wearing well and are easily cleaned. The most unique factor about the OUR Center is that it is comprised of such a variety of services and programs in one central building. In most communities, these resources are separated and few have such an uplifting and dignified approach.

10 Community Closet

The square footages of each space seem appropriate, with ample space given to the more high-occupancy areas as well as comfortably sized offices. Unlike at the centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s previous locations, the new OUR Center building provides vast amounts of square footage for storage, making up most of the mezzanine level. The building is used throughout the year, and is open during normal business hours MondayFriday. Because the center serves hot meals for breakfast and lunch every day, these are their busiest times of day. All participants are registered with the OUR Center, and in order to receive meal service, they must agree to come back within 30 days for an interview. This registration and interview process makes the OUR Center much more involved than a soup kitchen or food pantry. Anyone who requires food assistance receives help in other areas of their life to promote self-sufficiency. Often the OUR Center helps people

who are going through a difficult time in their life, and only need assistance temporarily until they get back on their feet. The building itself provides a functional lay-out of these different services, with a clear circulation on the first level. The dining area is conducive to gathering and is a social space during meal-times. Seating for large groups is provided in the atrium, however their arrangement is less conducive to conversation. Compared to the more public spaces, the private offices and ancillary circulation is calm. The dining area and kitchen tend to be more hectic and energetic for both visitors and staff. Bright, natural lighting adds to the pleasant atmosphere and is conducive to socializing in the Community CafĂŠ. Higher sound levels here also add to the energy of the space. The counseling rooms, classrooms, and offices are more acoustically insulated leading to a sense of privacy and focused work.

Clinic Space

2nd Floor Circulation

View of Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Play Area

Evaluation I found the OUR Center to be very open and inviting compared to their previous accommodations. The participants and staff seemed comfortable in the space, and as both a volunteer and visitor I felt welcomed. The noise level, furniture selection, and finishes of the dining area resembled a school cafeteria. However, these choices of materials are understandable given the budget and need for durability. The serving area of the kitchen seem a little small for the volume of people who utilized the meal services, however the line of visitors seemed to move rather efficiently. Although the HVAC system seemed appropriate for most of the spaces, the classrooms felt over air-conditioned and had unusually tall ceiling heights. The classrooms had a moveable partition between them, but it seemed they were almost too small to function as separate rooms and worked better when it was one open space. 2nd Floor â&#x20AC;&#x153;Loungeâ&#x20AC;? Space

STRUCTURE PUBLIC vs. PRIVATE

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION The child-care area was small not intended for long-term care or infants. It is intended to be used for small amounts of time while parents used the Community Market and Community Closet. This works for the current use, however I think a larger day-

care program would be an improvement. The corridors and clinic space had a calming atmosphere. I appreciated the exposed brick, wood finishes, and dim lighting in the private circulation spaces. A small sitting area upstairs, complete with

natural lighting and an indoor plant seems like a comfortable resting spot for staff. Overall the OUR Center had a positive atmosphere that was both functional and pleasant for staff, volunteers, and visitors.

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM:

First Floor

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM: Second Floor

“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world; indeed, it’s the only thing that ever has.” - Margaret Mead

Case Study #2

Aurora, CO

Moorhead Recreation Center

Overview The Moorhead Recreation center is a 38,600 square feet recreation center located in Aurora, Colorado. Built in 1975, The building was previously a youth drop-in center until it was recently renovated by Barker Rinker Seacat Architecture. The project was completed in the spring of 2017, with a budget of 13.2 million dollars. The large scale of the renovation justifies the high budget, which allowed for the design of the new gymnasium, community room, fitness spaces, locker rooms, teen room, multipurpose room, and natatorium.

backgrounds. As one of the most diverse areas of Colorado, Aurora has a high percentage of immigrant families. “Aurora is the most culturally and economically diverse city in Colorado, and among the top 30 in the nation for places with a varied mix of residents. Nearly 21 percent of Aurora’s 345,000 residences were born in another country” . The center also serves a diverse range of age groups. It is located across from a school, which reinforces its use as an after-school destination for children and teens. There are also a vast number of seniors and adults who use the center The recreation center promotes regularly for social gatherings, the idea of community and classes, and exercise facilities. wellness, making it an ideal case study for the proposed Women’s Located in a suburban area, Wellness and Community the site of the Moorhead Center. The variety of programs, Recreation Center attracts use of materials, organization visitors from the surrounding of spaces, and circulation residential neighborhoods. strategies are all excellent These residences range from precedents for its design. The low-income to upper-middle Moorhead Recreation Center class housing. The surrounding serves a broader demographic landscaping helps draw visitors than the proposed center on to the site, due to its proximity will, attracting visitors of all to a public park. ages, gender, and economic 38

Exterior view from park Large windows on the west and southside of the building take advantage of both the parkâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scenery and the natural daylight.

Design: Concept & Style The recreation center is contemporary in its overall design. The clean, geometric style and modern finishes create a cohesive look on both the interior and exterior. Metal framing adds to the contemporary look, while brick is reminiscent of the original building. The concept for the new facility is to promote health, wellness and an active lifestyle within the community. 39

2 The city also established its goals to provide a safe place for students after school and offer the community a place to gather and connect. The building consists of one floor, with double height spaces in the gymnasium, natatorium, and vestibule. The private spaces, such as the locker rooms and adjacent toilet rooms, are located centrally between the gymnasium, cardio-fitness area, lobby, and natatorium. These are the biggest public spaces of the center which are connected by the main path of circulation. Other communal spaces are grouped together, such as the youth and multipurpose room at the Northwest corner, and the

community room and teaching kitchen at the Southwest corner. Equipment, mechanical, and storage rooms are located on the west side of the building, directly behind the locker / toilet rooms. Smaller storage spaces and administrative offices are located throughout, adjacent to the program they are associated with. For example: the lifeguard and aquatics managerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office are located next to the natatorium; an administrative office / breakroom is located next to reception; gym storage and the fitness office are located between the gym and cardiofitness space.

Reception Desk

Lobby

The horizontal circulation of the building runs north-south, both connecting each side of the building and remaining adjacent to the entrance and lobby. Simple circulation between the main spaces allows for their supervision from one central location, the reception desk. This enhances the safety and manageability of the facility. There is also an excellent use of way-finding strategies within the center. Private spaces are differentiated by specific colors, such as the family locker room (blue), the women’s room (green), and the men’s room (orange). Large graphics at the locker / toilet rooms add to the success of the building’s wayfinding. The building employs both masonry and steel construction techniques. Sections which utilize steel columns and trusses allow for the height of the natatorium and strategic expanses of glazing in the public spaces. Sustainable features of the building include the use of natural daylighting, LED light fixtures, and green finishes such as linoleum. 40

Much of the exterior glazing uses translucent panels to diffuse the natural light, while providing high thermal performance. An overhang shades the entrance and glazed portions of the building adding to its energy efficiency.

Interior Design

The predominant interior finishes are concrete, linoleum, ceramic tile, and wood. Polished concrete is used as the flooring in the main circulation spaces, while linoleum is used in both the cardio-fitness area and teaching kitchen. Tile is predominant throughout the locker, shower, and toilet rooms as a wall and flooring finish. Wood is used in the gym, community room, and reception area and is used as flooring, ceiling panels, and the front desk. Each space utilizes appropriate materials for their specific functions however, special considerations were taken into account for the community room. Here a cushioned â&#x20AC;&#x153;woodâ&#x20AC;? flooring is used so it may be used as a second fitness area. The use of materials also highlights the designersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; consideration of acoustics within the space. Perforated ceiling panels and acoustic wall panels are used 41

throughout the building, with certain spaces such as the waiting area lounge even using carpet flooring. Various types of equipment were used throughout due to the diverse range of programs the recreation center offers. Some of this equipment includes state-ofthe art exercise machines in the cardio-fitness space, and industrial appliances in the teaching kitchen. Desktop computers are available in the Computer Area adjacent to the main lobby. A small waiting area with lounge seating is situated next to the main entrance, providing a comfortable place for gathering and conversation. Tables with casters and stackable chairs are used in the flexible community space so they may be easily moved and stored. A T.V. monitor and sound system are also provided, adding to the functionality of the space. Neutral hues are used throughout the space, with pops of color strategically highlighting specific spaces, unique features, and signage. The lounge space uses a green color scheme, while the side rooms, such as the community room and cardio-fitness space, are designated with blue.

Locker Room Signage

6 Bright hues of multiple colors accent the main spaces such as the reception area, gymnasium, and natatorium. In the gymnasium three different wall colors indicate the three basketball courts (blue, pink, yellow), as well as the three types of locker / toilet rooms (blue, green, orange.)

western faĂ§ade to reduce glare and diffuse the natural daylight. The openness of the rope wall allows for light to pass through the cardio-fitness area into the gymnasium also adding to the brightness of the space. Brighter artificial lighting is used in the teaching kitchen, gymnasium, and natatorium, while more ambient lighting illuminates the flexible gathering spaces such as the community and multipurpose rooms. Shades are provided in these spaces adding their user-friendly approach and flexibility.

Lighting levels are appropriate for the various tasks performed in each space. The abundance of glazing on the western side of the building brings natural daylight into all the public areas of the recreation center. Translucent panels are used on much of the Decorative features such as 43

7 the rope wall, murals in the gymnasium, acoustical panels in the natatorium, and hanging elements above reception highlight the importance of these spaces. This is emphasized by the elementsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; use of vibrant, colorful hues, which contrast the neutral finishes in the space. Black steel framing outlines the fenestration, accentuating the views to the outdoors and again contrasting with the softer earth tones of the interior. A series of black and white photographs of the previous Moorhead center greet visitors as they enter, as a reminder of its history and value to the community. (Fig. 6)

Post-Occupancy Survey Designed by Barker Rinker Seacat Architecture and completed in spring of 2017, the new Moorhead Recreation Center is a place for promoting wellness and active lifestyles within the community. The 38,600 square feet building is contemporary-industrial in style and utilizes modern commercial materials on both the exterior and interior. The building is owned by the city of Aurora and provides recreation services to the residents of the community. It is a day-use building which provides spaces for gathering, teaching, and fitness activities. The facility is a popular destination for seniors, adults, and youth visitors due to its proximity to residential neighborhoods and the school across the street. The center employs approximately 35 staff members which oversee the facility.

The most unique features of the new Moorhead Center are the rope wall in the gymnasium and the garage-style doors used in the community room.1 The colorful rope wall is used in place of a solid partition between the gymnasium and the main corridor. It acts as a functional partition, confining the basketball courts, while also allowing for a sense of openness and visibility. Unique flexibility is provided in the community room, which shares a wall of functional, garage-style doors with the teaching kitchen. This allows for the expansion of the kitchen if it is needed, while also letting natural lighting flow between them. There are also garage doors on the south side of the community room which open up to an outdoor patio, increasing the square footage of the community room when appropriate. The visibility and circulation between each space works well within the building, allowing for easier management of the facility by staff.2 The reception desk has clear visibility of the main circulation, gymnasium, lounge, and cardio-fitness areas. Strategically placed windows, 45

Community Cafe (North View)

including a two-way mirror in the main administrative space, grant further supervision. Appropriate privacy is provided in the locker rooms, which have multiple individual shower stalls each with their own enclosed changing stalls. The flexibility of the community room is another feature that works well, allowing for a variety of activities, including presentations and fitness programs. The current square footage of the facility is appropriate, however if there it may not be able to support a larger population in the future. The development of another

recreation center in the Aurora area is already being planned, which may help mitigate this potential issue.

Evaluation The Moorhead Recreation Center is an excellent precedent for the proposed Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Community and Wellness Center because it demonstrates effective wayfinding strategies, use of color and materials, and organization of spaces. Despite the small footprint, the facility felt open and spacious, with the cardio-fitness area as the one exception. The lower ceilings of the cardio-fitness area made this

space feel dark and less inviting than the other spaces. However, the contrasting ceiling heights did help distinguish between the different spaces, and may have been an acoustical solution to the open layout. The acoustics were one of the only issues I noticed in the space. Several acoustic strategies are used throughout, such as acoustic materials and panels, however the close proximity of the cardio-fitness room to the lobby / reception area meant there was very little privacy between the two spaces.

Community Room

A short partition helped separate them but, when a fitness class is being taught in the cardio-fitness area (which I experienced during my visit), it can be clearly heard in the reception / lobby area. There is also very little privacy for the users of the cardio-fitness area, which is directly adjacent to the entrance of the building. The flexibility of some of the other spaces seemed very functional and an excellent use of the small footprint of the center. The high ceilings in the youth room, gymnasium, lobby, and natatorium create a very open and airy feeling throughout the building. The use of color adds energy and excitement to the space while effectively guiding the user throughout the facility. The secondary circulation through the locker rooms was a practical way to connect the most high-traffic areas of the natatorium and fitness spaces. Overall the Moorhead Recreation Center seemed to be a valuable addition to the Aurora community, effectively promoting fitness and gathering within the community. 47

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM: Floor Plan

FLOOR PLAN Location

Adjacencies

Square Footage

Lounge (Waiting Area)

Entrance, Reception

200

Reception

Admin. Office, Lounge, Computer Area

300

Cardio Fitness

Lobby, Gymnasium

2,700

Gymnasium

Storage, Locker / Toilet Rooms, Cardio Rm., Fitness Office

10,800

Teaching Kitchen

Community Room, Cardio Fitness Rm.

700

Community Room

Teaching Kitchen, Gym storage.

1,200

Storage / Mechanical

Gymnasium, Natoatorium, Locker / Toilet Rooms

1,600

Administration

Natatorium, Reception, Gymnasium

600

Toilet / Locker Rooms

Natatorium, Main Circulation (Lobby), Multipurpose Rms.

2,500

Natatorium

Administration, Locker / Toilet Rms, Youth Rm, Computer Area

10,900

Youth / Multipurpose Rooms

Toilet Room, Reception

1,100

Computer Area

Reception, Natatorium

200

Circulation

All of the Above

5,800 Total:

38,600

PRIVATE SPACES

CIRCULATION

DAYLIGHT

PUBLIC SPACES

Case Study #1

Surry Hill, Sydney, Australia 51

Surry Hill Center

Overview The Surry Hills Library and Community Center is an inviting, multi-purpose facility located in the heart of Surry Hills, a neighborhood on the outskirts of Sydney, Australia. Completed in 2009, the building offers a diverse range of programs despite its small size of 8,192 square feet. With a budget of $13.8 million, it was designed by Francis-Jones

Morehen Thorp Architects to “provide facilities that embody the values of equity of access to information and resources that are essential to building communities.”1 This precedent serves as an excellent case study for the proposed Women’s Community and Wellness Center because it offers a manifold of programs that encourage gathering, education, and community values. The building is iconic in its

design, providing a welcoming and beautiful atmosphere while also maintaining a sense of modesty and simplicity. The uplifting and communal atmosphere encourages visitors’ interaction with each other as well as the natural environment. It’s focus on sustainability, healthy design and supporting a connection with nature furthers its relevance as a case study.

Owned by the city of Sydney, the building provides for the diverse community of Surry Hills. This community, “an inner-city suburb of Sydney… is characterized by a diversity of age, income and cultural backgrounds.”2 This wide array of individuals utilize the space for its community and meeting rooms, teaching kitchen, regional library, and childcare center. The architects’ expressed their intentions of inclusivity in its design stating “it is a welcoming 53

community place for all ages and west. An existing building and all social groups.” 3 sits adjacent to the center on its North side. On the east side The center takes advantage of the building, the entrance of the small site, which is just opens to Crown Street, the main 1945.5 square feet, by creating street of Surry Hills. Here the a dialogue with the surrounding “cloud-like” roof extends into landscape. The glass atrium of the street, marking the entrance the building is oriented south and differentiating it from the towards a modest public park, adjacent shops. Wood louvres creating a sense of accessibility on the exterior of the building and connection to the outdoors. regulate natural daylight and Two streets outline the East views on the East and West sides. and West sides of the site, with residential areas to the south

Design: Concept & Style The concept for the Surry Hills Center was to provide a welcoming facility that demonstrates the community’s values and engages with its setting. Creating a single building that could serve a diverse range of programs, including a community center, library, and child care facility, was the main goal established by the residents of Surry Hill. The architects also outlined “openness, transparency, accessibility and sustainability”4 as key values in the center’s design to facilitate a connection to the community. The overall style of the building is contemporary, and incorporates modern materials and construction techniques. Concrete and steel are used as the primary construction materials, which are softened by the glass atrium and timber exterior. This modernity contrasts with the diverse architectural context adding to a sense of monumentality. The surrounding urban fabric consists of a variety

of building types including terrace housing, residential apartments, shops, as well as commercial and industrial spaces. Despite this variety in use and scale, these buildings are largely cohesive in their Victorian style. The neighborhood is located within a heritage conservation precinct which is known for both its Victorian architecture and diversity. is known for both its Victorian architecture and diversity. 5 The general circulation of the building is simple due to its small footprint. The vertical circulation becomes increasingly private and enclosed as one continues upwards. A monumental stair case on the south side of the building connects the basement level with the first level. On the North side of the building, a second staircase the first level with the second. A third, smaller staircase connects the second floor to the top floor, which features an outdoor children’s space. Due to the staircases’ varying locations, guests are directed horizontally throughout the building. View of Exterior

3 54

Signage by Collider Studio Each floor serves a different set of programs within the center. The basement level houses important mechanical systems like the geothermal bore plant and water recycling system, as well as a public library space. The first level also houses a portion of the libraryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s collection, as well as a reading room and cafĂŠ. A teaching kitchen and community rooms, and vast function hall are located on the second level. An open-air play space occupies almost half of the third floor, which includes 55

4 a sand-pit and soft play area. Multiple interior play spaces, a small kitchen, and ancillary rooms are also included on this floor. Administration areas are located throughout the building and relate to the programs of each floor. Wayfinding is subtle and incorporated into the architecture of the building. This adds to the overall style of sleekness and modernity of the facility. Signs are engraved onto blocks in the wall, which are lightly angled towards each destination. (Fig. 4)

Monumental Stair

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We have sought to create a certain monumentality, significance, and dignity to this important public place, and the community values it embodies.â&#x20AC;? - FJMT

First Level Interior

Interior Design The interior is consistent with the contemporary exterior with its use of modern materials and neutral color palette. It maintains a sleek and elegant style without being overly lavish. Durability and craftsmanship were important values in the choice of materials which include “well-executed concrete finishes, finely detailed white polyurethane joinery, stone tiles and good quality carpet.” 6 Wood accents and furniture warm the analogous color scheme. The focus on sustainability also influenced the specification of certain materials and furniture. Low VOC finishes 57

6 were utilized throughout as well as formaldehyde free furniture. Other sustainable materials include sustainably sourced timber and the use of alternative materials for the PVC plumbing and electrical. Numerous sustainable and passive design strategies are also incorporated directly into the architectural design of the building. The new centre has been designed with the aim of being a benchmark for sustainable, low-energy buildings while still maintaining the functionality of a public building. A combination of innovative design strategies and technologies made this possible.”7 Some of these

strategies include photovoltaic panels, geothermal cooling bores, a green roof, passive ventilation systems, and rainwater collection and recycling. A computerized system (BMS) regulates the internal environment of the building, modifying the ventilation systems and exterior louvres throughout the day. The building also features a “biofiltration atrium” where air is drawn through a greenhouse type space which contains biomass air filtration vegetation before being reticulated through the building’s environmental control system.” 8

This atrium and vast expanses of glass take advantage of the natural daylight, minimizing the need for artificial lighting. Louvres control the sunlight and views on the east and west sides of the building, while shades are utilized on the south side of the atrium. Linear LED lighting is used in the interior, as both cove and indirect lighting. This modern look adds to the contemporary look of the building. White finishes on the ceiling help reflect diffused light in the interior and add to the sleek look. There is a minimal use of colorful artwork which adds to this cohesiveness. The only exception is the iconic art piece by Robert Owen, Interlude, which runs along the first floor soffit in the centerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s shared entry lobby. (Fig. 8)

EnvironmentalCirculation Atrium Mezzanine

Evaluation The overall design of the building seems to fulfill the architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; intentions of creating an inviting and welcoming space that encompasses the communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s values. There is a clear connection between the building and its surrounding context which established through its use of transparency and interaction with the outdoors. I believe this building is an important precedent for green architecture, as it utilizes numerous sustainability strategies without sacrificing its aesthetic appeal. The organization of the spaces is apparent and seems appropriate to the diverse functions of the center. There is a consistency in the interior and exterior style of the building, even in minor details such as the wayfinding strategies. Although their subtlety may not be appropriate in every community building, the signs add to the quiet elegance of the space.

Interlude by Robert Owen

STRUCTURE

Community Cafe (North View)

Outdoor Play Space

Reading Area / Cafe

NATURAL DAYLIGHT

PUBLIC vs. PRIVATE

Community Cafe (North View)

Function Room

ADJACENCY DIAGRAMS:

Basement & First Floor

ADJACENCY DIAGRAMS:

2nd Floor “Lounge” Space

Second & Third FLoor

Exterior - North Facing Exterior - East Facade

13 12

SHLCC is unique in its design philosophy by combining beauty and functionalism without highlighting and exposing the environmental initiates. They are intrinsic and multifunctional within the very fabric of the building, in this way the building is a reflection of the next level of maturity in environmentally responsible design.â&#x20AC;? -Architizer.com 63

Exterior - South Facade

Case Study #4

Training Recreation Education Center

Newark, New Jersey 65

Overview The Training Recreation Education Center (TREC) of Newark, New Jersey, demonstrates an innovative approach to facilitating communal aspirations through architecture. Designed by Ikon.5, the 22,000-square foot building provides a muchneeded place for gathering, education, and recreation within the community. Despite its small budget of $11 million, the TREC is a striking building. A creative use of materials, lighting and form create an interesting icon for the neighborhood and encourages the citizens of Newark to engage with the center’s diverse range of programs. The main goal for the TREC’s design is to “give the area’s low-income families more economic opportunities by providing easily accessible job training and continuing education classes.”1 This aligns with the proposed Women’s Center’s intention of renewing an urban neighborhood through community resources. Like the Women’s Center, the TREC also

encourages social gatherings within the neighborhood, recreation and fitness, and the development of life skills. “The modern architectural urban intervention reinvents its neighborhood, invigorates its citizenry, and ultimately changes their future by providing them the access to the programs and tools they need to succeed in a building that engenders productivity, connectedness and positive change.” 2 The Newark Housing Authority issued a request for proposals for their new project with the intention of revitalizing the neighborhood. Located in one of Newark’s most impoverished areas, the TREC is intended to be a ‘social collector, a place where neighbors could gather, exercise, and receive training to improve their chances for gainful employment.” 3 The main users of the new community center range from children to seniors, who come from similar economic backgrounds. Since the 1950’s, the area has struggled with unemployment and poverty, resulting in numerous public housing 66

Site Diagram projects and low-income housing. This means the users of the new center would be local members of the neighborhood in need of the economic and community resources the TREC provides. A diverse range of programs attracts users with various needs such as those seeking education, fitness, socialization, and community resources. Joe Tattoni of Ikon.5 states the project’s goal to act as the city’s “living room”, which is designed to have a broad 67

2 Site Plan appeal. 4 The building not only engages with the community through its programs, but also though its overall design, which reflects the triangular shape of the site and urban context.

Design: Concept & Style The structure of the TREC reflects both the regular city grid of Newark and Weequahic Park, which sits adjacent to the site. The unique design

3 of the building echoes the convergence of these two geometries, resulting in two triangular forms. One ‘wedge’ of the building is primarily solid and contains fitness, recreation, and meditation spaces. The other is transparent, and houses the community meeting spaces and education rooms. This transparency conveys a sense of openness and encourages members of the community to engage with its programs.

“A beacon of hope...” The architects explain this concept further, stating: “The luminous container is a beacon of hope and a pleasant place to gather, learn and play. Its bespoke design and full height windows, set largely within a window-starved community of public housing, allow passersby to witness the energy and rich roster of activities housed within and know that a substantive investment has been made in their future.” 5 This was an important factor in the overall approach to the building’s design. The unique use of materials adds to the iconic look of the building within the neighborhood. Aluminum control joints add interest to the durable and inexpensive stucco exterior. A series of aluminum fins add another layer of complexity and richness to the glass curtain wall of the building. These fins, which reside within the glass curtain wall, create a mirror like effect depending on the time of day.

“In its reflective state, it mirrors the streetscape of houses across the street, a poetic gesture that forges a connection between the center and the community it serves.” 6 The materials used in the main construction of the building are concrete and steel. The TREC Center is one level, and consists of a variety of programs. A central corridor runs through the center of the building which connects the entrance to the farthest public space, the community garden. This corridor is the central common area of the building and includes the reception / information desk. The fitness and recreation spaces are separated from the community development spaces by this central mediatory portion of the building. A gymnasium, locker rooms and adjacent toilet rooms, fitness room, and yoga meditation space sit North of the main corridor. The Day-Care center, study / collaboration space, community room, and classrooms are grouped together on the South side of the building. South Facade

4 68

Sub-dividable Classroom

The teaching kitchen resides at the end of the corridor, adjacent to the community garden, and connects the South and North sections of the TREC Center. There is no noticeable wayfinding strategies or signage that could be determined from this examination of the case study.

daylighting strategies. Skylights were added in the gymnasium to limit the need for artificial lighting during the day. Large faces of glazing on the exterior and interior of the building allow the transmittance of natural light throughout, further lessening the need for artificial lighting. The Aluminum fins on the southern faรงade of the building help The Center was designed with regulate both lighting and solarLEED Silver standards in mind, thermal conditions within the and takes advantage of natural building. 69

Commons Area

â&#x20AC;&#x153;We have sought to create a certain monumentality, significance, and dignity to this important public place, and the community values it embodies.â&#x20AC;? - FJMT

Secondary Circulation

Interior Design The Interior finishes demonstrate the designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intent to create an inviting and welcoming center for the community. Sleek, reflective materials are used throughout the building, creating a contemporary, highend look. The reflective quality of the floor and other finishes also increases the abundance of light in the space, further reducing the artificial lighting load. Exposed HVAC and 71

7 mechanical systems are painted blue which adds to the modernity of the space. This pop of color contrasts the otherwise analogous color-scheme of white and grey finishes. Color also helps designate the main corridor as a focal socializing space. Here, blue is used on the painted ceiling as well as in the glossy finish of the stainedconcrete floor. Comfortable lounge seating is arranged throughout this commons area, encouraging conversation and gathering of community

members. This room acts as a transition space between the fitness and education oriented spaces. Paintings are hung along each corridor including this common space, creating interest and adding to the inviting atmosphere. The paintings not only add pops color to the interior, but also further the designerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intention to create a dignified and elegant space for the underserved citizens of Newark.

Evaluation

Entrance

The Training Recreation Education Center is an example of successful public architecture that is revitalizing a community in need. The architecture and interior design of the building creates a dignified and important icon for the neighborhood. Its diverse program provides the muchneeded investment in the citizens of Newark and their futures. The use of exterior finishes creatively balances the modest budget, environmental concerns, and overall aesthetic. The simple color palette creates a dignified and modern look without appearing out of place in the context of the neighborhood.

The organization of spaces is functional and there is a clear distinction between the programmatic differences of each side of the building. The main corridor and commons area adds acoustical separation between the louder fitness spaces and the quieter, education side of the building. The Commons area also acts as a successful gathering space that connects the two sides and encourages socialization. Windows and transparent materials on the interior draw natural lighting throughout the building. Communal, public spaces are placed on the southern side of the building along the main curtain wall. This seems an appropriate approach, allowing for the study / collaboration space, community room, administration area, and classrooms to take advantage of the southern day-light. Skylights and a raised ceiling height in the gymnasium help make up for its lack of windows. The sloped roof creates a gentle transition from the shorter ceilings of the community development spaces to the raised ceilings in the fitness areas. The integration of the community garden into the main floorplan creates a further cohesiveness between spaces. 73

Exterior - SouthWest View

STRUCTURE Community Cafe (North View)

NATURAL DAYLIGHT

PUBLIC vs. PRIVATE

ADJACENCY DIAGRAM

Section

Qualitative & Technical Criteria Intro The proposed Women’s Community Center’s diverse program requires a variety of equipment, furniture and finishes. Areas such as the teaching kitchen and fitness space will include special equipment considerations, while the day care center must accommodate children anthropometrics and appropriately sized furniture. Workspaces such as the administration area, library

space, and classrooms must emphasize the importance of ergonomics, lighting levels, and acoustics as these spaces will be used for long durations of focused work. Appropriate finishes and materials will be specified for each space to accommodate the various functions and users. Both lighting and finishes will consider sustainable solutions such as natural materials and daylight. Every space will utilize universal design strategies, including

wayfinding and signage, and will meet ADA compliant codes. This way the center will be able to accommodate users of every ability. Acoustic and visual control is crucial to providing a comfortable environment for both visitor’s and staff. Security considerations are also necessary due to the private nature of some of the center’s programs such as the day-care center, social services and counseling, and community outreach programs.

Interior Considerations The proposed Women’s Community Center’s diverse program requires a variety of equipment, furniture and finishes. Areas such as the teaching kitchen and fitness space will include special equipment considerations, while the day care center must accommodate children anthropometrics and appropriately sized furniture. Workspaces such as the

administration area, library space, and classrooms must emphasize the importance of ergonomics, lighting levels, and acoustics as these spaces will be used for long durations of focused work. Appropriate finishes and materials will be specified for each space to accommodate the various functions and users. Both lighting and finishes will consider sustainable solutions such as natural materials and daylight. Every space will utilize universal design strategies, including

Ergonomics Ergonomics is an important factor in the specification of comfortable furniture throughout the facility. Spaces such as the administration area, library / study area, and classrooms must accommodate long durations of desk work and sitting. Proximetric considerations are also important in these areas, due to the varying levels of privacy and personal space userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s will require for both collaborative and individual work settings. Private paces such as the counseling offices and clinic

room must also focus on proximetrics as these are more intimate settings that require one-on-one interactions. Anthropomorphics are also important, especially in the design of the day-care and kitchen areas. The day-care space must accommodate the dimensions and needs of children, such as table heights with a maximum height of 22â&#x20AC;? for children under the age of 1 four. Appropriate ergonomics and anthropomorphic considerations, such as heights for kitchen equipment and storage, are crucial to the safety and functionality of the space.

Lighting Lighting considerations will include the use of shades, variations in lighting types and levels, as well as glare control. Both task lighting and ambient lighting are necessary in areas of desk work, such as the administration, reception, library, and classroom spaces. Offering multiple lighting options, and user-controlled apparatuses will improve the comfort levels of userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and staff in these areas. Bright overhead lighting will be placed appropriately in

areas which require frequent cleaning, such as the fitness areas, locker rooms, day-care, toilet rooms, kitchen, and dining areas. To combat glare, light shelves and shades will be used in areas of task work such as the administration and learning areas. These areas may also include the use of projectors, whiteboards, and computers which require further glare control. To prevent glare on desktop surfaces lighting should come from slightly behind or to the side of the user.

Sustainable Design Sustainable methods of design will include daylighting, water conservation, and environmental control strategies. The controlled use of natural daylight will reduce the need for artificial lighting and improve userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overall experience. Sustainable lighting strategies will include light-shelves, occupancy and daylighting sensors, and the use of LED light fixtures. To control solar-thermal gain, shades, louvres, and roof overhangs will be utilized. Water conservation strategies will include low-flow fixtures, the use of grey-water, and rain-water collection / irrigation systems. Sustainable water use will be an important consideration in the design of an outdoor garden space. Environmental systems, such as the HVAC, will be computer monitored for efficiency. All these strategies will improve the sustainability of the building, as well as reduce costs in the running of the facility.

Acoustic Control Due to the diverse range of programs within the facility, acoustical strategies are crucial to the function and comfort level of each space. Areas such as the kitchen and dining, day-care, and fitness areas will be louder and should be insulated from quieter programs. It is important

that classes hosted in the aerobic fitness room not distract users or disturb other spaces. Quiet spaces, such as the yoga/ meditation room, library / study space, classrooms, counseling rooms, and administration area should be insulated or protected from the rest of the building. Methods for controlling acoustics within the facility are absorbing

with sound-rated materials, blocking with partitions, and covering sources of noise. It is also important to consider acoustical privacy due to the sensitive nature of some of the centers programs. Counseling rooms and areas that facilitate social-services require private conversations and should be properly controlled. 84

Visual Control

private areas include storage lettering, such as toilet room signs, closets, janitorial closets, and will be mounted between 48” rooms which and 60” above the finished floor. As a public community center, mechanical visual control is paramount should not be visible to visitors. in the safety and function of Security is of up-most importance the facility. Staff will be able in the running of the community to observe corridors and have center. Staff will be able to visual connections to public and signage monitor and have visual control spaces via the reception desk. Wayfinding Viewing windows and organized strategies will accommodate over all entrances to the facility, circulation will help staff maintain users of all abilities and clearly including any donation-dropsight of visitors, and allow users indicate means of egress. This off locations. Areas such as providing signage the day-care must be carefully to see into certain spaces. For includes example, parents may want at proper heights and using monitored due to the program’s of children. to see into the child-care room appropriate text fonts and sizes. responsibility without disturbing those inside. All ADA signage and wayfinding Administration and staff areas In contrast, some areas require standards will be met, including will also be secure to prevent visual privacy, such as back displaying text a minimum of at the wandering of visitors. 2 of house spaces like donation least 40” above finished floor. and food storage areas. Other Signage which requires raised

Wayfinding & Signage

Security

Universal Design, ADA & Code The design of the center will meet all Universal Design, ADA, and Code requirements to accommodate users of all abilities. This includes, but is not limited to, appropriate clearances for wheelchairs, ADA restrooms, table and seating heights, lever style doors and faucets, and rocker style light switches. For example, all table heights (for adult users) 3 will be between 28” and 34” tall. This means a universally design kitchen should include a section of counter space that is 30” wide and meets the ADA height requirements. The pathway through the kitchen should also have a minimum width of 4 60”. Additionally, locker rooms and showers will be universally designed. To meet this criterion, 5% of all the lockers must be accessible, and accessible benches will be provided in both the locker area 5 and shower stalls. Universal signage and symbols will also be used throughout the facility to meet all ADA standards and codes.

Section

Color & Lighting Intro One definition of color theory is it is the study of “how humans perceive color, how colors mix or match, and the subliminal 1 messages colors communicate.” An objects color is determined by the reflection of specific wavelengths; however it can be extremely relative and its perception can vary widely. “Our brains pick up on those wavelength combinations and translate them into the 2 phenomenon we call color” however depending on the combination or use of color this perception can change. Studies by the color theorist Josef Albers show that color is completely relative to its neighboring colors and lighting conditions. To understand the effects and interactions of color, it is important to clarify the systems of color commonly used today. One of the first and most common organizations of color is Sir Isaac Newton’s color wheel, which designates three 91

primary colors, red, yellow and blue., three secondary colors, and six tertiary colors. The Munsell color system expands on this by creating an infinite scale of colors which are specified based on three aspects, hue, value, 3 and chroma. This system uses a 3-dimensional decimal notation for the range of colors which are organized by vertically by value (lightness), horizontally by chroma (or purity), and circularly by hue. Terms that are also often used are tint, shade, and tone which reflect the value of a color. Tint refers the adding of white, shade is the adding of black, and tone is the adding of grey. By understanding the basics of color and its perception, it can be utilized effectively in the built environment. Color psychology is especially important to its application in Interior Design, where it can have psychological and emotional effects. The consideration of color will be important in developing the overall design of the Women’s Community & Wellness Center.

1. Monochrome

Variations of one particular hue.

2. Complimentary

Two colors opposite one another on the color wheel.

3. Split Complimentary

Three colors consisting of one main hue plus the two hues each adjacent to its complimentary.

4. Analogous

Two or more colors adjacent to one another on the color wheel, usually three to four colors.

5. Triadic

Three colors equally spaced along the color wheel.

6. Tetradic

Four colors equally spaced along the color wheel.

Ron Reed, Color + Design: Transforming Interior Space, Fairchild Books, NY, 2010

Color Application Color harmony is an important consideration in the application of color in art and design. To create balanced combinations of color, the following common groupings are used: monochromatic, complimentary, analogous, and triadic. These categories use colors relationships based on their spacing around the color wheel to create combinations that are pleasing to the eye. This, along with color psychology, is crucial to designing comfortable and functional spaces which align with a projects goals. Color psychology will be important in the design of the Women’s Community and Wellness center which will include educational, healing, dining, active fitness spaces. Specific colors are often utilized for these different programs which are based on the affects color can have on human behavior and emotional responses. These responses vary depending on age. “According

to Frank Mahnke… preschool and elementary students prefer the warmer side of the palette (red/orange/yellow) while the high school and post-secondary level students gravitate towards the cooler side of the color wheel 4 (blue / green / mauve).” It is especially important to consider color psychology in educational design, as specific colors are conducive to different types of learning. For example, warm colors, such as gentle yellows are more stimulating and may be conducive to creative pursuits such as language learning, dance, fine arts, and culinary 5 arts. Cool colors are often more relaxing and encourage focus. This makes blues a great choice for areas of extreme concentration such as science 6 and math based classes. Green, often associated with balance, combines the stimulation of yellows with the calming effects of blue, making it a good choice for libraries and counseling 7 spaces.

Purple is another color that utilizes the balanced effects of both warm and cool colors. Darker values are often associated with creativity and spirituality, while lighter values tend to be more relaxing.8 Variety is also an important consideration in an educational setting. “Too little can set up patterns of boredom… [while] too much can strain the mind with overstimulation. Even within the classroom itself, variety in color has proven to support the learning process and reduce eyestrain & fatigue.”9

“Color is a human need like water and fire. It is a raw material indispensable to life.”

– Fernnand Leger 94

Healing Spaces Blue and greens are often thought of as calming, restful colors. Studies have shown that these cool colors even decrease respiration and lower blood pressure.10 Green is also said to be easier on eye muscles because the eye focuses the color directly on the retina. Green is especially restorative as it is associated with nature and biophilic design, both of which have shown to be incredibly 95

beneficial to physical and mental healing. After studying the health benefits of nature, Njorn Grinde and Grete Paul found that “Nature appears to have qualities useful for stress relief, mental restoration, and improved mood simply by being consciously or unconsciously “pleasing to the eye.” Earthy colors such as subtle browns and oranges can also be reminiscent of the natural environment and encouraging healing.

“While many colors can have cultural meanings that vary significantly from place to place, there is also evidence that some colors engender deeper universal physiological and psychological responses.” 12

Kitchen/Café Warm colors, such as yellows, oranges, and reds are often associated with food and have been shown to increase people’s appetites.13 Color can also affect individuals’ perception of space and the sense of intimacy in a space. “Both a pastel color scheme and light, cool colors tend to recede, making a small space feel larger

but also less formal and less intimate. In contrast, dark and warm colors tend to come forward, making a large space not only feel smaller, but more personal and intimate.”14 The intensity of color can also influence users’ behavior in a dining environment. “Bold, primary colors such as red, yellow and green, along with bright lighting… encourage quick turnover. Muted, subtle colors that are neither too bright nor too light create a restful,

leisurely family atmosphere.”15 It is also important to note that blue is an appetite suppressant.16 Additionally, yellows, oranges, and reds can be too stimulating and should be used cautiously as they can cause irritation.17 As an environment that encourages mindful eating habits, relaxation, and socialization, subtle colors may be more appropriate for the café area of the Women’s Community and Wellness Center. 96

Fitness Color psychology in fitness spaces depends on the goal of the exercise space. Blue colors, which are associated with increased productivity and relaxation are appropriate for weight 18 rooms. Aerobic workout rooms which focus on cardiovascular exercise may benefit from brighter, warm colors such as red, which increases breathing 19 and heart rate. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Yellow speeds metabolism and increases concentration [and] orange creates feelings of enthusiasm 20 and cheerfulness.â&#x20AC;? In order to prevent over-stimulation, these colors can be used as either accent colors, or be balanced out with complimentary cool tones. More restorative spaces such as yoga studios should utilize colors which evoke relaxation and serenity. Natural blues and greens create a sense of peace, while black is associated with feelings of strength and power making it a good choice as an 21 accent color.

Lighting Light is incredibly powerful in affecting people’s moods, behavior, and perception of their surroundings. Light can even influence individual’s sleeping patterns, productivity and overall health, making it an extremely important factor in the design of the built environment. To create a successful and functional interior, both artificial and natural lighting conditions must be considered.

“Design is defined by light and shade, and appropriate lighting is enormously important.” - Albert Hadley

Natural Light Numerous studies reveal health benefits of natural lighting, such as improved moods, eye health, and sleeping habits, as well as boosts in productivity and learning.22 This makes natural light especially important in workplace and school settings where people spend vast amounts of time indoors. Equitable access to daylight will be vital to the design of the administration and office spaces where staff members will be occupying for extended periods of time. Natural lighting will also be an important element of the design of the public spaces due to its ability to create 99

a more comfortable, pleasant atmosphere. This makes its use also appropriate for the counseling rooms, social services offices, day-care, and administration areas, which can be inherently stressful environments for both users and staff. Accordingly, as a facility that promotes wellness and acts as a place of comfort and hope to the community, the proposed Women’s Center will incorporate numerous natural lighting strategies. Some methods for increasing the reach of natural daylight into the facility are light shelves, light-tubes, and skylights. The existing building for the proposed project includes a gymnasium space which will be

converted into two levels. Light tubes may be a viable solution to increasing the amount of natural light in the lower level portion of this space.

“Sunlight stimulates serotonin production, which promotes a positive outlook while aiding in stress-reduction and enhancing one’s mood, productivity, stamina and overall wellbeing.”

Artificial Light Artificial lighting is also necessary and will specified appropriately for the various program types and their environments. Spaces intended for a variety of fitness activities must be flexible to accommodate the different types of exercise and the ambience they require. Highenergy workouts benefit from yellow or orange lighting, while more relaxing exercises such as yoga require softer lighting. In fitness classes where there is a lot of movement, there should be bright lighting to avoid injury and allow participants to see the activity. 23 In quieter settings, such as yoga

classes, soft colored lighting can be utilized. For example, slightly blue lighting can be calming, encourage concentration for long periods of time, and suppress sleep-inducing melatonin.24 If a more relaxing and meditative atmosphere is required, soft lighting can also be achieved through the use of dimmers and battery-operated LED candles. Changeable lighting conditions will be crucial to the function of the flexible fitness spaces of the proposed Womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Center. It is also important that appropriate task lighting is used in areas of study and concentration such as classrooms, the library space, offices, and the teaching kitchen.

More ambient lighting will be appropriate for relaxing and social spaces such as the dining area and lounge spaces. Bright, LED lighting will be specified for the clinic room to ensure proper examinations. LEDâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s offer high CRI options (80 + to 90+) which is crucial to proper illumination in a healthcare setting. 25 Locker rooms also require bright lights with a high CRI, as guests will be washing and using vanity mirrors. Using appropriate lighting for these various spaces will not only facilitate a functional and comfortable environment, but also encourage visitors to return, contributing to the overall success of the center. 100

Human Centered Design Complete Wellness As a multi-functional facility that serves underprivileged women, the Women’s Community and Wellness Center will focus on promoting an atmosphere that brings people together and promotes whole body wellness. This notion of complete wellness will focus on the physical, psychological, spiritual, social, and vocational needs of underprivileged women.

Psychological

Those of a low socio-economic status may be more prone to both mental and physical health issues and experiences of violence or abuse. Due to possible histories of abuse or violence, safety and security will be key to creating a comfortable atmosphere. Lighting, acoustics, and visual privacy / surveillance will be important considerations in creating an environment that benefits users psychologically. Successful wayfinding strategies will also be necessary in designing a functional and stress-free environment. 101

User’s will be more comfortable and feel more independent is they are able to easily navigate the facility. A case study of the Moorhead Recreation Center (see section 3) implemented successful wayfinding and natural surveillance strategies which will be used as precedents for this project. Some of these strategies included the placement of the reception desk, strategic viewing windows, and the use of color as a wayfinding tool. Comfortable lighting and exposure to views of the outdoors are also beneficial in meeting the psychological needs of the occupants. “A study in Mind, 95% of those interviewed said their mood improved after spending time outside, changing from depressed, stressed, and anxious 26 to more calm and balanced.” An environment that reduces stress, anxiety and depression will be beneficial in improving the lives of underprivileged women who already deal with the increased stresses associated with poverty.

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Physical As a center that also promotes health and wellness, it will be important to consider ways design can influence healthy lifestyle choices, such as exercise and connections to the natural environment. “Physical activity can help play a role in preventing mental health problems and improve the quality of life of those 27 experiencing it.” For example, regular physical activity has been shown to promote selfesteem, and reduce anxiety 28 Space planning and stress. and circulation strategies are one way to encourage user’s to be more active by walking or taking the stairs to different areas. It will also be important to look at precedents of fitness spaces, as well as how design can incorporate the natural environment. “Exposure to nature not only makes you feel better emotionally, it contributes to your physical wellbeing, reducing

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blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension, and the production of 29 stress hormones.” Designing flexible spaces that can open up to the outdoors and exposing users to natural daylight through the use of skylights will help encourage user’s interaction with the natural environment.

Spiritual Spirituality has many different meanings to different people, and can be a very personal or communal aspect of people’s lives. The center will be an inclusive facility that encourages diversity and sharing of cultures and faiths, including nonreligious spirituality. Spaces will be provided to accommodate both religious needs, such as a prayer space, as well as holistic spaces for yoga and meditation. Designing relaxing, restorative environments will be key to creating comfortable spaces that promote well-being.

Lighting

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Design is defined by light and shade, and appropriate lighting is enormously important.â&#x20AC;? - Albert Hadley

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Social It will be important to design an inviting atmosphere so that the center will serve as a communal place of gathering and socialization. Positive social support systems are necessary in creating a program that encourages individual growth and personal change. The users will be women who want to change their lives and meet their full potential. Counseling rooms, social spaces, fitness areas, and learning environments will all benefit from design that promotes socialization and human interaction. Social wellness is also linked to physical and mental health benefits. “Dozens of studies have shown that people who have satisfying relationships with family, friends, and their community are happier, have fewer health problems, and live 30 longer.” Social group settings will also improve users’ motivation in maintaining healthy lifestyle choices and continuing to use the facility’s services. Research

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has also shown that exposure to the natural environment can affect social aspects of human behavior. “A study at the University of Illinois suggests that residents in Chicago public housing who had trees and green space around their building reported knowing more people, having stronger feelings of unity with neighbors, being more concerned with helping and supporting each other, and having stronger feelings of belonging than tenants 31 in buildings without trees.” This means that encouraging outdoor socialization spaces will help connect the center to the neighborhood and help foster a communal atmosphere. Focusing on the social needs of the users’ specific demographic will also be important in designing a successful community space. Precedents will include projects that are aimed towards meeting the specific needs of women including the needs for socialization and communication within a communal atmosphere.

The Women’s Inspiration Library

WiL, Designed by Architect Masayoshi Nakanishi, is aimed at providing a place for women to come together to read, relax, attend lectures, and hang out with their friends. The library is located in Fukui, Japan where most married women have full time jobs. The center is intended to support these women who are often “juggling employment, married life, and raising a family.” The large table contains various types of integrated seating to accomodate different levels of privacy and interaction. This includes individual reading nooks, a small workshop area, and a large bench which surrounds the main presentation space. “Women can find interesting books divided according to their life stages, join attractive workshops organised by female entrepreneurs in Fukui, and talk about their worries and interests.”

12 13

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Vocational One of the main goals of the Women’s Community and Wellness Center is to empower women and promote selfsufficiency. This is key to fulfilling the vocational aspect of a person’s life. This could include education, employment, financial stability and feelings of purpose. It will be important to create an environment that promotes learning and growth within a positive and encouraging atmosphere. The teaching kitchen, classrooms, and study spaces will be the most important areas for meeting user’s vocational needs. Case studies of educational spaces that promote positive relationships and comfortable learning environments will be beneficial to the design of teaching and study spaces. Some examples of precedents may include community centers, schools, and libraries.

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Designed by Blacksheep and located in Seoulâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Yeongdeungpo neighborhood, The Hyundai Card Cooking Library merges a cafe, teaching kitchen, and library into one multi funcitonal facility. The space encourages vocational aspirations in the culinary arts, and incorporates various types of studying and learning experiences through its design. 108

Fostering Socialization & Community Through Design Why It’s Important The main goal of the Women’s Community and Wellness Center is to foster a community that empowers women and encourages healthy lifestyles. To promote complete wellness the center must focus on all aspects of healthy lifestyles, including physical, psychological, spiritual, social, and vocational. This section focuses on the importance of socialization in fostering complete body wellness and a sense of community within the urban environment.

Socialization & Wellness

As a center that encourages both community development and wellness, it is important to explore the relationship between socialization and

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health. It is widely understood the relationship between physical exercise and mental health wellness. However, socialization and community interaction has been shown to be just as important as physical exercise. The Harvard Women’s Health Watch reported that “Dozens of studies have shown that people who have satisfying relationships with family, friends and their community are happier, have fewer health problems, and live 32 longer”. The journal also found that “lack of strong relationships increased the risk of premature death from all causes by 50% — an effect on mortality risk roughly comparable to smoking up to 15 cigarettes a day, and greater than obesity and physical 33 inactivity.” John Robbins discusses a study of 7,000 men and women in his book “Healthy at 100”, where he states that

“those with close social ties and unhealthful lifestyles (such as smoking, obesity and lack of exercise) actually lived longer that those with poor social ties 34 but more healthful habits.” He also added that “needless to say people with both healthful lifestyles and close social ties lived 35 the longest of all.” There is clear evidence that socialization has positive influences on physical behavior. Sociology researchers Debra Umberson and Jennifer Karas Montez of the University of Austin Texas found “consistent and compelling evidence linking a low quantity or quality of social 36 ties with a host of conditions.” These conditions include “cardiovascular disease, repeat heart attacks, autoimmune disorders, high blood pressure, cancer, and slow wound 37 healing.”

“Social connectedness generates a positive feedback loop of social, emotional and physical wellbeing.” 40 18 Emma Seppala, from the Stanford Center for Compassion and Altruism Research wrote “People who feel more connected to others have lower levels of anxiety and depression… [and] studies show they also have higher self-esteem, greater empathy for others, are more trusting and cooperative and, as a consequence, others are more open to trusting and 38 cooperating with them.” This

will be crucial in promoting a positive communal atmosphere for the Women’s Community and Wellness Center, which will rely heavily on cooperation, empathy and trust between staff and participants. There is also evidence that social interactions can also promote good health through social influences on people’s living 39 habits. For example, avoiding

unhealthy practices such as smoking, consuming alcohol, or healthy habits such as eating, and exercise practices can all be influenced by friends and family who have similar habits. By providing an environment that brings like-minded people together who are collectively striving to improve their health and wellbeing, the Women’s Center will promote long-lasting lifestyle changes.

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Socialization and developing a sense of community is especially pertinent to the context of the proposed center and today’s culture. A focus on technology and social media has negatively affected one-on-one and personal interactions. There have been “recent increases in reports of loneliness, isolation and alienation, and may be why loneliness has become a leading reason people seek 41 psychological counseling.” Further “sociological research revealed that more than 25 percent of Americans had no one to confide in. They lacked a close friend with whom they felt comfortable sharing a personal 42 problem.” In the context of the urban city, developing social interaction is also crucial to promoting a sense of community. This is directly influenced by the spatial organization and design of cities, which can foster human interaction through pedestrian friendly streets, open gathering spaces such as parks and plazas, and architecture that promotes connectedness in the community. 111

Fostering Community Methods of encouraging positive communities include promoting diversity through mixing building types and designing multi-point 43 experiences. Combining various uses such as places for shopping and recreation, café’s, grocery stores, and housing of different sizes and price points within a neighborhood encourage diverse, vibrant 44 communities. This is much more effective than creating single - destination buildings that are only used during certain times and for specific functions. It is also important to consider the value of the physical experience when designing successful public architecture. Visually striking designs help express the building’s purpose and attract passing visitors. For example, the Ismaili Centre museum in Toronto expresses Islamic culture though its eye-catching form, while also fostering diversity of culture, human connection and education.

Ismaili Centre

Fraser Mustard Learn. Academy

Vale 2 Living with Lakes Center

Design must also consider the needs and make up of the community. The designers of the Fraser Mustard Early Leaning Academy looked at the intended users and the needs of the community when they chose to use extra wide corridors and ramps instead of stairs. The building is specifically designed for children under the age of 6, and promotes kindergartnersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; confidence.46 It also accommodates a growing community and is adjacent to an existing school so that siblings do not have to separate on the commute to school. Additionally, it is key to remember that a building is not limited to its footprint, and should consider its relationships with public transit, the environment, impact on infrastructure, and cultural-social patterns.47 For example, the Vale Living with Lakes Centre in Sudbury, was designed to have minimal impact on the landscape, and is designed with the surrounding ecosystem in mind. It also fosters collaboration and socialization by providing a space for a diverse range of functions and community events. 112

22 113

Encouraging Socialization

important to communication and can affect how people interpret social interactions.

Interior Design is crucial to promoting socialization and a sense of community at a smaller scale. The arrangement of furniture and the physical architecture of a building’s interior can influence the quality and quantity of social interactions in a space. One of the main influences of socialization is the accessibility of interactions based on proximity. “Physical distance represents a major determinant of social influence.” This is especially relevant in work settings, where studies have shown people tend to interact within six feet of their primary work area. Barriers and “buffers” between individuals can also affect how an interaction unfolds, including how we interpret intentions and motives of others. For example visual and nonverbal cues are

Methods of fostering connection and interaction include spatial and light considerations. Windows, natural lighting, and high (or sloped) ceilings all promote feelings of socialization. Furniture arrangements and selections also influence the quantity and quality of social interactions. Formations that remove barriers between people, such as a circle of desks instead of a line, promotes conversation and collaboration. Traditional office arrangements, like the two-chairs-facing-adesk configuration, are often considered “unfriendly”. Furniture layouts that allow faceto-face orientations between every member of the group encourage more socialization than those that do not.

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It is also important to consider the type of furniture being selected. For example, couches are less formal than chairs and may promote freer socialization, however, it may have the opposite effect if the group is not well acquainted. The designer should also consider ergonomic furniture for pieces that will be used for long periods of time. Creating equal seating experiences also promotes socialization, for example not providing cues relative to individual status within the group. An individual’s comfort in a social situation may also be affected by what they’re wearing, and can be helped or hindered by the interior design of a space. For example, women in skirts or dresses may be more comfortable sitting at a table than lounging on a rug or other casual settings. In the design of workspaces, both individual

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and group work settings should be considered. Successful workplace design incorporates a variety of spaces that meet the needs of both personal and collaborative work. “Group areas may even need more attention paid to social “channeling” and other symbolic details than personal work areas, since 60 percent of what people learn occurs informally, and much of this happens within teams.” The organization, acoustics, and privacy of these spaces is also important in fostering functional spaces for collaboration and work. The Women’s Community and Wellness Center will consider all of these factors in its design in order to promote a productive learning / work environment for both staff and users, as well as encourage socialization and overall wellbeing within the community.

The Atlanta University Robert W. Woodruff Library, by Shepley Bulfinch architects is an example of a public building that utilizes various design strategies to encourage socialization and a sense of community. Some of these strategies include a diverse range of seating arrangmenents and types of work spaces. These vary in their level of intimacy, formality, and size. The inclusion of a cafe also designates the library as a social hub for gathering and connecting with fellow students.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Communication leads to community, that is, understanding, intimacy and mutual valuing.â&#x20AC;? - Rollo May

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Section

118

Existing Site, Climate, Context and Zoning Intro An examination of the existing site’s context, climate, and zoning is crucial to designing a functional community and wellness center in the city of Philadelphia. The project, which will be located in the Cedarbrook neighborhood of Philadelphia, will accommodate the unique needs of the local community. This will be accomplished by studying the demographics of the target users and the surrounding context of the site. Further analysis will also include the physical aspects of the site, including the context of the city, neighborhood, and street, as well as climatic influences. The chosen site is justified due to its location in a quiet neighborhood which will provide

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a comfortable backdrop to the community and wellness center’s programs. The building is located adjacent to a school, which indicates the communal aspect of the neighborhood. It’s proximity is also beneficial to the types of programs the center will provide, which are intended for women, and especially singlemothers. The site is also very large, with surrounding green space due to its connection to the adjacent school. This will allow for the incorporation of outdoor spaces and positive views in the proposed project’s design. The site is also in close proximity to public transportation via the bus stops located north-west of the site. The demographics of the city are also ideal for the proposed project, which show the need for a program that addresses issues of poverty and oppression.

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The City Once known as the “Workshop of the World”, Philadelphia has always been a center for industry and trade. It was a “rich agricultural and enterprising merchant community” , until competition from New York pushed Philadelphia to become a center for manufacturing. Housing a diverse range of factory and work settings, Philadelphia became known for the manufacturing of many goods, including fine textiles and garments, ships, locomotives, jewelry, automobiles, printing and publishing, and chemicals. This multitude of industries developed due to the geography of the region. The lack of large waterways caused Philadelphia to develop smaller and more flexible factories. Although there has since been a decline in the manufacturing industries within Philadelphia, it still holds onto the rich culture, and energy of previous centuries. Philadelphia is also known as one of the most

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historic cities in the United States, and is the only city of the nation to be deemed a World Heritage City by the OWHC. It is known as the home for the country’s founding concepts of freedom, religious tolerance and liberty, democracy, and human rights and holds an incredible number of preserved, historic buildings. Philadelphia’s rich collection of historic architecture includes “examples of every type of building and virtually every architectural style found in the United States.” One of the most prolific styles is Georgian Colonial architecture, which reflects European styles. Adaptations of Georgian Colonial, such as Federal style architecture, are also widely used in Philadelphia, especially for buildings associated with banks, government, and public institutions. Philadelphia is also known for its abundance of brownstones and townhouses, which make up an important part of the city’s urban fabric.

Architecture of Philadelphia

3 Elfrethâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alley - 1702

4 First Bank - 1797

5 Liberty Place - 1990

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6 The city is not only known for its historic architecture, and outstanding historical features, but also for its high number of parks and green spaces. Originally designed by William Penn as a “green country town”, the city’s gridiron street pattern also incorporates large open spaces and parks. This adds to the outstanding features of Philadelphia, which include the Independence National Historic Park, Fairmount Park, as well as its collection of renowned museums and cultural institutions.

diversity. These demographics will be a key consideration in the design of the proposed project. Philadelphia has a high African American population at 44%, which is almost identical to the percentage of whites at 45%. Percentages of other races, are very low in comparison, however, they showed the most growth within the last 10 years of over 100%. Both the minority and African American populations of Philadelphia are increasing in percentage, while the white population is declining. From 1990 to 2010, the white population had Philadelphia also has a heritage decreased by 32%. The gender of economic, racial, and cultural graphics of Philadelphia are 123

similar to the nation’s averages, at 51% female. An analysis of the socio-economic demographics of Philadelphia will also be key in the proposed project’s design. When compared to the national averages, Philadelphia has an income per capita rate 21% lower, a poverty rate 71% higher, and a test score rate 43% lower than the national average. These are all relevant statistics when considering the proposed project’s intention to disrupt the cycle of poverty in Philadelphia.

National Averages: Median Age:

33.6

Median Household Income:

$37, 460

Unemployment Rate:

8.8%

Poverty Level:

26.7%

Philadelphia Averages:

Median Age:

37.4

Median Household Income:

$53,482

Unemployment Rate:

5.8%

Poverty Level:

15.6%

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Philadelphiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s weather patterns and climate are also key considerations in the development of the proposed project. The average high temperature for Philadelphia is 64.7Â°F and the average low temperature is 47Â°F. The annual precipitation in rain fall is 41.45 inches, and 23 inches of snow. Average wind temperatures range from 8-12 mph, which primarily come from the south west. However, cooler winter winds originate from the northwest.

Wind Rose Diagram: Philadelphia

Climate Consultant - Energy Design Tools - UCLA.edu

Zoning Map Legend:

Project Site

9 125

Median Household Income

Racial Demographics (% African American)

The Neighborhood The site is located in the Cedarbrook neighborhood of Philadelphia, which is a quiet residential area at the northwest edge of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s limits. The neighborhood has a population density of 16,311 people per square mile, which is higher than the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s average of 11,603. This is due to the high percentage of residential buildings, with very little commercial or other building types. The city block of the proposed site includes

the adjacent school. Both buildings are included in the neighborhoods residential zoning classification. The neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demographics show the area is primarily African American, and is made up of both singles, retirees, and families of low to middle-income levels. There is a slightly higher percentage of single mothers than the city average, at 21.6%. The median age of residents is also higher in Cedarbrook, and is 40.9 for males, and 44.9 for females. The residents are primarily Pennsylvania

11 8 natives, with 73.6% of residents being born in the state. There are very little amenities and features of the neighborhood except for the block reserved for the public elementary school, and a small group of commercial businesses located south-east of the site.

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The Street The site of the proposed project shares the city block of the adjacent elementary school, which includes a baseball field and an intermediate, paved courtyard located north of the project building. The block is surrounded by single-family, townhomes that are two-stories tall. These residences are the primary view from the project site, and remain consistent in their modest style along the entire street. Two bus stops are located at the northwest corner of the block at the intersection of Roumfort Rd. and Pickering Ave. This is crucial to improving the accessibility of the site, particularly since it serves lower income individuals who may be traveling from other parts of the city.

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RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD (2-STORY)

SITE PLAN 8500 Pickering St, Philadelphia, PA 19150 (2-STORY)

PHILADELPHIA WEATHER AVERAGES

RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD (2-STORY)

WINTER WINDS

Annual high temperature:

64.7°F

Annual low temperature:

47°F

Average temperature:

55.85°F

Average annual rainfall:

41.45 inch

Average annual snowfall:

23 inch

(2-STORY)

BASEBALL FIELD

LEGEND

JOHN F. MCCLOSKEY SCHOOL

VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD (2-STORY)

PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC PREVAILING WINDS

RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD (2-STORY)

PROPOSED WOMEN’S COMMUNITY & WELLNESS CENTER

BUS STOP

POSITIVE VIEWS (1-STORY)

RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD (2-STORY)

SUN PATH

Site Analysis The site of the proposed project shares the city block of the adjacent elementary school, which includes a baseball field and an intermediate, paved courtyard located north of the project building. The block is

surrounded by single-family, attached homes that are twostories tall. These residences are the primary view from the project site, and remain consistent in their minimal style along the entire street. Two bus stops are located at the northwest corner of the block at

the intersection of Roumfort Rd. and Pickering Ave. This is crucial to improving the accessibility of the site, particularly since it geared towards lower income individuals who may be traveling from other parts of the city.

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129

Section

130

Program Development

Intro This section analyzes the project needs and functions in the development of its program. The organization, type, and square footage of the various spaces are based on precedents and the intended goals of the proposed project. An analysis of the quantitative, and qualitative aspects, adjacencies, and square footage approximations are inlcuded. This program development will guide the overall design of the project and establish spatial and organizational rules.

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132

Room Name

Qty

S.F Each

Total S.F.

Vestibule

120

Reception / Admin

400

Privacy (visual or acoustic)

Lighting

Reception / Admin

N/A

Ambient Lighting

Childcare, vestibule

N/A

Adjacencies

Furniture/

Equipment

Security Camera, Card Swipe Entry

Ambient and Task

Desktop Computer,

Lighting

Storage, Phone / Data

Ambient and Task

Storage, Phone / Data, Conference

Lighting

Table, Card Swipe Entry

Desktop Computer, Counseling / Outreach, Admin.

1000

Storage (small)

A/V

Counseling / Outreach

Ambient and Task

Table and Chairs,

150

450

Admin, Waiting Area

A/V

Lighting

Locked File Storage

Elec. / Data

Mech Room, Storage

Ambient Lighting

N/A

Mech. Room

150

Storage, Elec. Data

Ambient Lighting

Mech. / HVAC equip

Vending

Outreach, Admin, Locker Room

N/A

Ambient Lighting

Vending Machines

Ambient Lighting

N/A

Ambient Lighting

N/A

Waiting Area, Couseling / Fitness, Yoga, Storage (large)

Multi-purpose Rm., Community 2

Rm. Admin, Reception,

Storage (small)

Security Office

Classroom

650

1300

Locker Room

730

Vending Area

Private Meditation

120

Yoga / Meditation

V/A

Community Rm, Multi-purpose Rm.

Ambient and Task Entrance / Vestibule

N/A

Community Rm, Multi-purpose Rm, Library / Study

Security Camera, Monitor Screens

Ambient and Task N/A

Fitness, Yoga,

133

Lighting

T abl es an d ch ai r s , A/ V eqi p

Ambient and Task

Lockers, Toilet Rm.

Lighting

Fixtures, Showers

Ambient, Adjustable

Casual seating,

Lighting

cushions / rugs

Finishes / Materials

Acoustic Criteria (A,B,C)

Perception

Remarks

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

N/A

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean,

Comfotable workspaces,

safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Welcoming, friendly both private and collaborative

A, B

atmosphere

A, C

supportive, welcoming

N/A

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Empowering,

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable. Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable. Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable. Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, sustainable. Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable. Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

N/A

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

N/A Comfortable learning environment,

A, B

collaboration, support

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean,

Toilet Room

safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

included A, B, C

N/A

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Restorative, A

Relaxing

in sq. footage

Quantitative

safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and

134

Ambient, adjustable lighting. Access to

Private Meditation,

Yoga / Meditation

900

Fitness, Locker Rm., Storage (large)

Fitness Room

900

Meditation, Storage (large)

Natural Light

N/A

Ambient Lighting

N/A

Ambient and Task

Foldable tables,

Locker Rm, Yoga / Community Rm, Multi-Purpose Room

Multi-purpose Rm, Waiting / 1

300

Lounge, Storage (large)

N/A

Lighting

Multi-purpose Rm, Multi-purpose Rm, Waiting /

Community Room

1200

Lounge / Waiting Area

1000

100

Entrance / Vestibule

Private Study / Interview Rm.

120

Community Rm, Multipurpose Rm

Lounge, Storage (large)

stackable chairs Foldable tables,

Ambient and Task

stackable chairs, A/V equipment for

N/A

Lighting

presentations

N/A

Ambient Lighting

Admin, Counsleing / Outreach,

Comfortable lounge

Library / Study,

seating

Ambient and Task A

Lighting

Tables and chairs Tables and chairs,

Computer Lab

130

Dining (for 30)

500

Café

500

Vestibule / Entrance

N/A

Teaching Kitchen

550

Café, Dining

N/A

Library / Study

N/A

Ambient Lighting

desk-top computers

Café, Teaching Kitchen, Entrance / Vestibule

N/A

Teaching Kitchen, Dining,

Ambient Lighting

Tables and chairs

Ambient and Task

Kitchen appliances and fixtures,

Lighting

serving area, cash register

Ambient and Task

Refrigeration,

Lighting

Kitchen appliances and fixtures Refrigerated

Walk-In Refr.

100

Café, Teaching Kitchen

Childcare

550

Vestibule / Entrance

N/A

Reception / Admin, A

Ambient Lighting

storage

Ambient and Task

Childcare Equipment

Lighting

and child-sized furniture

Waiting Area, Ambient

Community Rm, Multipurpose Rm, Toilet (Unisex)

120

Admin, Café / Dining

A/V

Lighting

N/A

Computer Lab, Private Study / Library / Collaboration

135

Interview Rm, Community Rm, 1

1500

Multipurpose Rm

Ambient and Task

Tables and chairs,

Lighting

book / magazine storage

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Restorative, A, B

Relaxing, Communal

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, Energetic, social,

safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

A, B

fitness space

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Inviting, social and A

gathering space

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Inviting, social and A, C

gathering space

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Inviting, social and A

gathering space

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

Private space that A, B

encourages focused work

Encourages focused work

Inviting, social and A, C

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

empowers and promotes job A, B, C

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean,

skills Energetic learning environment,

safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

gathering space Energetic social space,

empowers and promotes job A, C

skills

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

N/A

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

N/A Welcoming, environment

A, C

that encourages growth and

Must have security

learning

measures in place

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

A, C

Materials should be durable, easy to maintain, clean, safe, in compliance with fire rated codes, and sustainable.

N/A Comfortable learning environment,

A, B

collaboration, quiet studying

Quantitative

sustainable.

136

Power, mech, HVAC, Room Name

data/voice, telecomm

Proxemics (1, 2, 3, or 4)

Color

Indoor Air Quality

1,2,3

N/A

filtered air

HVAC

maintain building int. temp.

Inviting colors,

clean,

HVAC, telecomm,

Shading devices

semi-energetic

filtered air

data/voice

&/or plumb'g needs

clean, Vestibule

Reception / Admin

1,2

Thermal Comfort Vestiblue helps

on windows Personal temperature

Administration

1,2,3

Neutral

Counseling / Outreach

1,2

Neutral

Elec. / Data

N/A

clean,

HVAC, telecomm,

filtered air

data/voice

clean,

HVAC, telecomm,

filtered air

data/voice

N/A

controls, Natural Ventilation, Shading devices

Room-specific temp. control

clean, Mech. Room

N/A

filtered air

Vending Area

N/A

filtered air

HVAC

Storage (large)

N/A

Storage (small)

N/A

clean,

HVAC, telecomm,

filtered air

data/voice

clean,

Security Office

2,3

N/A

General temp. control

clean, Semi-energetic (blue associated Classroom

Locker Room Private Meditation

137

1,2,3,4

with focus)

3,4

Neutral Neutral, relaxing

(purple associated w/ spirituality)

filtered air, operable

HVAC (WIFI provided

windows

thoughout)

clean, filtered air,

HVAC, plumbing

exhaust fan

fixtures

Shading devices, Natural Ventilation

General temp. control

clean, filtered air

HVAC

Room-specific temp. control

Future Trends, Permanence, &/or Environmental Qualities

Growth

Ergonomics

Wayfinding

N/A

signage, well-lit

entrance and

Adjustable seating and

well-lit, reception

Possible expansion

circulation spaces

ergonomic work surfaces

signage

as program grows

quality and add

Adjustable chairs and

Room Labels,

Possible expansion

biophillia

ergonomic work surfaces

well-lit

as program grows

quality and add

Adjustable seating and

Room Labels,

Possible expansion

biophillia

ergonomic work surfaces

well-lit

as program grows

N/A

Room Labels

Permanent

N/A

Room Labels

Permanent

N/A

Insulates int. from natural elements, daylight

Entrance

Clear visual control of

Permanent

Program guide,

Plants improve air

Possible expansion as program grows

N/A

Vision Panel

Adjustable seating and

Room Labels,

allows clear sightlines

monitors

well-lit

Permanent

Visual connection

Ergonomic seating and

Room Labels,

Possible expansion

to outdoors

work surfaces

well-lit

as program grows

Possible expansion

Room Labels, water-efficient and low-flow fixtures

N/A

Visual connection to outdoors

well-lit, color designates

Possible expansion

separate spaces

as program grows

Room Labels, N/A

well-lit

Permanent

Qualitative

as program grows

138

Relaxing colors Yoga / Meditation

2, 3

Shading devices on windows,

clean,

(green and blue associated with

filtered air, operable

nature and focus, restorative)

windows

Natural Ventilation HVAC Shading devices on windows,

clean, filtered air, operable Fitness Room

Multi-Purpose Room

Community Room

2, 3

1, 2,3,4

1,2,3,4

Energetic colors

windows

Semi-energetic to

clean,

encourage socialization and

filtered air, operable

communication

windows

Semi-energetic to

clean,

encourage socialization and

filtered air, operable

communication

windows

Natural Ventilation HVAC Shading devices on windows, HVAC (WIFI provided

Natural Ventilation

thoughout) Shading devices on windows, HVAC (WIFI provided

Natural Ventilation

thoughout)

Semi-energetic to Lounge / Wating Area Private Study / Interview Rm.

2,3,4

encourage socialization and

clean,

communication

filtered air clean,

Neutral

filtered air

HVAC (WIFI provided thoughout)

General temp. control

HVAC (WIFI provided thoughout)

Room-specific temp. control

HVAC, data

General temp. control

clean, Computer Lab

Neutral

filtered air

Semi-energetic to Dining

CafĂŠ

2,3

encourage socialization and

clean,

communication

filtered air

Semi-energetic to

clean, filtered air,

encourage socialization and

ventilation hood in

communication

cooking area

HVAC (WIFI provided thoughout)

General temp. control

HVAC (WIFI provided thoughout)

Shading devices on windows

clean, filtered air, Semi-energetic for

ventilation hood in

Teaching Kitchen

2,3,4

learning environment

cooking area

Walk-In

N/A

HVAC (WIFI provided thoughout) N/A

clean, Children friendly color scheme Childcare

1,2

(not over-stimulating)

Toilet (Unisex)

N/A

Neutral

Library / Collaboration

139

1,2,3

filtered air, operable windows

HVAC, plumbing fixtures

(green and blue associated with

filtered air, operable

nature and focus)

windows

Natural Ventilation

fixtures

exhaust fan clean,

Equip. specific cooling Shading devices on windows,

HVAC, plumbing

clean, filtered air, Relaxing, and focus driven

Shading devices on windows

General temp. control Shading devices on windows,

HVAC (WIFI provided thoughout)

Natural Ventilation

Visual connection to outdoors

Room Labels, N/A

Visual connection

Permanent

Room Labels,

to outdoors

N/A

Visual connection

Ergonomic seating

to outdoors

and worksurfaces

Visual connection

Ergonomic seating

to outdoors

well-lit

and worksurfaces

well-lit Room Labels, well-lit Room Labels, well-lit

Permanent Possible expansion as program grows Possible expansion as program grows

Plants improve air quality and add

N/A

as program grows

Ergonomic seating

Room Labels,

Possible expansion

and worksurfaces

Energy star rated

Ergonomic seating

computers

and adjustable monitors

Room Labels, well-lit separation of space,

quality and add N/A

well-lit

water-efficient,

Color designates

fixtures, energy star

separation of space,

appliances

as program grows Possible expansion as program grows

Color designates

Plants improve air biophillia

well-lit

N/A

well-lit

water-efficient,

Color designates

fixtures, energy star

separation of space,

Possible expansion as program grows

Permanent

appliances

N/A

well-lit, room labels

Permanent

Energy star rated unit

N/A

Permanent

water-efficient

Child-sized furniture

Room Labels,

Possible expansion

and low-flow fixtures

considerations

water-efficient and low-flow fixtures

well-lit

as program grows

Room Labels, N/A

Visual connection

Ergonomic seating

to outdoors

and worksurfaces

well-lit Room Labels, well-lit

Permanent Possible expansion as program grows

Qualitative

biophillia

Possible expansion

140

141

Section

142

Building Analysis, Code, Regulations & Standards Intro The proposed project’s site is the existing Dorothy Emmanuel Building located at 8500 Provident St. in Philadelphia, PA. This section is an examination of the codes, regulations and standards that will apply to the proposed program and building type. An analysis of the existing building’s structure is included, which will help guide the design of the proposed project

Building Analysis

The Dorothy Emmanuel Rec Center is an 18,000 square-foot, one-story building. The center was completed in 2007 by Magnum Contractors. The structural system consists of load bearing masonry walls and trusses. The main floor plan can be separated into two sections: the double¬¬ height gymnasium, and the remaining area which consists of single-height spaces. There is one column which supports the northeast corner of the building’s roof. The predominant exterior finishes are brick 143

and concrete masonry. Glazing exists on each side of the building but is most prominent on the east and south sides of the gymnasium. The building does not appear to utilize many sustainable strategies. There are little to no roof overhangs or passive shading devices used on the exterior. The modestly sized windows help reduce solar heat gain, but do not allow great amounts of natural daylight to penetrate the space. Skylights are a possible strategy to increase the natural daylight in the proposed design, while light-shelves and shading devices could help minimize solar thermal gain and glare issues. The gymnasium offers both the opportunity to add a mezzanine and increase the square footage of the building, and to design double height rooms. Utilizing the double-height feature of the building will help emphasize the importance of certain public spaces within the program. The structural system of trusses in both sections of the building also allow for flexibility in the organization of the interior spaces.

144

occupancy B

300 ft.

Building Code:

IBC 2009

Energy Code:

International Energy Conservation Code 2009

Applicable Building Information

Project Data

Zoning Ordinance:

City of Philadelphia

Project Name:

Dorothy Emmanuel Recreation Center

Fire Code:

International Fuel Gas Code 2009

Address:

8500 Provident St, Philadelphia, PA 19150

Building Code:

IBC 2009

Date of Completion:

2007

Number of Stories:

Total gross sq. ft:

18,000

Energy Code:

International Energy Conservation Code 2009

Project Data

Fire Protection Requirements:

Project Name:

Dorothy Emmanuel Recreation Center Fire exit enclosures:

2 hours

Address:

8500 Provident St, Philadelphia, PA 19150 Shafts and elevator hoistways:

2 hours

Date of Completion:

2007

Number of Stories:

West Elevation

Total gross sq. ft:

2 hours

Smoke barriers:

30 minutes North Elevation

18,000

Corridor Fire Resistance Rating:

Fire Protection Requirements: Fire exit enclosures:

2 hours

Shafts and elevator hoistways:

2 hours

Tenant space seperations:

2 hours

Smoke barriers:

30 minutes

South Elevation

Tenant space seperations:

145 Corridor Fire Resistance Rating:

Occupancy:

A,B

Occupant Load Served by Corridor:

Greater than 30

Required Fire-Resistance Rating (with sprinkler system) East ELevation

0 (hours)

DAYLIGHTING DIAGRAM

STRUCTURE DIAGRAM

Daylight

Column Bearing Structure Trusses

STRUCTURE DIAGRAM Column Bearing Structure Trusses

DAYLIGHTING DIAGRAM Daylight

CEILING HEIGHT DIAGRAM

SOLID VS VOID DIAGRAM Solid Void

SOLID VS VOID DIAGRAM

Single Height Double Height

Solid Void

CEILING HEIGHT DIAGRAM Single Height Double Height

146

Section (looking North)

Section (looking South)

Section (looking East)

Section (looking West)

Building Code, Regulation & Standard Analysis The proposed project will be a mixed-use building which consists of both Business (B) and Assembly (A-3) occupancy types. The maximum number of occupants for the facility is 304. The building will require a minimum of 2 exits with a dead-end limit of 50 feet. All corridor widths (mechanical and storage excluded) will be a minimum of 44 inches to comply 147

with standard regulations. The maximum exit access travel distance for the Assembly Type use areas will be 250 feet, and 300 feet for the Business Type use areas. The project will be fully sprinklered and follow all fire regulations for materials and furniture requirements. Smoke/ heat detectors and alarm systems will be specified according to

standard regulations, and fire extinguishing systems will be installed as where required. The project will follow all ADA regulations and codes including, but not limited to turn-around radiusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, grab-bar and railing heights, corridor widths, and signage requirements.

Total gross sq. ft: Total gross sq. ft:

18,000 18,000

Fire Protection Requirements: Fire Protection Requirements: Fire exit enclosures: Fire exit enclosures: Shafts and elevator hoistways: Shafts and elevator hoistways: Tenant space seperations: Tenant space seperations: Smoke barriers: Smoke barriers:

Multi-Purpose / Community Rm:

Occupancy1,500 Type: Business sq. ft.- B

Total Occupants: 158 30 occu Assembly 50 gross

Yoga / Fitness: 1,800 sq. ft. Excercise Rooms 50 gross 36 occupants 2 hours Library / Study: Childcare: Day care 35 net 16 occupants 550 sq. ft. 2 hours Stack Area: 420 sq. ft. 42 occu Stack Area 100 gross 2 hours Mechanical Rm: Mech. / equip. rm. 300 gross 2 occupants 500 sq. ft Reading Area: 1680 sq. ft 34 occu Reading Area 50 gross 2 hours Office Area / Other: 104 occupants 10,380 sq. ft. Business Area 100 gross 2 hours Occupancy Type: Assembly - A-3 Total Occupants: 176 2 hours 30 minutes Multi-Purpose / Community Rm: 1,500 sq. ft. Assembly 50 gross 30 occupants 30 minutes

Corridor Fire Resistance Rating: Corridor Fire Resistance Rating: Occupancy: Occupancy: Occupant Load Served by Corridor: Occupant Load Served by Corridor: Required Fire-Resistance Rating (with sprinkler system) Rating Required Fire-Resistance (with sprinkler system)

Library / Study: Stack Area: Reading Area:

A,B A,B Greater than 30 Greater than 30 0 (hours) 0 (hours)

420 sq. ft. 1680 sq. ft

A-3 Gross Square Footage

13,230

SF / Occupant

20.5

176

158

YES

Water Closet Male Water CLoset Female

Dead End Limit:

50 ft.

Water CLoset Female

44 inches

Exit Access Travel Distance: occupancy A occupancy B

250 ft. 300 ft.

3,600

Sprinklered:

Minimum Corridor Width:

A-3 3,600

Gross Square Footage

Water Closet Male

Use Group Classification Chart

Number of Occupants Number of Occupants

Minimum Number of Exits:

42 occupants 34 occupants

Use Group Classification Chart

SF / Occupant

Means of Egress:

Stack Area 100 gross Reading Area 50 gross

20.5 176 2

Lavatories Male

Lavatories Female

Drinking Fountains Lavatories Male Service Sink

1 2 1

2 2 2 2

13,230 84 158 2 2 2

1 for entire building

Lavatories Female

Drinking Fountains

Service Sink

1 for entire building 148

149

Section

150

Executive Summary The research for the proposed project shows the need for supportive, community centers which empower women and aid impoverished populations. This research has shown how community buildings can foster a sense of togetherness through space planning, furniture and material selections, and program organization. An analysis of ergonomics and technical criteria of community buildings was key to understanding how to design for specific populations and the equipment needed for each program. This will help guide the design of the proposed project and ensure its functionality for the intended user. Studying various nonprofit 151

organizations has also revealed the importance of bringing together communities and providing places of safety, support, comfort, education, and wellness. These principles are fundamental to the goals of the proposed womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s center, and its mission to disrupt the cycle of poverty and the system of inequality. By supporting underpriveledged women, the proposed project will help those most in need and make a positive difference in the community of Philadelphia.

“You cannot get through a single day without having an impact on the world around you. What you do makes a difference, and you have to decide what kind of difference you want to make.” – Jane Goodall

152

153

Section

154

Bibliography “A City Transformed The Racial and Ethnic Changes in Philadelphia Over the Last 20”, The Pew Charitable Trust, http://www.pewtrusts.org , 1 June 2011, Accessed 6 November 2017. ADA Standards for Accessible Design 2010, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. “A Place for Everyone: Gender equality and urban planning”, Oxfam GB and Royal Town Planning Institute, November 1, 2017. Archdaily “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre / FJMT” 25 Apr 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 26 September 2017. “Architecture”, Visit Philadelphia, www.visitphilly.com, Accessed 6 November 2017. “Building Cities With Women in Mind”, Theafactor.org, Jan 25, 2017, Accessed Sept. 3, 2017. Bullock, Heather E., Women and Poverty: Psychology, Public Policy, and Social Justice, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. Cedarbrook neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (PA), 19038, 19150 detailed profile, www.city-data.com, Accessed 6 November 2017. Climate Consultant Energy Design Tools, UCLA, www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu, Accessed 6 November 2017. “Color & Appetite Matters”, https://www.colormatters.com, Accessed 14 October 2017. 3. “Family Homelessness Facts”, Greendoors.com, Accessed August 18, 2017. “Color Psychology: The Emotional Effects of Colors”, http://www.arttherapyblog.com, Accessed 14, October, 20 Decker, Chris, “The fundamentals of understanding color theory”, https://99designs.com, March 2017, Accessed 14, October 2017. Hendy, Amany Mashhour, “Gender Differences Necessities in Interior Design, Damietta University, July 1, 2015, 173. Khouw, Natalia, “Gender Differences: The Meaning of Color for Gender, colormatters.com, Accessed September 3, 2017. Klotz, Elaine, OUR Center Development Director, Interviewed by Sophia Warne Rowe, Longmont, CO, 26 July 2017. Fanning, Byron, Recreation Manager, Interviewed by Sophia Warne Rowe, Longmont, CO, 14 August 2017. Gangal, Sanjay, TREC – Training Recreation Education Center in Newark, New Jersey by ikon.5 architects, AECCAFE.com, 27 April, 2017 Gwo Fang Lin, “Human Responses to Water Elements”, in “The Handbook of Interior Design”, edited by Jo Ann Asher Thompson, Nancy Blossom, West Sussex, John Wiley and Sons, 2015, 306.

155

Lee, Lydia, Training Recreation Education Center by Ikon 5 Architects, ARCHITECTURALRECORD.com, 1 April, 2017 Licht, Walter, “Workshop of the World”, The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, philadelphiaencyclopedia.org, Accessed 6 November 2017. Lohrey, Jackie, “The Psychology of Colors for Restaurant Designs”, http://smallbusiness.chron.com, Accessed 14, October, 2017. Mann, Emily, “Story of cities #7: Philadelphia grid marks birth of America’s urban dream”, www.theguardian.com, 22 March 2016, Accessed 6 November 2017. Morin, Amy, “The Best Colors to Paint an Exercise Room”, https://www.livestrong.com, 18 July, 2017. O’Brien, Sylvia, “Psychology of Colour in the Educational Environment”, http://www.colorobjects.com, 6 April, 2014, Accessed 14, October, 2017. O’Grady, Neal, Web design 101: color theory, https://webflow.com, 4 November 2015, Accessed 14 October, 2015. Philadelphia, PA Demographics, www.areavibes.com, Accessed 6 November 2017. Schiller, Ben, “The 16 Countries Where Women Are Faring Equal To or Better Than Men”, Fast Company, August 21, 2014. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre”. Architectureau. Accessed 26 September 2017. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre” ArchiTravel. Accessed 26 September 2017. “Surry Hills Neighbourhood Centre” FJMT Studio. Accessed 26 Sep 2017. “Technical Guides: The Munsell Color System”, http://dba.med.sc.edu, Accessed 14 October, 2017. TREC | Training Recreation Education Center, WORLD-ARCHITECTS.com, 10 April, 2017. Tucker, Jasmine, and Caitlin Lowell, “National Snapshot: Poverty Among Women & Families”, NWLC.org, September 14, 2016. United States Census Bureau, www.census.gov, Accessed 6 November 2017. Weissman, Leslie Kanes, “Women’s Environmental Rights: A Manifesto”, in Heresies: a Feminist Publication on Art and Politics 1981, 2. “World Heritage City”, Global Philadelphia, http://globalphiladelphia.org, Accessed 6 November 2017. Yildrim, Kemal, “Effects of Interior Colors On Mood and Preference Comparisons of Two Living Rooms”, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 2011, Vol. 112, Issue 2, 511

156

Images Cover Photo:

Digital Image, Kira Gulley Art, https://www.kiragulleyart.com, Accessed 30 November 2017.

Section 1

1. Digital Image, DNA news, http://www.dnanews.com.pk, Accessed 30 October 2017. 2. Digital Image, DEBATE, http://www.debatenews.com.br, Accessed 30 October 2017. 3. Digital Image, Dissent Magazine, https://www.dissentmagazine.org, Accessed 18, September 2017. 4. Digital Photograph taken by Thomas Thortensson, Thomas Thortensson Photography, https://thomasthorstensson.photography, Accessed 30 October 2017. 5. Digital Image, ASEC, http://www.asecbrasil.org.br, Accessed 30 October 2017.

Section 2

1. Photograph by Carlos M. Almagro, Carlos M. Almagro Photography, https://techiewebnews.wordpress.com, Accessed 9 September 2017. 2. Digital Image, Odyssey, https://www.theodysseyonline.com, Accessed 9 September 2017. 3. STC Direct Philly, Digital Image, http://stcdirectphilly.com/, Accessed 9 September 2017. 4. Digital Image, Kissmetrics, https://blog.kissmetrics.com, Accessed 9 September 2017.

Section 3: Case Study 1

1. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 2. The Whatever Mom, Digital Image, https://www.thewhatevermom.com, Accessed 13 Sept. 2017. 3. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 4. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 5. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 6. Mezzanine Art, Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 26 July 2017. 7. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 8. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 9. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 10. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 11. The OUR Center, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017. 12. Clinic Space, Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 26 July 2017. 13. Hallway, Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 26 July 2017. 14. Photograph by Joshua Buck, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 7 July 2017. 15. Sunlit Lounge, Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 26 July 2017. 16. Photograph by Joshua Buck, Digital Image, https://OURCENTER.org, Accessed 27 July 2017

Section 3: Case Study 2

1. Photograph by Seth McConnell, Digital Image, https://www. theknow.denverpost.com, Accessed 19 August 2017. 2. BRS Architecture, Digital Image, http://brsarch.com, Accessed 14 August, 2017. 3. BRS Architecture, Digital Image, http://brsarch.com, Accessed 14 August, 2017. 4. BRS Architecture, Digital Image, http://brsarch.com, Accessed 14 August, 2017. 5. Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 14 Augst 2017. 6. Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 14 August 2017. 8. Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 14 August 2017. 7. Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 14 Augst 2017. 9. Personal photograph by Sophia Warne Rowe, 14 Augst 2017. 10. BRS Architecture, Digital Image, http://brsarch.com, Accessed 14 August, 2017. 11. BRS Architecture, Digital Image, http://brsarch.com, Accessed 14 August, 2017. 12. City of Aurora, Digital Image, https://www.auroragov.org, Accessed 19 August 2017.

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Section 3: Case Study 3

1. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://architectureau.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 2. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://architectureau.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 3. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://architectureau.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 4 Digital Image, https://architonic.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 5. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://fjmtstudio.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 6. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://fjmtstudio.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 7. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://fjmtstudio.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 8. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://fjmtstudio.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 9. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://architectureau.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 10. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://architectureau.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 11. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://architectureau.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 12. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://fjmtstudio.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 13. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://fjmtstudio.com, Accessed 27, September 2017.

Section 3: Case Study 4

1. Photograph by Jeffrey Totaro, Digital Image, https://archdaily.com, Accessed 4, October 2017. 2. Digital Image, https://archpaper.com, Accessed 4, October 2017. 3. Digital Image, https://archpaper.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 4 Photograph by Jeffrey Totaro, Digital Image, https://archdaily.com, Accessed 4, October 2017. 5. Photograph by Jeffrey Totaro, Digital Image, https://archdaily.com, Accessed 4, October 2017. 6. Photograph by Jeffrey Totaro, Digital Image, https://archdaily.com, Accessed 4, October 2017. 7. Photograph by Jeffrey Totaro, Digital Image, https://archdaily.com, Accessed 4, October 2017. 8.Photograph by Jeffrey Totaro, Digital Image, https://archdaily.com 9. Photograph by Jeffrey Totaro, Digital Image, https://archdaily.com, Accessed 4, October 2017. 10. Photograph by John Gollings, Digital Image, https://archpaper.com Accessed 4, October 2017.

Section 4

1. Digital Image, https://i.pinimg.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 2. Digital Image, https://i.pinimg.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 3. Digital Image, http://www.core77.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 4 Digital Image, http://softtouchfurniture.com, Accessed 11, October, 2017. 5. Image, http://basicofarchitecturedesign.blogspot.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 6. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October, 2017. 7. Digital Image, https://i.pinimg.com, Accessed 11, October, 2017. 8. Digital Image, http://www.ambientegallerie.com, Accessed 27, September 2017. 9. Digital Image, http://www.drreimer.com, Accessed 11, October, 2017. 10. Digital Image, https://sustainabilityworkshop.autodesk.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 11. Digital Image, https://continuingeducation.bnpmedia.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 12. Digital Image, https://inspectapedia.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 13. Digital Image, https://inspectapedia.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 14. Digital Image, https://www10.aeccafe.com, 11, October 2017. 15. Digital Image, https://i.pinimg.com, 11, October 2017. 16. Digital Image, http://www.narbutas.com/acoustic-panels-modus/, Accessed 11, October 2017. 17. Digital Image, https://www.conferenceroomsystems.com, Accessed 11, October 2017. 18. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017.

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Images Section 4 continued...

19. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 20. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 21. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 22. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 23. Digital Image, https://www.santehmag.ru, Accessed 11, October 2017. 24. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 25. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 26. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 27. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 28. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 29. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 30. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 31. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 32. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 33. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 34. Digital Image, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 35. Universal Design Infographic, Claudine Casabonne, 88 Creative, http://88creative.ca, Accessed 10, Dec 2017.

Section 5

1. Architizer, Digital Image, https://architizer.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 2. Yellow Corridor, 2016, Photograph by James Casebere, Digital Image, https://www.dezeen.com, Accessed 18 October 2017. 3. Fast Japan, Digital Image, https://fastjapan.com, Accessed 18 October 2017. 4. Bay Town Kitchen, Digital Image, http://baytownkitchen.com, Accessed 18 October 2017. 5. ARAFEN, Digital Image, http://arafen.com, Accessed 18 October 2017. 6. Chicago Curbed, Digital Image, https://chicago.curbed.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 7. Chicago Curbed, Digital Image, https://chicago.curbed.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 8. German Architects, Digital Image, https://www.german-architects.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 9. Tama Art University Library - Toyo Ito Photograph by Scott Norsworthy, 20 April 2012, Accessed 25 October 2017. 10. Digital Image, https://www.pinterest.com, Accessed 26 October 2017 11. Dezeen, Digital Image, https://www.dezeen.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 12. Dezeen, Digital Image, https://www.dezeen.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 13. Dezeen, Digital Image, https://www.dezeen.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 14. Dezeen, Digital Image, https://www.dezeen.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 15. Dezeen, Digital Image, https://www.dezeen.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 16. Dezeen, Digital Image, https://www.dezeen.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 17. Dezeen, Digital Image, https://www.dezeen.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 18. Lighting and Interiors Online, Digital Image, http://lightingandinteriorsonline.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 19. Moriyama & Teshima Architects, Digital Image, http://mtarch.com, Accessed 26 October 2017 20. Photograph by Tom Arban, Sound Solutions, http://www.soundsolutions.ca, Accessed 26 October 2017. 21. SAB Magazine, Digital Image, http://www.sabmagazine.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 22. Arch Daily, Digital Image, https://www.archdaily.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 23. Arch Daily, Digital Image, https://www.archdaily.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 24. Digital Image, https://i.pinimg.com, Accessed 26 October 2017.

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Section 5 continued...

25. Shepley Bulfinch, Digital Image, http://www.shepleybulfinch.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 26. Shepley Bulfinch, Digital Image, http://www.shepleybulfinch.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 27. Shepley Bulfinch, Digital Image, http://www.shepleybulfinch.com, Accessed 26 October 2017. 28. Shepley Bulfinch, Digital Image, http://www.shepleybulfinch.com, Accessed 26 October 2017.

Section 6

1. Digital Image, https://media.cntraveler.com/photos/55a51de90121edec25702c45/master/pass/philadelphia-skyline-cr-getty.jpg, Accessed 6 November 2017. 2. Digital Image, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/55553723/shutterstock_635416073.0.0.jpg, Accessed 6 November 2017. 3. Digital Image, https://static1.squarespace.com/static/576dc56d03596ece7829662e/t/5782e69d1b631b1a87b52994/1468196521803/, Accessed 6 November 2017. 4. Digital Image, https://res.cloudinary.com/dk/image/upload/fl_keep_iptc,q_80,c_fill,w_1148,f_auto/galleries/philadelphia-architecture/first-bankgallery.jpg, Accessed 6 November 2017. 5. Digital Image, https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3864/14328207180_c56aa579a3_o.jpg, Accessed 6 November 2017. 6. Digital Image, http://demographics.coopercenter.org/racial-dot-map/, Accessed 6 November 2017. 7. Digital Image, http://www.city-data.com/nbmaps/neigh-Philadelphia-Pennsylvania.html, Accessed 6 November 2017. 8. Digital Image, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/legacy/uploadedfiles/wwwpewtrustsorg/reports/philadelphia_research_initiative/ philadelphiapopulationethnicchangespdf.pdf, Accessed 6 November 2017. 9. Digital Image, http://gsg.phila.gov/map#id=c809674e3b8248ceb91814d4b20ee4e5, Accessed 6 November 2017. 10. Digital Image, http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Cedarbrook-Philadelphia-PA.html#ixzz4xExTYXu7, Accessed 6 November 2017. 11. Digital Image, http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Cedarbrook-Philadelphia-PA.html#ixzz4xExTYXu7, Accessed 6 November 2017. 12. Digital Image, https://ap.rdcpix.com/2074934074/226746986a278c87e12955a6964feb5fl-m1xd-w1020_h770_q80.jpg, Accessed 6 November 2017.

Section 7

1. Digital Image, https://www.videoblocks.com, Accessed 13 November, 2017

Section 8

1. Digital Image, https://www.crossland.com, Accessed 27 November 2017

Section 9

1. Digital Image, https://www.homepolish.com, Accessed 27 November 2017.

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End notes Section 1

1. Tucker, Jasmine, and Caitlin Lowell, “National Snapshot: Poverty Among Women & Families”, NWLC.org, September 14, 2016. 2. Bullock, Heather E., Women and Poverty: Psychology, Public Policy, and Social Justice, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. 3. “Family Homelessness Facts”, Greendoors.com, Accessed August 18, 2017.

Section 2

1. Schiller, Ben, “The 16 Countries Where Women Are Faring Equal To or Better Than Men”, Fast Company, August 21, 2014. 2. Weissman, Leslie Kanes, “Women’s Environmental Rights: A Manifesto”, in Heresies: a Feminist Publication on Art and Politics 1981, 2. 3. Ibid, 2. 4. “Building Cities With Women in Mind”, Theafactor.org, Jan 25, 2017, Accessed Sept. 3, 2017. 5. Ibid. 6. “A Place for Everyone: Gender equality and urban planning”, Oxfam GB and Royal Town Planning Institute, November 1, 2017. 7. Ibid. 8. Hendy, Amany Mashhour, “Gender Differences Necessities in Interior Design, Damietta University, July 1, 2015, 173. 9. Ibid. 173. 10. Weissman, Leslie Kanes, “Women’s Environmental Rights: A Manifesto”, in Heresies: a Feminist Publication on Art and Politics 1981, 3. 11. Yildrim, Kemal, “Effects of Interior Colors On Mood and Preference Comparisons of Two Living Rooms”, Perceptual and Motoer Skills, 2011, Vol. 112, Issue 2, 511 12. Khouw, Natalia, “Gender Differences: The Meaning of Color for Gender, colormatters.com, Accessed September 3, 2017. 13. Ibid. 14. Gwo Fang Lin, “Human Responses to Water Elements”, in “The Handbook of Interior Design”, edited by Jo Ann Asher Thompson, Nancy Blossom, West Sussex, John Wiley and Sons, 2015, 306.

Section 3: Case Study 1

1. Klotz, Elaine, OUR Center Development Director, Interview by Author, Longmont, CO, 26 July 2017. 2 Ibid.

Section 3: Case Study 2

1. Fanning, Byron, Recreation Manager, Interviewed by Author Longmont, CO, 14 August 2017. 2. Ibid.

Section 3: Case Study 3

1. Archdaily “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre / FJMT” 25 Apr 2010. ArchDaily. Accessed 26 September 2017. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid 4. “Surry Hills Neighbourhood Centre” FJMT Studio. Accessed 26 September 2017. 5. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre” ArchiTravel. Accessed 26 September 2017. 6. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre”. Architectureau. Accessed 26 September 2017. 7. “Surry Hills Neighbourhood Centre” FJMT Studio. Accessed 26 Sep 2017. 8. “Surry Hills Library and Community Centre” ArchiTravel. Accessed 26 September 2017.

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Section 3: Case Study 4

1. Lee, Lydia, Training Recreation Education Center by Ikon 5 Architects, ARCHITECTURALRECORD.com, 1 April, 2017 2. TREC | Training Recreation Education Center, WORLD-ARCHITECTS.com, 10 April, 2017 3. Gangal, Sanjay, TREC – Training Recreation Education Center in Newark, New Jersey by ikon.5 architects, AECCAFE.com, 27 April, 2017 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Ibid.

Section 4

1. 2010 ADA Standards for Accessible Design, https://www.ADA.gov, Accessed 11, October 2017. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid.

Section 5

1. Decker, Chris, “The fundamentals of understanding color theory”, https://99designs.com, March 2017, Accessed 14, October 2017. 2. Ibid. 3. “Technical Guides: The Munsell Color System”, http://dba.med.sc.edu, Accessed 14 October, 2017. 4. O’Grady, Neal, Web design 101: color theory, https://webflow.com, 4 November 2015, Accessed 14 October, 2015. 5. O’Brien, Sylvia, “Psychology of Colour in the Educational Environment”, http://www.colorobjects.com, 6 April, 2014, Accessed 14, October, 2017. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Ibid. 9. “Color Psychology: The Emotional Effects of Colors”, http://www.arttherapyblog.com, Accessed 14, October, 2017 10. O’Brien, Sylvia, “Psychology of Colour in the Educational Environment”, http://www.colorobjects.com, 6 April, 2014, Accessed 14, October, 2017. 11. “Color Psychology: The Emotional Effects of Colors”, http://www.arttherapyblog.com, Accessed 14, October, 2017 12. Ibid. 13. “Color Psychology: The Emotional Effects of Colors”, http://www.arttherapyblog.com, Accessed 14, October, 2017 14. Lohrey, Jackie, “The Psychology of Colors for Restaurant Designs”, http://smallbusiness.chron.com, Accessed 14, October, 2017. 15. Ibid. 16. “Color & Appetite Matters”, https://www.colormatters.com, Accessed 14 October 2017. 17. “Color Psychology: The Emotional Effects of Colors”, http://www.arttherapyblog.com, Accessed 14, October, 2017 18. Morin, Amy, “The Best Colors to Paint an Exercise Room”, https://www.livestrong.com, 18 July, 2017. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid.

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End notes continued Section 6

1. Licht, Walter, “Workshop of the World”, The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia, philadelphiaencyclopedia.org, Accessed 6 November 2017. 2. Ibid. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. “World Heritage City”, Global Philadelphia, http://globalphiladelphia.org, Accessed 6 November 2017. 6. “Architecture”, Visit Philadelphia, www.visitphilly.com, Accessed 6 November 2017. 7. Mann, Emily, “Story of cities #7: Philadelphia grid marks birth of America’s urban dream”, www.theguardian.com, 22 March 2016, Accessed 6 November 2017. 8. United States Census Bureau, www.census.gov, Accessed 6 November 2017. 9. “A City Transformed The Racial and Ethnic Changes in Philadelphia Over the Last 20”, The Pew Charitable Trust, http://www.pewtrusts.org , 1 June 2011, Accessed 6 November 2017. 10.United States Census Bureau, www.census.gov, Accessed 6 November 2017. 11. Philadelphia, PA Demographics, www.areavibes.com, Accessed 6 November 2017. 12. Climate Consultant Energy Design Tools, UCLA, www.energy-design-tools.aud.ucla.edu, Accessed 6 November 2017. 13. Ibid. 14.Ibid. 15. Cedarbrook neighborhood in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (PA), 19038, 19150 detailed profile, www.city-data.com, Accessed 6 November 2017. 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Ibid.

Appendix:

1. Klotz, Elaine, OUR Center Development Director, Interview by Author, Longmont, CO, 26 July 2017. 2. Fanning, Byron, Recreation Manager, Interviewed by Author Longmont, CO, 14 August 2017.

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Capstone Committee Capstone R & P Professor: Lisa Phillips, IIDA Associate Professor at Thomas Jefferson Univ. 4201 Henry Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19144 P: 215.518.3535 E: phillipsl@PhilaU.edu

Advisor: Elaine Klotz Development Director at the OUR Center P: 303.772.5529 x 224 E: elaine@ourcenter.org

Capstone Professor: Lawrence McEwen, RA Adjunct Professor at Thomas Jefferson Univ. 4201 Henry Ave, Philadelphia PA 19144 E: mcewenl@philau.edu

Advisor: Marchia Hocevar Principal-in-Charge of Interior Design at BRS Arch. P: 303.455.1366 x115 E: marciahocevar@brsarch.com

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Sophia Warne Rowe - Interior Design - Jeffferson University - Fall 2017