SPAN: January 1978

A LEITER FROM THE PUBUSHER January 1978 marks the 60th anniversary of u.s. President Woodrow Wilson's enunciation of Fourteen Points that should govern harmonious relations between the nations of the world. What has happened to Wilson's beacon principles and to the new world he envisioned?

For many years it was the conventional wisdom to claim that Woodrow Wilson's idealism had Woodrow Wilson been too "moralistic," too "rigid," for this corrupt world we live in. Wilson himself had been a mere babe in the woods overrun, when he went abroad, by the realpolitik of crafty European diplomats in the drawing up of the punitive Versailles peace treaty at the end of World War I. And at home, in the United States, Wilson had been badly defeated by isolationists who, by keeping America out of the League of Nations, effectively sabotaged his dream of world amity. So ran the argument of the "realists."

But recently-particularly since the election of President Jimmy Carter-we have seen a revival of Wilson's reputation, as well as a reaffirmation of his values. For Wilson may be regarded as a harbinger of Carter, Carter a continuator of Wilson's key policies-and both Presidents stand in the main line of American foreign policy, going back to our third President at the beginning of the 19th century, Thomas Jefferson.

The best known of Wilson's Fourteen Points was the one that insisted on the right of all nations to self-determination.

This insistence strongly encouraged the leaders of the Indian national independence ~ovement. Wilson regarded national freedom as a fundamental entitlement of all men by virtue of their humanity. This was Jefferson's position as expressed in the American Declaration of Independence, and it is President Jimmy Carter's as well. He has made the human rights of all peoples a cardinal point of American policy.

Wilson advocated the removal of economic boundaries between nations and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions. The Carter Administration is pushing for a wider and more cooperative world economic system. In a wideranging exposition of American foreign policy reprinted in this issue, the President's National Security Adviser, Zbigniew Brzezinski, affirms the American search for answers to the problems of North-South economic relations.

Wilson called for worldwide disarmament. President Carter has taken new initiatives to achieve a SALT II agreement with the Soviet Union on the limitation of nuclear armaments. He is making strenuous efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, while at the same time safeguarding nuclear energy for beneficial peaceful uses.

It is no accident that President Carter's views coincide with Wilson's. Both Presidents grew up in highly spiritual homes where the dignity of the individual was stressed. Both were reared in the American South, which was a kind of developing country vis-a-vis the developed North-and so were able to appreciate the viewpoint of the developing countries of the world.

Perhaps most important, Woodrow Wilson and Jimmy Carter share the American Pledge of Allegiance to "liberty -J.W.G. and justice for all."

SPAN American Foreign Policy and Global Change

by Zbigniew Brzezinski

5 The New South: America's Vigorous Pacesetter 10 15 18 Ruth Benedict's "Patterns of Culture" 21 24 26 28 34 The Visions of a Pragmatic Idealist 37 On the Lighter Side 38 . Uday Shankar in America 41 Indian Garments: Destination U.S.A. 45 American Indians Campaign for Justice 49

by Jay Clarke

A review by Pria Karunakar

by Joseph E. Brow~

by S.R. Madhu

by Peg McKay

Front cover: The Pennzoil Place, its twin 37-story towers connected by a glassed-in lobby, symbolizes not just the architectural showcase that is Houston but also the phenomenal progress made by America's southern states. See story on New South, pages 5-9.

Back cover: An electron spectrometer is the perfect instrument for air pollution studies as it does a very precise content analysis of the atmosphere. It can detect traces of contaminants in gases down to a tenth of a part per million. See also page 49.

JACOB SLOAN, Editor; JAY-W. GILDNER, Publisher.

Managing Editor: Chidananda Dasgupta. Assistant Managing Editor: S.R. Madhu.

Editorial Staff: Krishan Gabrani, Nirmal Sharma, Murari Saha; Rocque Fernandes.

Art Director: Nand Katyal. Art Staff: Gopi Gajwani, B. Roy Choudhury, Kanti Roy. Chief of Production: Awtar S. Marwaha. Photo Editor: Avinash Pasricha. Photographic Services: USIS Photo Lab. Published by the United States Information Service, 24 Kasturba Gandhi Marg, New Delhi 110001, on behalf of the American Embassy, New Delhi. The opinions expressed in this magazine do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Government. Printed by Aroon Purie at Thomson Press (India) Limited, Faridabad, Haryana.

Photographs: Front cover-Chris CassIer. 5-Lee E. Battaglia. b (clockwise from top right)-NASA; James A. Sugar, Š National Geographic Society; Lee E. Battaglia; Charles O'Rear. 7- Lee E. Battaglia. 15- Lew Stamp. 17- Harry Naltchayan. 21-Charles Mendez. 24-25-courtesy Eastman Kodak. 28-Ben Heller, New York. 29-Robert M. Jackson. 34-Leo Touchet, courtesy Exxon Company. 35-National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

U.S.A. 38-40-courtesy Uday Shankar. 49 and back cover-courtesy National Bureau ofSt.ndards, U.s.A.

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NEW HOUSES FROM OLD A dilapidated apartment building in New York was saved from ruin by the collective effort of its tenants-who formed a corporation, obtained a government loan, hired an architect, invested their labor. They thus acquired not merely new homes but new skills-and compliments from President Carter. A SP AN correspondent in Washington tells the story.

A new phrase- "sweat equity" -popped into the public eye and imagination recently when President Jimmy Carter went to New York to address the United Nations. Before returning to the White House, Mr. Carter made a surprise visit to a section of the city called the South Bronx. There he inspected what has been called "some of the country's worst urban blight," a neighborhood of dilapidated and abandoned buildings and rubblestrewn vacant lots.

Jimmy Carter got out of his limousine to chat with the residents of the tan-brick six-story apartment house at 1186 Washington Avenue. This proved to be a front-page event, but only partly because the President of the United States was involved.

1186 Washington Avenue is a startling, and inspiring, example of what private citizen groups are doing to combat the problem of inadequate housing and deteriorating neighborhoods, especially in the "inner city" sections of the old industrial cities¡ of northeastern and midwestern America. Indeed, it is an almost universal problem in these straitened economic times, compounded in many cases by population shifts, low incomes and unemployment.

Three years ago the building at 1186 Washington Avenue was a ruin, similar to others nearby which had been abandoned by the owners because rentals did not meet the costs of maintenance, rising fuel bills and local taxes. In this mixed neighborhood of Puerto Ricans and black and white people, a group of young men and women decided on a plan to restore the building as an apartment house for themselves and others.

A group of some 40 persons formed the "people's development corporation" and asked city officials for a loan from municipal/Federal funds to renovate the battered tenement.

They would convert it into 28 small and larger apartments with solar heat collectors on the roof. The young people would invest thousands of hours of their own labor- "sweat equity" -to become owners of the apartments without making the down payments ordinarily required in a cooperative.

An architect helped them draw up plans, and the slow job of demolition and reconstruction began. Only the building's outer walls and a few cross beams remained after the removal of rotting partitions, rusty pipes and ragged wiring. Skilled craftsmen were hired and paid regular wages while training the worker-tenants, who were paid a modest sum and worked 10 hours extra a week without pay as part of their investment in the project.

By the time President Carter made his sudden appearance, the worker-owners were in their bright, attractive and new apartments, which lacked only a final coat of paint and additional furniture they could not yet afford. Mr. Carter said he was "impressed by the spirit of hope and determination by the people to save what they have."

In reporting this story, The New York Times said: "But to the young members of the people's development corporation, the group that organized and did the work, those new apartments 2

SPAN JANUARY 1978

President Carter tours tenements in South Bronx, New York. Accompanying him are Patricia Harris, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (left), and Mayor Abraham Beame.

are more than apartments. They are the base for a much larger goal-to fill the empty lives of thousands of slum youths with a sense of collective purpose, to give them jobs, training, hope and confidence in their ability to change the world for the better."

Victor Merced, a 20-year-old who graduated from high school without a working skill, now owns a one-bedroom apartment at 1186 Washington Avenue as a result of two years of labor, the first nine months of it as a trainee without pay.

"First I learned carpentry, plumbing, how to read blueprints.

Now I'm a construction supervisor, and that's the work I want to do in ~ehabilitating buildings around here and in other parts of the Bronx."

While most of the Washington Avenue residents arerpaying apartment charges out of their unemployment insurance, they have been doing preparatory work without pay, along with more than 100 other young Bronx residents, on a project for rehabilitating seven other neighborhood buildings. They have been negotiating with city officials to receive allotments from two U.S. Federal Government funds, Community Development (Department of Housing and Urban Development) and Comprehensive Employment and Training (Department of Labor), plus temporary loans from local banks.

Upon his return to Washington after his New York trip, the President signed into law a bill passed by the U.S. Congress to provide nearl~ $15,000 million for the rehabilitation of blighted urban areas iRAmerica. It would not only provide housing at reasonable rents but spur economic development and create a half million jobs in construction and other industries. 0

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY AND GLOBAL CHANGE

by ZBIGNIEW BRZEZINSKI Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

How should the United States respond to the complex process of global change? A key American foreign¡policy strategist addressed this subject recently in a speech made in Bonn, West Germany, to the Trilateral Commission. * He outlined the four basic priorities the United States Government has set before itself in foreign policy, and expressed confidence that they would help shape a world that would be 'creatively pluralistic.'

Since 1945, the United States, with its allies, has been engaged in an effort to create a more congenial international setting for our values, for our interests, and for our future. But we have done this while the international political system has felt the pressures of two simultaneous trends: an intense ideological and power conflict, and a remarkable expansion in the scope Of its participation, produced by the waning of empires and th()resulting tripling in the number of nation-states.

This conjunction -of conflict rooted in ideology, power, and national ambitions, with a sudden expansion in international participation - has made for extraordinary turbulence in world affairs.

Nonetheless, our basic commitments have remained unchanged from Administration to Administration. This is especially the case with our collective securityand our commitment to common defense remains a central and constant element in our policy. What has changed is the international context in which we have sought to maintain these commitments. The nature of that change has often presented us with enormously complex problems of analysis, and even of values. In reacting to global change, what factors should we stress and why? In an era of such rapid change, with some of that change involving values clearly in conflict with our own traditions, is it more important to *The Trilateral Commission, the forum for Zbigniew Brzezinski's speech reproduced here, is a group of leading American, Japanese and West European citizens who take an active interest in foreign affairs.

President Jimmy Carter was a member of the Commission while he was Governor of Georgia.

preserve the status quo, or to try to shape Europe and Japan, the very pace of the that change in directions that preserve efforts to overcome the traumatic legacies our interests and enhance our values? of World War II may still have played a role.

Or is it possible to do some of both ?

This is why the new American President Each Administration has answered these questions somewhat differently, put so much emphasis, as early as in his thereby setting for itself somewhat differ- Inaugural Address, on "the new spirit." ent priorities. Today, while emphasizing Faced ¡with a world that was losing faith the underlying continuity in American in America, by the widespread global foreign policy, I wish to share with you phenomenon of anti-Americanism, the some thoughts on how the new Carter new Administration put high on its list Administration defines its objectives, and of priorities the need to revive both. how it responds to continuing as well as American confidence and the spiritual to new global dilemmas. relevance of the West to emerging global In broad terms, the Carter Administradilemmas. We sensed that, for far too long, the United States had been seention set for itself four basic priorities: 1. To overcome the crisis of the spirit; often correctly-as opposed to change, 2. To help shape a wider and more committed primarily to stability for the sake of stability, preoccupied with the cooperative world system; 3. To resolve conflicts that left un- balance of power for the sake of the resolved are not likely to be contained; . preservation of privilege. We deliberately 4. To engage governments and peoples set out to identify the United States in responding to new and key global with the notion that change is a positive phenomenon; that we believe that change dilemmas. can be channeled in constructive directions; and that internationally change can Overcoming the Crisis of the Spirit be made compatible with our own underIn some regards, the crisis of the lying spiritual values.

The emphasis we have put on human spirit in recent years has been specifically American; .in a larger sense, it has been rights is derived from this perspective. part of the broader malaise of the West; We believe that human rights is an idea in some respects, it is related to the whose historic time has come. Throughout political awakening of mankind, which the world, because of higher literacy, has had the effect of transforming hereto- better communications, and a closer sense fore seemingly universal Western values of interdependence, people are demanding into an apparently parochial perspective. and asserting their basic rights. This In its specific American dimension, the phenomenon manifests itself-though in crisis of the spirit was stimulated by the different ways and with differing priorities-in the Far East and in Southern Vietnamese War and by the constitutional and moral crisis of Watergate. In Western Africa; in Latin America and in Eastern

Europe and the U.S.S.R., it has asserted genuine liberty and self-fulfillment of the useful forum for consulting regarding our itself in recent years in our own society individual has a message and the necessary economic policy. The NATO Summit on the racial front, and it is also making point of departure for a dialogue with developed joint steps to enhance our itself felt in other advanced industrial the the rest of the world about basic human collective security. Furthermore, democracies.· We do not make the needs-material, social, political, and President recently recommitted the United acceptance of our view of human rights technological.

States to a policy of forward defense in • A rekindling of America's commit- Europe and to continued security of our a precondition for specific bilateral relaallies in the Far East. But that comtionships; nor do we wish to prescribe ment to reform. The current international our specific norms for other societies. situation demands a creative effort to mitment needs to be defined and refined But we do believe that these two words devise new habits of conduct and new in the light of changing circumstances, "human rights" summarize mankind's institutions for dealing with regional and and both its strategic as well as tactical social progress; that they represent the global problems. We accept this challenge implications will require greater cooperagenuine historical inevitability of our with enthusiasm rather than resignation, tion and joint re-evaluation in the years time; and that the United States should recognizing that we cannot design solu- ahead.

Similarly, we must jointly face the not be ashamed of our commitment to the tions unilaterally nor engage the interests and efforts of others without patient and danger that the advanced world will soon advancement of human rights.

In addition, the revival of popular thorough consultations. confront an energy crisis of mounting American concern for events beyond our I believe that the last 10 months have proportions, and all of us-and especially shores derives in part from the special already seen a significant reduction in the United States-must develop conemphasis that the Administration has anti-Americanism abroad. I believe the servation and innovation on an increasplaced on relating our foreign policy new, and confident, American approach ingly urgent basis. goals to deeper American values. The to world affairs, rooted in our values, is A secure and economically cooperative reawakened American concern for human beginning to re-establish the basis for an community of the advanced industrial rights thus not only reflects the deep American role that can truly be morally democracies is the necessary source of convictions of the President and of most just and politically effective. stability for a broad system of internaAmericans; this concern has also played tional cooperation. We are aware of the pitfalls of constructing· a geometric a significant role in overcoming wideToward a Wider and spread popular disillusion and cynicism world-whether bilateral or trilateral or More Cooperative World System about foreign policy, thus enabling the pentagonal-that leaves out the majority United States again to play a more For us, the point of departure for of mankind who live in the developing constructive role across a broad range America's involvement in the world is countries. A global structure that would of international issues. our relationship with Western Europe and ignore this reality would be inhumane, I believe it is fair to say that the crisis Japan. The bonds of interest and sentiment for it would reflect indifference to the of the spirit in the United States is coming . which link our destinies have a special hardships of others; it would be unto an end. The changing outlook of the character. We share a commitment to realistic, for we cannot ignore scores of United States on the world today has democratic procedures, civil rights, the nations with whom we are increasingly several dimensions: market system, open societies. We con- interdependent; and it would be damaging • A revival of American optimism. This front the common problems of post- in the long run, for the problems that we is not the mere expectation of good industrial societies. We are not merely neglect today will come back in a more fortune expressed in Bismarck's remark occasional allies; we are permanent virulent form tomorrow. We are therefore that "a special providence seems to look friends. If we are determined to reassert seeking to create a new political and after drunks, fools, and Americans."

American leadership in world affairs, international order that is truly more Rather, it reflects confidence in the basic we conceive of it as shared leadership; participatory and genuinely more responstrength of our position in the world and no one country today can have a mono- sive to global desire for greater social of the moral character of that position. poly or even predominance of wisdom, justice, equity, and more opportunity for • A reawakening of American idealism. initiative, or responsibility. individual self-fulfillment.

President Carter does not shrink from Our objective in this is not a pursuit It is in this spirit that the new affirming our basic values at home and of identical policies. But together we Administration has sought to put our abroad. Americans support him in that. must relate our respective national relations with Latin America and with We do not seek to impose our principles security policies and our economic policies Africa on a new plane. We have abanon others, but we do not intend to be to common efforts to promote reconcilia- doned the traditional device of formulat, silent about the things that we believe tion among nations and to more effective inga new slogan to encapsulate U.S. in deeply. More, by reaffirming our com- international economic cooperation. In relations with Latin America. Instead, mitment to basic notions that man is dealing with each other, moreover, we we have emphasized that we respect the entitled to certain basic human rights, must acknowledge a higher standard of diversity of the Latin American nations; and that the Western democratic system mutual concern than normally marks that we seek to relate to them on a bilateral gives people the greatest opportunity for relations betwe~n sovereign states. We basis in most cases, on a regional basis self-expression, we contribute to the must accept a greater commitment to when useful, and on a global basis in spiritual revival of the West. A West consult, and to adjust our national policies regard to problems which are more that believes only in material consumption in the light of their impact on our key universal. I believe that most Latin has a message of no relevance to the rest partners.

American nations respect and welcome The economic summit last May was a of the world. A West that stands for (Text continued on page 46)

There's been an upward swing down South in America. Formerly a backward region of the United States, the South is today in the forefront of American life-in industry, politics, racial amity and culture-and still has untapped potential. The installation of Georgia-born Jimmy Carter as President is just one instance of the dynamic resurgence of the South.

GT X Then the American Civil War - Y Y ended . in 1865,' the defeated Confederates of the South, their states destitute and war-ravaged, vowed that the South would rise again.

It has taken a little more than a century, but the South today indeed has risen, and to an extent that no one would have thought possible even 20 years ago. By any measure-population increase, political power, economic growth, sociological maturity-the South is now one of the most dynamic sectors of the United States.

This spectacular resurgence is not

simply a matter of economics. The very fabric of Southern life is changing, and with it American life. The same new highways and new airways that have brought economic power and a mass migration of people into the South have also served as channels for the import and export of ideas.

What the media is calling "the New South" is that combination of economic growth and changing attitudes that is producing a new and significant quadrant of power in America.

Since 1970, the South has outpaced the rest of the nation in both population

and economic growth. While the country's population rose by' 4.8 per cent, the South's gained by 8:6 per cent, climbing to 66,800,000, according to the Southern Growth Policies Board.

Along with this great migration of people seeking a warmer climate and richer opportunity has come American business. After World War II, companies in the Northern states began building factories in the South to take advantage of lower labor costs, attractive tax structures and lower living expenses. The gap is not as wide today as it was then, but -it is still meaningful.

Production (Text continued on page 8)

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Clockwise from above: Cowhand Kenneth Kincaid receives instructions on a walkietalkie from his airborne foreman who uses a helicopter to herd cattle roaming over a half-million-acre Texas ranch; foreign companies like the Swedish Match Company, whose factory at Kesnner in Louisiana is shown here, have now recognized the South's industrial potential; a major portion of American space research is conducted in the Southern states.

The Johnson Space Center near Houston, Texas, has its own simplified life support and communications system similar to

one that astronauts in a disabled shuttle may require while transferring to a rescue shuttle for their return to earth; cheering New Orleans .crowd watches the defeat of the visiting New York Giants at the hands of the home football team; if it :Vas the easy availability of inexpensive labor thell initially attracted industries to the South, today it is the high proficiency of skilled labor that has made states like Louisiana leaders in the realm of American business.

Facing page: A towering new bank building symbolically dwarfs old structures.

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S'iJuilL

conTinued

workers' weekly earnings, for instance, averaged $162 in the Southeast and $175 in the Southwest, compared to $192 nationwide, according to a compilation

by Business Week magazine.

In a competitive economy, such differences can be strong inducements for industry. The result is that in the last decade, 76 per cent of all new manufacturing jobs were generated in the South.

So many firms have moved to Atlanta -the unofficial "capital" of the South -that in 1974 the city was second in the country in new-office construction. It has just opened three major hotels, including one of the tallest in the world, and its new convention center, city officials hope, will lift it from the No. 3 to No.2 convention city in America.

Unlike the days when cotton was king, the economy of the South is no longer dependent on one product. The enormous influx of business in the postwar years has given the region a much deeper and diversified industrial base. Walt Disney World in Florida is one of the biggest single tourist attractions in the United States. Holiday Inns, the huge motel chain, operates out of Memphis, Tennessee.

Halliburton-Brown of Houston is one of the biggest construction firms in America.

The space program has its launching pads in Florida, its headquarters in Houston, and satellite and spinoff industries in such cities as Huntsville, Texas; Marietta, Georgia; and Melbourne, Florida. Defense spending has been concentrated in the South.

Oil is mainly a product of the South, as are the light metals of the aerospace and electronic age-aluminum, titanium and magnesium. In agriculture, which is becoming increasingly important in world trade and politics, the new technologies of farming favor the South with its space and long growing season. Even professional sports have moved south as team owners catered to the burgeoning populations. Professional football, America's hottest sport, has moved south and west from its Northern strongholds, too, with Miami grabbing the world championship in'1972 and 1973.

Not surprisingly, foreign companies also have recognized the economic advantages oflocating in the South. France's Michelin is building a $300-million tire factory in South Carolina. Sweden's Volvo is completing a huge automobile plant in Virginia. Italy's Montedison is constructing a petrochemical plant near Houston. Japan's Seiko makes watches in

was Mr. Carter, in his inaugural speech as the new Governor of Georgia in 1971, who told his state, "I say to you quite frankly that the time for racial discrimination is over."

In that declaration-previously unheard-of for a Governor of a Deep South state- Mr. Carter struck a responsive chord in millions of Southerners, new and old, who had no stomach for the racism of the past. "Jimmy Carter," observed syndicated columnist Ernest B. Furgurson, "stands for millions of unnoticed people down South. They are the ones who never got their pictures on television because they never knocked a freedom marcher on the head, never lynched a Barbara Jordan, Congresswoman from Texas, black man, never burned a school bus who was considered for the Viceor a cross, never dynamited a church."

Presidential nomination, delivered the keynote Governor Reubin Askew of Florida address at the 1976 Democratic National is another of the South's new breed, Convention in New York City which He has demanded integrity in governnominated Jimmy Carter for the Presidency. ment and a commitment to humanistic South Carolina. Germany's BASF pro- rights, even going on record as favoring duces dyes in Charlotte, North Carolina. school busing if necessary to end segregaThe Southern states are very much aware tion. Such a stand would have been politiof this foreign investment potential and cal suicide in the Old South, but not in have acted to attract it. Arkansas and the new: Governor Askew easily won Kentucky have recently opened develop- re-election in 1974. ment offices abroad -now 12 of the He, too, sees the South on the threshold 15 Southern states have such offices in of new greatness. "The maturing South," Western Europe and/or Japan. he told a Tampa symposium on the contemporary South, "has always been there, It is not surprising that the exodus of blacks from the South has virtually just below the surface of racism and ended and may reverse itself. Many blacks despair, struggling for a chance to emerge. went to Northern cities to find a better ... The South tomorrow can represent life, but wound up little better off econo- the coming-of-age of an entire peoplemically and hating the hard realities culturally, economically, educationally, of Northern urban life. "When I left socially, politically." the South, I didn't have a chance to Perhaps the most startling change in make a decent living there," Julius Man- the South has been in its treatment of the ning, 57, told The Washington Post re- black minority. Despite the Supreme cently. "But that's changed now ... we've Court decision in 1954 outlawing the got what we call a back-to-the-South "separate-but-equal" doctrine in the South movement. You may have heard about that perpetuated racial segregation in it. Lot,s of us are moving back. Lots schools, about 98 per cent of black buying land down there .... Living there's students in the South still attended allso much better." black or mostly black schools in 1964, Economic power and an expanding when the Civil Rights Act became law. populace inevitably meld into a third Today, only about two of every ten force: political power. Through the senior- blacks attend such schools-a stunning ity system, the South has long wielded reversal. By contrast, six of every ten power in the U.S. Congress; now it is blacks in the Northeast, Midwest and reaching other branches of government. border states attend segregated schools, The new political power is exemplified according to a U.S. Department of Health, in the rise of Jimmy Carter from a Georgia Education and Welfare study. peanut farmer to President of the United Despite these great gains, of course, States. A complex man with small-town the South, like anywhere else, still has decency and big-city sharpness, President room for improvement in breaking down Carter represents the new breed of South- prejudice. "In many ways, more progress ern leaders, far removed from yesterday's has been made in the South than in other stereotype of the bigoted, bourbon-sipareas partially because the problem was ping, silver-haired Southern politician. It greater here," said Peter Petras, executive

director of the Southern Regional Council. "But there is a lot of work to be done."

Two areas in which Petras feels discrimination still is widespread are in state and municipal government employment and in the way local governments distribute Federal funds allotted to them. "We have evidence that local governments are not responsive to minorities," he declared.

And the South is finding that growth begets problems. The burgeoning big cities are experiencing the same problems as their counterparts in the North: increased crime, welfare pressures, and money squeezes as demand rises for additional schools, roads and other services. Education must be improved, at considerable cost, if a trained technological work force is to be developed. Growth is producing urban sprawl in the South, which reduces the tax base for the central cities. Better cooperation across state lines must be developed to regulate water and energy supplies.

The giant construction and real-estate businesses, fueled by the South's past growth, were hit by the recent recession and still face a hard year or two. Along with reliable entrepreneurs, opportunity in the South has attracted more than its share of con men, of fly-by-night operators and other shady businessmen out to make a quick and unscrupulous dollar.

Soaring land values have meant fast profits for some, but created headaches for others. In Miami, for instance, where the average price of a used home has risen from $16,120 in 1966' to $43,821 in 1976, several companies have been unable to lure executive personnel there because of the high cost of housing.

Another possible headache ahead: The continuing drain of economic and political power from the North to the South could lead to a second "war between the states," Busil;ess Week experts theorize.

This conflict would be fought not in the trenches, but on economic and political grounds, but nevertheless would be a bitter and divisive struggle for income, jobs, people and capital.

The South plainly is at a crossroads.

The opportunity for greatness is there.

So is the opportunity for mismanagement and disaster.

But one thing is certain: the South indeed has risen again. And exciting but demanding challenges are ahead.

0 About the Author: Jay Clarke is a free-lance writer and editor whose articles often appear in a number of American magazines.

New Stars in the Southern Sky The South's phenomenal progress, particularly in the last two decades, has thrown up leaders not only in business and industry, but in other fields as well. Among them are poet James Dickey (right), novelist Eudora Welty (middle left), TV commentator and former White House Press Secretary Bill D. Moyers (middle right), tennis champ Chris Evert (bottom left), and heart surgeon Michael DeBakey (bottom right). It is people like these who have given America a welcome new picture of the Southerner. Little wonder, then, that the exodus which began long ago has been replaced by a "return to the South" movement.

This envelops not only blacks coming home with renewed hope but also other Americans and foreigners to whom the new South spells the fulfillment of the American dream.

THE HOME OF

Never in human history, says an internationally renowned sociologist, has the man-made environment of life been in such a state of complete crisis. But Barbara Ward assures us that the outcome is still in man's hands. Concerted worldwide efforts and altogether new patterns of urban settlement could lead humanity to a better future.

There are two reasons why it is exceedingly difficult to get a coherent grip on the issue of the human habitat-the settlement where all the world's people, save for dwindling groups of nomads, are born. live out their lives and go to their death.

The first reason is that this habitat includes everything. A Roman philosopher once said: "Nothing human is alien to me."

How much more true is this of the inescapable context within which the whole of existence is carried out. What can we leave out when we are talking of the complete life-cycle of mankind?

Yet to try to grasp everything is to risk grasping nothing. The entirety of the human condition certainly escapes the statistician. It probably escapes the poet. So whatever is written about our habitat must submit to being incomplete. Perhaps, as a result, it will leave out vital clues to coherence and understanding.

The second reason is even more daunting. At no time in human history has the man-made environment of life been in such a state of convulsed and complete crisis. This is not to suggest that great upheavals have not repeatedly overtaken humanity. Great civilizations have perished. Empires have Above: Once a military center, now a model town, Fort Lincoln is at the far north of Washington, D.C. This model gives an idea of the harmonious integration of apartments, schools, parks and offices in the town.

fallen like skittles in a bowling alley. On the very. threshold of the so-called Age of Progress, in the 17th century, a perturbed observer like Sir Thomas Browne could observe: "The world's great mutations are ended." Throughout history, in the dark aftermath of plague or war, folk songs and ballads are full of the loss and collapse of human hopes. Compare this Elizabethan verse: Brightness falls from the air Queens have died young and fair with the lament made for the destruction of man's earliest city, Dr, about the year 2000 B.C.: Verily all my birds and winged creatures haveflown away'Alas! for my city,' I will say.

My daughters and my sons have been carried off'Alas! for my men,' I will say. o my city which exi~ts no longer, my city attacked without cause, o my city attacked and destroyed!

Few lives indeed have escaped all echo of the mourning cry in Ecclesiastes: "Man is born to trouble as the spark flyeth upwards."

But if the intensity of crisis is not new, the sheer scale undoubtedly is. The figutes are becoming so well known that it is hard to .remind ourselves how phenomenal they are. Yet they must be repeated. On any recognizable definition of what is a human being, it took at least half a million years for the first 100 million people to appear on the face of the earth-at about the year 1000 B.c., in the wake of improvements in agriculture and increases in food supplies brought about first by Neolithic man and then by the great valley civilizations-in Egypt and Mesopotamia, in North India and China. Farming, handicrafts and commerce continued to develop irregularly but expansively for the next 2,500 years. By about 1500 A.D., there were perhaps 500 million human beings on earth.

Then the great accelerations began-in knowledge, in power, in resources and technology, in mobility, in conquest. The first thousand million mark for humanity was passed about 1830.

The next thousand million took only a hundred years, the next only thirty. Today, with about four thousand million beings on the planet, the added thousand million has taken only 15 years. This rate of growth means that in the first decade of the next century, a whole new world, equivalent in numbers to this one, will be piled on top of the present level of population.

Further ahead, the predictions become even more fantasticover 250 million more people a year by 2034, the bicentenary of the death of Thomas Malthus, the first man to postulate the theorem that population would always grow to exhaust the

Cities must be built not for economics-to boost the property market; or for politics-to glorify government; but for the people, particularly the poorest. available food supplies. But such predictions belong to the world of dreams-or rather of nightmares. Before such increases could take place, the old destroyers-hunger, war, plague, "death on a pale horse" -would wipe out the surplus. What we are concerned with today is the imminent doubling of our planetary numbers in less than 40 years.

Scale is not the end of the cataclysmic nature of modern change. Once again, the figures are known and repetition can stale their impact. Yet we have to make the effort of imagination needed to realize that after some 15,000 years of organized human existence in recognizable settlements, the whole character of this habitat is being radically transformed in less than a hundred years. If we take "urban" as the adjective to qualify settlements of more than 20,000 inhabitants, throughout most of human history at least 90 per cent of the people have lived not in cities but in hamlets, villages or, at most, in small towns. At the time of the American Revolution, for instance, that was the percentage of Americans living in centers of no more than 2,500.

Now compare with this the sudden explosive acceleration of change in the 20th century. After a hundred years or so of industrialization, the number of people in urban areas at the

end of the 19th century was about 250 million in a world population of 1,650 million-the urban population accounting for 15 per cent of the world total, a little higher than the earlier urban figure of 10 per cent but still leaving the world's rural peoples in overwhelming predominance. And now in just a century, this millennial relationship is being overthrown with almost inconceivable speed. By 1960, urban populations had grown to one thousand million in a world of three thousand million-a rural ratio of two to one. Today, urban peoples are racing toward the 1,500-million mark out of a total world population of four thousand million; 10 years from now, they will pass the two-thousand-million level. By the year 2000, there will actually be more urban dwellers than rural people in a world population which will have risen to between six and seven thousand million.

We also have to realize what an astonishingly new phenomenon is the city of one million people. Probably neither Rome nor Byzantium reached that peak even at their greatest extent.

True, if Marco Polo's impressions can be trusted, Kinsai in China-on the site of today's Hankow-may have had three million inhabitants in the 13th century, and Edo, as Tokyo was first called, seems to have reached one million by the 18th century. But the concept of a "big city" did not go much beyond 100,000 until the beginnings of the 19th century; it is almost comical to recall that, at the time of the American Revolution, only two cities, Boston and Philadelphia, had even reached 50,000.

Then with the spread of industrialization and of worldwide trade, the city of one million begins to race ahead. London reached the mark in the 1820s. By 1900, there were 11 "millioncities," six of them in Europe, then still the imperial and commercial dominant of the world. But the jump from 2 to 11 in the 19th century has been followed by an infinitely more formidable acceleration in our own time. By 1950, there were 75 millioncities, 51 of them in developed regions, 24 in the developing world. Today, the developing nations have pulled ahead. They contain 101 such cities, out of a world total of 191. By 1985, the million-city will have jumped from 11 to 273 in less than a century-and 147 of them will be in the developing lands.

And even this vast multiplication does not fully measure the contemporary upheaval in human settlements. The millioncity begins to explode into the lO-million city. There were two of them in 1950-New York and London. By 1970 there were four. But by 1985 there will be at least 17 of these gigantic agglomerations, 10 of them in developing areas-with Mexico City, at nearly 18 million, only a step behind New York. And at the head of the list Edo's successor, Tokyo, will recover its earlier primacy with the dubious distinction of bringing 25 million people together in a single conurbation.

We may, of course, question whether some of the more surrealist predictions-for instance, a Calcutta of over 50 million-will ever be reached. Various degrees of urban collapse may well have intervened. But the projections are valuable as indicators of the avalanche-like scale with which the world's peoples are increasing, heaving themselves out of the millennial framework of village and small town and descending in deluges of mixed hope and despair on the world's larger settlements.

To seek analogies for change on this scale, one has the . obscure feeling that only the distant reaches of geological time can provide any adequate concept of the scale of the upheaval. The Indian subcontinent detaching itself from Antarctica

and sweeping across the Indian Ocean to its violent collision with Asia's land mass along the Himalayas, the sea pouring in to change the Caribbean or the South China seas into a chain of islands, the grinding of continental plateaus against each other, heaving up the Andes and leaving volcanic chains where Asia and Europe collide-these are surely the images that are appropriate to the scale of the 20th century's urban deluge. We are in the full tide of this great sweep. Its final consequences lie ahead. But already the ground shakes. We should hear, if we were listening, the mutter of the approaching storm. And the upheaval is not simply a physical upheaval-it is the largest increase and "wandering of the peoples" in human history. It is taking place within two wider but equally unstable contexts, one social, the other, ecological. They, too, are unique in the experience of mankind.

The social context is the deepening conquest of the human imagination by a dimly perceived but passionately longed-for vision of equality and dignity for every human being. This dream has, no doubt, many roots-archetypal memories of the unself-conscious equality of tribal society, the millennial Neolithic experience of shared tasks and modest returns in early agriculture, passionate revulsion against arrogance and greed in the wake of man's first experiments in "high" civilizationin Babylon or Mohenjo-Daro, in Ch'Ang An or Rome. But, for modern society, the Biblical strain is unmistakable. The 'great Hebrew prophets called on man "to undo the thongs of the yoke, to let the enslaved go free ... sharing your bread with the hungry and bringing the homeless into your house." The rights of the downtrodden, the duties of the fortunate, the value and dignity of the poor, the harsh condemnation of irresponsible wealth, these are judgments and energies inherited from Western man's biblical tradition-inherited even when betrayed-and, in our own day, this tradition colors the imagination, troubles the conscience or perturbs the complacency of all mankind.

And, as our world prepares to add another world equal in numbers to itself in no more than four decades, the cry for greater justice and dignity for all these thousands of millions will not be stilled. On the contrary, it will be raised all the more insistently as numbers and pressures increase.

But it is one thing to underline the fact that people's growing sense of their dignity and equality-both individually and collectively-is a near-universal phenomenon, an "inner limit" to the development of planetary society, one that can be transgressed only at the risk of the severest social disorder and breakdown. It is quite another to achieve even minimum agreement upon the content of this new perception of the human condition.

As a rough first definition, we can start by recognizing that any valid concept of dignity and equality includes a number of nonmaterial "goods" -responsibility, security and participation, the free exchange of thought and experience, a degree of human respect that is independent of monetary rewards or bureaucratic hierarchies, and a realization that this respect is lacking where rewards and hierarchies are too restrictive or too skewed. All these goods of culture, of man's mind and spirit, need not be costly in terms of material resources. Indeed, they belong to the sphere of life where growth is truly exponentialin knowledge, in beauty, in neighborliness and human concern.

But they require physical underpinning. And here the pressures bring us to a further context of great uncertainty and risk.

When we try to establish even the minimum physical conditions of a worthy human existence, we confront the widest possible

spectrum of uncertainty. For one thing, there are inescapable differences of climate and culture-Arctic housing tells us nothing about tropical standards, or Mediterranean radiance about the midnight sun. Diet, uses of energy, patterns of worship, work and play rightly reflect a vast and precious variety of cultures and social purposes. But we can perhaps accept an irreducible minimum-another "inner limit," this time the limit of physical well-being, which human society transgresses at its peril and which must include food, energy, shelter and the training and work required to secure them.

It is all too easy to see that even on this exceedingly modest standard, the task of achieving minimum conditions of human dignity for between six and seven thousand million people by the year 2000 constitutes a tremendous physical task, raises wholly new questions about the use, abuse and exhaustion of resources, and begins, for the first time in history, to hint at risks to the integrity of the entire life-support systems of the planet's biosphere. These, if you like, are the "outer limits" beyond which the human race cannot march-or stray-without risking its own sur vival.

To take these high abstractions down to a more homely level, we can note that in the crucial area of food, to bring up to a decent norm of subsistence two thousand million or so people in developing lands who are now below it, and to ensure that the next two thousand million born there achieve it, reqU'ires little short of a new agricultural revolution, with vast increases in supplies of fertilizer, improved seed, and farm machineryand equally vast impacts on the world's reserves of soil and water, in using and possibly in polluting them.

Nor will the fertilizer and machinery be produced or used without a corresponding leap forward in the demand for energy.

Once again, an energy "norm" per person is a difficult concept.

Again there must be some halfway house between extravagance and direct need. In another of those giant accelerations, between 1900 and 1970 world energy consumption rose from about 650 million metric tons of coal equivalent to 6,600 million metric tons-more than a tenfold increase-and the bulk of it occurred in the halcyon 1950s, with oil coming out of the sands at a dollar a barrel. Rising costs may, perhaps, check the rate of acceleration, but estimates as high as 21,800 million tons of consumption for the year 2000 have been made in United Nations surveys.

We should notice that these extrapolations have been based on present use. Yet today the two-thirds of the world's peoples who live in developing countries consume 15 times less energy, on the average, than do the citizens of developed societies.

Given the vast attractiveness of substituting mechanical for muscular energy-the man on the tractor for the maq. with the hoe, not to speak of the single driver in the four-seater carfuture energy use may be grossly underestimated unless it assumes at least a doubling and trebling of demand among the present poor. Adding that to existing extrapolations, the limit of safe exploitation may be fixed not by the availability, cost or risk of new energy sources but by the "outer limits" of thermal pollution on a planetary scale.

Nor should we forget the part played by energy in a further dimension of basic physical need-the need for shelter. In constructing houses, in using them, in creating in them the warmth for cold winters, the coolness for torrid summers, and all the services of the household, from cooking to piped water and sewage disposal, all of which turn a mere building into a

By 1985, the world will have more than 270 cities with populations exceeding a million.

Nearly 150 of these will be in the developing countries. treasured home, energy in its cleanest and apparently most trouble-free form-electricity-has come to dominate the houses of the developed world. In fact, the 4,740,000 substandard houses of the United States are largely defined by the absence of such services as water closets, baths and heating appliances, which require energy to provide them. The enormous gap between energy use in developed and developing countries is in part explained by the degree to which such services are simply unavailable to the poorest groups. Nearly half the municipalities of Latin America have neither sewage systems nor piped water.

The proportion on the Indian subcontinent and parts of Africa is higher still. The open drain down the main street, the contaminated well at the corner crossing-these can be the ugly symbols of man's habitat in energy-poor societies.

Of course, they are not the only symbols. The degradations continue downward in degrees of squalor-from a family to each room (the figure for 80 per cent of the people in Calcutta), to four families to a room, to tarpaper shacks, to shift-sleeping in literally makeshift beds, to no rooms or roofs at all and thousands sleeping on the pavement. Various U.N. surveys put the number of houses that need to be built to keep up with growing numbers and repair the worst evils of the past at over 47 million units every year. The figure can only be an estimate, and tells us not too much about the resources required. Rural housing in reasonable climates makes far less claim on materials or energy than the dense tenements of great urban conglomerations. But if the figures are not absolutely precise, they are precise enough to suggest that perhaps a quarter of mankind has barely attained the dignity of a roof-and there are 70 million more humans to accommodate every year.

Add to this trend of inadequate food, energy and shelter the basic needs of training in a world where illiteracy is actually increasing, and of work in areas where half the labor force may be underemployed or completely without employment for part of every year, and we can see how near the human race is coming to the point at which the "inner limit" of human dignity is finally transgressed. The most rapidly eroding of all resources, the patience of the poor, will compound the vast material strains entailed in acting in time, on an adequate scale and without irreversible environmental disruption, to meet humanity's basic needs. Mankind is in fact engaged in a kind of race for survival between the inner and outer boundaries of social pressure and physical constraint while the doubling of the world's peoples and emergence of a half-urban world takes place in only four decades.

These overlapping contexts of violent demographic, social and environmental change all meet-one could say collidein human settlements. These places must carry the vast weight of the migrations-overcrowding at the terminus, decay and blight in the deserted areas. They are also the meeting place of all the aspirations and demands of mankind's enlarged sense of its human dignity. In village or town, in suburb or slum, men

and women experience' in their daily environment the fulfill~ ment or f~ustration of all the drives and demands of aspiring modernity. Above all, it is in settlements that the physical consequences of the vast upheavals will reach their climax.

Millions upon millions crowded in the exploding cities, all too often without the minimal provisions for urban cleanliness, offer man's most concentrated insult to the support systems of air, water and soil upon whose integrity the survival of life,itself depends. If it seems difficult, almost by definition, to grasp the full scale and implications of the problems raised by the human habitat, it seems virtually impossible to do so if they are caught in these changing contexts, this whirling kaleidoscope of interlocking and contradictory forces, needs, aspirations and risks.

But remarkably enough, the vast and uncertain contexts of explosive growth, explosive aspirations and potential biophysical limits do not compound the problem of devising some sense of meaning and strategy in our approach to human settlements. On the contrary, the three contexts, rightly placed and judged, can provide clues for analysis and priorities for action.

The demographic flood is potentially so damaging precisely because it is a flood-in other words, an unmanaged, unintended, disorganized rush, pellmell, into the new urban order. But what this suggests is not further confusion but the opposite intention-a fully human one-to grasp the meaning of the,phenomenon and produce urbart settlements not by chance but by some measure of design. The first pointer is thus away from building the city by chance and over to the city built for human purposes.

Then the other two contexts fall better into place. For the first purpose of any settlement must be to end inhuman deprivation. There are a great many other needs, no doubt. And some of the aspirations of more fortunate citizens may, consciously or unconsciously, contribute degradation elsewhere. But this does not change the priority. Before the problem of, say, the highly rewarded but often culturally deprived life-style of wealthy single-class suburbs is dealt with, families in settlements must be able to satisfy the minimum needs-food, energy, secure shelter, and work. Often there are no contradictions.

Nothing, for instance, so reduced the death rate of the 19thcentury poor as the sewage systems built at the instance of the 19th-century rich. But cities must be built not for economics alone-to build up the property market; not for politics aloneto glorify the Prince (in whatever form of government). They must be built for people and for the poorest first.

And in this new intended order, the limits on material resources and on the environment must, for the first time, be recognized as fundamental challenges and constraints. The settlement by design, the settlement for people, the conserving and enhancing settlement-these are the priorities suggested by the convoluted and interdependent revolutions of our time.

With these three priorities as strategic guidelines, the tactics of the business-land use, shelter, utilities, traffic, work, recreation, convenience, beauty-can be rationally considered and some decisions for policy arrived at. We do not need to repeat the pessimism of Clemenceau in 1919. As he said, we do indeed have chaos. But, unlike him, we can realize that we have enough "to make a world."

0 About the Author: Barbara Ward is an irifluential writer on economics and international affairs, Her most recent concerns have been the problems of poverty in the Third World and unplanned worldwide urban explosion, She is the author of many books, including: The Rich Nations and the Poor Nations, The Lopsided World, and Faith and Freedom.

'

TROUBLESHOOTERS FOR THE PEOPLE The job of the ombudsmanor woman-is to make sure ordinary citizens get a fair break in their dealings with the huge, faceless bureaucracies of government and private business in today's complex world.

On the door of a small office in Dayton, a medium-sized city in the midwestern American state of Ohio, is a single nameplate with the title: OMBUDSMAN. Behind the door sits Bonnie Macaulay (above), a public official with an unusual degree of independence. The money to run her office comes from both governmental and private sources. She hires her own staff. The city manager can't tell her what to do or fire her. Mrs. Macaulay is respon-

sible only to a board of nine private citizens-and to the people of Dayton.

Her job as ombudsman is to represent citizens in their dealings with local governments, to cut through the maze of bureaucratic regulations and gain redress for individuals with legitimate complaints, to see that justice is done for the ordinary man or woman.

With a staff of 10 employees, 12 student and 8 adult volunteers, Mrs.

Almost 2,000 years ago, the Roman satirist Juvenal asked, 'Who will guard the guardians?' The institution of the ombudsman promises to fulfill just that role-to act as watchdog for the people.

Macaulay's office handles about 10,000 inquiries a year-about trash collection, medical care, welfare payments, water bills, landlord-tenant disputes, police matters and scores of other problems. But the job is more than dealing with the troubles of individuals. As one ombudsman puts it: "If we see a pattern of complaints, we have a responsibility to try to get procedures or regulations changed. We're trying to make 'the system' work better, not just look better. That's what an ombudsman is all about."

The ombudsman concept originated in Sweden more than 160 years ago. Literally translated, the word means "on behalf of man." There are all kinds of ombudsmen-and women-now; they also are called public defenders, citizen advocates and consumer representatives.

Ombudsmen of one kind or another are at work in nations around the world.

Five U.S. states and dozens of American cities have such offices, with many more considering legislation to set up similar programs. As the modern world grows more complex, the need for citizen assistance becomes greater.

Ombudsmen no longer are strictly governmental figures. They have become consumer protectors; they speak for employees and defend students' rights. They are increasingly familiar figures in American secondary schools and colleges.

There are ombudsmen in hospitals and nursing homes to protect the rights of patients. Ombudsmen of the press try to ensure fair and impartial reporting of the news; in some cases, American newspapers print criticisms of their own news practices on their editorial pages. Ombudsmen are found in police departments, too, where they deal with complaints of unfairness or rough treatment.

Perhaps most significant is the way business and industry have taken to the ombudsman idea. Major American corporations have ombudsmen on their payrolls as consumer representatives. Their job is to listen to complaints 'about faulty products or services, making sure that customers get full value for their money. Many other businesses have ombudsmen to deal with grievances from their employees.

At the Federal level, governmental ombudsmen may help a businessman

expedite a request for an export license, for every citizen to master the intricacies of or may speed up handling of an insurance the bureaucracy, just as it is frequently claim. At the municipal level, he may help impossible for the massive machinery of get a street repaired or a traffic light government to respond rapidly to each installed at a dangerous intersection. and every citizen's complaint or request.

The same is true for the huge modern A college ombudsman may be asked to find out if a proposed tuition increase corporations that sell millions of dollars is justified, or look into charges of unfair of goods each year, employ many thousgrading by a professor. In a hospital, ands of persons and have branches the ombudsman may help soothe a pa- throughout the world. No matter how well tient's worries by explaining the reason intentioned a government, a labor union for the various tests the patient is under- or a corporation, size and complexity going. In business, the ombudsman may work against the individual. Taxpayers, have to locate a faulty computer that is students, employees, consumers-citizens spewing out incorrect bills, or he may help of every kind-need someone in the a customer get proper service for a new faceless bureaucracy who will talk to them appliance or automobile. and help them with individual problems.

What all ombudsmen have in common The ombudsman tries to be that someone.

Sweden, where the idea began, has is their ability to "humanize" giant bureaucracies. They provide a place, a carried the concept the farthest. At the name, a person to whom the ordinary national level, three ombudsmen appointcitizen can turn when his or her complaint ed by the Swedish Parliament have jurisis mired down in bureaucratic channels. diction over a wide range of government In an increasingly complicated world, activities, including local governments, access to bureaucracies of all kinds, public the courts and the military. Since their and private, is an important factor in job is to ensure that all laws are fully and fairly enforced, each of them has to individual and social well-being be a recognized legal expert. * * * Almost 2,000 years ago, the Roman * * * Other countries with ombudsmen, or satirist Juvenal asked, "Who will guard the guardians?" In rough modern transla- officials with similar duties, include Austion, Juvenal was asking: Who will speak tralia, Cyprus, Denmark, the Federal for the average person in his transactions Republic of Germany, Fiji, Finland, Great with big government, big school systems Britain, Guyana, Israel, New Zealand, and with giant multinational corpora- Northern Ireland, Norway, Switzerland, Tanzania and Mauritius. tions?

In Juvenal's time the question was not At the state and city level, the ombudsreally answered. Governments as they man's power in the United States varies existed generally were remote from ordi- considerably. In some states-Hawaii, nary people. Problems that arose often Nebraska and Iowa, for example-the were confined to the community in which ombudsman is appointed by the state one lived. Personal contact was both a legislature and works more or less inpossible and practical way to deal with dependently of the formal government difficulties. Tribal societies had elders structure. In others, the ombudsman is to settle disputes and chiefs to protect appointed by the state governor. In several the members of the tribe. The centers of states, the function is carried out by real authori ty - those that impinged direct- the lieutenant governor as part of his 1y on everyday life-were never far from regular duties.

The Dayton, Ohio, ombudsman-one one's front door. But, as populations grow, governmental organizations become larger of the most independent of all-raises and more impersonal. money to operate the office from a variety In the United States, there are nearly of sources: the City of Dayton; the 100,000 separate governmental units from County Commission; the School Board; the Federal down to the local. The the United Way (a private charitable Federal Government alone employs some organization); smaller service groups such three million people, not counting the as the Kiwanis Club and the Junior Armed Forces. Obviously it is impossible League; private foundations; and smaller

Left: Charles Seib is ombudsman for The

Washington Post,

>

an

influenttal newspaper in the U.S. capital.

He keeps a close eye on the paper's news columns; when he spots something he regards as inaccurate or urifair, or receives complaintsjrom readers, ¡he checks with editors and writes a critique that is published on the Post's editorial pages.

municipalities in the area. The total office budget runs about $130,000 a year.

Since the early 1970s, similar operations have been set up by airlines, insurance companies, banks, appliance manufactur* * * In 1972, the first year of operation, ers, supermarket chains, food prothe Dayton ombudsman's office research- cessors, retail stores and pharmac.eutical ed 2,600 complaints and answered another companies. The Xerox Corporation, a 3,000 calls seeking information. Now major manufacturer of copying machines, the annual rate of calls is up to 10,000 has appointed an executive to handle employee complaints within the firm. and still rising.

One of the more visible developments One example of the power wielded by the Dayton ombudsman: A single investi- in the field has been the emergence of omgation into a complaint from a woman budsmen on a number of major American who had lost her job and then had been newspapers. They do not handle routine turned down for welfare payments (gov- complaints from subscribers who have ernment assistance to poor) led to a not received the morning paper, or from complete overhaul of the city's welfare advertisers who have spotted mistakes eligibility rules. As a result, 1,500 people in their ads. Their job is to criticize the who had previously been ineligible began product itself-the news that the paper prints, the manner in which the news is receiving welfare assistance.

The appearance of ombudsmen in all handled.

The American press is among the levels of American Government has been accompanied by a similar growth in most powerful and independent in the private industry. In recent years, dozens world. No public official is immune from of U.S. firms have appointed top-level press criticism or exposure of wrongexecutives-most reporting directly to the doing. American newspapers, through corporation presidents-as consumer re- the Constitution, are virtually censorpresentatives. Their job is to listen directly proof by governmental authorities. Beto consumer complaints, smooth ruffled cause of that power, some segments of feelings and cut through red tape to get the population have been asking for several years, "Who will criticize the criproblems solved.

All three of the major American auto- tics?" -a variation on Juvenal's 2,000mobile manufacturers now have customer year-old question. complaint bureaus with power to move More than 10 years ago, one press throughout the company bureaucracy, critic, Ben Bagdikian, wrote: "Some brave from the board room out to the dealer- owner someday will provide for a comship. When a customer feels that he has munity ombudsman on his paper's board, problems with his car that go beyond the maybe a nonvoting one, to be present, normal rattles and clunks, he can pick to speak, to provide a symbol and, up the telephone and call the auto com- with luck, exert public interest in the pany's regional headquarters or even the ultimate fate of the American newspaper."

In 1967, The Courier-Journal in Louexecutive offices in Detroit. If the custoisville, Kentucky, appointed such an mer's complaint proves justified and the dealer has been unable to resolve it, a official and gave him free rein to criticize company troubleshooter will step in. He the newspaper's output, both in internal can authorize special work at the com- memos for the staff and in a signed column pany's expense or replace the car itself, published in the paper. A number of other newspapers followed suit, including The if the problem is serious enough.

Washington Post, one of the nation's biggest and most influential.

For all its vitality in the United States, the ombudsman movement is not without foes. When the idea of an overall Federal ombudsman was proposed a few years ago, the Government was flooded with mail on both sides of the issue. Some opponents felt that an ombudsman would be "just one more bureaucratic office" to deal with.

A businessman in Atlanta, Georgia, wrote: "Only Santa Claus could meet the requirements of an effective ombudsman.

Another bureau established to cut through red tape is just that-another bureau.

What we need is government simplification. " Finally, there are those who think ombudsmen are nothing more than window dressing -an attempt by the big bureaucracies in government and industry to convince the public they are easily accessible when, in truth, they are not.

One observer has commented: "By becoming more responsive, or even by appearing more responsive, a bureaucracy can enhance its chances for survival and expansion, which is, after all, the justification that organizations as well as living things give for themselves. The ombudsman offers institutions a device that, at best, meets challenges from the public and, at worst, parries them."

Somewhat the same thought is expressed by noted U.S. consumer advocate Ralph Nader, who is a kind of ombudsman himself, working outside the bureaucracies. He says that many firms believe "it's easier to set up toll-free telephone lines so consumers can call to rid themselves of their anger than it is to improve the product which caused the problem."

Such skepticism is probably healthy, but it ultimately may prove unfounded.

The ombudsman movement may be the beginning of an even greater demand for access and accountability in big bureaucracies. The ordinary citizen has a new and growing, taste for openness--in government, corporations, labor unions and social institutions. As one business executive has put it: "People want good intentions translated into effective action and they're going to get it, one way another." ,0

0;

About the Author: Richard C. Schroeder is a writer who has specialized in international economic and social development. He is a consultant to the U.S, State Department and various other national and international organizations, and coauthor of Dateline Latin America.

RECONSIDERATIONS

PATTERNS OF¡ CULTURE: In the beginning God gave to every people a cup of clay and from this cup they drank their life.

We define ourselves by our choices. To what extent are these choices, and the stance we take toward them, determined by our culture, that subtle chemistry that makes us who we are? The man who consciously relinquished his land as an heirloom to other hands exacted the promise that it would be respected as such. "Our ways are not your ways," Chief Seattle said, nevertheless unless these things be honored, the earth, the air, the water, unless these things be honored, the bond between men and the creatures, the bond between men and men, we face together "the end ofliving and the beginning of survival."

To emerge from a certainty or known so as to adjust with grace to history is one thing. How do we treat this "cup of clay," this inheritance that we were given? It is time to look again.

Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves. Our stance reveals us.

It is close on 50 years now since Patterns of Culture presented Ruth Benedict's view that each and every culture, irrespective of how primitive or complex it appeared, represented in itself a selection from "the great arc of human potentialities." A culture, she felt, was like an individual personality writ large, but elaborated and developed with greater strength and intensity than any single individual was capable of in one lifetime.

Patterns of Culture has traveled through several translations and editions since it first appeared in 1934. From an esoteric technical term, "culture" has become almost casual coinage. It was a word much used in postwar years, which for many of us in the Third World countries were years of nationalization and self-awareness. Bridges continue to span our separate societies. This is signaled on one level by organizations such as UNESCO; on another, by shared technologies and, as a result, shared concerns: power resources, distribution, the effects on our habitat, for instance. Problems of food, population and economic transfer are inseparable from the way a people views itself, its beliefs, customs, settlement and migratory patterns.

These affect us all. The postwar years have seen yet another intercultural development-an endless stream of travelers learning one another's language, eating one another's food, mutually assimilating ideas, values, images. At least two literate generations have been raised with the fact of cultural relativity.

Yet the dilemma sharpens. For Ruth Benedict, this is the point of introspection, the coming-of-age. It tends to question unthinking habit, to pave the way for choice; it is a tool that can be used equally to adapt and to reinforce.

"In the beginning," an American Indian chief once told her, "God gave to every people a cup of clay and from this cup they drank their life ... but their cups were different. Our cup is broken now. It has passed away."

It is clear from her diaries that the cry represented by the "cup of clay" had begun to haunt Benedict a clear 10 years before Patterns of Culture emerged: "These things that had given significance to the life of the people were gone and with

them the shape and meaning of their life. There were other cups ofliving left, and they held perhaps the same water, but the loss was irreparable .... The modeling had been fundamental, it was somehow all of a piece. It had been their own." The narrator had been nick-named Ramon. "Ramon" is the wild breadfruit that American Indians eat only at the point of desperation.

It is a perennial cry. Particularly now. Particularly in a developing country. Each of us must deal with it as best we can, whether we choose to be a catalyst for change or to reinforce the sense of self; the two frequently mean the same. At this point wisely, Ruth Benedict suggests no easy way out. The first step is to recognize the situation. As a social scientist, a member of a dominant culture group, and a humanist, she draws attention to the importance of understanding, and recommends close listening: Ramon had personal experience of the matter of which he spoke. Our experiences have been different. Bred to one cosmopolitan culture, our social science, our psychology and our theology persistently ignore the truth expressed in Ramon's figure.

By the early twenties when Benedict began her study, the old days of arm-chair speculation were over. America presented an open field in which to observe a cross section of cultures on the edge of disappearing. Anthropology was a "new" science and Benedict's preceptor, Franz Boas, carried to America the massive methodological approach of the classic German together with an

RUTH BENEDICT

Prematurely gray and half-deaf from childhood, Ruth Benedict took to anthropology as something to do when confronted with her childless and unhappy marriage. But shefound in her search for the meaning of culture a way to articulate herself, and in the process wrote significant works which helped to change the word' "culture" from a technical term to an almost casual coinage.

The photo above is of a New Mexican "pueblo" near Taos.

obsession for the minutiae of field observation. Her contemporary, Edward Sapir, was the most remarkable ethnologist and linguist of his generation. Ruth Benedict's contribution was neither diffusionist nor particular but comparative. She was concerned to view culture as a whole rather than in discrete fragments. With a sense of caution, she began to apply to it the recent findings of Gestalt and of behavioral psychology.

Her style is crisp, directed commentary, the conclusions understated but consciously provocative. This is interleaved with translucent stretches of almost poetic observation of the three "patterns" she has chosen to illustrate her argument.

By 1946 when she writes The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, both her style and her ideas show greater fluency and confidence.

By then too she is ready to think of culture as a generative or

A R:VIEW

BY PRIA KARUNAKAR

ongomg process.

In The Chrysanthemum and the Sword she reviewed the unexpected turnover by Japan from the extremes of heroic and frequently brutal militarism to peaceful reconstruction. To understand the situation, one would need to understand the people, she concluded. The basis of Japanese character lies in extreme self-discipline, a deeply inherited sense of social symmetry and personal dignity, combined with an instinctual sense of the here-and-now ; above all, in the Japanese reverence for the word of authority as symbolized by the emperor. What therefore appeared to outside eyes as "capitulation" was to the Japanese themselves a kind of self-conquest.

The Chrysanthemum and the Sword made all the difference to the communication possible between nations after the event, and it remains one of the most lucid and objective analyses of Oriental motives and values as seen by Western eyes. The roots lie in her earlier book - Patterns of Culture-and stem from years of observation and a compassion that is no less profound for being unsentimental. Ruth Benedict was one of the first to recognize the necessary links between the social sciences and humanism.

III Patterns of Culture Ruth Benedict is concerned with norms. Exploring the question of tradition and diversity, she starts on the assumption that Western civilization has grown too complex for .a comprehensive breakdown and analysis. It has "defended its uniqueness like a point of honor" over centuries, and the overlay of custom is too thick. Western civilization can best analyze its own impulses by going "back" to primitive or simpler societies, as to a htboratory, to observe these impulses at work. She selects three such groups: the Zuni of New Mexico; the Kwakiutl or seacoast Indians of the American northwest; and the Dobu: an island culture offshore of east New Guinea.

By the time of the Spanish conquest, the Zuni Pueblos had already abandoned their cliff dwellings and great planned valley cities that date back to the 12th century, to settle in villages along the Rio Grande. It is arid country; rain is precious, and the rain gods the center of their ritual. As a community, the Zuni prize order, peaceableness and lack of disturbance above all things. Their interest turns in on their own intricate ceremonial life. They have a profound oral memory, and ritual observance regulates their calendar, interlocking each separate cult, providing their governing body with endless formal procedure and providing the community itself with its daily topic of conversation.

Their "kivas," or male societies to the masked gods, their priesthood and their medicine societies provide the basic structure.

Marital relations are almost casual by comparison, the mother's household providing the point of return. Death ceremonies are dispensed with almost rapidly as a danger to public welfare.

Even their war priests' prayers are unexpectedly mild: Mayall the little boys And all the little girls And those whose roads are ahead May they have powerful hearts, Strong spirits;

On roads reaching to Dawn Lake May you grow old; May your roads be fulfilled ... .May your roads reach.

Ruth Benedict calls their culture "Apollonian," using the Nietzschean term, after the Greek god of order and civic grace.

By contrast, the Plains Indians are fiercely individualistic .and intense, attributing high value to the vision experience by which

men go off alone into the wilderness, undergoing severe penances and ordeals in search of a tutelary or guardian spirit. On other occasions peyote or mescal provides sanction to break down normal sensory experience.

A parallel expression occurs in the "cannibal society" of the Kwakiutl, one to which only those qf the noblest blood are initiated. By the time Benedict was writing, this had already devolved into ceremonial of a social rather than a religious significance. Its original value, now only simulated, was the frenzy of possession that tore down all barriers of normal feeling:

o gift of the Spirit that destroys one man's reason, o real Supernatural Friend is making people afraid

....

Such a culture Benedict calls "Dionysian," Nietzsche's term for the dark, destructive god of ecstasy; it suggests "a diametrically opposed way of arriving at the values of existence." The Kwakiutl are a vigorous and proud people, hunters, and builders of towering totems and seagoing canoes. They are prosperous and fiercely competitive. More than anything they value the nobility titles that are acquired by feats of daring and handed on. The right to a title had to be signaled by a lavish distribution of wealth that the guest was compelled to return with interest under pain of dishonor. An inbuilt control to this accumulation-by-exchange with its penalties of bankruptcywith-shame was the equally passionate and competitive burning of one's property that had to be matched by an equally selfdestructive display of bravado. The result: bankruptcy with honor. Marriage was a road to titular wealth. Death was received like an insult that had to be paid for, or assuaged by, the death of someone equally notable. The system ran on the principle of unleashed individual initiative, the stakes were high, the reward renown; the alternative, shame.

The Dobu Islanders, on the other hand, consider any sign of individual achievement or success to be highly suspect. If a man does well it must be either because he has cheated or because he had better magic than oneself. He is a man to be watched, suppressed, and guarded against on the off-chance of his magic.

One's own accumulations had to be kept secret.

The islands are stark volcanic outcrops. Resources are limited and life is bleak and treacherous. The Dobuans have no political organization. Traditional forms of hostility are perpetuated by war units of village clusters. Marriage only takes place between rival villagers; each partner works without rights in the village of his or her partner for alternate years as long as they are together. Tension runs high, and is underscored _by the hereditary ownership of yams. Religion consists of secret spells and incantations, for each one of which a man is prepared to barter four months' earnings, even if he is indentured far away from his own culture. A secret spell for growing yams runs' Kapali, kapali, Twisting around, He laughs with joy.

I, with my garden darkened with foliage,

I, with my leaves.

Kapali, kapali, Twisting around, He laughs with joy.

Each tree is. ringed about with spells. Death is an occasion for naked hostility, for who cast the death spell? It must be the marriage partner, for he or she has the highest cause for resentment; therefore the partner must provide one year's indentured labor to the village of the dead spouse, and thereafter never appear in the village again. Economic transfer takes place during a lull in market gardening. The men go off annually to trade at the islands, the basis being ~n intricate system of

partially repaid credit. Sharp dealing is much admired.

By applying to these cultures the names: Apollonian, Dionysian or Paranoid,.Ruth Benedict is attempting to indicate their main emphases. What she implies by these models is apparent: civilization carries these three personality types within it. Each has its strength, each has its point of excess, which is its vulnerability. Social symmetry is an exquisite principle but may, if overstressed in a society, lead to repression and lack of personal initiative. An excess of personal initiative may be heroic and romantic, but leads to destruction, waste and megalomania.

Survival is hard; each man stands alone but gives no mercy.

It is equally clear that the typical Zuni would find himself misplaced among the Kwakiutl and vice versa. The same stands for the Dobuan. Another inference that particularly interests Benedict in the thirties, but tends to disappear in her later writing, is that apparently deviant or aberrant behavior from a certain cultural norm becomes normative behavior in another culture. What happens to the personality of the odd Zuni who is born ~ith the temperament of a Kwakiutl? His potential will be stamped out by the culture, unless he can find a sanctioned function for his gifts. What happens to a gentle or peaceable Kwakiutl? He is forced to compete or submit to dishonor. The trusting or successful Dobuan will be victimized or ignored by his fellow islanders: What is his motive? they ask suspiciously.

What is the reason for his success?

The inference becomes clearer as we look at Ruth Benedict herself. She once described herself as a complex and independent child raised in strict conformity to Puritan orthodoxy.

Prematurely gray and half-deaf from childhood, she took to anthropology as "something to do" when confronted with her own childless and unhappy marriage. An introspective and intelligent woman, she was conscious of her failure as a poet, but found in her examination of culture a vehicle by which to articulate herself. While in Patterns of Culture she studies its static archetypes, her later book, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword, shifts the emphasis to culture as a process.

It is perhaps both ironic and interesting that her two most stimulating questions are also those that most reveal her as an individual, and are themselves most controversial and open to question. To what degree can we "type" cultural groups or individuals, even in our hunt for simplicity? The danger is always the subjective nature of the conclusions we draw. Again is it practicable or poetic, this urge to view ourselves in the mirror of the primitive? Civilization is complex and the primitive is "simple" ; but what is the basis of comparison?

In India the dominant culture group is Hindu. We have minorities. We have too, tribes and semitribes. We are also in the process of encountering another dominant culture: call this the culture of communication and technology that is reaching us from the West. Which pattern of culture do we choose? Where do our loyalties lie? How do we experience change?

Ruth Benedict puts it simply. It is important to see the whole: The job requires both a certain tough-mindedness and a certain generosity .... The tough-minded are content that the differences should exist. They respect differences. Their goal is a world made safe for differences. Yet the systematic study of differences requires ... (that) men are secure in their own convictions to be unusually generous. The study of comparative cultures too, cannot flourish when men are so defensive about their own way of life that it appears to them to be, by defLTlition,the sole solution in the world. Such men will never know the added love of their own culture which comes from a knowledge of other ways of life.

0

Pria Karunakar is a free-lance writer living in New Delhi. She is a frequent contributor to SPAN.

About the Author:

fhe New PoWer Game: Playing It W.ith Mlm,f:S New Yorl< Power Failures of 1976

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Who makes the best hamburgers in Philadelphia? Who are the top tennis teachers in Los Angeles? Who bakes the best cheesecake in New York? Who serves the best 50-cent breakfast in Chicago?

Who cares?

Probably not many people outside Philadelphia, Los Angeles, New York or Chicago. But to residents of those respective cities such questions are of burning importance. Many of these same citizens are also avidly interested in the merits and demerits of their city's institutions, the integrity of local doctors, lawyers, businessmen and politicians, or the degree of pollution in the local drinking water. That, at least, <;:an be inferred from the remarkable success of a relatively new publishing genre in the U.S.-city magazines.

Since they began to appear in large numbers about a decade ago, these slick, illustrated, usually monthly publications for and about a particular city have become probably the most prosperous group of periodicals in the United States. Circulation has been growing steadily, and today at least half a dozen city magazines--sometimes referred to as "metropolitan," "regional" or "local" magazines-have more than 100,000 subscribers each. By some estimates there are as many as 70 city slicks on the newsstand, ranging from New York, which boasts a circulation of 375,000, to Indianapolis, which claims a circulation of about 7,000. New York, the largest and most influential of the bunch, is slightly different since it is distributed nationally and weekly, and it often

publishes stories of nationwide, not just local, significance. And Texas Monthly is generally considered to be a city magazine, even though it covers an entire state. Many existing magazines are attracting more readers, and new publications are planned for a host of cities from San Antonio in the Southwest to Pittsburgh in the Northeast. If city magazines represent a new frontier in U.S. publishing, it is largely because the city itself has become in many ways the new frontier in American life.

Despite differences in scope, geography and ownership, city magazines all aspire, in one way or another, to be urban survival manuals, guiding their readers toward the best that city life has to offer, while warning them away from its pitfalls and dangers. In that pursuit, city magazines have perfected what is known as the "service piece," a kind of how-to article that attempts to offer guidance in seeking such urban services as lawyers, therapists, restaurants, real estate brokers, banks, interior decorators, plumbers, surgeons and vacation resorts-as well as to point out the best values in just about every consumer good in each city, from automobiles to zippers.

For instance, in recent issues, The Washingtonian rated local French bistros in the American capital, and Chicago listed the best camping sites within a short drive of that city. Most city magazines lean heavily on bouncy profile pieces about local celebrities-politicians, business big wheels, television stars and even prominent local journalists-whose names and even faces may be on display daily, but about whose personal lives and

characters little is known.

On the other hand, some magazines go in for investigative reporting or in-depth analyses of various local problems which they often help to correct by turning the public spotlight on until something is done. In this vein, Philadelphia, which is famous for its investigative reporting, recently drew attention to abuse of patients at a local state school and hospital for the retarded. The article resulted in court action to remedy this situation.

Texas Monthly also does a fair amount of investigative reporting, and is particularly adept at giving its readers an inside look at institutions that are normally beyond public scrutiny. The magazine has done exposes of powerful local law firms, oil and gas companies, as well as agencies and departments of the state government, particularly the legislature. Texas Monthly ran an investigation of a Texas natural gas company that, to the company's own profit, was making customers nearby pay higher utility rates than customers in other parts of the country. Once again, the result was court action that moved to correct this injustice.

The magazine also prints an annual rating of the Texas delegation in the U.S. Congress, listing what it considers to be the 10 best and the 10 worst legislatorsand about 50 per cent of those appearing on the "worst" list can count on being defeated in subsequent elections.

Chicago, which does not venture into the field of investigative reporting on anything like the scale of Philadelphia or Texas Monthly, has nevertheless run a number of probing articles. After the magazine chided some local hospitals

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for not quickly warning former patients that a radiation treatment they'd received for skin diseases had subsequently been found to cause cancer of the thyroid, the whole alerting process was speeded up.

As senior editor Flora Johnson remarked of this incident: "We feel this kind of story makes us a more responsible magazine, a more important magazine. We try to make a serious contribution to the quality of life in the city."

City magazines are also fonts of local color, celebrating in print and pictures those features that make their cities different from others. Chicago reaffirms its individual character every month by retelling an incident from that city's rich history in a feature called "Chicago's Personal Past," while New West, a magazine published in southern California, is heavy on anecdotal accounts of Hollywood and the movie industry.

Not everything is fun in the city, however, and the magazines reflect this urban anxiety as well. "City magazines have tapped not just an audience but a neurosis," says Los Angeles Times media critic David Shaw, "an audience increase ingly anxious, if not indeed desperate, about the challenges, complexities and frustrations of the contemporary urban environm.:nt.

Crime, inflation, cong;estion and competition are the four horsemen of this audience's imminent apocalypse and city magazines cater to those concerns. " Shaw could have added the frequently leveled criticism that the magazines tend to become virtual dictators of city fashions and morals, local arbiters of the best in dress, food, home furnishings, restaurants

and other objects of consumer interest.

No chic, middleclass New Yorker today would be without a few flourishing houseplants-such greenery having received extensive coverage in New York. Custommade cowboy boots are de rigueur in certain circles of upwardly mobile young Texans ever since Texas Monthly declared that footwear to be fashionable.

Critics of the genre complain that city magazines pay too much attention to these rather narrow and self-serving interests and not enough to such important concerns as crime, drug abuse and the conduct of city officials and local businesses. Nora Ephron, a national media columnist, has been one of those berating city magazines for their preoccupation with what she terms "trendy materialism."

In her view, many of these publications "have taken food and home furnishings and plant care and surrounded them with just enough political and sociological reporting to give their readers an excuse to buy them."

In their defense, the publishers of the magazines insist that it would be extremely difficult to attract the advertising revenue they need without catering specifically to the community's more affluent readers and offering a kind of illustrated shopping guide. Noting that New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and Texas Monthly have achieved editorial and financial success with a mix of hard-hitting investigative or informative journalism along with the service pieces, they point to the demise of other magazines that tried to be too serious. Seattle, for instance, folded after six yt?ars of existence even though it had earned considerable respect among

journalists for articles on such controversial topics as homosexuality, racism and fraudulent used-car dealers. It had simply alienated too many potential subscribers as well as advertisers in the process.

Despite such failures and considerable criticism, there seems little doubt that city magazines are here to stay.

Perhaps one of the best ways to understand why is to examine what has happened to American cities in recent years. For some two decades now, U.S. urban centers have been at odds with' the surrounding suburbs and losing-losing people, businesses and wealth. Lately, however, there are indications that the suburbs may be on the defensive for a change.

They have attracted so many companies, so many people, that they are beginning to suffer such big-city problems as traffic jams, smog, rising taxes and soaring real estate costs.

This merging of urban and suburban concerns-resulting in an enlarged audience- has created the climate in which the city magazines are flourishing.

In addition, a number of U.S. urban centers are undertaking massive reconstruction and renewal projects that are making center cities newly pleasant and attractive places to live, particularly for young professionals with the energy, imagination and money to profit from their urban environment. City magazines offer this audience helpful hints for making urban living safer, less expensive and more satisfying. With that kind of a 0 formula, it's hard to lose.

About the Author: Donald Morrison is a staff writer/or the weekly newsmagazine, Time.

A WORLD OF WONDER More than just a hobby or workaday tool, photography today is a powerful medium of personal expression and creativity for professionals and amateurs alike. It givesthe individual a language with which to record his responses to the world as he sees it-whether it be the grace of the human body, the joys and sorrows of everyday life, the grandeur of nature, or myriad other sights and phenomena. These prize-winning photographs from a recent "snapshot awards" competition organized by Eastman Kodak are' all by amateurs and represent just such a personal response.

Young Boy Dressed as Purple Chicken for Fiesta in' Mexico, by Lester Silva, 2. Dog Looking Through Hole in Masonry Wall, by Jack L. Roeger.

5. Leaves of Grass,

by Jane Allen Rhomberg, 6. Track Meet at High School,

by Frederick A. Luhman.

NEW AMERICAN

Each year, American industry creates a vast number of products, processes and discoveries, designed to make life safer, easier, more pleasant and enjoyable. Here, SPAN presents a sampling of recent products.

Economical Solar Collector

Water Heater Conserves Energy

A new solar energy collector to heat and cool homes has been developed that offers high efficiency and low installation cost. Known by the trade name KTA Solar Collector (above), it is a system of parallel concentrator elements built into a lightweight frame of architectural aluminum and covered with tough, transparent plastic.

Half of the collector's outer plastic tube is silvered, creating a mirror finish that concentrates available sunlight on a spiral copper conduit that transfers heat to water running through it. Weighing less than half of any existing collector in the U.S. today, it isjiexible in its application, easy to repair and maintain.

Price range: $150 and above. Manufacturer: KTA Corporation, 12300 Washington Avenue, Rockville, Maryland 20852.

Appropriately called Conservationist, the new glass-lined water heaters (above) incorporate features that help conserve energy. They contain a special doubledensity insulation and a pedesuil base, instead of legs, to keep cold drafts away from under the heater. In addition, several models have a new "energyconscious" thermostat. These features enable savings of up ¡to 23 per cent in operating costs. The heaters are available in both gas-fueled and electric-powered versions. In gas models, a new dip tube lets cold water into both the upper and lower parts of the tank. This controls jiow so that temperature throughout the tank re.mains nearly uniform. Price range: $200 to $500. Manufacturer: A.O. Smith Corporation, Department CN, P.O. Box 28, Kankakee, Illinois 60901.

PRODUCTS

Track That Helps Correct Mixer Takes 90 Walking Disability Seconds to Mix Mortar Peda-Guide Trainer (left) is an inclined track designed to diagnose and correct faulty articulation of the legs resulting from neurological, muscular or motor disabilities. Developed by a physician, it has fulllength, raised sidewalls along the carpeted plank and a center divider. The Trainer's inclined surface adds elements of coordinative and perceptual challenge to a c/:zild'sdevelopment process. ,Pr,ice: $210. Manufacturer: Theraplay Products, 29-24 40th A venue, Long Island City, New York 11101.

Mini-Mixer is the trade name of an all-steel, handpowered mixer for concrete and mortar (above). Using the same rotating and agitating action as a conventional large mixer, it is operated by turning the spinner wheel encircling the top of the device. It can mix up to 41 kilograms of cement in just 90 seconds. The mixer weighs less than 25 kilograms and can be transported in the dickey of an aatomobile. 'Price: $175.

Manufacturer: IHM, Inc., 164 Oak Street, Avondale Estates, Georgia 30002.

ONE MAN ONE POEM

America's most distinguished contemporary poet, Robert Lowell died recently at the age of 60. In this article, written just before the poet's death, Mal Oettinger says that Lowell's works include some of the most difficult and obscure of modern poems, and some of the most stirring and accessible. Lowell's poetry has been likened by many to the painting of Jackson Pollock (left) in its density, its intricacy and, above all, by the pain and torment that suffuse it.

"All your poems are in a sense one poem," Robert Lowell says.

He has anchored his work to his life, his personal images, his feelings toward his friends and loved ones. At the same time he has reflected to a surpassing degree the life of his times and his country, the politics of his age and the history of the United States, particularly the heritage of New England.

Like many poets, Lowell is fond of that poetic device the oxymoron ("brilliant darkness, yielding rock"). And his life, the basis for his work, is riddled with the same sort of poetic contradictions.

Consider. He is one of America's most honored poets-and a convicted felon. He comes from a distinguished family which he regards with mocking pride. He treasures freedom but has committed himself on occasion to mental institutions. As a young man he was a convert to Catholicism and produced poems reflecting the passionate faith of the Christian mystic; in later years his faith lapsed but his work remains informed by religious belief. He has written some of the most original American poetry, yet the classical roots of his inspiration run deep. Among his works, his "one poem," are some of the most

difficult and obscure of modern works and some of the most stirring and accessible. He uses American colloquialisms and phrases from Dante with equal grace.

Much of the poetry of Robert Traill Spence Lowell, Jr., is autobiographical to the point where it has been described as "confessional poetry." The term has unfortunate overtones, reminding one of the trivial confessions of social impropriety found in pulp magazines.

In Lowell's poems, however, it is honesty' called into the service of art. He has the courage to reveal himself, but totally without exhibitionistic self-aggrandizement or whining self-pity. He possesses standards and values in an age when they are rare. Like the French poet Charles Baudelaire, whose work Lowell has translated and to whom he has been compared, Lowell sometimes appears to have "cultivated my hysteria." But Lowell's sly, splendid sense of humor , saves him from becoming morbid.

Because he has chosen to tell us so much, the reader knows more about Lowell himself than about many artists. But Lowell warns that this may be deceptive: "My 'autobiographical' poems are not

always factually true. I've tinkered a lot with fact. You leave out a lot, and emphasize this and not that. Your actual experience is a complete flux. I've invented facts and changed things, and the whole balance of the poem was something invented."

Beyond question, Robert Lowell was born March 1, 1917, in Boston, Massachusetts, once the literary hub of America. His father was a naval officer; his mother was a Winslow, another celebrated New England family. His ancestors included poets, a decorated Civil War general, a noted astronomer, Percival, and a president of Harvard University, Lawrence. "My renowned forebears weren't a direct literary influence on me at all," Lowell has said. "Highly though I regard my great-granduncle James Russell Lowell, to my family he was much more the ambassador to England than he was a writer. My distant cousin Amy, some of whose poetry is really rather good, struck her brothers Percival and Lawrence as being a bit odd. They wished her well, but didn't quite understand what she was about." Amy Lowell was an early champion of free verse, who, though eminently respectable, did smoke cigars. She was not "a welcome subject" with Lowell's stuffy parents, who far preferred to dwell upon ancestral militarists or academicians.

An ambivalence toward both his parents and his family background runs strongly through Lowell's work. A mixture of contempt and empathy toward his father-military man manque, who sought his fortune at 40 with a mammoth soap company and found only depressing failure-is evident in the poems he wrote of him. One biographer speculated that' Lowell's hostility toward his parents, and the guilt these feelings caused him, was at the root of his temporary mental breakdown in middle age.

In his twenties, Lowell was moved to compose an elegy in the style of Milton's Lycidas in memory of a cousin killed at sea. Yet, he showed less compassion toward his father; here is the last verse of a poem called "Terminal Days at Beverly Farms":

on the lawn.'" The remark was meant as a polite turndown, but Lowell took it literally, bought a tent and lived on their lawn. He remembers, "I became ~onverted to formalism and changed my style from brilliant free verse, all in two months. And everything was in rhyme, and it still wasn't any good. But that was a great incentive.

I poured out poems and went to writers' conferences."

Lowell was a prodigious student, majoring in the classics, graduating with top academic honors. He absorbed such diverse poetic influences as Propertius, the French Symbolists, the British metaphysical poets and the great Catholic poet Gerard Manley Hopkins, about whom he wrote a critical study.

Lowell acknowledges that his earliest poetry was not successful: "The kind of poem I thought was interesting and would work on became so cluttered and overdone that it wasn't really poetry."

But Lowell's career has reflected the line by British poet Robert Browning (whose'dramatic monologues he admired): "A man's reach must exceed his grasp, or what's a heaven for?"

In 1940, his last year at Kenyon, Lowell converted to the Catholic religion and married writer and critic Jean Stafford. Critic Irvin Ehrenpreis tells of another strain that shaped Lowell: "Above' the influences of Ransom and Tate, or the steady use of Catholic religious imagery, or the many motifs drawn from Boston and New England, the most glaring feature of Lowell's two earliest volumes of poems was a preoccupation with World War II. "Not long after the United States joined that war, he committed the most dramatic public act of his life. Characteristically, this act seemed at once violent and passive, and was calculated to make his parents very uncomfortable. In what turned out to be no more than preliminary steps, he tried twice to enlist in the navy, but was rejected. Soon, however, the mass bombing of noncombatants shocked his moral principles; and when he was called up under the Selective Service Act, he declared himself a conscientious objector.

Rather than simply appear before the responsible board and declare Father's death was abrupt and unprotesting. his convictions, he refused to report at all, and thus compelled the His vision was still twenty-twenty. authorities to prosecute him."

He published a letter to President Franklin Roosevelt, which After a morning of anxious, repetitive smiling, his last words to Mother were: has been described as more like a communication from a Boston "If eel awful."

Lowell to a Hyde Park Roosevelt than a letter from a draft resister to the Commander-in-Chief. He pointed out that his family had Lowell was sent to boarding schools at an early age. It had "served in all our wars, since the Declaration of Independence" and that the Lowell family traditions, "like your own," had always been a family tradition to attend the exclusive boys school, St. Mark's.

Fortunately for him, the eminent poet Richard Eberhart was a been to serve in just causes, but he opposed bombing civilians when young teacher there at the time. He was encouraged to begin writing our shores were not directly imperiled. He was sentenced to a year poetry. He went to Harvard, another family tradition, in 1935, and a day in a Federal prison and served a bit more than six months.

Later in a poem, Lowell mused: but there he found no inspiring poetry teachers. He took a sprawling epic poem he had written about the First Crusade to Robert Frost, These are the tranquillized Fifties, the leading poet of New England, who "very kindly" told him that and I am forty. Ought I to regret my seedtime? the work "lacked compression."

I was afire-breathing Catholic e.O., Most of Lowell's poetry of that time was in free verse, which and made my manic statement, Frost had described as "like playing tennis without a net." Lowell telling off the state and president, and then was inspired to go to Kenyon College, a small liberal arts school in sat waiting sentence in the bull pen Ohio where John Crowe Ransom, a poet, critic and teacher, was in beside a Negro boy with curlicues residence. Ransom was a major force in the American agrarian school of marijuana in his hair. of poetry called "The Fugitives," along with Allen Tate and Robert Penn Warren. Young Lowell had met the British novelist Ford Madox Ford, who advised him ,"of course you've got to learn In 1965 he was still publicly acting on his principles when he refused an invitation to attend a White House Festival of the Arts classics, you'll just cut yourself off from humanity if you don't."

Ford also casually invited Lowell to come to Tennessee, where he because he disapproved of President Lyndon B. Johnson's Vietnam- , was going to visit Allen Tate. In what he has described as a "terrible war policy. Lowell has steadfastly held: "I believe we should die rather piece of youthful callousness," Lowell arrived at the Tate homestead than drop our own bombs."

At the age of 27, Lowell published his first book of poetry, and announced he'd like to study for a summer with Tate. Mrs. Tate responded: "We really_haven't any room, you'd have to pitch a tent Land of Unlikeliness, in 1944. His mentor, Allen Tate, introduced

the book with these words: "There is no other poetry today quite like this. T.S. Eliot's recent prediction that we would soon see a return to formal and even intricate meters and stanzas was coming true, before he made it, in the poetry of Robert Lowell."

Lowell's second volume, Lord Weary's Castle, published in 1946,won him a Pulitzer Prize and established him as an important young poet in the United States. It included revised versions of some of his earlier poems, a practice in which Lowell persists to this day, in keeping with his philosophy that an artist's Work is truly one poem, never perft:;ct, subtly changing. To illustrate the differences in Lowell's style and outlook, take two versions of an incident in his life that made an enormous impression upon him-what he considered the Cain-like act of striking his father. In 1946, Lowell recounted the incident in a poem called "Rebellion": There was rebellion,father, when the mock French windows slammed and you hove backward, rammed Into your heirlooms, screens, a glass-cased clock, The highboy quaking to its toes. You damned My arm that cast your house upon your head And broke the chimney flintlock on your skull.

The poem continues, recounting the cosmic guilt of the son; the act is said to have made "the world spread." The meter is exact, the lines rhyme-but there is no explanation of what brought the encounter about.

In 1967, Lowell recalls the same incident far more casuallyin informal verse form, in a poem called "Charles River" (which flows through Boston): My father's letter to your father, saying tersely and much too stiffly that he knew you'd been going to my college rooms aloneI can still almost crackle that slight note in my hand, I see your outraged father; you, his outraged daughter; myself brooding infire and a dark quiet on the abandoned steps of the Harvard Fieldhouse, calming my hot nerves and enfiaming my mind's nomad quicksilver by saying LycidasThen punctiliously handing the letter to my father.

I knocked him down. He half-reclined on the carpet; Mother calledfrom the top of the carpeted stairsour glass door locking behind me, no cover; you idling in your station wagon, no retreat.

As.a young poet, Lowell had a natural aptitude for absorbing the style and technique of writers he admired. He wrote pastiches in the style of Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valery, Rainer Maria Rilke and Gerard Manley Hopkins. These were original works, however, as if an art student chose to do a picture in an established master's styleinstead of copying a painting by that master. Lowell had steeped himself in the classics-and often could not resist showing off his erudition. Some of these early poems are so rife with literary allusions they almost require a key or concordance to be fully understood.

Lowell drew freely on the themes of writers who were not poets as well- Thomas Mann, Herman Melville, Henry Thoreau, for example.

Lowell's success brought him many fellowships, grants and positions. In 1947 he was appointed poetry adviser to the Library of Congress (probably the nearest U.S. equivalent to the post of poet laureate). He taught, read his poetry and wrote at the University ofIowa, at Kenyon, at Boston University and at the Salzburg School of American Studies in Austria. He was narrowly defeated in 1966

for the professorship of poetry in Oxford, England, then later taught literature at Essex. He also conducted seminars at Harvard during the mid-60s. .

Although Lowell's poetry is in large part savagely satirical, despairing of the times and self-flagellating, as critics have emphasized, there is a deep kindness in the man. It is often best shown when he writes of his daughter to his second wife, Elizabeth Hardwick, writer and critic for The New York Review of Books. For example, in Life Studies, he recalls his reunion with his daughter after his release from a sanitarium: Dimpled with exaltation, my daughter holds her levee in the tub.

Our noses rub, each of us pats a stringy lock of hairthey tell me nothing's gone.

Though I am forty-one, not forty now, the time I put away was child's play. After thirteen weeks my child still dabs her cheeks to start me shaving. When we dress her in her sky-blue corduroy, she changes to a boy, andfloats my shaving brush and washcloth in theflush ...

Dearest, I cannot loiter here in lather like a polar bear.

Until 1959, when Life Studies appeared, Lowell had hidden behind the pastiche of other's styles, obscured his personal reactions through use of difficult, classical forms or by putting words into the mouths of characters in complicated dramatic monologues. Although these early poems contained symbols of personal importance to him that he would repeat more explicitly later, they were not the direct communication of the poet; they smelled of scholarship. After nine years of virtual poetic silence, Lowell brought out the great "confessional" work, Life Studies, in which he revealed himself, his family and his views in poems plus a short, witty reminiscence of his childhood in prose. Lowell has said he often writes his poems in prose first, then imposes meter and rhyme. Critic M.L. Rosenthal said, "Life Studies brings to culmination one line of development in our poetry of the utmost importance .... To build a great poem out of the predicament and horror of the lost Self has been the recurrent effort of the most ambitious poetry of the last century."

Rosenthal cites a line of William Butler Yeats known to be significant to Lowell: "I must lie down where all the ladders start,/In the foul rag-and-bone shop of the heart."

In these poems, Lowell broke loose from the strict meter and accepted forms of his earlier work. "That regularity just seemed to ruin the honesty of sentiment and became rhetorical," Lowell explained, '~it said 'I'm a poem' -though it was a great help when I was revising, having this original skeleton. I could keep the couplets where I wanted them and drop them where I didn't; there would be a form to come back to."

Lowell's subsequent poetry has not been exclusively concerned with "the lost Self," nor does his relaxation of poetic fonn imply a descent into ;'triviality. He has been praised as America's "truest historian," although he has woven current and past history into, poems and plays, not direct prose. Lowell, in the title poem of his 1964 collection, For the Union Dead, forcefully compares the cause of abolishing slavery in the Civil War with the struggle for black equality waged at that time. The horror, futility-the down-

right unreasonableness-of war is a pervasive theme of his work.

Although Lowell has been outspoken on political issues, he refuses to lend his name or support to "causes." He resents being called a polemicist, saying, "I've never written a poem trying to support a point. They come out as they will."

In his mature poetry, Lowell has been willing to sacrifice elegance for directness. In his constant revisions he will use idiomatic speech"several lines can be almost what you'd say in conversation," he has explained, "to replace something that's much more formal and worked-up." This technique is intentional, of course; it may seem easy to the reader to take parts of ordinary letters or passages of prose and convert them into a poem, but Lowell feels tpey are just as difficult to produce as more formal poetry. He has also abandoned privacy. He said he is always working to maintain "the standard of truth, which you wouldn't ordinarily have in poetry-the reader has to believe he is getting the real Robert Lowell."

Lowell combines the style he has discussed with the subject matter in a poem to the late John Berryman, an American poet who wrote of his own problems (including, like Lowell, bouts with mental illness): I feel I know what you have worked through, you know what I have worked through-these are words ...

John, we used the language as if we made it.

Luck threw up the coin, and the plot swallowed, monster yawning for its mess of potage.

Ah, privacy, as if you wished to mount some rock by a mossy stream and count the sheepfame that renews the soul, but not the heart.

The ebb tide flings up wonders: rivers, beer-cans, linguini, bloodstreams ..how merrily they gallop to catch the ocean-Hopkins, Herbert, Thoreau, born to die like the athletes at early fortyAbraham lived with less expectancy, heaven his friend, the earth his follower.

Compressed within this poem are several of Lowell's characteristic themes: the metaphor of the ocean is central to his work, its ebb and flowis often used to represent the flux of life. . In the poem for Berryman he recognizes a kindred contemporary spirit and indicates three writers in whose steps he has followed during his own career: Hopkins, the Catholic mystic and experimenter in verse; British poet George Herbert, an elegant and difficult metaphysical poet, and Thoreau, the New Englander, who like Lowell was jailed for civil disobedience. And in Berryman himself (who was alive when the poem was written, but later committed suicide), Lowell recognizes a contemporary poet who can understand the sacrifice that foregoing privacy entails.

Lowell's ambition-and restlessness-have made difficult that favorite task of critics: "assigning him a role in American literature."

Although his personal suffering has been immense and thoroughly documented in his works, he has not been neglected; he has been denied few honors. And although his main subject has been himself, he has been generous in sharing his experiences and what he has learned from them with his readers. Again and again in his work, a reader is struck by a reflection he had believed to be his own secret.

Particularly in his later work, Lowell can summon from the reader the thrill of recognition-that satisfying moment when a line or passagemoves the reader to exclaim: "Yes, that is just the way it is!" D About the Author: Mal Oettinger' is a SPAN correspondent in Washington.

He specializes in literature, poetry, theater, films and other cultural subjects.

ROBERT LOWELl The book is finished arid the air is lighter, I can recognize people in the room; I touch your pictures, find you in the round.

The cat sits pointing the window from the bedspread, hooked on the nightlife flashing through the curtain; he is a dove and thinks the lights are pigeonsflames from the open hearth of Thor and Saul, arms frescoed on the vaults of the creeping cavern, missiles no dialectician's hand will turn, fleshspots for the slung chunks of awk and man.

Children have called the anthropoid, father; he'd stay home Sunday, and they walked on eggs ...

The passage from lower to upper middle age is quicker than the sigh of a match in the waterwe too were students, and betrayed our hand.

Reprinted with the permission of Farrar, Straus & Giroux, Inc., from Notebook, 1967-1968 by Robert Lowell. Copyright Š 1967. 1968. 1969 by Robert Lowell.

I rub my head and find a turtle shell stuck on a pole, each hair electrical with charges, and the juice alive with ferment. Bubbles drive the motor, always purposeful. ..

Poor head!

How its skinny shell once hummed, as I sprinted down the colonnade of bleaching pines, cylindrical clipped trunks without a twig between them. Rest!

I could not rest. At ftill run on the curve, I left the cast stone statue of a nymph, her soaring armpits and her one bare breast, gray from the rain and graying in the shade, as on, on, in sun, the pathway now a dyke, I swerved between two water bogs, two seines of moss, and stooped to snatch the painted turtles on dead logs.

In that season of joy, my turtle catch was thirty-three, dropped splashing in our garden urn, like money in the bank, the plop and splash of turtle on turtle, fed raw gobs of hash ...

Oh neo-classical white urn, Oh nymph, Oh lute! The boy was pitiless who strummed their elegy, for as the month wore on, the turtles rose, and popped up dead on the stale scummed surface-limp wrinkled heads and legs withdrawn in pain. What pain? A turtle's nothing. No grace, no cerebration, less free will

MIDDLE 'AGE: AN APPRECIATION

SAMPLER than the mosquito I must killnothings! Turtles! I rub my skull, that turtle shell, and breathe their dying smell, still watch their crippled last survivors pass, and hobble humpbacked through the grizzled grass.

Reprinted from

For

with

the

rile

permission

Union

Dead

of Farrar,

Straus

by Robert

1956.1960,1961,1962,1963,1964

Lowel1.

by Robert

& Giroux, Copyright

Inc"

©

Lowell.

Now the midwinter grind is on me, New York drills through my nerves, as I walk the chewed-up streets.

At forty-five, what next, what next?

At every corner, I meet my Father, my age, still alive.

Father, forgive me my injuries, as I forgive those I have injured!

You never climbed Mount Sion, yet left dinosaur death-steps on the crust, where I must walk.

Reprinted from

with

t~e permission

of Farrar,

For the Union Dead by

1956,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964

Straus

Robert

Lowell.

by Raben

Lowell.

& Giroux, Copyright

Inc"

©

Poor sheepish plaything, organized with prodigal animo~ity, livedin just a yearmy Father's cottage at Beverly Farms was on the market the month he died.

Empty, open, intimate, its town-house furniture had an on tiptoe air of waiting for the mover on the heels of the undertaker.

Ready, afraid of living alone till eighty, Mother mooned in a window, as if she had stayed on a train one stop past her destination.

Reprinted from

Life

by Robert

with

the permission

SlUdies Lowell.

by

Robert

of Farrar, Lowell.

Straus Copyright

& Giroux,

©

1956,

Inc., 1959

Robert Lowell's "Middle Age" is a short poem, a small poem, but not by any means a miniature. Not one of Lowell's major works-:-but everything Robert Lowell wrote was large: large in scope, in ambition, in implication, in ramification. He was a poet constantly reaching for meaning and connection between the events of his own private experience and the experience of his age, his society, and, most important, of the past, the experience of history.

In "Middle Age" Lowell moves, quite typically, from his personal past, his own real father, back to the fathers of his faithto Moses, climbing Mount Zion to fetch the divine Ten Commandments for the children of Israel, and to Jesus, delivering the Sermon on the Mount. But these ancient figures are not to be separated from Lowell's father, with whom he completely identifies.

And that is the dilemma of the poem.

The poet finds himself paradoxically in the position of having to ask his earthly father's forgiveness for the injuries that his father has inflicted on him, just as he, the poetson who is equal to his father, forgives "those Ilhave injured!"

The exclamation mark that concludes this line is obligatory. Neither father nor son has ever climbed Mount Zion for the Revelation. Scientists interpret the extinction of the dinosaurs as due to their inability to adapt to the new world in the wake of the Ice Age-leaving behind but traces of their dragging bodies on the harsh surface. Just so, the poet sees himself doggedly walking in his father's "death-steps," since neither his father nor he could survive and be present, in body or in spirit, at the creation of new hearts and new souls that is the meaning of Revelation.

What has all this to do with Robert Lowell's discovery of himself in middle age, in New York City, in the. year 1962?

It is midwinter, corresponding in the life of the year to middle age in the life of a person: that time of year and of life when one's spirits are at their lowest, one's nerves most vulnerable. The poet feels himself being ground down, pulverized like the streets of this stone city which are constantly being "chewed up" by pneumatic drilling machines. The sound of those drills reminds him of the sound of a dentist's drill. The poet walks through the streets of this bitter cold, nervous city, New York, whose very name symbolizes change, the constant

changeableness of modern life.

In the midst of this scene of continuous turmoil and change, at the point of the death of the old year but before the birth of the new, the poet passes corner after corner, each corner like that intersection where the Italian poet Dante stood when he found himself in the middle of a wood and did not know which way to go-"What next? What next?" Dante found his spiritual father, the long-dead but still meaningful Vergil, the celebrator of the Roman Empire and harbinger of the new faith, Christianity. Vergil served willingly as Dante's mentor, instructing him in, leading him through, all the perplexities of the netherworld. But Lowell, at every corner, finds only his own father, a mirror-image of himself, in his very own predicament ("my Father Imy age, still alive").

"Middle Age" is brimful of anger, pain, consternation, a sense of sterility, frustration -all emotions one associates with the contemporary confessional poets of whom Lowell is considered the finest. Lowell was converted to Catholicism in his youth, so the term is particularly apt for him personally.

But the poetry is "confessional" with a difference. What the confessant confesses are his sins, errors of omission as well as commission; he exposes himself, asks for forgiveness, promises to reform his ways.

But this implies a confessor-a Father Confessor-and our poet, as we have seen, is not merely the confessant but his own Father Confessor. Hence there is no possibility for him of absolution, no forgiveness, however temporary or conditional.

For how can a man who is both his own father and his own God forgive those he has injured, or himself for having injured them?

Can one simultaneously serve as defendant, accuser, witness, inquisitor and judge?

The confessional poem, of the typ(l best written by Robert Lowell, belongs in the Romantic tradition. The I of the poet occupies center stage, not the I as a Greek persona, a mask for a fictional character symbolizing an aspect of humanity, but the real I, the person of the poet in his or her everyday existence, in his or her most tormented, dramatic, complicated aspects.

Yet, in Lowell, we find this extreme subjectivism presented with great objectivity. We penetrate into the poet-subject's disturbed ego but are not submerged in it. ' As in the poetry of John Keats, the sickness yields honey.

-J.S.

THE VISIONS OF

A PRAGMATIC

Cities in¡the sea can no longer be regarded as settings for science fiction thrillers. Instead, they are a logical culmination of man's perennial seaward movement, says Athelstan Spilhaus, a remarkable American scientist who envisions fantastic scenarios that often prove plausible.

Like a watery Camelot, Aquapolis rises gracefully out of the sea about a mile from the coastal mainland. Aquapolis is a floating city. Its homes, shops, schools, and recreation centers rest securely on a massive, buoyant, mile-square platform of concrete and steel.

Far below the surface, borrowing a principle from floating offshore oil drilling technology, a series of huge cylinders, partly filled with water and sunk into the depths, provide buoyancy and stability. Because of their vertical positioning, citizens of Aquapolis detect almost no movement in even the fiercest of storms.

The offshore port of Aquapolis, buzzing with commercial and pleasure craft, lies on the seaward side. Still further out, where the open ocean dissipates noise, float the runways of Aquapolis Airport. Below the city, out of sight, the industrial might of Aquapolis functions silently. Oil and gas rise from a reservoir thousands of feet below the sea floor. Machinery extracts phosphates, sulfur, and other valuable minerals from petroleum, from ocean brine, and from subterranean deposits.

Ships haul away some of the minerals. Others flow to the mainland through pipelines. And nearby are the Aquapolis sea farms -broad acres of plant life and schools of fish tended by scubaequipped "ranchers" who glide about in one-man submobiles.

Fantasy? For the moment, perhaps.

Yet in the opinion of Dr. Athelstan Spilhaus, cities in the sea can no longer be regarded as settings for science fiction thrillers. Instead, says this leading American engineer, inventor, and oceanologist, such developments must be considered as a logical solution to the increasing worrisome problems which beset America's crowded coastal zones.

And when Dr. Spilhaus speaks, others listen. This visionary scientist has a way of envisioning fantastic scenarios which otten prove to be plausible.

To his contemporaries, Spilhaus is "a flywheel in the machine of American science" and its "most lucid prolocutor." He is the "technologist's technologist," and an "incurable optimist."

By his oWndefinition, he is a "pragmatic idealist," an "innovator of the living," and a "committed futurist." All of which suggests that this remarkable sCientist has an exceptional gift for collecting in his mind an encyclopedia of assorted facts, and synthesizing from them better approaches by which science may serve humanity. More precisely, he is a special consultant

to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), a position to which he was appointed in January, 1974.

This new job, which Spilhaus pursues from a sunny Washington, D.C., office, draws together two of the scientific disciplines-meteorology and oceanography-of the many in which he has excelled during his 63 years.

For a year, Spilhaus was president of the prestigious 60,000member American Association for the Advancement of Science.

He is also a former Fellow of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars at the Smithsonian Institution, established

by Congress in 1968 to help bridge the worlds of learning and public affairs through programs on major policy issues. He served as dean of the University of Minnesota's Institute of Technology for 18 years, and during 1967-1969 was president of the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia.

Along the way, he found time to acquire 13 academic degrees (3 earned and 10 honorary), to develop a bestselling science-forchildren comic strip (Our New Age, readership: five million), to write more than 500 magazine articles, scientific papers and books, to earn a decoration for transmitting vital weather data from a cave behind enemy lines in World War II China, and to improve on his steadily growing reputation as one of the boldest and most outspoken "futurists" in America.

Spilhaus admits that some of his ideas may sound outlandish.

He once suggested, for example, that the monotonous landscape of the Midwestern plains could be relieved by building mountains out of the skeletons of junked cars. People laughed. But skiers now schuss down slopes of mountains constructed out of garbage.

And he favored improving American education by abolishing the nine-month school year. People groaned. But in some communities today, school boards have adopted year-round use of schools as a partial solution to the overcrowding of school buildings and as a more efficient utilization of teachers' time.

Spilhaus also confesses to an impatience with the implementation of his ideas. "It's important to get out of the rut of our thinking," he. says. "We must abandon traditional patterns.

Being practical isn't the end-all and be-all of ideas." Spilhaus is willing to leave the details to others. He prefers the satisfaction of stimulating people into action with exciting ideas.

The formula has obviously worked for the man who is known as "the father of the Sea Grant Program," which provides

Dr. Athelstan Spilhaus (above, left) explains that his floating city of "Aquapolis" (artist's sketch, above) would have homes, shops, schools and recreation centers, resting on a massive, buoyant platform of concrete and steel. Out of sight below the surface, the city's industry would function silently, extracting valuable minerals from the sea.

matching Federal funds to universities engaged in marine-related research. While making a speech in 1963, Spilhaus suggested that the body of accumulated oceanographic research be channeled out of university laboratories and put to work toward the practical exploitation of the oceans. "Since I was dean of a land grant college," he recalls, "I suggested the name 'sea grant' as a parallel."

Three years later, in 1966, Congress enacted the National Sea Grant Act, which has funneled more than $65 million into marine-related research and services. Moving such a complicated program from concept to reality in only three years is still . considered a record for speedy accomplishment in Washington.

Associates attribute this as much to Spilhaus' eloquent campaigning as to the soundness of the proposal itself.

With Athelstan Spilhaus (the surname is shortened from the German Spielhausen- "gambling house" -which Spilhaus considers appropriate) the urge to tinker with ideas came early.

Born in Capetown, he spent his boyhood on a South African farm where he found it difficult to obtain the kind of toys enjoyed by his urban peers. "I had no Tinkertoys or Erector sets to play with," he remembers, "so I begged worn-out alarm clocks from neighbors." Spilhaus pulled them apart and reassembled them

to make all sorts ot wonderful things.

In 1931 he was graduated with a bachelor's degree in science from the University of Cape Town, where he studied mechanical engineering. During summer vacations, he wandered about the world as an apprentice ship's engineer. In 1931, he emigrated temporarily to the United States to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Then he returned to South Africa to start the first upper air meteorological investigations in the Southern Hemisphere.

Once again in the United States (where he later became a naturalized citizen) Spilhaus moved from weather to the oceans. The transition, he explains, was natural because the two are closely related. "You can't understand oceanography without understanding meteorology, and vice versa," he says. The newfound interest launched a 24-year tenure at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Massa~~ ~ chusetts, and produced two major inventions.

The first invention,¡ designed at age 26, was the bathythermograph.

A valuable instrument widely used in oceanographic research, the bathythermograph makes a continuous recording of seawater temperature, plotted against pressure or depth.

The second came about because of absenteeism at the family dinner table.

"Of my five children," Spilhaus recalls, "those who loved sailing were absent when the tide was high, and those who loved clam digging were gone at low tide." Spilhaus asked himself, "Why should mealtimes be regulated by hours of the day? Why not by the tides?"

The result, with typical Spilhaus embellishments, was the Spilhaus space clock. Not only does it tell the time of high and low tides on any coast, but also (1) time based on the sidereal day of23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.09 seconds; (2) time in various cities of the world; (3) the sun's position and time of sunset; (4) the time of moonrise and moonset; (5) the moon's position and phase; (6) the current position of the stars over the earth; and (7) the day and month of the year.

Spilhaus points out that he merely reinvented the beautiful orrery of the Middle Ages, an apparatus showing the positions and motions of bodies in the solar system. But even the revival of old ideas using modern materials constitutes useful innovation, he feels. "There is no limit to what we can accomplish," he feels, "if we first apply the logical reasoning of technology, then make the determination that we'll do it."

Coupled with this viewpoint is Spilhaus' unflagging faith in the role of American science and technology in locating new and economical sources of food and minerals, dealing with pollution problems, and, in sum, improving national living standards.

From pondering associated problems, he has come up with some innovative answers.

After chairing a National Academy of Sciences committee on pollution, for instance, Spilhaus called for massive studies

'I'm impatient with the past and irritable with the present. The future is where my concern lies, and I'm very optimistic about it.' in waste management techniques. The basis of his proposal was that science should find a way to "close the loop" on the recycling of waste. Worn-out cars, he cites as one example. They should not be discarded, he believes, but should be returned to the factory for renovation and reuse.

Although the mere mention of the idea is anathema to more conservative scientists, Spilhaus is not against the damming of the Bering Straits as a great experiment to provide control of climatic variability. But he adds a note of caution: "Like all innovative projects, we should design it so that we can undo it (open the dam) if it doesn't work." Such far-reaching activities should be designed with an "off switch" as well as an "on switch," he advises.

Spilhaus believes, too, that vigorously applied science and technology can help alleviate the decay of American cities.

On~ proposal: to design a series of grass-roots experimental cities as working prototypes for full-scale communities. His pilot plants for living would provide new methods of transportation-electrical or pneumatic people movers. Wastes would be disposed of underground, or recycled into useful substances.

Buildings would be mass-produced, and the tangle of telephone wires, water pipes, and electrical conduits laced into contemporary homes would be built into prefabricated walls at the factory, as printed circuitry for electronic machinery is fabricated.

From experimental cities, Spilhaus leaps to cities in the sea.

He points out that most proposals for eliminating congestion in coastal zones call for moving things inland. "The sea has space to offer us," he points out. "Let's move seaward instead."

Statistics underscore the urgency. More than 70 per cent of the world's population lives along the coasts. In the United States, more than 53 per cent of the population dwells within 50 miles of the ocean. By the year 2000, this is expected to increase to 80 per cent. As a result, precious real estate is becoming overcrowded and prohibitively expensive; it is also a zone of increasing conflict among potential users.

For centuries, people have been moving toward the sea, Spilhaus points out, and nowhere is this more evident than in the oil industry. He charts the development in these words: "First, man found oil naturally seeping out on the land, and he sucked up naphtha with sponges from the edge of the sea. He drilled for oil on land, then he built mobile drilling rigs that strode out to sea on their long legs. Next he drilled from floating rigs in deeper water. And now we see man moving under the sea, not only for prospect drilling, but also for production and storage."

Use of the offshore zone for oil and gas production logically suggests the development of this region for other uses, and Spilhaus believes they 'can be compatible. The ultimate, he contends, will be the.construction of full-fledged cities for year-round living, where people will enjoy the amenities of terrestrial communities such as recreational facilities, shopping centers, schools, hospitals and airports.

And harbors. "Traditionally, harbors have been built at the meeting place of land and sea," Spilhaus says, "but this is a poor choice because tides, winds, waves, and shoals combine to make if a 'dangerous place." He believes that as ships grow larger, they will be unable to sail safely into these dangerous -.'

36;'sPA~

JANUARY

1978

harbors. They will have to discharge cargoes into smaller ships and lighte;s-an expensive process that carries its own risk.

Harbors at sea would provide much greater flexibility, enabling ships to discharge cargo safely, with risk held to a minimum.

Single-point mooring terminals, widely used around the world for discharging oil cargoes, are a small-scale example now being considered for installation in U.S. waters.

Sea cities could be connected to the mainland by pipelines to transfer oil and other types of cargoes in slurry form, Spilhaus thinks. In return, organic waters from coastal communities could be piped seaward to chemical treatment plants, which would convert the effluent to fertilizer for sea farms.

The fishing industry would benefit, too, Spilhaus suggests.

"If fish factories were located offshore, think of the valuable time that would be saved by fishing fleets which now travel to .and from conventional ports."

And recreation, Spilhaus adds. "No offshore city would be complete without marinas, submarinas, and underwater parks."

He predicts the day when improving technology will drive the cost of small recreational submarines down to that of today's family automobile. People will use them to visit reefs and watch oceanic wildlife in its natural habitat. He envisions underwater resorts where people will take vacations.

For this to come to pass, however, a considerable shift of public attitude will have to occur. Spilhaus cites a spate of restrictive laws designed to forestall development of coastal zones.

The intent of such regulations is to preserve the environment.

Yet, they represent an oversimplified attack on industry and technology that often leads to unrealistically stringent controls.

"Such laws inhibit the technology, industry and productivity we need to give us the quality of environment to which we aspire," he believes. .

He cites as an example the opposition in some states to the construction of refineries near coastal waters. "The energy shortage has taught us the pressing need for more refining capacity," he points out. "Yet, at the same time, people and governments are banning refineries from the coastlines of Delaware, Maine, New Jersey, Florida and other coastal states." Where such activities are not banned outright, he says, environmental and other restrictions make such industrial activity a practical impossibility.

Spilhaus notes that cleaning up the environment will r~quire the use of more energy, not less. "Energy is the fundamental currency of civilization," he says.

In putting sufficient quantities of this fundamental currency into America's energy bank, Spilhaus calls for a common-sense approach to the environment. "No human endeavor is riskfree," he says, "and there is no such thing as an absolutely unblemished environment." But there is an acceptable level of risk, and an acceptable level of human impact which air, land, and water can safely handle. "By applying our technology," Spilhaus reasons, "we can not only improve our environment but utilize it to our advantage." With planning and care, people can move mountains, change the weather, and build Camelots in the sea, while achieving a net improvement in environmental quality.

The details of these undertakings, however, will be left to someone else. Having proposed the ideas, Spilhaus is off to other projects that reflect his abiding faith in humanity's future.

"I'm impatient with the past," he says, "and irritable with the present. The future is where my concern lies, and I'm very optimistic about it."

0 About the Author: Joseph E. Brown, a free-lance writer specializing in subjects related to the sea, is aformer editor of Oceans magazine.

ON ..THE LIGHTER SIDE

"If you're mine, get into the bathtub. If you're someone else's, go home."

"It's from us."

Reprinted

by permission

of Ladies Home Journal and Chon Day.

"I wish I could wear a bikini ... but I just don't have the figure for it."

One of the last things that Uday Shankar did before his death was to write SPAN a gracious letter permitting0 us to print excerpts from his forthcoming autobiography. The memoirs were recorded in Aengali by Anupama Das, and the excerpts on page 40- were translated by Lila Ray.

,RabindranatliTagore once said of Uday Shankar (left): "The man is entirely devoid of egotism. That is an amazing thing.

Egotism is being injected into him continually from the outside, in doses so strong they would provide convulsions in anyone else"But his modesty is capable of protecting him ~and preserving his artistic and physical health."

Young Uday Shankar began his career as a dancer, playing Krishna to the great Anna Pavlova's Radha (below) in a show which took him to many cities in}Mmerica during the twenties.

Speaking of this experience, Uday Shankar said: "Ifmy association with Madame Anna Pavlova taught me anything, it was that nothing can be accomplished by dreaming about it; Every idea has to be developed, and the full implications of its possibilities visualized before it can become a reality." On the subject of his dancing, Uday Shankar is eloquent: "All I can say is that when I am on the stage I seem to be in a temple. What 1 do is an act of worship .... . About the gloUJor magnetic aura people profess to see in me, I have nothing to say. They know best."

And indeed Uday Shankar's dancing had a remarkable effect on his audience.

Thus, James Joyce wrote .. to his daughter: "He moves on the stage like a semidivine being. Believe me, there are s~ill some beautiful things left in thiS poor olcLworld."

Top: During a visit to the MGM studios in 1950, actress Kathryn Grayson meets Uday Shankar (wearing tie) and members df his troupe. tliswife Amalais thir left, amlin ntel' is his son Anantia Shankar, now a well-known Composer.

Above: Various mudras,

the hand gestures of classical Indian dance, are demonstrated by students of the Uday Shankar Cultural CentrdnCalcutta.

Left: The dance duel between Lo (l:Jday Shankar; an IS. cqnsort Parvati (Amara Shankar) from the film Kalpana, directed by Uday Shankar.

GUdayShankar in <:America

F

romBombay to London was like ascending a staircase.

I went a step up. But from London to New York was like taking 30 to 40 steps at a time in a'great leap ....

The New Year was being celebrated and we all set out together to see the festivities. Times Square was crowded with merrymakers. Total strangers behaved like intimate friends ....

The whole city was plastered with posters announcing Pavlova's coming show. The "Hindu Wedding" and the "Radha and Krishna" ballet were advertised. My name was given too.

It somehow frightened me. But my fright was dispelled at our very first performance and self-confidence took its place ....

How popular Pavlova was in America had to be seen to be believed. A special train took us from city to city. Gold letters on the outside proclaimed its name: The Pavlova, Express ....

It occurred to me that Madame Pavlova would be spared the expense of engaging extras if I learned some of the minor parts usually given to them. The suggestio!) was made very innocently.

The result was the opposite of what I had expected. "Why should you learn our style of dancing?" she demanded. "Don't you know what a treasure you possess in your own country?

The dance and the music of India are rare and beautiful. We people in the West know very little about it. Your dancing ... has an intense spirituality that fuses body and soul. When I saw you, it seemed to me you were the one destined to bring it to us.

That is where your future lies .... " The first thing I did when we arrived at a new place was to seek out the museums, art galleries and libraries. I'd set out after breakfast, spending the whole day going from one to another. I ate lunch outside and turned up at the theater on time for the show. I did not miss a single museum in any city ....

It was not always possible to adhere strictly to our scheduled program. Telegrams are delivered on running trains in America.

Not infrequently we would get a wire saying that such and such a stage was not big enough to accommodate a full-scale ballet.

The arrival of a telegram alarmed us. If a number had to be changed, rehearsals began immediately, right there on the train.

The conductor sang the music, and the boys and girls practised the sequence of movements. At stations they would get out of the train and practise in any open space they could find, on the railway platform itself sometimes ....

We were taken to Charlie Chaplin's studio in Hollywood.

He took two rounds of bread and stuck them on forks in a way that made the forks look like legs. Then he manipulated them in a way that made them appear to be dancing. We all enjoyed the performance. "Please clap, please clap," Mr. Chaplin laughed when he had finished. We obediently complied.

The two fork legs bowed in acknowledgment, giving one curtain call after another. Those who have seen Chaplin's film The Gold Rush will recall how he makes use of those forks at critical moments. But he gave us no hint of his plans for the film ....

History was created at the Carnegie Hall in 1933. For the first time a dance performance was staged. Unprecedented acclaim from a full house of 5,000 concluded the performance.

I am sure every Indian is proud to be told that the dancer who brought the'mirade of change in the traditions of Carnegie Hall was a fellow Indian. A historical bond of great importance was forged between Western and Indian art works, between America and India. . . .

0 Above: Another scene from a modern ballet in the film Kalpana. Right: A dancer leaps high in a witchcraft scene from an Uday Shankar ballet based on Chandalika, afamous drama on casteism written by Rabindranath Tagore.

The American yen for casual wear and fashion wear from India-shirts, blouses, maxis, midis-has spurred the growth of India's garment industry.

acqueline Kennedy shops regularly at Sona, "The Golden One," New York's â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;˘ famous Indian boutique: she looks for churidars and kaftans. American designer D.D. Dominick saw ghagra-clad Rajasthani belles clustering around a village well: The sight inspired a high-fashion skirt that conquered the U.S. market. Bloomingdales buyer Marguarite Whiteley says that last year's top spring skirt was a classic wrap in a Jaipur print. . These are a few indicators of the fact that Indian garments have entered the world of high fashion, says B. Ramadorai, managing director of the Handicrafts and Handlooms Exports Corporation of India (HHEC).

American fashion experts agree. "India, once primarily considered just another source for inexpensive ready-to-wear, is coming of age as a solid fashion base," says New York's Women's Wear Daily. The present fashion trend favof!:lg soft romantic clothing in natural fibers means more garments from India, the magazine adds.

Leading American departmental stores support this view. Larry Shapiro, general manager at Macy's, San Francisco, says: "Forty per cent of our spring junior top business is in Indian merchandise." Bruce Binder, Macy's fashion director for Europe, says: "The customer wants cotton and India is a natural. The French have used India very strongly and Americans are following. Cotton is becoming a year-round fabric: it can be quilted for colder weather."

Mimi Liebeskind, fashion director at New

l

York's Ann Taylor, observes: "The softness and femininity of today's fashion lends itself to the look of India's crushed cottons and embroideries ....

Our bestselling summer pants were Willi Wear's pleated cotton ones.

Willi Wear and D.D. Dominick have brought Indian fashion to a high level."

Indian fabrics have always been coveted abroad. Ten million looms in India spin fabrics of exuberant color, splendid design and endless variety. While weaving is an ancient Indian art-silk weaving is mentioned in books WrItten as far back as 300 B.c.

-garment making is relatively new, since the main items of apparel in India, the sari and the dhoti, are unstitched. But when you bring together the art of the Indian fabric weaver and the genius of the American or French fashion designer, the result is a garment that delights the world.

That's the reasoning behind the collaboration between Indian garment makers and leading foreign designers, and it has paid India rich dividends. The trend was probably initiated 12 years ago when HHEC got French couturier Pierre Cardin to tour India: He designed Western fashion apparel from Indian fabrics, incorporating into them colors, weaves and prints in vogue abroad.

Later HHEC brought to India Hanae Mori from Japan, Capucci from Italy, Carol Horn and Dominick from the United States.

Carol Horn helped push India's exports of high-fashion silk garments. And Dominick .hopes to sell whole Indian wardrobes next autumn and spring. Last year, the talented New York couturier toured Madras, Banaras, and Bombay, as well as several cities in Kashmir and Rajasthan.

"Indian bazaars fascinate American fashion designers," says HHEC's Ramadorai.

Thousands of American girls have bought this beautiful maxi which features floral prints on a. Jaipur vegetable-dye fabric.

"They spend endless hours roaming them.

They believe that In~ia is a great country for color. Being highly creative people, they respond in the idiom of design to the natural color combinations of the Indian landscape.

One of them got a great color idea from bangles."

Apart from Horn and Dominick, adds Ramadorai, "We have been inviting experts from the United States periodically to upgrade Indian technical skills in cutting, stitching, grading and finishing; and on the fabric side, in the art of fast-dyeing and finishing processes. Private exporters too have had many collaboration agreements with leading foreign designers. And some American departmental stores have resident production overseers in India. There is thus a lot of movement back and forth."

Such movement is necessary, Ramadorai says, "because fashion changes fast and we have to keep pace with it. In textures, a new look is in vogue every year-it could be the

flimsy look, the see-through look, the washedout look. There was a time when designers used to tear up pants and patch them.

Architectural designs, a craze some years ago, have now disappeared. The oncepopular tantric prints gave way last year to geometric prints.

"I think India's ethnic designs-those that reflect its distinctive heritage-have a perennial appeal. But not all ethnic garments are big sellers. The Nehru coat, the Guru shirt, the Rajasthani gypsy dress, the Lucknow kurta-these have been successes in the past. The garment industry should come up with new styles of ethnic garments."

* * *

India's garment exports have expanded sixteenfold between 1971 and 1976, rising from Rs. 15crores to Rs. 250 crores. (The U.S. alone bought garments worth nearly Rs.100 crores in 1976.) "A growth rate unequalled in the world" (in the words of Vijay Mehta, president of the Garnient Exporters Association) has caught planners by surprise.

No garment industry was mentioned in the Fourth Five-Year Plan. It is one of the pillars of the Fifth Plan's export strategy.

The Indian garment export boom began in 1973. The "handloom look" in U.S. fashion, and the increased cost of polyester fiber in the wake of the oil price hike, combined to make Indian garments attractive. Shirts, blouses and dresses made from crepe (cheesecloth)-checks, stripes or plains-sold in a big way in the United States. The boom lured profiteers to the business. Result: America was glutted in 1976 with cheap, substandard Indian goods, and the market crashed. The garment industry received another setback early last year when Europe, faced with fast-rising imports of Indian shirts and blouses, slapped quotas on them. More than $50 million worth of goods piled up uns¡old. . . The garment industry reeled under the twin blows. Many units wound up. But established exporters, and those with a regular clientele, weathered the storm. The industry is now reviving, and reports of the success of the recent Indian trade fairs in Chicago and Los Angeles have raised morale.

Experts believe that within five years, India could boost annual garment exports to Rs.l,OOOcrores, the United States accounting for about Rs.500 crores. But to achieve this, several measures are necessary. The

Left: The glamor world of Indian garments. Two models photographed with a fabulous collection of HHEC (Handicrafts and Handlooms Exports Corporation of India) fabrics and gar'T'ents.

lakhs every year, mainly to the United States.

Principal sellers are casual wear-bowling jerseys, sports shirts, patchwork garments. . "My American importer, who is based in San Francisco, floods me with literature," Raman says. "He treats me like an extension of his office. I get hundreds of ideas accompanied by patterns, photographs and samples. He spends a lot of time and money explaining what he wants, so I can't help paying a lot of attention to the product.

"Americans can be very fussy. Once we were given 72 instructions for a single shirt-concerning the quality of the fabric, the amount of residual shrinkage, the kind of button-stitching, the style of collars and cuffs, the kind of packing. I groaned, but I buckled down to the task. Now I'm glad * * * I did. I learnt a great deal from that shirt."

There are more than 3,000 garment exportRaman's advice to those who aim at the ers in India today, three-fourths of whom are located in Bombay and Delhi. Quite a American market is: "Desist from extravagant claims, for the buyer will see through few of them are women. One male exporter quips: "Every pretty girl in India wants to Indian fabrics and workmanship, them. You should frankly explain your model garments, every talented woman wants American design ingenuitycapabilities and your limitations. The buyer to export them." will make an extra effort to get what he the two have combined to What is the experience of India's garment wants from you while being more tolerant of exporters in penetrating world markets? produce enchanting fashion your limitations."

What have been their joys and frustrations, Rasi Exports prefers to deal with a single apparel for Western markets. their hopes and ambitions? SPAN interimporter, spurning all those tempting casual viewed two leading garment exporters, Mrs. orders. "It is important to have a steady Prabha Chopra of Didi Modes, Delhi, and in their assessments of mood and fashion. client. The recent crisis in the industry did Her entire collection for the spring of 1975, not affect us because we have such a client."

R.K. Raman of Rasi Exports, Madras.

"People expect something unusual from for instance, consisted of stripes and checks, An American buyer at the recent garment me," says Mrs. Prabha Chopra. She is and the actual demand was for plains. fair in Delhi, Steven Laska of Trisha World unusual. Cool as the negligee displayed "Cables flew back and forth, we were in a Fashions, Santa Cruz, California, regretted in her show window, she runs her glamor flurry, but I collected myself, got my people the dearth of attractive men's shirts-in together, and in 20 days developed a new India, the United States, everywhere else. factory with consummate skill.

Seven years ago, Mrs. Chopra engaged collection of striking garments in plains. "But I have seen some fine hand-woven looseseven tailors and set up shop in a barsati. We had to work 22 hours a day, but we fitting cottons from Guatemala." He suggestToday she owns big factories in Okhla and managed to avert a possible disaster." ed that Indian exporters use a cotton-rayon "A fanatic insistence on quality is essential blend for Western-style dresses. "It's bound Faridaba<;l that turn out dresses, blouses, maxis, midis and skirts that are hypnotically if you want to make a name in exports," to be a hit." beautiful: "sheer witchcraft," as someone says Mrs. Chopra. The fabric, the dye, the John Kraus of Gentleman John, New described them. Business with the United printing, the trimmings, everything should York, regularly imports handloom garments match. Every garment is checked 100 per from India, selecting a different fabric every States alone exceeds a crore of rupees. should be no stain, no loose year. He says his Bombay collaborator, Mrs. Mrs. Chopra faced a big challenge in cent-there pressed, dry-cleaned, and Malkani of Art-East Exports Private Ltd., 1974. A Dutch buyer wanted 120,000 button -then Ombre-dyed (four shades of dyes) skirts in checked again before being shipped out. "makes very beautiful things. We have What are the qualities Mrs. Chopra looks designed a new sleepwear line, over which 21 days. "My husband opposed the deal because it called for too much work in too for in a designer? A certain creative flair, we spent many sleepless nights." short a time for too low a profit. But the more than anything else. "But 'talent alone Vijay Mehta of the Garment Exporters challenge excited me. After three mad weeks, isn't enough. A commercial mind is needed. Association emphasizes that exporting garthe skirts were ready and shipped in time. Take this maxi. The design showed to me ments is "different from exporting onions was lovely, but the price was too high. I and potatoes." It requires strict quality That was a turning point in my life."

Didi Modes is particularly well known don't want my garments to bag compliments, control, continuous monitoring of foreign for its ethnic-look garments: it makes 80,000 I want them to sell. Just a few adjustmentsfashion trends, research and development a month. "I select a 100-year-old concept less embroidery, fewer frills-were necessary in fabric and garment design, attractive and give it a modern look," says Mrs:- to make the design salable." packaging, a firm price policy. The recent Chopra. How is this done? "I tour the In Madras, R.K. Raman talks at length crisis, he said, has helped discipline the country constantly for ideas; with our rich of his company's relationship with his U.S. industry and instil a greater respect for and many-splendored heritage, there's no importer. Raman's company, Rasi Exports, professionalism. If this trend continues, dearth of design ideas. I visit Jaipur alone sells garments and fabrics worth Rs.70 "India can clothe the world."

0

industry should diversify its product range.

So far it has exported mainly shirts and blouses; it should tap the potential for coa.ts, trousers, boiler suits, overalls, army and school uniforms, children's wear.

India could make even more appealing garments, experts say, by liberalizing imports of polyester fiber, and by modernizing the handloom industry. Handloom fabrics should be technically better processed and given the drip-dry, shrink-resistantproperties that American consumers expect from their garments.

A u.S.-assisted institute of fashion technology and an export promotion council for readymade garments are likely to be set up to supply the industry with trained executives, and to stimulate exports.

five or six times a year, select a particular design, then get a fabric made with my own prints, dyes and color combinations." One highly successful ethnic garment made by Didi Modes-it has sold 300,000 pieces in four years-is a maxi from a Jaipur vegetabledye fabric. It has been sold in many colors.

Mrs. Chopra works in close concert with designers in the United States and other countries. They tell her about the styles for the next season-or the next year. Didi Modes then makes garment samples from these styles. After these are approved, the factory executes bulk orders.

"Much depends on these style reports from foreign designers," says Mrs. Chopra.

"And I act on them promptly." She showed a report received that morning on the colors for next spring. "Instructions went out immediately to dye our fabrics in that color."

But the foreign designers can go wrong

AMERICAN INDIANS CAMPAIGN FOR JUSTICE Encouraged by the U.S. Government, which has offered them funds and legal services, American Indian tribes have successfully gone to court to press claims for land, or ancestral rights.

American Indians are today engaged in a campaign to seek compensation for what they see as injustices they have suffered during the course of U.S. history. In contrast to past campaigns, which sometimes involved violent confrontations, the Indians are now working within the judicial system to settle their grievances.

They have taken their case to court, and the suits-the most publicized of which is a claim by two tribes to a large part of the northeastern State of Maine-are being taken very seriously by Federal and state officials.

The Indian land claims come at a time when the Federal Government is encouraging Indian self-determination. The U.S. Interior Department, the Federal courts, and the Department of Health, Education and Welfare have supported Indian rights and provided American Indians with legal and other services. The government also gave nearly half a million dollars last year to the native American Rights Fund -a private legal organization with headquarters in Boulder, Colorado. The Fund's 20 lawyers -14 of whom are Indians-have argued many of the court cases through which American Indians have won recognition of their land claims in recent years. Its director, Thomas Fredericks, says that the Fund's assemblage of legal talent has been the key to asserting old Indian rights in modern courts.

One key piece of legislation cited as a basis for the Indian court challenges is the Indian Non-Intercourse Act of 1790, which states: "No purchase, grant, lease or other conveyance of land or any title or claim thereto from any Indian nation or tribe of Indians shall be of any validity in law or equity unless the same be made by treaty or convention entered into pursuant to the Constitution." This act of U.S. Congress, intended to protect Indians from fraud, required that all land transactions between tribes and white settlers be authorized by Congress.

The law was ignored for many years by state officials who negotiated treaties with various American Indian tribes under which the Indians agreed to live on reservations in return for financialcompensation and protection by the state governments.

Congress never assented to most of these treaties; this means, according to Fredericks, that the Indians were illegally deprived of their land.

During the past few years, in case after case, U.S. Federal courts have agreed. In 1976, for example, a group ofIndian tribes won a $6.5-rnillion Federal settlement of a seven-million-hectare land claim in four midwestern states. Indians living on the island of Martha's Vineyard off the coast of Massachusetts persuaded voters to give them back a large tract of land. And another tribe won title to a symbolically important half-hectare of land near the town of Bridgeport, Connecticut.

The suit in Maine, which has received wide media coverage over the past few months, involves several treaties and transactions dating from the 1790s between the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot tribes and the States of Maine and Massachusetts.

None of these agreements was approved by Congress. The two Indian groups contend, therefore, that the treaties are invalid; in February 1972 they sued the State of Maine and several other parties, demanding the return of 5 million hectares-58 per cent

American Indian progress: Attorney Marwin Liddell (left), himself half Indian, givesfree advice to a poor client (extreme right). Secondfrom left: Vine Deloria, writer and champion of American Indian rights. Thirdfrom left: Napoleon Johnson, former Chief Justice, Oklahoma Supreme Court.

of the land in Maine-and $25,000 million in damages.

The American Indians have thus far been successful in the courts. A U.S. district court in Maine ruled in January 1975that the Passamaquoddies were covered by the Indian Non-Intercourse Act of 1790 and that the "trust relationship between the United States and the tribe" obligated the Federal Government to prosecute the Indian claims. This decision was unanimously upheld by the U.S. 'Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston in March 1976, and the Justice Department entered the case on the side of the two tribes.

President Jimmy Carter in April named Georgia Supreme Court Justice William B. Gunter as a special negotiator in the case. Gunter has submitted a recommendation to the President that the two tribes be offered $25 million in Federal funds and 40,000 hectares of state land to settle their claim. Meanwhile, the two sides have begun direct negotiations that may lead to an out-of-court settlement of the case.

Behind all these legal victories lies a return to the old concept of tribal sovereignty-the concept that American Indian tribes are independent nations that have the right to control their own affairs, within their own reservations. Of the more than 790,000 American Indians, some 450,000 still live on reservations or government lands comprising between 20 and 25 million hectares.

They are free to come and go as they wish. The rest are scattered through the general population and live like other Americans.

At present, there are about 263 tribes varying in size from the Navajos in the southwest with over 125,000 members, to vestigial groups with only a few dozen members.

The individual Indian has dual status: as a tribal member and as an individual American citizen with the rights and duties associated with that status. The American Indian is a minority in American life that possesses a separate legal status within the Republic. The courts have recognized and upheld this status. 0 SPAN JANUARY

1978

45

this approach. They see in it the rejection came concerned that the next era would our two countries closer together. We of traditional U.S. paternalism and the be marked by efforts to create a U.S.- must continue working to make our beginning of more mature and normal Soviet condominium. An enduring thread relationship closer still. Normalization in that relationship is necessary, but relations, similar to those which the runs through these generalizations; United States has with other nations of whether marked by confrontation, com- even short of it both sides should find the world. petition. or the feared prospect of a it useful to develop a closer consultative Regarding Africa, we have sought, and condominium, the nature of U.S.-Soviet relationship, so that each side adequately , I believe successfully, to identify ourselves relations tended to dominate American understands and takes into account the with the just aspirations of black Africans. foreign policy and, indeed, world affairs. legitimate global concerns of the other.

We have broken with the posture of This should no longer be, or need be. indifference and insensitivity which at the case. East- West relations, notably Resolving Conflicts , times in the past characterized American U.S.-Soviet relations, involve and will attitudes toward those aspirations. In so continue to involve elements of both The third major objective that we set doing, I believe that we are also making competition and cooperation. We are for ourselves in January 1977 was to it easier for the United States, as for the quietly confident about our ability and focus on the three major issues which West in general, to playa creative role determination to compete, economically, in our judgment contain the greatest in dealing with some international prob- politically, and militarily. But managing potential for destructive escalation.

The first of these involves the future lems that today confront the African a relationship that will be both competitive of the Panama Canal. To most 'Panacommunity. and cooperative cannot be permitted to In Asia, where the United States will dominate all our perspectives. Today, we manians and to many Latin Americontinue to play a major role, we are do not have a realistic choice between cans this issue is perceived as a vestige encouraged by the progress made in an approach centered on the Soviet of U.S. colonialism, a perspective widely shared in the Third World as well. I some parts of this vast region. The Union, or cooperation with our trilateral must candidly say that the effort to obtain emergence of ASEAN, the growing pros- friends [Japan and Europe], or on Northperity of the Pacific Basin, the con- 'South relations. Instead, each set of a new treaty which would phase out the structive character of recent Japanese issues must be approached on its own U.S. presence in the Canal Zone, and initiatives, are welcome developments, terms. A world where elements of co- which will permit Panama to increase its which will cumulatively contribute to a operation prevail over competition entails participation in the operation and defense healthier international order. the need to shape a wider and more of the Canal, while retaining for the In brief, our approach to developing cooperative global framework. We did United States ultimate security responnations is characterized by our willingness not wish the world to be this complex; sibility, is not a popular matter in the to actively seek solutions to remaining but we must deal with it in all of its United States. Yet the new Administration "anticolonialist" issues; by our engage- complexity, even if it means having a recognizes that efforts to maintain the status quo would¡ poison our relations ment in the search for answers to the foreign policy which cannot be reduced with Latin America and eventually even I to a single and simplistic slogan. more structural problems of North-South This is why we will seek to engage jeopardize our ability to keep the Canal relations; by our desire to collaborate closely with the increasingly influential the Soviet Union in wider forms of co- open. We are thus determined to deemerging states; and by our desire to make . operation. As President Carter said in monstrate that the most powerful nation foreign aid more responsive to the needs Notre Dame University, we desire a in the world is willing to work with one detente that will be both comprehensive of the world's poorest peoples. of the world's smallest nations to fashion At the same time, a wider and more . and reciprocal. We desire cooperation in a relationship based on partnership and cooperative world system has to include the Indian Ocean, in the Middle East, mutual respect. We also hope thereby also that part of the world which is ruled and in Europe, as well as on wider global to demonstrate that watertight zones of by communist governments. One-third issues. We also want to contain the arms big power predominance are an historical of mankind now lives under communist race. The arms race is costly, and anachronism, a point which may have to some relevance to some other parts of systems, and these states have to be dangerous. We seek to reduce-and level of strategic the world as well. assimilated, to the extent that they are keep reducing-the The second major issue we faced was willing, into a wider fabric of global armaments on both sides, to freeze the cooperation. The objective is thus to improvement of weaponry on both sides, in Southern Africa. There we confront assimilate East-West relations into a and to achieve an agreement in which the danger that racial conflict might broader framework of cooperation, rather each side is responsive to more specific also become before long an ideological war, with external involvement. In cothan to concentrate on East-West rela- strategic concerns of the other.

No architecture for a more stable and operation with the African states, we tions as the decisive and dominant concern of our times. In the 1950s, world affairs just world order would be' complete seek in Southern Africa to promote a were dominated by an intense confronta- without taking into account the proper solution based on justice.

We are also determined to do our tion between the United States and the role of the People's Republic of China.

We recognize not only that peace in part to make certain that Africa in I Soviet bloc. In the 1960s, world affairs were dominated by growing diversity in East and Southeast Asia depends upon a . general does not become the terrain for ideological conflict. This is why we insist the communist world and by a com- constructive Sino-American relationship, petitive relationship between the United but that China can help immensely in that major powers refrain from interStates and the Soviet Union. And in the maintaining a global equilibrium as well. , ference and from fueling conflicts, whether early 1970s, many foreign observers be- Mutual interest, not sentiment, brought . in Southern Africa or the African Horn ..

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The third crucial problem on which we determined to concentrate was in the Middle East. Continued conflict in that region poses a direct threat to international peace, while increasingly radicalizing Israel's neighbors. Such conflict poses a danger as much to Europe and to Japan as to' the United States, not to speak of Israel itself. We also perceived that an opportunity existed to move more rapidly toward truly a genuine peace. The Israelis, who have fought so courageously for their survival and to whose survival every morally sensitive person must be committed, have often stated that territories occupied in 1967 were being held until their Arab neighbors were prepared to undertake full scale peace commitments. Our Administration, therefore building on the step-by-step arrangements attained by the previous U.S. Administration, has sought to elicit and to crystallize growing Arab moderation, thereby making possible direct negotiations between the parties.

Responsiveness to New Global Dilemmas Finafly, our major objective has been to join with others in increasing global sensitivity to two key problems which, in our judgment, have been given inadequate attention in the past. They are nonproliferation and conventional arms transfers.

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Our nuclear nonproliferation policy recognizes two needs: to help each nation to secure the energy it needs, and to stop the spread of nuclear weaponry. Thus our policy is not designed to impose artificial prohibitions on the inevitable spread of an essential technology. Rather we have to induce nations to take a fresh look at the problems of the plutonium fuel cycle, and to concentrate greater attention on the technical alternatives which we believe exist. The policy rests on a firm economic and technical base, which has two key elements. First, the energy plans of many nationsparticularly the developed states-are based on what we regard as inflated estimates of future energy demand Second, we think that global reserves of uranium and thorium are much larger than was previously estimated.

Our analysis of these considerations impels us to the conclusion that the reprocessing and reuse of plutonium at this time would be premature-in the United States and elsewhere. Therefore, in the spring of 1977, the President postponed reprocessing in the United States for the indefinite future, and proposed an International Nuclear Fuel Cycle Evaluation in which developed and developing states could jointly examine these and related issues in an effort to reach mutually agreed answers. I am pleased to report that recently more than

35 nations convened in Washington for the first meeting of this historic undertaking.

We also wish to raise the level of awareness about the dangers involved in growing conventional arms¡ transfers.

These. transfers have more than doubled over the past decade. Not only has there been a dramatic increase in the volume of arms, but those sold today are of ever increasing sophistication. While only a handful of states produce such weapons, the number of nations which seek to purchase them is increasing rapidly. The momentum continues to build, despite the enormous burden that is levied on an already faltering world economy. The tragic irony is that resources diverted from economic and social development to buy arms may undermine the very security the arms are intended to purchase.

The United States is moving to meet this global threat to the welfare of mankind. We have begun to restrain our arms exports; at the same time, realizing that we cannot deal with this global problem alone, we intend to work with other suppliers to cut back on the flow of arms and the rate at which advanced weapon technologies spread.

Equally important, we hope to work with arms importers to reduce the demand for more numerous and costly weapons.

While we remain ready to provide our friends with the necessary means for self-

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defense, we are determined to do what can be done to reverse the spiraling increase of arms exports.

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In these four areas, I have tried to indicate major issues and ideas that have influenced our approach to foreign policy.

I do not claim that we have succeeded in reaching our goals. Some of them may not be attained during the life of this Administration. But I believe that real progress has been made: • Anti-Americanism has waned; there has been a revival of historical confidence in the United States and about the United States; our commitment to human rights is helping to restore genuine meaning to the word democracy, and thus the democracies' relevance to the world.

• We have made some progress in fulfilling the Summit decisions of last May, but we need to do more, especially in regards to economic growth and the avoidance of protectionism.

We have improved somewhat the climate of North-South relations and placed our relations with Latin America and Africa on a more cooperative and mature basis.

We have also made progress in our continuing efforts to put U.S.-Soviet relations on a stable and equitable basis, without generating the extremes of public euphoria or hostility. Indeed, today we are negotiating on a wider variety of

bilateral issues than probably at any previous time in U.S.-Soviet relations.

• We have signed a just treaty with Panama and are now seeking its ratification; we have engaged U.S. prestige and influence in the effort to obtain fair solutions to Southern African problems; we have made progress in obtaining Israeli and Arab willingness to negotiate on the three key issues in the Middle Eastern conflict: namely, the nature of peace, the relation between territorial and security arrangements, and the Palestinian question.

• We have adopted self-imposed restraints on our arms exports through the obligation to reduce our totals from year to year; we are now engaged in negotiating self-restraint arrangements with other countries. We have also succeeded in generating genuine interest in nonproliferation, despite-and perhaps even because of-the friction initially produced.

If there is a single common theme to our efforts, it is this: After World War II our foreign policy, by necessity, was focused primarily on issues connected with the Cold War. This gave it a sharp focus, in some cases making it easier to mobilize public opinion. A concentrated foreign policy could be supported by public emotion.

Today we confront a more difficult task, which calls for support based on reason. We must respond to a wider range

of issues-some of which still involve the Cold War-issues stemming from a complex process of global change. A concentrated foreign policy must give way to a complex foreign policy, no longer focused on a single, dramatic task -such as the defense of the West. Instead, we must engage ourselves with the distant and difficult goal of giving shape to a world that has suddenly become politically awakened and socially restless.

The struggle for the shape of the future thus has strong parallels to the experience of Western democracies in the last century and a half. And it is that experience which offers a measure of hope for a more rational and just accommodation on a vastly more complex and larger scale basis. That accommodation, which over time can acquire the character of a genuine global community, cannot be blueprinted in advance; and it will only come about through gradual changes both in the outlook and in the objective conditions of mankind. It is our confident belief that liberty and equity can indeed creatively coexist. It is our confident view of the future that democracy-in its many manifestations and with its own many stages of development -comes closest to meeting the genuinely felt needs of mankind. It is our confident judgment that our collaboration can enhance the chances that the future destiny of man is to live in a world that is creatively pluralistic.

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