Kick-Off Book: Matters of Site by Sou Fang

_ARC208.M003_S20_SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY_SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

KICK-OFF BOOK

MATTERS OF SITE & FORMATION

ONONDAGA LAKE, SYRACUSE, NEW YORK

MATTERS OF SITE & FORMATION

ONONDAGA LAKE, SYRACUSE, NEW YORK

Matters of Site & Formation Onondaga Lake, Syracuse, New York Kick-Off Book ARC208.M003 - Architectural Design Studio IV Spring 2020 Syracuse University School of Architecture Contributors: Mario Benedict Yu Jie Chen Daniel Csabai Suchismita Gangopadhyay Russell Harman Ashlyn La Mothe Miao Luo Abigail McCarthy Fatima B N A Malek Mohammad Meejan Patel Isabel Sierra Thitaree Suqiwatchai Chu Han Tarn Chichen Wei Studio Lead: Prof. Sou Fang Studio Coordinators: Prof. Julie Larsen Prof. Ted Brown

PREFACE

Matters of Site & Formation The Case of Onondaga Lake

DEMOGRAPHICS

LAND USE

BUILDING INVENTORY

ECOLOGY

HYDROLOGY

Ashlyn La Mothe Russell Harman

Suchismita Gangopadhyay Fatima B N A Malek Mohammad

Abigail McCarthy Chichen Wei

Yu Jie Chen Thitaree Suqiwatchai

Mario Benedict Isabel Sierra

HISTORY

Meejan Patel Daniel Csabai

113

PREFACE ONONDAGA LAKE, SYRACUSE, NEW YORK

“SITE” Critics, theorists, and practitioners in architecture and landscape architecture have pointed to productive relationships between the two disciplines over the past twenty-five years. For architecture, landscape “thinking” has introduced ideas of temporality, contingency, resiliency, flows, and ecology. Landscapes can be understood to be political, social, and economic as well as ecological, climatological, and topographical. As opposed to the legal description of “site” as property or parcel, landscape thinking offers an idea of “site” as multi-scalar, cultural, and ecological. It is an understanding that implicates any property within a larger network of natural and artificial forces, systems, and formations. Sites perform and are acted upon. To construct a site is to make visible the organizational, temporal, ecological, systemic, and cultural attributes of a territory - across scales - that provide a framework for design intervention.

ARCHITECTURE IN FORMATION + MATTERS OF SITE ARC208 explores factors and forces influencing the generation of architectural form and tectonic resolution through the lenses of site, system, surface, and section in a “landscape” context. The conventional program is modest in scope with the expectation that design projects have a high level of resolution,. “Site” is positioned as a complex terrain of artifacts, organizations, histories, and processes that operate at diverse spatial and temporal scales.

This kick-off book compiles investigations along general themes of: History, Building Inventory, Land Use, Ecology, Hydrology, and Demographics. Students worked in pairs over the course of a week to rapidly gather and organize information. Moving forward, each student will work independently in furthering their own research and interests, and propose a project that synthesizes their analysis and design intent.

This studio will use Onondaga Lake as the “site” of exploration. Once considered among the most polluted lakes in the United States, it is slowly (and unevenly) being remediated. Still a sacred site for the Onondaga Nation, the lake has been the location of salt production, a residential / entertainment center, and a conduit for commercial traffic to the City of Syracuse. As environmental remediation progresses, the lake re-enters the social imaginary of possible futures.

Miles 8

DEMOGRAPHICS RUSSEL HARMAN & ASHLYN LA MOTHE

POPULATION

461,809

ONONDAGA COUNTY

SYRACUSE

32,484 GEDDES

16,359

SALINA

DEMOGRAPHICS

142,749

ONONDAGA COUNTY 51.8% FEMALE

15.77% 65 & OVER

5.66% UNDER 5 14.5% UNDER 18

13.05% 55-64

9.61% 18-24 11.5% 45-54

48.2% MALE

11.5% 25-34

10.2% 35-44

SYRACUSE 52.4% FEMALE

15.97% 65 & OVER

5.44% UNDER 5 14.7% UNDER 18

13.51% 55-64

47.6% MALE

Source: US Census Bureau (2018) & DataUSA (2018)

10.1% 18-24 12.0% 45-54

11.4% 25-34 10.2% 35-44

SOLVAY, GEDDES 53.1% FEMALE

6.35% UNDER 5

16.07% 65 & OVER

14.0% UNDER 18

12.49% 55-64

8.26% 18-24 12.0% 45-54

46.9% MALE

13.7% 25-34

11.8% 35-44

DEMOGRAPHICS

LIVERPOOL, SALINA 53.1% FEMALE

2.77% UNDER 5 19.73% 65 & OVER

11.7% UNDER 18 4.73% 18-24

15.83% 55-64 15.4% 25-34 46.9% MALE

15.5% 45-54

11.0% 35-44

NATIVE HAWAIIAN & OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDER ALONE SOME OTHER RACE ALONE AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE ALONE 2 OR MORE RACES

ASIAN ALONE

HISPANIC OR LATINO BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN ALONE

WHITE ALONE

Source: DataUSA (2018)

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

6.64 x

WHITE ALONE

DEMOGRAPHICS

353.0 K 53.2 K 23.4 K

MORE WHITE RESIDENTS THAN ANY OTHER RACE

BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN

HISPANIC OR LATINO

SALINA

GEDDES SYRACUSE

5,710

# OF PEOPLE/SQUARE MILE

SYRACUSE

# OF PEOPLE/SQUARE MILE

1,786

# OF PEOPLE/SQUARE MILE

SALINA

GEDDES

DEMOGRAPHICS

2,365

TOTAL POPULATION: ONONDAGA COUNTY

500,000 450,000

472,746 PEAK POPULATION

400,000 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000 0 1900

1910

1920

Source: US Census Bureau (1900-2018)

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

POPULATION PERCENTAGE CHANGE: ONONDAGA COUNTY 30%

25%

+24% CHANGE GAINED 81,309 RESIDENTS

DEMOGRAPHICS

20%

15%

10%

-2% CHANGE LOST 10,637 RESIDENTS

0% -2% CHANGE LOST 8,826 RESIDENTS -5%

1900

1910

1920

1930

1940

1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

BALDWINSVILLE

N. SYRACUSE LIVERPOOL

E. SYRACUSEMINOA LYNCOURT SOLVAY

W. GENESEE

SYRACUSE CITY

WESTHILL MARCELLUS

JAMESVILLEDEWITT

ONONDAGA LA FAYETTE

SCHOOL DISTRICTS ONONDAGA COUNTY, NY

MARCELLUS

EAST SYRACUSE-MINOA

NORTH SYRACUSE

FABIUS-POMPEY

ONONDAGA

FAYETTEVILLE-MANILUS

SKANEATELES

JAMESVILLE-DEWITT

SOLVAY

JORDAN-ELBRIDGE

SYRACUAE CITY

LA FAYETTE

TULLY

LIVERPOOL

WEST GENESEE

LYNCOURT

WESTHILL

Source: Onondaga County Gov. (2010-20)

DEMOGRAPHICS

BALDWINSVILLE

< $21,000

$21,000 < x < $30,000

$30,000 < x < $40,000

> $40,000

SCHOOL DISTRICTS BY MEDIAN INCOME

ONONDAGA COUNTY, NY

33,775

BALDWINSVILLE

28,494

E. SYRACUSE-MINOA

30,945

FABIUS-POMPEY

42,038

FAYETTEVILLE-MANILUS

40,998

JAMESVILLE-DEWITT 27,461

JORDAN-ELBRIDGE

29,740

LIVERPOOL

28,894

DEMOGRAPHICS

LA FAYETTE

20,659

LYNCOURT

32,559

MARCELLUS N. SYRACUSE

28,267

ONONDAGA

27,491 35,357

SKANEATELES 24,657

SOLVAY

18,634

SYRACUSE CITY

32,662

TULLY

31,337

W. GENESEE

30,000

20,000

10,000

40,000

35,357

WESTHILL

Source: CommGeog (2019)

public schools

BALDWINSVILLE EAST SYRACUSE-MINOA FABIUS-POMPEY FAYETTEVILLE-MANILUS JAMESVILLE-DEWITT JORDAN-ELBRIDGE LA FAYETTE

C. Grant Grimshaw School La Fayette Junior-Senior High School Onondaga Nation School

Chestnut Hill Elementary School Chestnut Hill Middle School Donlin Drive Elementary School Elmcrest Elementary School Liverpool Elementary School Liverpool High School Liverpool Middle School Long Branch Elementary School Morgan Road Elementary School Nate Perry Elementary School Soule Road Elementary School Soule Road Middle School Willow Field Elementary School

Applied Science Magnet At M L K Community School Bellevue Elementary School Blodgett Elementary School Clary Math/Science Magnet Middle School Corcoran High School Danforth Magnet Middle School Delaware Elementary School Dr. Edwin E. Weeks Elementary School Edward Smith Elementary School Elmwood Elementary School Franklin Magnet School - Arts And Music Frazer School George Fowler High School Grant Middle School H.W. Smith Elementary School Henninger High School Hughes Academic Magnet School Huntington School James A. Shea Middle School Lemoyne Elementary School Lincoln Middle School Mckinley-Brighton Magnet Elementary School Meachem Elementary School Nottingham High School Porter School Of Technology & Career Exploration Prekindergarten Program Roberts School Salem Hyde Elementary School Seymour Magnet School - International Humanities Solace Elementary School T. Aaron Levy Middle School Van Duyn Elementary School Webster Elementary School

MARCELLUS

Camillus Middle School East Hill Elementary School Onondaga Road Elementary School Split Rock Elementary School Stonehedge Elementary School West Genesee Middle School West Genesee Senior High School

Cherry Road Elementary School Onondaga Hill Middle School Walberta Park Primary School Westhill High School

WESTHILL

Allen Road Elementary School Cicero Elementary School Cicero-North Syracuse High School Gillette Road Middle School Karl W. Saile Bear Road Elementary School Lakeshore Road Elementary School Main Street Elementary School North Syracuse Junior High School Roxboro Road Elementary Schoo Roxboro Road Middle School Smith Road Elementary School

Tully Elementary School Tully Junior-Senior High School

WEST GENESSEE

C.S. Driver Middle School K.C. Heffernan Elementary School Marcellus High School

NORTH SYRACUSE

Lyncourt School TULLY

LYNCOURT

LIVERPOOL

Elbridge Elementary School Jordan-Elbridge High School Jordan-Elbridge Middle School Ramsdell Elementary School

Solvay Elementary School Solvay High School Solvay Middle School

Source: Onondaga County Gov. (2010-20)

DEMOGRAPHICS

Jamesville Elementary School Jamesville-Dewitt High School Jamesville-Dewitt Middle School Moses Dewitt Elementary School Tecumseh Elementary School

Skaneateles Middle School Skaneateles Senior High School State Street Intermediate School Waterman Elementary School

SYRACUSE CITY

Eagle Hill Middle School Enders Road Elementary School Fayetteville Elementary School Fayetteville-Manlius Senior High School Mott Road Elementary School Wellwood Middle School

Onondaga High School Rockwell Elementary School Wheeler School

SOLVAY

Fabius-Pompey Elementary School Fabius-Pompey Middle School High School

SKANEATELES

East Syracuse Elementary School East Syracuse-Minoa Central High School Fremont Elementary School Minoa Elementary School Park Hill School Pine Grove Middle School Woodland Elementary School

PUBLIC SCHOOLS

ONONDAGA COUNTY, NY

ONONDAGA

Catherine M. Mcnamara Elementary School Charles W. Baker High School Donald S. Ray School Harry E. Elden Elementary School L. Pearl Palmer Elementary School Mae E. Reynolds School Theodore R. Durgee Junior High School Van Buren Elementary School

colleges and universities

libraries

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE ONONDAGA COUNTY, NY

PRIVATE COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Bryant & Stratton College Le Moyne College Syracuse University

COUNTY LIBRARIES Baldwinsville Public Brewerton NOPL Cicero NOPL Community Library of DeWitt & Jamesville East Syracuse Free Elbridge Free Fairmount Community Fayetteville Free Jordan Bramley LaFayette Public Liverpool Public Manlius Marcellus Free Maxwell Memorial Minoa North Syracuse NOPL Onondaga Free Salina Skaneateles Solvay Public Tully Free

Source: Onondaga County Libraries (2019), United Way of CNY (2018)

DEMOGRAPHICS

PUBLIC COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES Jefferson Higher Education Center SUNY Canton SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forrestry SUNY Empire State College SUNY Oswego SUNY Potsdam SUNY Upstate Medical University

CITY LIBRARIES Beauchamp Branch Betts Branch Central Hazard Branch Mundy Branch Syracuse Northeast Community Center Paine Branch Petit Branch Soule Branch Syracuse Community Connections White Branch

79%

OF RESIDENTS IN ONONDAGA

HAVE EASY ACCESS TO INTERNET

67.4%

OF RESIDENTS IN SYRACUSE

HAVE ACCESS TO INTERNET AT HOME

OUT OF

IN SYRACUSE

Sourec: Census Bureau (2018)

HOMES STRUGGLE WITH INTERNET

54,062

HOMES SURVEYED

DEMOGRAPHICS

= 1,000 HOUSEHOLDS WITH INTERNET = 1,000 HOUSEHOLDS WITHOUT INTERNET

13,031

WITHOUT INTERNET

Source: National Digital Inclusion Alligiance (2017)

LAND USE SUCHISMITA GANGOPADHYAY & FATIMA MOHAMMAD

Miles

RESIDENTIAL

Suburbun homes and apartments.

LAKE ONONDAGA

LAND USE

GREEN SPACE

Unused, cultivated, forested, and grass/shrub.

And surrounding lakes.

COMMERCIAL, INDUSTRIAL, AND INSTITUTIONAL Stores and service buildings. Factories, churches, and public schools.

RESIDENTIAL

Suburbun homes and apartments.

COMMERCIAL

Stores and service buildings.

INDUSTRIAL AND INSTITUTIONAL Factories, churches, and public schools.

LAKE ONONDAGA

Lake, surrounding unused green spaces and parks

LYSANDER CLAY CICERO

VAN BUREN

SALINA

ELBRIDGE

CAMILLUS

MANLIUS GEDDES

SYRACUSE

DEWITT

ONONDAGA

SKANEATELES

MARCELLUS ONONDAGA NATION TERRITORY POMPEY

LAFAYETTE

OTISCO

SPAFFORD FABIUS TULLY

SYRACUSE

SALINA

GEDDES

CLAY

DE WITT

AREA: 25.61 mi² POPULATION: 144,350 POPULATION DENSITY: 5,760/ mi²

AREA: 15.06 mi² POPULATION: 33,490 POPULATION DENSITY: 2440/ mi²

AREA: 12.26 mi² POPULATION: 16,870 POPULATION DENSITY: 1840/ mi²

AREA: 48.86 mi² POPULATION: 59,520 POPULATION DENSITY: 1240/ mi²

AREA: 33.87 mi² POPULATION: 25,680 POPULATION DENSITY: 760/ mi²

CAMILLUS

MANLIUS

CICERO

AREA: 34.44 mi² POPULATION: 24,390 POPULATION DENSITY: 710/ mi²

AREA: 49.95 mi² POPULATION: 32,360 POPULATION DENSITY: 660/ mi²

AREA: 48.46 mi² POPULATION: 31,500 POPULATION DENSITY: 650/ mi²

ONONDAGA

AREA: 65.00 mi² POPULATION: 23,110 POPULATION DENSITY: 400/ mi²

VAN BUREN AREA: 36.11 mi² POPULATION: 13,350 POPULATION DENSITY: 380/ mi²

LAND USE

LYSANDER

MARCELLUS

SKANEATELES

ELBRIDGE

LaFAYETTE

AREA: 65.00 mi² POPULATION: 22,530 POPULATION DENSITY: 370/ mi²

AREA: 32.58 mi² POPULATION: 6190 POPULATION DENSITY: 190/ mi²

AREA: 48.84 mi² POPULATION: 7250 POPULATION DENSITY: 170/ mi²

AREA: 38.30mi² POPULATION: 5850 POPULATION DENSITY: 160/ mi²

AREA: 39.65 mi² POPULATION: 4920 POPULATION DENSITY: 130/ mi²

POMPEY

TULLY

OTISCO

SPAFFORD

FABIUS

AREA: 66.47 mi² POPULATION: 7330 POPULATION DENSITY: 110/ mi²

AREA: 26.28 mi² POPULATION: 2730 POPULATION DENSITY: 110/ mi²

AREA: 31.16 mi² POPULATION: 2550 POPULATION DENSITY: 90/ mi²

AREA: 39.22 mi² POPULATION: 1700 POPULATION DENSITY: 50/ mi²

AREA: 46.77 mi² POPULATION: 2290 POPULATION DENSITY: 50/ mi²

PA IN

TIN

ER TS BO ATI NG FISH ING SHOP PING RUNNING

HIKING

NIC PING

ING

NAP

PIC

DIN

W AL KI

FAMILY OUTINGS Y GRAPH PHOTO ING READ G WIN DRA G HIN TC A G DW IN BIR LK A W G O D

JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

WALKING

RUNNING

FAMILY OUTINGS

JUN

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

POST SPIKE MID MAY - MID JUL INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

POST SPIKE MID APR - MID SEP INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

POST SPIKE MID APR - MID MAY INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

PHOTOGRAPHY

POST SPIKE MID AUG - MID SEPTEMBER INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

LAND USE

BOATING

JUL

POST SPIKE MAR - MID APR INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

SHOPPING

POST SPIKE MID SEP - DEC INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

DOG WALKING

POST SPIKE JUL - SEP INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

FISHING POST SPIKE MID AUG - MID OCT INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

CONCERTS

DRAWING/ PAINTING

POST SPIKE MAY - AUG INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

POST SPIKE MID APR - JUNE INDICATED BY SOCIAL MEDIA TRAFFIC

# LAKE ONONDAGA WINTER 46

LAND USE

# LIGHTS ON THE LAKE WINTER 47

# LAKE ONONDAGA SUMMER 48

LAND USE

# LAKEVIEW AMPHITHEATER SUMMER 49

# LAKE ONONDAGA SPRING 50

LAND USE

# LAKE ONONDAGA FALL 51

BUILDING INVENTORY ABIGAIL McCARTHY & JAMES WEI

FIGURE GROUND 54

URBAN DEVELOPMENT

ONONDAGA COUNTY, NY

BUILDING INVENTORY

URBAN DEVELOPMENT LAND COVER 55

EXISTING BUILDING FORMATIONS 56

BUILDING INVENTORY

EXISTING BUILDING FORMATIONS 57

MORPHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 58

BUILDING INVENTORY

MORPHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS 59

URBAN CORE GRID BLOCK

BUILDING INVENTORY

RETAIL / ENTERTAINMENT CENTER BIG-BOX / MALL

RESIDENTIAL FORMATION SUB-URBAN PATTERN

BUILDING INVENTORY

INDUSTRIAL FORMATION LINEAR BLOCK

RESIDENTIAL FORMATIONS RECTILINEAR BLOCK

BUILDING INVENTORY

RESIDENTIAL FORMATIONS PERIMETER BLOCK

RESIDENTIAL FORMATIONS SUB-URBAN PATTERN

BUILDING INVENTORY

RESIDENTIAL + COMMERCIAL FORMATIONS COMMERCIAL CORRIDOR

Lakeview Ampitheater

Source: Hueber-Breuer Construction Co.

BUILDING INVENTORY

Destiny USA

Source: Bergmann Architects

New York State Fairgrounds

Source: Falcon View Aeiral Photography

BUILDING INVENTORY

Onondaga Yacht Club Boat House

Source: Onondaga County Public Library

Salt Shed

Source: Onondaga Historical Association

BUILDING INVENTORY

Oil Tanks

Source: Syracuse NewTimes

ECOLOGY EUGENE CHEN & JENNY SU

0 0.25 0.5

Miles

As the new proposed gateway to Syracuse, the Geddes Lakeshore Enhancement program introduced a recreational area along the shore of Onondaga Lake. More than 1,100 native shrubs of 47 diverse species were planted in attempt to improve the shoreline.

ECOLOGY

30 acres of land near Nine Mile Creek was transformed into a wetland in support of Onondaga Lakeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural enhancement. The area is now rid of contaminated soil, and is replaced with more than 50,000 native plant species. Nine Mile Creek also

The Geddes Brooks area dedicated 17 acres of land to be transformed into a habitat for Onondaga wildlife. Contaminated soil as well as Invasive plant species were taken out. The wetland was the nreplaced with more than 50,000 native plants (mostly shrubs) that allows for small animals, native to the Onondaga area, to develop.

ECOLOGY

4.6 mi

1 mi

-7’ -13’ -20’ -26’ -33’ -39’ -46’ -53’

-56’ -59’

ECOLOGY

-62’

-59’ -56’-

53’ -46’

-39’ -33’

-26’ -20’ -13’

-7’

Onondaga Lake Depth and Topography

1898

1919

ECOLOGY

1977

2020

ECOLOGY

Over-lapped Zone Differences Throughout Time (1898-2020)

0 0.25 0.5

Miles

Bathymetry

0 0.25 0.5

Miles

Wetland and marsh Wetland and Marsh

0 0.25 0.5

Miles

Waste Bed Waste Bed

0 0.25 0.5

Hazardous Waste Sites

Miles

hazardous Waste Sites

ECOLOGY

0 0.25 0.5

Miles

2014

Ono

2014

0 0.25 0.5

Miles

Areas to be capped Areas to be dredged and capped Major watershed projects

Source: OBG (2018)

ondaga Lake Cleanup

ECOLOGY

2012 2013-2015

Dichlorobenzenes: Toxity on Benthic Organisms

Non-toxic Toxicity factor = 1-4 Toxicity factor = 4-15 Non-toxic

Toxicity factor = 15-50

Toxicity factor = 1-4

Toxicity Toxicity factor =factor 4-15 = 50-200 Toxicity factor = 15-50

Toxicity factor = 200-700

Toxicity factor = 50-200

Toxicity factor = >700

Toxicity factor = 200-700 factor = >700 (2010) Source:Toxicity Onondaga Lake Superfund

Source: Onondaga Lake Superfund (2010)

Mercury: Toxicity Effects on Benthic Organisms

ECOLOGY

Non-toxic Up to 1.3 ppm 1.3 - 6.5 ppm Non-toxic

6.5 - 26 ppm Up to 1.3 ppm

26ppm - 50 ppm 1.3 - 6.5 6.5 - 26 ppm 26 - 50 ppm

Source: Onondaga Lake Superfund (2010)

HYDROLOGY MARIO BENEDICT & ISABEL SIERRA

Onondaga County

HYDROLOGY

Watershed Area

Wetlands

HYDROLOGY

Wastelands

100

HYDROLOGY

Solvay Process Company, 1900

101

Clean Lake Water

102

HYDROLOGY

Dirty Water of Onondaga Lake

103

Contaminates

Benzene Chlorinated Benzene Hexachlorobenzene Ethylbenzene Mercury Lead Chloroform PCBs Choroethane Aroclor-1254 Antimony Chromium Vinyl Chloride Toluene Xylene Benzoanthrecene

104

Harmful Side Effects

Neurological Disorders Behavioral Disorders Kidney Failure Thyroid Failure Cancer Reproductive Toxicant Developmental Toxicant

HYDROLOGY

Cardiovascular Toxicant Blood Toxicant Endocrine Toxicant Gastrointestinal Toxicant Liver Toxicant Immunotoxin Resporitory Toxicant

Skin Toxicant

Death

105

To Be Dredged and Capped

106

HYDROLOGY

To Be Capped

107

108

Habitat Layer

Isolation Layer

Erosion Protection Layer

Mixing Layer

Buffer Layer

Underlying Material

HYDROLOGY

Lake Onondaga

Marl

Sand and Gravel

Fill

Silt and Clay

Till

Peat

Silt and Sand

Bedrock

109

110

HYDROLOGY

111

HISTORY DAVID CSABAI & MEEHAN PATEL

Onondagas Tribe tells French of the presence of salt springs on the southern shores of the lake.

1654

Solvay waste deposited at south end of Onondaga Lake.

New York State buys Onondaga Lake and surrounding land to exploit salt resources.

Treaty of Fort Stanwix: “the salt lake, and the lands for one mile around the same, shall forever remain for the common benefit of the people of the State of New York, and of the Onondagas, and their posterity, for the purpose of making salt.”

1890s

1795

1778

METRO METRO Treatm Treatm primary primary started started

1928 1928 Commercial salt production begins to end, industrial development (ex. Crucible steel) begins.

Lake lowered to drain Syracuse swamps, lake surface reduced by 20%.

1822

1900

1884

Start of Solvay Process Company soda ash production.

1794

1770

Onondaga salt is being used among Delaware Indians and being brought to Albany.

114

First commercial salt production near Onondaga Lake.

1790s-1822

New York State continues to purchase land from Onondaga without following rules and regulations set forth by the Federal Government.

1920

Lake closed to public swimming.

1898

Whitefish dissapear. Onondaga Lake’s commercial fishery ends.

Closure of soda ash production facilities. Lake reopened to fishing.

O Sewage ment Plant y treatment d.

1986

Start of Hg loading to lake (5kg per day).

95% reduction of Hg into lake. Drop in Hg levels in fish flesh.

1970

Federal Clean Water ACT was enacted.

1946

1972

METRO Sewage Treatment Plant upgrade to secondary treatment completed.

Federal court order defines the terms of Onondaga Lake cleanup.

1979

The Governor proposes a $30 million in state funding to support economic development and infrastructure for communities surrounding Onondaga Lake. This includes remediation projects, new housing and business opportunities and even enhancements to the lakefront to increase access and new recreational activities.

2014-2015

2006

HISTORY

1976

1953

Doubling amount of Hg into lake (10kg per day).

1940s

Solvay waste deposited along Nine Mile Creek.

1971

Onondaga County ban on high phosphate detergents.

1988

Closure of mercury process. Hg into Onondaga Lake is no longer permitted.

85%-90% reduction in metal loadings to the lake from Crucible Steel. Research Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976.

1981

METRO Sewage Plant begins tertiary treatment. Rise in Hg levels in fish flesh.

2017

Honeywell completes its cleanup initiatives as outlined by federal courts.

2012-2014

Dredging of 2.2 million cubic yards of toxic lake bottom.

115

Source: The New York Times, 1987.

116

HISTORY

Source: The New York Times, 1986.

117

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Old Salt Buildingâ&#x20AC;? located on Free Street (Hiawatha Blvd) Circa 1890 Onondaga Lake was not only known for the salt industry, but also the large tourism. The shoreline contained many major tourist attractions including hotels, restaurants and amusement parks. The lake was so popular that people traveled from as far as New York City to visit the lake and its shores. One of the most popular resort areas was the Iron Pier located near the present site of the Carousel shopping mall at the south of the lake. The Iron Pier featured a variety of recreational activities along its huge resort pavilion. Steamboat services left from the pier to transport toursits to other resorts around the lake.

Source:Onondaga Community College, 1890.

118

HISTORY

Inner Harbor in Syracuse At the time the inner harbor was very well known as a hub for boat manufacturing due to the salt industry. Majority of the boats that were manufactured there were flat bottom boats as these boats would also ship out salt through the Seneca and Oswego river and Lake Ontario. With the Erie canal present, Syracuse was continuing the creation of the canal itself and tug boats. By the year 1918, the boat industry helped Central New York, the center of manufacturing, which slowly lead to tourism on the inner harbor. On July 12th 1921, the first full cargo shipment unloaded at Syracuse Barge Canal Terminal. Started in 1905 and completed in 1918, the Barge Canal was an improvement upon the old Erie Canal system and took advantage of existing rivers and lakes when the route was being laid out. With the new system came a harbor on Onondaga Lake that was used to move goods to and from the city such as coal, lumber, and oil. Today, the Barge Canal Terminal is known as the Inner Harbor and is the site of many forms of recreation such as walking, boating, and fishing.

Source: Onondaga Historical Association, 1863.

119

Onondaga Lake Park Onondaga Lake Park is a more than two-mile linear green-way located on the northeast shore of Onondaga Lake. Within the village of Liverpool, its southern end includes the Family Activity Center with recreational amenities such as ball fields, playgrounds, skate parks and a marina, and cultural facilities such as the Griffin Visitors Center and the Salt Museum. Just south of the park are the Skä·noñh-Great Law of Peace Center and the Soaint Marie among the Iroquois fort. North of the marina is a walkway/bike path along the shore of the lake terminating with the Syracuse University and Syracuse Chargers boat houses at the lake outlet.

Source: Onondaga Historical Association, 1863.

120

HISTORY

Onondaga Lake, the Recreational Capital of CNY Once considered among the most polluted lakes in the U.S., it is slowly (and unevenly) being remediated. Still a sacred site for the Onondaga Nation, the lake has been the location of salt production, a recreational/entertainment center and a conduit for commercial traffic to the city of Syracuse. As environmental remediation progresses, the lake reenters the social imaginary of possible futures.

Source: The Washington Post, 1921.

121

The Onondaga Yacht Club The Onondaga Yacht Club was founded in 1883 on the Western shore of Onondaga Lake, near what is now Interstate 690. The club opened formally in 1938 and was a massive recreational hub. In 1953, the club was used by the Syracuse University sailing team for college competition.

Source: Onondaga Historical Association, 1863.

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HISTORY

Solar salt fields with Spencer Street Bridge (over Onondaga Creek). In the 1970s, work was done in order to restore the water quality of the lake cleanup contamination around the lake as part of the overall environmental movement in the US. Various laws were enacted, including the Federal Clean Water Act in 1972 and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, and state and federal superfund regulations. These laws, along with scientific studies of the lake, and improved treatment of sewage water discharged to the lake, have significantly helped to improve the water quality of the lake. However, contaminants (mercury, chlorinated solvents, etc.), sediments and land filled wastes among the lake shore and within the lake watershed still pose long-term risks to the lakeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water quality.

Source: Onondaga Community College, 1970.

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Oil City on Hiawatha Blvd, removed to make way for Destiny Mall. Prior to the construction of Destiny Mall, the plot of land was used for an oil tank farm run by many major petroleum companies. The sandy soil took many years of abuse from the petroleum that had been pumped out by approximately 80 storage facilities. For this reason, the land remained as a contaminant site. Large amounts of contamination were left behind leaving citizens in question whether the construction of the mall would be a good idea. The contaminants of concern were mostly petroleum by-products such as volatile organic compounds and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. In fact, these contaminants were at concentrations above the restricted residential use. These gases bring many dangers as they accumulate in groundwater and when they come in contact with humans.

Source: Syracuse New Times, 1989.

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HISTORY

Oil City, Syracuse, New York 1989 The plan for Destiny Mall however did not account for removing any of these contaminants, but instead would stop them from leaking elsewhere. This was done using a capping system which physically covered any contaminated sites with a metal barrier, pavement or buildings.

Source: Syracuse New Times, 1989.

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Trails of Onondaga Lake Park The trails range from: East Shore Recreational Trail, Shore Line Walking Trail, West Shore Trail and the Lake Land Trail. In 1928, Joseph A. Griffin was the secretary of the Onondaga County Park and Regional Planning Board and Chairman of the Boulevard-Parkway Committee. He introduced and pushed for the development of a parkway to connect the city of Syracuse and the Village of Liverpool that would include park land and athletic facilities. When this project was finished in 1933, Griffin Stadium was dedicated in his honor. For 70 years, thousands of community and interscholastic sports events took place at the Griffin Field.

Source: CNY Central, 2015.

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HISTORY

Wegman’s Landing Park Today, Onondaga Lake Park offers many recreational opportunities for residents of Liverpool, Onondaga County, and beyond. Vehicle-free paved trails welcome bicyclists, skaters, and runners. Trams run from the Salt Museum to Willow Bay during the summer months. A 16,900 square foot skate park is open from April to October. A marina welcomes boaters and park visitors to the Wegmans Boundless Playground, where they will find “a magical place where all our children and adultsthe fully able and those who have physical, sensory, and developmental disabilities--can play and grow together.” Onondaga Lake Park is located adjacent to the Village of Liverpool. It is the crown jewel of the Onondaga County Parks system. The Wegmans Playground, opened in September 2003, is a prime attraction at the southern entrance of the lake park. As a major component of Onondaga County’s Parks for Tomorrow initiative, the Onondaga Lake project also featured the region’s first concrete skate park, a visitor center, recreational play fields, areas for bocce, shuffleboard, volleyball and Loop the Lake trails.

Source: Onondaga County Parks, 2003.

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128

HISTORY

Source: Onondaga County Postcard, 1909.

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HISTORY

Source: Onondaga Historical Assocaition, 1882.

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132

HISTORY

Source: Onondaga Historical Association, 1863.

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MATTERS OF SITE & FORMATION

ONONDAGA LAKE, SYRACUSE, NEW YORK

Matters of Site & Formation Onondaga Lake, Syracuse, New York Research Book 1 ARC208.M003 - Architectural Design Studio IV Spring 2020 Syracuse University School of Architecture Contributors: Mario Benedict Yu Jie Chen Daniel Csabai Suchismita Gangopadhyay Russell Harman Ashlyn La Mothe Miao Luo Abigail McCarthy Fatima B N A Malek Mohammad Meejan Patel Isabel Sierra Thitaree Suqiwatchai Chu Han Tarn Chichen Wei Studio Lead: Prof. Sou Fang Studio Coordinators: Prof. Julie Larsen Prof. Ted Brown

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MATTERS OF SITE & FORMATION

ONONDAGA LAKE, SYRACUSE, NEW YORK