February 1991

First Sight Scientists at the Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute in San Francisco, California, are trying to learn how much babies see and how early.

In the photo above, a Donald Duck puppet draws the attention of a seven-week-oldgirl as a special sensor records her brain responses to visual stimuli flashed on a computer screen. The patterns are changed in color, brightness, size, and configuration at a controlled rate and the brain's acknowledgments of the changes are monitored. Dr. Anthony Norcia (left), director of the program, says the research indicates that the human visual system develops more quickly in the first eight months of life than previously thought.

Unstrung Melodv Paul McAvinney, a senior research programmer at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, demonstrates VideoHarp, a stringless musical instrument that he developed. Along the top of the harp is a neon tube of light. As he breaks the light with his fingers, a sensor translates the interruptions into music. The harp can also be programmed to sound like a flute, cello, and other instruments.

SPAN The U.S. Educational Foundation in India (USEFI) has just wound up a year of celebrations marking its 40th anniversary. There were workshops, conferences, and Fulbright alumni get-togethers around the country. January was a particularly busy month, with seminars in Bombay, Calcutta, Hyderabad, Madras, New Delhi, and Patna. Top Indian and American scholars attended the New Delhi conference on "The History of Indo-U.S. Relations Covering Four Decades." Keynote speakers were Kapila Vatsyayan, member secretary of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, and Nathan Glazer of Harvard University's graduate school of education.

U.S. Ambassador William Clark, Jr., opened the conference, saying America's relationship with India "is now moving in the right direction" and "will continue to build on a number of well-known political and economic factors." Among the factors he cited were India's economic potential, military strength, influence in international fora, its democratic processes, and its role as a stabilizing force in the region.

USEFI, if the past four decades are any indication, will continue to play an important role in strengthening longterm Indo-U.S. ties. It was on February 2, 1950, that Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and U.S. Ambassador Loy Henderson signed the agreement establishing USEFI, under terms of the Fulbright act, to promote "mutual understanding between the peoples of the United States and India by a wider exchange of knowledge and professional talents through educational exchanges."

By all accounts it is succeeding admirably in achieving that aim. In the past 40 years, more than 8,000 Indians and Americans have studied, taught, and performed research in each other's country under Fulbright and other programs administered by USEFI's binational board and staff. In December, Fulbrighter Elaine Craddock of the University of California at Berkeley concluded a year's assignment at Madurai Kamaraj University in Tamil Nadu. In her final report she wrote: " .. .1 feel my personal enrichment has been the most significant aspect of my grant period here. Indian culture is as far removed from American culture as I can imagine, so as an American living in India I was forced to examine my values on a daily basis in a range of situations, against the backdrop of a mind-bogglingly complex and paradoxical culture. I feel I have grown a great deal through this process, and become a more educated-in the richest sense of the word-and broad-minded person .... Sharing ideas on a broad range of issues with Indian colleagues has contributed greatly to our mutual understanding of cross-cultural issues and has permeated all aspects of our lives."

Although.USEFI is best known in connection with the Fulbright exchange program, it oversees many other activities. It counsels more than 23,000 students annually who want to study in the United States, administers tests for them, and screens candidates for other prestigious exchange programs, such as the Hubert H. Humphrey North-South Fellowship, in addition to organizing numerous seminars and workshops throughout the year.

Whatever the endeavor, the goal is to further the kind of understanding that Craddock so eloquently expressed.

-L.J.B.

F,b'",'y 1991

2

Lessons From Kindergarten

8

"The World Could Wait No Longer"

by Patricia Leigh Brown

World Press Opinion

10 13

World Without Wires

by Dawn Stover

Good Works From Good Vibes

15 A Golden Voice Remembered 18 Hawthorne's Passage to India

by Ruskin Bond

by DOI'shallSingh Maini

21 Still at Home on the Range

26 Pathways to Nature

32

Moving Office Home

by Noel Grove

by Roxane FarmanJarmaian

37 On the Lighter Side

38

Focus On...

44

Security Council by A.G. Noorani Satellites, ~eporters and Freedom of Speech

40 The U.S. National

by Don Sneed and Kyu Ho Youm

46 Restoring a Hand

by Sandy Greenberg

Front cover: Carver Abbott represents the sixth generation of a family of cowboys in the Sand Hills of Nebraska. Story on pages 21-25.

Back cover: Greenways, such as this one on the Ridge Trail of the San Francisco Bay area in California, are linking open spaces all across the United States. Story on pages 26-31.

Publisher, Leonard J. Baldyga; Editor, Guy E. Olson Managing Editor, Himadri Dhanda; Associate Managing Editor, Krishan Gabrani; Senior Editor, Aruna Dasgupta; Copy Editors, A. Venka'ta Narayana, Snigdha Goswami; Editorial Assistants, Rocque Fernandes, Rashmi Goel; Photo Editor, Avinash Pasricha; Art Director, Nand Katyal; Associate Art Director, Kanti Roy; Artist, Hemant Bhatnagar; Production Assistant, Sanjay Pokhriyal; Circulation Manager, Y.P. Pandhi; Photographic Services: USIS Photographic Services Unit; Research Services: USIS Documentation Services; American Center Library, New Delhi: Photographs: Front cover-Kenneth E. White. 2-7-Dan Lamont. 13 left-University of Idaho; right-Associated Booking Corp. 26-27, 28 bottom-Š National Geographic Society; 28 top-McLaughlin Water Engineers. 39-Avinash Pasricha. 43 top left-R.N. Khanna. 46-inside back cover-Brian Peterson, courtesy of the St. Paul Pioneer Despatch.

Back cover-Phil Schermeister, Š National Geographic Society.

Pubtished by the United States Information Service, American Center, 24 Kasturba Gandhi Marg. New Delhi 110001 (phone: 3316841), on behalf of the American Embassy, New Delhi. Prill led at Thomson Press (India) Limited.

Faridabad, Haryana. The opinions expressed in this magazine do not necessarily reflect the views or policies or the U.S. Government. Use of SPAN articles in,other publications is encouragedt except when copyrighted. For pamissioll write to the Editor. Price of magazine, one year's subscription (12 issues) Rs. 30; single copy. Rs. 5.

Lessons From Kindergarten

I i

I

I

i

i 1

essays into a best-selling book, reaffirming the sanctity of the ordinary.

J

ust as he didn't really mean to become a part-time Unitarian minister or the chairman of the art department of a fancy private school in Seattle, Washington State, the Rev. Robert L. Fulghum didn't really mean to write a best-seller called All I Really Need to Know 1Learned in Kindergarten: Uncommon Thoughts on Common Things. But accidents happen.

It was to escape the fallout-the 900,000 hardcover copies sold, the 17 printings, the 13 foreign-language editions, the record breaking $2.1 million nonfiction paperback advance from Ivy Books, the speaking-engagement requests, the sevenfigure advance for his second book, the product licensers wanting to stamp his homespun homilies on mugs and T-shirts (the answer is no )-that Fulghum went one Saturday evening to the Gear Jammer truck stop in Mountain Home, Idaho, to contemplate life, love and chicken-fried steak.

"The winding down of summer puts me in a heavy philosophical mood," he writes in Kindergarten. "I am thinking about the deep, very private personal needs of people. Needs that, when met, give us a great sense of well-being. We don't like to talk about these for fear that people will not understand. But to increase our level of intimacy, I will tell you about one of mine: Chicken-fried steak."

Fulghum (who is called Fulghum-pronounced FUL-jumby practically everyone, including his children) was on his way to Seattle from Moab, Utah, having spent the previous six weeks on retreat in the back country of Canyonlands National Park. In Seattle, he lives on a houseboat with his wife, Dr. Lynn Edwards, chief of a group health clinic. A native Texan, 53 years old, he has been coming down to Utah for some 20 years, originally to take students on three-week wilderness expeditions and now to get away from what he refers to as "all the hoo-hah."

Puffing his pipe and thinking back over those six weeks in the back country, Fulghum said, "1 get privately amused sometimes. After dinner around the campfire one night, 1was sitting there scrubbing pots in dirty beaver water, having let myself go completely to seed, thinking, I wonder how many millionaires in America are doing what I'm doing now?"

Traveling on the interstate, he sets the odometer so that a blip will sound at each 100-mile (160-kilometer) mark, at which point he searches for an exit in order to explore the nearest town.

Fulghum's approach to life is similar. "1don't think there is a

From

The Nell' York Times Mag(cine. Copyright

by permission.

rt 1989 by The New York Times Comp'lny.

Reprinted

hidden purpose to the universe that you have to puzzle out," he said. "You are free to give life meaning, whatever meaning you want to give it. Most ordinary things can be sources of pleasure if one invests that in it."

The premise of Fulghum's paean to kindergarten is that life's major truisms, from international politics to basic sanitation, are learned not on the "graduate-school mountain" but in the sandpile. They include: • Share everything.

• Play fair.

• Don't hit people.

• Clean up your own mess.

• Warm cookies and cold milk are good for you.

• When you go out into the world, watch out for traffic, hold hands, and stick together.

• Live a balanced life-learn some and think some and draw

This is my neighbor. Nice lady. Coming out her front door, on her way to work and in her "looking good" mode. She's locking thc door now and picking up her daily luggage: Purse, lunch bag, gym bag for aerobics, and the garbage bucket to take out. She turns, sees me, gives me the big, smiling Hello, takes three steps across her front porch. And goes "AAAAAAAAGGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHH!!!!" (That's a direct quote.) At about the level of a fire engine at full cry. Spiderweb! She has walked full force into a spiderweb. And the pressing question, of course: Just where is the spider now?

She flings her baggage in all directions. And at the same time does a highkick, jitterbug sort of dance-like a mating stork in crazed heat. Clutches at her face and hair and goes "AAAAAAAGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHH!!!!!" at a new level of intensity. Tries opening the front door without unlocking it. Tries again. Breaks key in the lock. Runs around the house headed for the back door. Doppler effect of "A A A A A G G G H H H H a a g g h...."

Now a different view of this scene. Here is the spider. Rather ordinary, medium gray, middle-aged lady spider. She's been up since before dawn working on her web, and all is well. Nice day, no wind, dew point just right to keep things sticky. She's out checking the moorings and thinking about the little gnats she'd like to have for breakfast. Feeling good. Ready for action. All of a sudden all hell breaks loose-earthquake, tornado, volcano. The web is torn loose and is wrapped around a frenzied moving haystack, and a huge piece of raw-but-painted meat is making a sound the spider never heard before: "AAAAAAAGGGGGGGGHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!" It's too big to wrap up and eat later, and it's moving too much to hold down. Jump for it? Hang on and hope? Dig in?

Human being. She has caught a human being. And the pressing question is, of course: Where is it going and what will it do when it gets there?

From Alii

in Kindergarten

by Robert Fulghum. © 1986. 1988 by by permission of Villard Books. a division of Random House. Inc.

Really Need fa Know I Learned

Robert Fulghum.

Reprinted

and paint and sing and dance and play and work every day.

• Be aware of wonder.

The essays that make up Kindergarten had their innocuous origins as biweekly columns, mostly written between 1960 and 1984, for a small Unitarian church newsletter.

It was the "Kindergarten" essay-a highly condensed version of a "pretentious, arrogant, boring" 300-page credo he wrote as a young minister-that carried Fulghum's thoughts far beyond his suburban Seattle parish. Like a dandelionFulghum's favorite flower-in the gossamer state of wishmaking, "Kindergarten" seemed to alight on an invisible breeze and take root across the United States.

His mimeographed musings had been sent by church members to out-of-town friends and relatives, who taped them on their refrigerator doors. Daniel J. Evans, then a Republican Senator from Washington State, heard Fulghum read the essay at an anniversary celebration for a local school in 1984, and later read it into the Congressional Record. ··Kindergarten" made its way to Kansas City, Missouri, where it appeared in a church bulletin and was printed in The Kansas City Times in November 1985. It was picked up by radio commentator Paul Harvey, the Rev. Robert Schuller, former Representative Barbara Jordan, and singer-activist Pete Seeger. Dear Abby-a popular syndicated column-and Reader's Digest published abridged versions.

One day in 1987, a Connecticut kindergarten teacher tucked "Kindergarten" into the children's knapsacks to take home.

One mother it reached also happened to be a New York literary agent. Patricia Van der Leun tracked down the mysterious minister, who said, "I've been writing this stuff for 20 yearshow many boxes do you want?"

Van der Leun sold Kindergarten to Villard Books for $60,000. It was published in October 1988, within three weeks was on The New York Times best-seller list, and has remained there ever since.

The book, ignored initially by reviewers, academics, and theologians, drew raves from general readers. "It worked in the heartland first," says Fulghum's Villard editor, Diane Reverand. "People who had never bought a book went into the bookstore and bought a copy-and then they bought five."

Fulghum, a voracious reader, is the first to admit that Kindergarten is not great literature. Some of it, he freely admits, is the "worst kind of heart-rending daddy drivel imaginable," the literary equivalent of happy-face buttons--eheery conversational revelries on such diverse subjects as hide-andseek, spiderwebs, crayons, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, and a baseball star's batting average. Not without charm, the essays seem to appeal to the same instinct that makes the proprietor of a 24-hour grille in Moab decorate the walls of her restaurant with perky sayings like "Square meals make round people" and

"Is there life before coffee?"

Rabbi Harold S. Kushner, whose own book of reflective essays, When Bad Things Happen to Good People, was also a phenomenal best-seller, believes that Fulghum's popularity can be explained thus: "In a world of complex ethical decisions, he cuts through the details and says 'at the heart are a few simple rules. You can be a moral person; it's not as hard as it seems.'''

Fulghum's essays reaffirm the sanctity of the ordinary. He does not preach, and rarely mentions God, but his book has a strong spiritual component. He focuses on the transcendental stuff of everyday life-shoe repairmen, raking leaves, and emptying the sink strainer. Not quite preacher, not quite regional humorist, he is a hybrid folk fabulist.

His book has bridged traditional publishing categories; it can be found next to I'm O.K., You're O.K. in the self-help section, or in "inspirational" with Rabbi Kushner. It's sold in Christian bookstores and in New Age natural-food co-ops.

Fulghum's stories are not prescriptive. His parables, or "notions" as he calls them (appropriately, since in the general store oflife they have the feeling of small necessities), possess all the feel-good qualities of Richard Bach or Kahlil Gibran. But his literary terrain is the "common places that make us who we are," the America of root-beer floats at the corner drugstore.

Big-ticket items-planetary survival, politics, the importance of community, love and marriage, a belief that humanity isn't all bad but that life isn't perfect ("the examined life is no picnic")-are addressed through routine life experiences. The short stories are literary nuggets custom-made for an era in which the most direct messages are found not in books or even television but plastered onto T-shirts and bumper stickers and, yes, refrigerators.

Fulghum's second book, It Was On Fire When I Lay Down On It, which was published in late 1989, is more overtly autobiographical, and begins, as did Kindergarten, with a heartto-heart note from author to reader. He is unafraid of sentiment. Reading Robert Fulghum at times can be like drinking a five-cent lemonade; it is only after you've downed the Dixie Cup that you realize how much sugar is at the bottom.

But there is always a touch of the dotty renegade, the anarchic mermaid with a beard. As his friend, Representative Jim McDermott, Democrat of Washington State, a child psychiatrist, observes, "The real issue is why we extinguish curiosity in children. Bob [Fulghum] thinks it's O.K. to be curious."

Fulghum on laundry: "I especially like it when there's lots of static electricity, and you can hang socks all over your body and they will stick there."

I spent 32 hours, or 2,100 kilometers, on the road with Robert Fulghum. These are some of the things I learned: • He carries a French horn case instead of a briefcase.

• He once listed his occupation on a driver's license as "Prince," because that morning his wife told him "Fulghum, you're a prince."

• At motels he sometimes registers as "representing" Mother Earth or the Cutting Edge of Reality.

• If a Seventh-Day Adventist [a member of a proselytizing Christian sect that advocates the observance of Saturday as the Sabbath] comes to the door, he whips out his stopwatch and says, "O.K., but I get equal time."

• He has written a parody, suppressed by his publisher, called "All I Really Wanted to Know I Learned in the Alley Behind My House."

• He freq uen tly picks companies from the Yellow Pages and calls to inquire: "What do you do?" He explains: ''I'm curious about worlds I do not know."

• He shuns hiking trails, preferring a maze of mesquite.

Outside the Edmonds Unitarian Church, in Seattle, where Fulghum served as part-time minister from 1966 until 1985, is a stretch of lawn littered with hundreds of dandelions. The congregation dedicated this patch of ground in Fulghum's honor upon his retirement in 1985, at 48. "I was speechless beyond belief," he said one afternoon at the church. "It said they heard me. I take this ground very seriously."

More than anything else, it is Robert Fulghum's years as a minister and teacher that give his stories resonance. "Being human and alive is a pretty lonely deal," he said, "no matter how intimate or lovely your relationships are."

His perspectives on the commonality of human experience have been gleaned from hundreds of weddings, funerals, hospital rooms, and mortuaries. All that birth, death, and renewal makes for prime storytelling fodder. Distributing someone's remains from 600 meters over Bellingham Bay, Washington State, in a Cessna aircraft, Fulghum had the ashes fly back in his face. "How do you brush off those ashes?" he asks with mock seriousness. "Do you go like this?" (polite dusting gestures) "Or like this?" (frantic pawing).

Among his 300 or so parishioners, Fulghum's choice of guest speakers became an event. He once invited a prostitute because "I thought we might have something to learn about sexual values." His Sunday pre-election sermons were legendary. "I stood up and told them how to vote," Fulghum explains. "They were free to dispute me. The point was, I was going to do my homework as an educated voter, and they could either sit there like jackasses in a hailstorm and take it, or they could do their homework and we'd have it out."

As a minister and teacher, it was Fulghum's job to serve "the

human enterprise" by "getting other people to respect their own experiences." Given his dewy-eyed depictions of childhood in Kindergarten, it is ironic that Fulghum's own strict Southern Baptist upbringing in Waco, Texas, was decidedly the opposite.

Although he writes lovingly about grandfathers, Fulghum never met either of his own. His parents were 40 when they had their only child. Fulghum describes a rigidly Southern Baptist childhood: Church three times a week and Bible stories at night.

"My mother was determined I'd be a Southern Baptist minister," he said.

Fulghum recalls the night of his high school prom as a turning point. "We went to a country club where the girls wore lipstick," he said, "and the next day, at Sunday school, the teacher took me to task about going to a den of iniquity and all that. That got me really angry. Surely, I thought, God had better things to do than to worry about people dancing."

Much to his mother's chagrin, Fulghum left Waco to attend the University of Colorado. During summers, he worked at dude ranches throughout the West as a singing cowboy, and rode in amateur rodeos. Midway through college, his father became ill and suffered a serious financial reversal; Fulghum reluctantly went back to Waco and enrolled at the Baptist Baylor University, where he was considered one of "the disturbed young agnostics on campus."

Upon graduation, in 1957, Fulghum was advised to check out IBM, so he enrolled in a management training program in Dallas. That same year, he married for the first time, The job was a "bad fit." Fulghum began attending a Unitarian church in Dallas and talked to the minister there about "life decisions, and what I believed in and cared about," especially civil rights issues. The minister advised Fulghum to consider the Unitarian ministry. Explains Fulghum now: "I just wanted to be the most Robert Fulghum I could be."

His wife, the former Marcia McClellan, was beginning a PhD program at the University of California, so, eager to "think new thoughts and get out of the narrow envelope," he enrolled in the Thomas Starr King School, a small Unitarian seminary in Berkeley founded in 1904.

Of the three major Unitarian seminaries, Starr King is the most educationally open; known for a "radical respect of person," in the words of Robert C. Kimball, the dean and a professor of theological ethics.

In 1958, San Francisco was about as far away from Waco as a young man could get. "The beatnik thing had just happened, and I jumped into that with both feet," Fulghum recalled one morning in the desert near Moab, walking beside a sandstone pool loaded with "God's experimental bugs."

To support himself, he counseled patients in a mental About the Author: PaTricia Leigh Brown, a reporter for The Times, has a special interest in popular culture.

ew Yark

hospital and inmates at San Quentin, and set up a cottage industry producing made-toorder motel art, cranking out Italian street scenes on huge sheets of Masonite. At night, he tended bar. "I'll never forget the dean telling us that being a minister didn't mean you worked in a church," Fulghum said. "It meant you had some notions about your relationship with larger issues, and what was going on in the world. I learned more about people and marriage tending bar than I could possibly have learned in a classroom."

The culmination of this learning came in Kimball's "credo class," in which Fulghum wrote the affirmative statement of belief that eventually became Kindergarten.

"I've always thought, and I know this sounds on the edge of arrogant, that anyone could make money," he explains. "Making a life worth living, that was the real test."

In 1961, Fulghum and his wife moved to Bellingham, Washington, where he got a part-time job as a minister, choosing Washington State for its progressive political climate and its proximity to the mountains. They had two boys, Christian and Hunter, and later adopted a daughter. Molly, now 22.

Eventually, he and Marcia drifted apart. "We didn't want the same things, we just didn't love each other anymore," he said.

The divorce became final in 1973.

The year before, Fulghum had gone off to Japan for a summer to study at a Zen Buddhist monastery and "become very holy." But in Kyoto the would-be Zen monk with the shaved head and the Texas accent soon met Lynn Edwards, who had recently graduated from Oberlin and was there learning the language. They had a "summer lightning" romance and in the fall of 1973 moved in together back in Seattle.

In the spring of 1974, Edwards began pre-med studies.

Appropriately, it was over the everyday matter of health insurance that two years later, says Fulghum, "there was this funny flash of a moment when you suddenly realize you've become great companions, and that's the basis for marriage."

Edwards is a warm, intelligent woman with a sense of humor but also the ability to navigate through her husband's clouds.

"We keep each other in balance," she said. "I can be so sensible it's revolting. He appeals to a side of me that's underdeveloped.

He's the most entertaining person I've ever met."

The man whose upbeat inspirational words are pinned by magnets to thousands of refrigerators has his own favorite quote from Camus: "In the depth of winter, I finally learned that within me there lay an invincible summer."

At the Lakeside School, an independent day school in Seattle where Fulghum taught art from the fall of 1971 to 1988, his

students learned about the invincible summers, about life as a canvas to be creatively designed.

Fulghum did not conform to the school's elite conservative image. "The first time I saw him, he was standing in the classroom in a gorilla suit," recalls a former student, Jeff Calvert, now 19 years old. "You might say it was a different look than I'd seen before." Fulghum sent students to interview truckers, taught them how to balance spoons on their noses, and once traced the origins of all the materials to be found in a lead pencil.

Fulghum has a tendency to challenge people-a trait that can be exhausting to be around. The simple act of buying him a gift requires a brainstonn; his favorite present, given by his children, was an afternoon aboard a construction crane. For someone who celebrates the ordinary, he can be strangely intolerant of those who lack imagination. "I have a hard time with people who are boring," he admits.

Among the questions on an official Fulghum art exam: "I. Suppose all human beings had tails. Describe yours.

"2. Did you ever think about doing something terrible?

Pretend that you did it. Describe the crime you committed, and make your own mug shot and fingerprints.

"3. If you were paid a good salary to do whatever you do or like best regardless of its social value or status, what would you do with your life?"

Fulghum is currently contemplating the answer to question number three.

Until the recent hoo-ha, he had semiretired, he and Edwards having made a deal that he would support her through medical school and then, when he turned 50, he would have seven years to "do whatever it was I wanted to do"-becoming active in partisan politics, spending time in the wilderness, and painting.

"I had the life I wanted before this happened," Fulghum said.

But the book has bought him time and the ability to do some "things I really care about."

To this end, Fulghum has, very quietly, been donating substantial portions of his considerable earnings to "social justice" organizations, including the League of Women Voters, Greenpeace, and the American Civil Liberties Union. "I have a strong feeling that as a human being I owe the pot, and to the degree that one can give back to it one ought to," he said.

Fulghum has thought quite a bit about "the fame thing." He regards it as an episodic incident, like a play, and he will know when it is over. "And I will take a bow and say, 'Thank you very much,''' he said. "Episode closed. I have other lives to live."

But meanwhile celebrityhood brings strange events. Returning to Seattle after six weeks in Utah, a somewhat bewildered Fulghum found that First Lady Barbara Bush had quoted him in a commencement address. The Minneapolis Chamber Symphony had invited him to conduct the last movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, fulfilling one of his lifelong fantasies.

At lunch at the Shanty, a Seattle waterfront haunt, several

people came up for autographs. One man said the autograph was for his wife, Susan. "Hi Susan!" Fulghum wrote. "Met your husband at this porno movie house. Nice man!"

Meanwhile, like the subject of one of his essays, a cuckoo that leaps out of a big baroque clock to holler an existential comment on life, Fulghum goes on uttering uncommon thoughts.

"I think the operation of the whole universe is a great piece of cosmic entertainment," he says. "Not everybody gets it."

Fulghum is trying to plant clues. A sign on the door to his studio says: "ISTE BOMBUS ALIQUID SIGNIFICAT." It is from the Latin translation of Winnie the Pooh and it says: "All This Bumbling Means Something."

0

A STRANGER'S

GIFT

:fiil;;' "~"<i!l

When a man named V.P. Menon first arrived in New Delhi to seek a job in government, all his possessions were stolen at the railroad station. He would have to return home on foot, defeated.

In desperation he turned to an elderly Sikh, explained his troubles, and asked for a loan of Rs. 15 to tide him over until he could get a job. The Sikh gave him the money. When Menon asked for an address so he could pay back the rupees, the Sikh wouldn't give it.

He said the help had come from a stranger and was to be repaid to a stranger. Menon never forgot that debt and eventually earned a reputation for his charity.

Some time ago I was in the Bombay airport at the baggage counter, trying to reclaim my bags. But I had no Indian currency left, and the agent would not take a traveler's check. A stranger standing beside me paid my claim-check fee-about 80 cents. He then told me the story of Menon in refusing my attempt to figure out how to repay him. His father, he explained, had been Menon's assistant.

From a nameless Sikh to an Indian civil servant to his assistant to his son to me, a foreigner in a moment of frustrating inconvenience.

Though the gift was not large, its spirit is beyond price and leaves me blessed and in debt.

SMALL

MIRA.CLES

Have you ever noticed that once in a while the fundamental laws of the universe seem to be momentarily suspended, and everything goes right?

You drop a glass in the sink when you're washing dishes, and it bounces nine times and doesn't even chip. You come out after work to find your car lights have been on all day and your battery's dead; but you're parked on a hill and can let your car roll, and it fires the first time you pop the clutch. The deposit beats your rubber check to thebank because there was a holiday you forgot about. The heart attack turns out to be gas.

Small miracles occur for ordinary people day by ordinary day.

There is grace in knowing what might have been but wasn't, and bliss in living a day when nothing special happens, but life just works.

From All I Really Need

I Learned in Kindergarten by Robert Fulghum. ;U 1986. 1988 by by permission of Villa.rd Books. a division of Random House. Inc.

10 KIiOlt'

Robert Fulghum. Reprinted

The Gulf War

"The World Could Wait No Longer"

by PRESIDENT

GEORGE

BUSH

On the evening of January 16, President George Bush announced on television to the American public that allied forces had begun attacking targets in Iraq and Kuwait. Here is an abridged transcript of his address.

usttwo hours ago, allied air forces began an attack on military targets in Iraq and Kuwait. ...

This conflict started August 2nd when the dictator of Iraq invaded a small and helpless neighbor. Kuwait, a member of the Arab League and a member/of the United Nations, was crushed, its people brutalized.

Five months ago, Saddam Hussein started this cruel war against Kuwait; tonight the battle has been joined. This military action, taken in accord with United Nations resolutions and with the consent of the United States Congress, follows months of constant and virtually endless diplomatic activity on the part of the United Nations, the United States, and many, many other countries. Arab leaders sought what became known as an Arab solution, only to conclude that Saddam Hussein was unwilling to leave Kuwait. Others traveled to Baghdad in a variety of efforts to restore peace and justice. Our Secretary of State James Baker held a historic meeting in Geneva only to be totally rebuffed. This past weekend, in a last ditch effort, the Secretary General of the United Nations went to the Middle East with peace in his heart-his second such mission-and he came back from Baghdad with no progress at all in getting Saddam Hussein to withdraw from Kuwait. Now, the 28 countries with forces in the Gulf area have exhausted all reasonable efforts to reach a peaceful resolution, have no choice but to drive Saddam from Kuwait by force. We will not fail.

Our operations are designed to best protect the lives of all the coalition forces by targeting Saddam's vast military arsenal....

Our objectives are clear. Saddam Hussein's forces will leave Kuwait. The legitimate government of Kuwait will be restored to its rightful place, and Kuwait will once again be free.

Iraq will eventually comply with all relevant United Nations resolutions, and then when peace is restored, it is our hope that Iraq will live as a peaceful and cooperative member of the family of nations, thus enhancing the security and stability of the Gulf.

Some may ask, Why act now? Why not wait? The answer is clear: The world could wait no longer. Sanctions, though having some effect, showed no signs of accomplishing their objective. Sanctions were tried for well over five months and we and our allies concluded that sanctions alone would not force Saddam from Kuwait.

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While the world waited, Saddam Hussein systematically raped, pillaged, and plundered a tiny nation-no threat to his own. He subjected the people of Kuwait to unspeakable atrocities, and among those maimed and murdered-innocent children. While the world waited Saddam sought to add to the chemical weapons arsenal. He now possesses an infinitely more dangerous weapon of mass destruction, a nuclear weapon.

While the world waited, while the world talked peace and withdrawal, Saddam Hussein dug in and moved massive forces into Kuwait. While the world waited, while Saddam stalled, more damage was being done to the fragile economies of the Third World, the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe, to the entire world, including to our own economy.

The United States, together with the United Nations, exhausted every means at our disposal to bring this crisis to a peaceful end. However, Saddam clearly felt that by stalling and threatening and defying the United Nations he could weaken the forces arrayed against him.

While the world wai ted, Saddam Hussein met every overture of peace with open contempt. While the world prayed for peace, Saddam prepared for war.

I had hoped that when the United States Congress, in historic debate, 'took its resolute action Saddam would realize he could not prevail and would move out of Kuwait in accord with the United Nations resolutions. He did not do that. Instead, he remained intransigent, certain that time was on his side.

Saddam was warned over and over again to comply with the will of the United Nations-leave Kuwait or be driven out.

Saddam has arrogantly rejected all warnings. Instead, he tried to make this a dispute between Iraq and the United States of America.

Well, he failed. Tonight, 28 nations, countries from five continents-Europe and Asia, Africa and the Arab Leaguehave forces in the Gulf area standing shoulder-to-shoulder against Sad dam Hussein. These countries had hoped the use of force could be avoided. Regrettably, we now believe that only force will make him leave ....

I'm hopeful that this fighting will not go on for long and that casualties will be held to an absolute minimum.

This is an historic moment. We have in this past year made great progress in ending the long era of conflict and Cold War. We have before us the opportunity to forge for ourselves and for future generations a new world order, a world where the rule oflaw, not the law of the jungle, governs the conduct of nations.

When we are successful, and we will be, we have a real chance at this new world order, an order in which a credible United Nations can use its peacekeeping role to fulfill the promise and vision of the U.N.'s founders.

We have no argument with the people ofIraq. Indeed, for the innocents caught in this conflict, I pray for their safety. Our

goal is not the conquest ofT raq. It is the liberation of Kuwait. It is my hope that somehow the Iraqi people can even now convince their dictator that he must lay down his arms, leave Kuwait and let Iraq itself rejoin the family of peace-loving nations ....

[American colonial political philosopher] Thomas Paine wrote many years ago: "These are the times that try men's

World Press Opinion Editorial and opinion writers around the world have been expressing their views on the Gulf situation. Below are some of their comments.

souls." Those well-known words are so very true today. But even as planes of the multinational forces attack Iraq, I prefer to think of peace not war. I am convinced not only that we will prevail, but that out of the horror of combat will come the recognition that no nation can stand against a world united, no nation will be permitted to brutally assault its neighbor....

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solution. But the peace process must now bcgin with all possible partners ... the nations of the Middle East...the PLO and Iraq.

Straits Times, Singapore The war provides an opportunity to create a regional security order in which all Middle Eastern countries can have a stake and which prevents the emergence of a single power that can pose an overwhelming military threat to others .... Arab and Western countries represented in the multinational alliance will have to give thought to building an enduring framework for stability in the Middle East.

Arab News, Saudi Arabia While war is never popular. it behooves us all to remember that this war is just and had to be fought. There was no escaping this conflict if the rule of international law. and not the law of the jungle. was to be upheld .... Now that war has started. let it be swift. ...There can be no gloating today. only the sad realization that what had to be done is being done.

Australian Financial Review, Australia The proof of American power and its willingness to apply it in order to achieve a better world environment are now being demonstrated: it would be an abject abandonment of responsibility if the United States were subsequently to stick stubbornly to its refusal to engage in international negotiations over the Middle East.

Khaleej Times, United Arab Emirates One must laud the tremendous resolve of the international community in coming to the aid of Kuwait and other Gulf states in their hour of dire need .... lndeed the world did its best to prevent the war from expanding into a punishing blow for Iraq.

o Estado

Arrayah, Qatar Innocent Iraqis are paying for the dictator's recklessness and arrogance. May God help our Iraqi brothers who have been victims of all kinds of torture. oppression and frustration at the hands of the "mujaheed" ever since he came to power.

Frankfurter Rundschau, German)' There is no doubt that there is only one condition [to end the war]: the capitulation of Iraq and not only the withdrawal from Kuwait. Iron logic ...does not allow any other

de Sao Paulo, Brazil The war was not initiated by the United States .... The time between the declaration of a boycott on Iraq and the start of Operation Desert Storm was devoted to negotiations in search of peace. No matter how many people. whether through ignorance or bad faith. insist on pointing to the United States, especially President Bush, as responsible for the war. nobody has worked more for peace than the West under U.S. leadership.

Buenos Aires Herald, Argentina There should be absolutely no doubt about the justice of launching offensive action against Iraq since nobody can seriously argue that Saddam Hussein was not given ample time of warning to leave Kuwait.

Kenya Times, Kenya It is to the West's credit that it did not rush headlong to pound Iraq as much as it is to Saddam's lasting ignominy that he defied the calls to withdraw from the small. rich country he has occupied by force.

Tishreen, Syria The goal behind the occupation of Kuwait was to provide the needed requirements to achieve the imperial dreams of the head of the Iraqi regime .... There is no relation between the invasion of Kuwait and Arab unity, Palestine or Islam .... Withdrawal from Kuwait will be the beginning of the end of [these] imperial dreams and his [Saddam's] end too.

Gulf Daily News, Bahrain Iraq's blatant abuse of allied prisoners of war constitutes a despicable crime .... Saddam¡s plan ... to use them as "human shields" is inhuman. illegal and totally contrary to international standards of decency.

Kristeligt Dagblad, Denmark ... the parties involved in the monstrous war now going on in the Middle East are not Saddam Hussein's Iraq and the United States' George Bush. Iraq's opponent is the United Nations ... the U.N., for the first time, is fulfilling its function as the world's policeman .... Peace cannot always be obtained 'by submitting to brutal and unrestrained rulers.

Yomiuri, Japan The G-7 meeting reaffirmed support for the U.S.-led multinational force. which raises the question of how Japan should cooperate in this effort. Japan has no alternative but to give priority to financial support for the multinational forces since it has not sent troops to the Gulf....It is Japan's responsibility to back up the multinational forces in their actions aimed at restoring peace and to contribute to the creation of a new international order for the post-Cold War age.

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In America the commercial use of spreadspectrum radio technology~ommonly used by the military-has led to the development of wireless products such as light switches that can simply be stuck on walls, hand-held computer terminals, mobile cardiac monitoring systems, and remote-controlled traffic signals.

I heard a ripping sound as Alan B. Shalleck tore a large light switch off the wall. Holding it in his palm, he flipped the switch to the "on" position, and a lamp across the room lit up.

"Would you like to try it?" Shalleck, the president of Hillier Technologies, asked. I took the switch and turned it over to examine the torn wires, but saw only a strip of Velcro fastener. I walked down the hall and turned a corner. With two walls between me and the lamp, I pressed the switch. "Off!" Shalleck reported.

The wireless light switch I saw uses spread-spectrum radio technology. This method was originally developed for military communications and is resistant to interception and interference. In 1985, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allowed American companies to begin commercializing the technology. Only a few spread-spectrum products have since appeared, but dozens are currently being developed. Some products, such as Hillier's light switch, will be wireless for the first time. Others will be improved versions of products that are already wireless (garage door openers, stereo speakers, and cordless phones, to name a few).

Obviously, spread-spectrum radio doesn't make wires totally obsolete. A lamp controlled by a wireless switch still must be plugged into a wall outlet. "Nobody has come up with a way of sending high power through the air," ShaJleck says. But spread-spectrum technology eliminates much of the cost of installing wires. And for some portable products, it is indispensable.

A conventional radio sends signals on a specific fre-

quency, using high power. A spread-spectrum radio does just the opposite: It spreads low-power signals across a range of frequencies.

There are several ways to spread a signal. Frequency hopping, the oldest method, works by making the radio signal jump from channel to channel at high speed. A pseudorandom digital code determines the sequence of channels, and both the sender and receiver know the code.

The transmission resembles a piano tune, played by moving the fingers from key to key, explains David Goodman, chairman of the electrical and computer engineering department at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jers~y, and director of the Wireless Information Network lab. "If two people with pianos are trying to communicate with you, you can tune one out while you listen to the other," Goodman says. "But eventually you'll have a problem-when too many people are playing too many tunes at once."

Most of the new products instead use a second method, called direct sequence (see box), in which the pseudorandom code is combined with the transmitted message.

Because they occupy many frequencies, spread-spectrum signals are difficult to jam. It is also difficult for an eavesdropper to pick out the signals from their cloak of seemingly random radio noise. That is why the military has favored the technology. The FCC likes it because the spreading characteristic means many users can operate in the same band of frequencies without interference. And because the signal has high noise immunity, it can travel a long way and still be intelligible. American astronauts used a spread-spectrum radio system (it operated at high power) to send messages from the moon.

An early spread-spectrum system was developed at Bell Laboratories during World War II. President Franklin Roosevelt used it to communicate with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The technology was perfected during the Cold War by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, and Magnavox. Information about the technology was declassified by the mid-1970s, but private industry didn't express much interest in it, says Michael J. Marcus of the FCC's Field Operations Bureau. Marcus is regarded by some as the father of spread spectrum because he supervised the writing of the 1985 FCC rules that made three radio bands available for spread-spectrum applications: 902 to 928,2,400 to 2,483.5, and 5,725 to 5,850 megahertz. The first band is the one used by most of the new products.

Because of its proximity to the band used by cellular telephones, components are relatively inexpensive. The most significant aspect of the FCC guidelines is that American consumers who buy spread-spectrum devices don't need licenses to operate them (unlike most radio products). However, U.S. companies must have FCC certification to manufacture them. The FCC rules also

stipulate that spread-spectrum devices must use low power-one watt or less.

The Hillier Group, Hillier Technologies' parent company, is one of America's largest architectural firms. Its employees specify $250 million worth of electrical contracting every year. Hillier's architects hope a wireless light switch will help them reduce electrical costs.

The switch-which contains a chip with the spreading code, a radio chip, a battery, and an antenna-and its companion receiver in the ceiling fixture will be available soon, Shalleck promises. They'll cost about $110. An ordinary switch costs about $75 to $85 installed. But the wireless switch eliminates the need for complicated lighting plans and dramatically reduces the cost of future renovation.

Hillier Technologies also plans to cut costs with a wireless link for computers. A 1985 Motorola study estimated that American companies would spend $5,600 million between 1986 and 1990 to relocate computer equipment connected by local area networks. Hillier's Airlink 1 will let users send data to as many as nine destinations-a printer or another computer, for example. An Airlink unit can be installed in about five minutes, at about $250 per node, according to the company.

O'Neill Communications, Inc. (OCI), located in the same town as Hillier Technologies-Princeton, New Jersey-began selling a wireless link for computers in October 1989. The Local Area Wireless Network has a range of about 30 meters, which can be doubled with a repeater.

A $495 device the size of a modem attaches to the serial port of a user's computer and transmits data at a 9,600baud rate. Paul K. Kavanaugh, vice president of OCI, showed me how to transfer a file to another computer, send electronic mail, and print a document-without any connecting cables. The four-channel system is easy to use.

Agilis Corp. and Telesystems are also selling data transmission devices. Agilis recently received a license to make mobile work stations with spread-spectrum radios.

Soon, commodities traders will be using hand-held

computer terminals to send data to a central computer via spread-spectrum radio. The portable units will replace the stacks of cards traders now carry, and will create transaction records that the U.S. government requires.

AGS Information Services, a subsidiary of Nynex Corp., is supplying New York Commodities Exchange traders with prototypes that contain removable memory cards; the cards will eventually be replaced with radios.

Project Manager Don Rosen says AGS is also working on prototypes for the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and Board of Trade. "They want a single-piece unit that weighs half a kilogram or less," he says. "We have to take a computer the size of the smallest portable, add a radio, and make it rugged."

AGS plans to use the same technology to make mobile terminals for hospitals. Lifecor, a company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has built a prototype of another medical device, the Continuous Ambulatory Cardiac Monitoring System. The heart monitor communicates with a base station in a patient's home via spread-spectrum radio. If the monitor detects arrhythmias, it directs the base station to dial a preprogrammed number. It can then send information about the patient's condition, such as electrocardiograms, over the phone.

"Sudden cardiac arrest is the single largest cause of death in the United States," says Larry Bowling, president of Lifecor. "If you could get to those people quickly enough, you could probably save thousands of lives."

Bowling says his company is using spread spectrum because of its resistance to interference. "We need a high degree of certainty that the signal will get to the base station," he explains. Clinical trials began recently, and the product needs approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Like Bowling, P. Stuckey McIntosh chose spread spectrum because he needed an error-free transmission method for his product. McIntosh is chairman of Gambatte! Digital Wireless, an Atlanta, Georgia, com-

The most common way of spreading messages across a spectrum of frequencies is known as the direct sequence method: The transmitter sends out what appears to be a random signal. But the pseudorandom signal is actually a high-speed digital code called a chip sequence. Both the transmitter and the receiver have copies of the code. The information to be sent is combined with the pseudorandom data via an exclusive output-receiver gate (a device that combines two digital inputs

according to this rule: The output equals one if the two inputs are different; the output equals zero otherwise). The combined sequence that is sent over the airwaves is unintelligible to anyone other than the receiver, who uses another exclusive output-receiver gate to subtract out the chip sequence and retrieve the hidden message. Superimposing the message on a coded sequence has the overall effect of spreading the information over a wider bandwidth of frequencies.

-D.S.

A conventional radio sends high-power signals on a specific frequency. A spread-spectrum radio spreads low-power signals across a range of frequencies, making them resistant to interception and interference. pany making a cigarette-pack-size transmitter that attaches to digital musical instruments. The box sends signals to a rack-mounted receiver that controls sound equipment. Called the MIDIStar, the system costs $1,495.

Jazz artist Chick Corea uses it with a strap-on Yamaha keyboard. "When he gets up and does his hot-dog solos and wanders around on the stage, he doesn't have to drag a cable around behind him," says McIntosh. Other performers who use MIDIStar include Whitney Houston, Kenny Loggins, and The Grateful Dead.

Competing wireless music transmitters send signals via analog FM radio. "Those products have a low dropout rate, but ours has none," says McIntosh. A few errors on an analog transmission aren't critical, but digital instruments require error-free transmissions. And unlike computer users, musicians can't tolerate short delays for error correction.

Gambatte! (a Japanese expression meaning "Give it all you've got!") will soon introduce the MikeStar, a wireless microphone that transmits CD-quality sound using the same transmission system.

Spread spectrum's applications are surprisingly diverse. They include a wireless computer mouse, remotely controlled traffic signals, remote meter readers, and a transmitter that would send status reports from the top of a hot-air balloon to the pilot below. Already on the market are systems for locating and communicating with truck fleets.

A system that's being tested in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and St. Louis, Missouri, uses spread spectrum to send signals to electronic price tags on grocery shelves. PriceLink's system saves money two ways: Workers don't have to affix printed tags to products, and the tags reflect price changes immediately.

Companies that have mastered spread spectrum's core technology can use it to build many seemingly unrelated products. "We saw the music business as a good way of getting a lot of systems out into the hands of users," says McIntosh. "Now we're ready to expand into other areas."

Gambatte! already sells components to a French company that makes radiation monitors. While one worker performs maintenance chores at a nuclear plant, another worker keeps an eye on his partner's radiation exposure via a spread-spectrum link.

Gambatte!'s next project: "The cordless telephone that works as well as a hard-wired phone," says McIntosh. He

recently demonstrated a one-way prototype of a phone that Gambatte! will co-develop with a major phone manufacturer. McIntosh says the spread-spectrum phone, which will initially cost $190, will be ready this year. Its claimed advantages over conventional cordless phones will be improved voice quality and privacy.

AT&T, Bell Communications Research (Bellcore), Bell Labs, and Motorola are working on complex "microcellular" cordless phone systems for offices. Bellcore engineers envision a Universal Digital Portable Communications system that would allow a building's occupants to send signals from portable telephones and computers to low-power radio base stations connected to the telephone network.

OCI, the company selling a wireless network for computers, is also developing what Vice President Kavanaugh calls an "on-site cellular" phone system.

"Instead of the cell radius being 30 kilometers, it might be 20 meters," he says. "You blanket a building with these cells. And you carry some form of communicator with you." It could look like a phone, a portfolio, or something else, he says. It would send spread-spectrum radio signals to a controller that OCI's engineers have dubbed "the¡ geek" (or GIIC, which stands for Great Intelligence In Closet). The controller, like a cellular system's switching office, would be linked to the outside phone network.

Spread-spectrum technology may even be used for citywide cellular telephony. Pacific Telesis (Pactel), which operates a cellular network in the Los Angeles area, has announced that it will not use the digital cellular telephone standards adopted by the U.S. Telecommunications Industry Association. Instead it will use a spreadspectrum system called code-division multiple access to increase channel capacity.

Instead of using just one coding sequence to smear the signal across a .range of frequencies, Pactel will use several coding sequences at once. Each caller is assigned a different code, and his phone receives only the information spread using that code.

"Spread spectrum is a way of coding and decoding digital signals," says Shalleck of Hillier Technologies.

"The method of transmission is really immaterial." That means the technology isn't even restricted to radio signals. Some companies are interested in using spread spectrum to transmit signals on power-line carriersperhaps to control appliances in a "smart house."

Spread-spectrum products like Hillier's light switch will eventually find their way into houses. One executive who wants to order wireless switches for his company's officessays he is worried people will steal the switches and take them home. His solution: Screw them to the walls. 0 About the Author: Dawn Stover is an associate editor with Popular Science magazine.

Good Works From Good Vibes One night in 1936, Benny Goodman took a tip from his brother-inlaw, a jazz critic, and joined the audience at the Paradise Night Club, a little beer garden in Los Angeles.

The noted attraction was a hot young jazz artist named Lionel Hampton, who had created quite a stir doing incredible things with an exciting new instrument called a vibraharp.

After listening for half an hour, Goodman, who had just happened to bring his clarinet, came up to the stage and said, "I'd like to sit in."

The place was supposed to close at 3 a.m. But Hampton's band, augmented by the "King of Swing," jammed until 5 a.m.

A day-and-a-half later, Goodman invited Hampton to come down to RCA's studio and cut a record with a drummer by the name of Gene

Krupa, the pianist Teddy Wilson, and Goodman himself. This was the beginning of the swinging Goodman Quartet. And, after several records, which included the two big hits "Moonglow" and "Dinah," Hampton became a featured member of the legendary Benny Goodman bandone of the first black musicians to' play with an otherwise white band.

Although Hampton's career by this time had already left the launching pad, it was now in orbit.

In Hamp: An Autobiography, the jazz master, now 82, recalls his introduction to another musician destined to become a fellow giant in the world of jazz. Through his uncle's frequent hot Jazz Age soirees in Chicago, young Hamp met the most popular cats of the day, including Jelly Roll Morton, Bix Biederbecke,

Mugsy Spanier, and Joe "King" Oliver and His Creole Jazz Band, to name just a few. He remembers best, however, the night Uncle Richard brought around a young unknown trumpet player named Louis Armstrong. What Hamp didn't know at this time was what a difference the two were to make in the popularity of jazz.

It is quite possible that Hampton began beating out rhythm with a rattle on the rails of his crib in Louisville, Kentucky, where he was born on April 28, 1908. Thirty years later, his unique style on the drums landed him a job with the Cotton Club band at the handsome salary of $90 a week under contract. And what a drummer he was. The tap dancers who came on the floor didn't even need taps on their shoes-Hamp made all the right taps for them on

the drums. After Hamp performed this service for a tap dancer named Bo Didley, Didley began finishing his performances actually standing on his head while Hamp made the taps on the drums.

The owner of the club, Frank Sebastian, liked this kind of novelty so well that he came up with the idea of having a second set of drums brought to the dance floor while the popular young drummer was performing his solo. Then the band would start playing "Tiger Rag," and Hamp would suddenly run to the other set and begin running around the drums and throwing his sticks into the air. The band would point their instruments like guns, and the crowd would yell, "Where's the tiger?" while Hamp screamed as if the tiger had its teeth in him. At the finish, Hamp would jump on the drums for safety.

It wasn't long before the band became billed as Louis' Armstrong and His Sebastian New Cotton Club Orchestra. Armstrong took a specialliking to the way Hamp could play the drums and the bells and to Hamp's ability to mimic all Armstrong's solos.

Hamp told Armstrong how he used to walk the wintry avenues to catch laryngitis so he too could sing in Armstrong's unmistakable style.

When Armstrong went to Hollywood to make the movie Pennies from Heaven with Bing Crosby, Hampton was the masked drummer in the band under Armstrong's direction. Concerts, live radio broadcasts, and recordings soon followed, including such hits as ''I'm a Ding Dong Daddy" and "Body and Soul."

Hampton always carried fond memories of Armstrong. Years later, the two jazz greats, ,while at the San Remo Song Festival in Italy, were invited to a special audience with Pope Paul I. Both were awarded the Papal Medal for bringing joy to the world with their music.

Although madly in love with his music and dedicated to his career,

Lionel Hampton couldn't resist a "beautiful, tall, light-complected, part-[American] Indian girl" he had first met at a party his band had played for. She was a career woman who worked as a seamstress for the movie studios, with such stars as Joan Crawford and Marion Davies.

Gladys would become his wife, occasionally the singer for his band, his mentor, his manager, and his astute business partner.

Gladys soon decided Hamp shouldn't be running around the stage pretending to be bitten by a tiger. Gladys also thought he should be better paid. She controlled the purse strings, leaving Hamp his daily allowance on the bureau. It was Gladys who urged Hamp to form his own band. She also helped him parlay his talent into a multimusic empire of recordings, music publishing, and performing, not to mention a lucrative real-estate and business portfolio.

After Gladys's death from a heart attack in 1971, Hampton felt that half his life had passed away with her.

In a way, he continues to feel so to this day. He sought solace in philanthropic projects. His first thought was for a school of music in Harlem, New York City, and he talked about it to anyone who would listen. But one influential listener told him, "Yes, we need your university. But more than that we need housing."

The Lionel Hampton Houses of 355 apartments now adorn Eighth Avenue and 131st Street. Soon after this complex was opened to moderate- to low-income families, the 205 low-income units of the Gladys Hampton Houses hit the drawing board. The proceeds from both projects went into the Lionel and Gladys Hampton Scholarship Fund.

Hamp set up music scholarships at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, and several other schools. "I was doing formally what I have always done professionally-teaching young mu-

sicians," he says. Quincy Jones even took out an ad in Jazz Times saluting Hamp: "If it hadn't started with you -I wouldn't be nothin'."

Of all the honors, the honorary degrees, the awards, the recognition by presidents and royalty, Hampton is proudest, perhaps, of his efforts in setting up a Jazz Festival Endowment Fund at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. The school had been hosting its jazz festival for almost 20 years, but this fund-which Chevron also helped get off the ground-was to make sure the festivals would continue. The school thanked both participants by renaming the affair the University ofIdaho Lionel Hampton-Chevron Jazz Festival.

In 1987 the University of Idaho gave him an additional honor when its president, Richard D. Gibb, announced that the university was renaming its music school. The proclamation, which Hampton has included in his autobiography, reads in part: "Whereas, Lionel Hampton, a Goodwill Ambassador for the United States of America, has done more for the understanding of all nations than perhaps any other human being ... and through his steadfast dedication to making jazz and through his infectious enthusiasm and profound sincerity for his art has made a unique contribution to American music, and one to be cherished ... the University of Idaho School of Music is hereby proclaimed-the Lionel Hampton School of Music."

"That was a proud day for me," Hamp says. "That was a great school, with 25 full-time and eight part-time faculty, and a bunch of talented, dedicated students. Still is a great school. I give American jazz history workshops there regularly, and I've had guys in my band out of the University of Idaho. I always did like Idaho, and I'm pleased to have such an important reason to go back there a lot." Hampton has also named the university to one day re-

ceive his extensive library, both letters and music, his musical instruments, and all his memorabilia.

Besides accepting honors and throwing himself into humanitarian works, Hampton maintains a playing schedule that would make a younger man consider a rest home. Besides 32 engagements in the United States, there was also-in a matter of just over three months-a IS-day gig in France and a ten-day musicians' excursion to Tokyo, Japan.

At 82 years young, Hamp still cavorts about the stage like some neophyte trouper trying to impress his first paying customers. He is always smiling, enjoying his own playing as well as that of the others, and expressing that pleasure by "yeahing" whenever the spirit moves him.

He still plays the vibes, drums, and piano, and sings as only he can.

"I keep contemporary.

Go to one of my concerts and you'll hear the latest popular songs as well as the latest jazz tunes," Hamp says. And for all his years, Hampton is still an innovator. "I did some stuff on the vibes last night so wild it scared me," he says, pleased with himself.

It appears, as it always has appeared, that if you want excitement, Lionel Hampton has it to spare. One reviewer captured that spirit best when he noted, "He seems to have invented energy."

When the jazz genius turned 80 in 1988, a 75th birthday celebration was held for him at Town Hall, with Bill Cosby as host. Seems that Hamp had been giving out his birth date as April 20, 1913. "But when you get to my age," he says, "five years one way or the other doesn't make much difference. To me the most impoqant thing was how I felt, and believe me, 1 felt a lot younger than my years. The secret is keeping busy, and loving what you do."

0 About the Author: Marnard Good SToddard is a senior ediTor Il'iThThe Saturday Evening Post l1Iaga::ine.

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by RUSKIN

BOND

Nelson Eddy, with his marvelous range of operatic voices, and Jeanette MacDonald became "America's Singing Sweethearts" in the 1930s and 1940s. In the photo above, the two are seen in the 1941 MGM musical New Moon.

My father was very fond of opera and operetta, but,. living in India 50 or 60 years ago, he had to depend on gramophone records if he wanted to listen to his favorite arias from La Boheme or Madam Butterfly. He had an impressive collection of Caruso records, as well as Chaliapin, Gigli, Galli-Curci, and others. We traveled a great deal, and the square black windup gramophone went with us allover India. We had to pack the records very flat, otherwise they took on strange shapes in the heat and humidity. Changing needles and winding the gramophone were chores that I enjoyed as a small boy.

When, in 1929-30, sound came to the cinema, it ushered in a great musical era. Although grand opera did not prove very popular with cinema audiences, operettas and

stage musicals went over very well, and favorites such as Naughty Marietta (1935), Rose Marie (1936), May time (1937), and New Moon (1940) were soon turned into very popular screen musicals. My father took me to see some of these, in small cinemas in small cantonment towns all over northern India, and I became a great fan of the American baritone, Nelson Eddy, an opera singer who made it big in Hollywood and appeared in as many as 17 film musicals between 1935 and 1947.

Eddy's marching songs in particular appealed to me, and I sang them lustily in the garden, on the road, or on the rooftop. They still come booming forth when I set out for a walk in the hills around my Himalayan home: "Stouthearted Men" from New Moon, "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp" from Naughty Marietta, "Tokay" from Bitter Sweet (1940), "Ride, Cossack, Ride" from Balalaika (1939), and "Soldiers of Fortune" from The Girl of the Golden West (1938). Sigmund Romberg, Victor Herbert, and Rudolf Friml were the stouthearted composers of most of these musicals.

A lesser-known but very pleasing Eddy vehicle was Let Freedom Ring (1939), a sort of patriotic Western in which Eddy fights small-town political corruption and discrimination.

"In two years of diligent Forgotten now, it was quite a hit collecting, I now have in its time, and featured some of more than 200 Nelson Eddy songs, far more than I his best songs, including, as a cliever heard as a boy." max, his rousing rendering of "The Star-Spangled Banner." He was then at the height of his popularity-America's highest paid singer-and had he chosen to run for President, he might well have given his opponents a run for their money.

He is probably best remembered for the eight operettas he made with Jeanette MacDonald. Together they became known as "America's Singing Sweethearts." They made love in duets, such as 'Indian Love Call" (Rose Marie), "Wanting You" (New Moon), "Will You Remember?" (May time) , and "Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life" (Naughty Marietta). These were romantic, sentimental films, but the lovely ringing voices of the stars more than made up for stereotyped plots and dialogue.

One exception to the formula was Sweethearts (1938), scripted by the acerbic Dorothy Parker of The New Yorker; she brought some of her acid wit to the set sugary recipe. The usually hostile critics agreed that the film was brightly acted and splendidly sung by its stars.

Another somewhat unusual operetta was The Chocolate Soldier (1941), in which Eddy appeared opposite Metropolitan opera star Rise Stevens. His masquerading as a flamboyant Cossack was a revelation to many who had dismissed him as a wooden actor. "The most effective piece of acting he ever committed to film," writes film historian Clive Hirschman in Hollywood Musicals. Eddy also reveled

in singing Musorgsky's "Song of the Flea." He enjoyed singing in Russian, and his rendering of the "Song of the Volga Boatman" in Balalaika was superb. Some of his old recordings have been reissued in Russian Songs and Arias, published by Mac/Eddy Records in 1982.

I have always been drawn to Nelson Eddy, the singer and the person. For one thing, I like baritones and don't see why it should always be the tenors who get the leading roles in opera. They are invariably the heroes, while the basses and baritones have to make do as villains or buffoons.

Eddy was one baritone who got to play the hero. Not once, but over and over again. And it wasn't as though he couldn't sing tenor. His marvelous range enabled him to dub for both tenor and bass in Phantom of the Opera (1943); and in Walt Disney's Make Mine Music (1946), he lent his voice to Willie, an opera-singing whale whose one ambition was to sing at the Met. The music for the entire sequence comprised "Shortnin' Bread" (a traditional song), and operatic excerpts from Rossini's "The Barber of Seville," Donizetti's "Lucia de Lammermoor," Leoncavallo's "I Pagliacci," Wagner's "Tristan and Isolde," Boito's "Mefistofele," and Flotow's "Martha."

All the parts in these excerpts-soprano, tenor, baritone, bass and chorus-were sung by Eddy. They were the best items in an otherwise disappointing film.

As a youngster in his hometown of Providence, Rhode Island, where he was born on June 29, 1901, Eddy had taught himself opera by listening to phonograph records

by Scotti, Werrenrath, and other great baritones of the day. He would sing along with the recording until he was satisfied with the results. After he left school, he tried his hand at a newspaper career, working for two large Philadelphia papers. Later he became a copywriter for an advertising agency, and did rather well until it became apparent that music was his first and most important love. He was fired for singing on the job. The great American baritone David Bispham heard from a newspaper friend about the "singing reporter" and met Eddy soon afterward. Bispham was so impressed that he agreed to become Eddy's coach, thus beginning his formal vocal training.

For a time Eddy sang with the Philadelphia Civic Opera Company. While singing in Tannhauser, Eddy met Edouard Lippe, veteran opera singer, who suggested that the young man go to Europe for further training. When the impoverished singer protested that he was unable to afford the trip, Lippe suggested that Eddy borrow on his future, and the young baritone managed to obtain a loan from a banker friend of the family; he went to study under William V. Vilonat, teacher of many Philadelphia students, in Dresden, Germany. After several months of study in Dresden and Paris, Eddy was about to return to

the United States when he learned that he had been chosen for baritone roles with the Dresden Opera Company. "I don't think Vilonat has ever forgiven me for turning down that chance," hesaid later. "But I wanted to see America again. I wanted to put myselfin the hands of the American public, sink or swim."

In 1924 Eddy made his debut at the Metropolitan Opera House in the role of Tonio in Pagliacci. He mastered some 32 operatic roles. "Nelson Eddy," wrote the music critic of the Philadelphia Record in 1924, "had an electrifying effect on the audience. A young man with that indefinable gift, so seldom seen, of arresting the audience's interest and holding it continuously, Mr. Eddy was a star from the moment he appeared on stage."

Concert tours occupied Eddy for the next few years, and by 1933 he had sung in nearly every large city in the United States. It was the concert stage that brought him to the attention of Hollywood. A distinguished assembly in Los Angeles was awaiting the start of a concert by a noted opera star. The star, however, had suddenly become critically ill, and a substitute was rushed by plane from San Diego. The substitute was Nelson Eddy, practically unknown on the West Coast at that time. When he began to sing, the audience at once accepted him. It was a brilliant success, with the baritone responding to no less than 14 encores. The next day motion picture studios began calling him. Within a week he had signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), and had sung his first song on the screen-in Joan Crawford's Dancing Lady (1934). A year later, with Naughty Marietta, he catapulted to stardom.

Recently on a BBC request program, I was fortunate to pick up Nelson Eddy's rendering, in Russian, of the "Song of the Volga Boatman" (from the 1939 film Balalaika), and was captivated all over again by the singer's full-bodied baritone. It made me wonder why so little is heard about him today, although we are constantly being reminded of the greatness of Paul Robeson or Lawrence Tibbett. Eddy was definitely in their class, and superior to singers like Howard Keel who succeeded him in MGM musicals. Perhaps his versatility worked against him. He sang in everything from opera to musical comedy, radio shows, and nightclub acts; and music critics like to be able to pigeonhole their singers in a particular category. His popularity roused the ire of rivals and critics, who seldom missed an opportunity to snipe at him. One critic complained of his singing in Phantom of the Opera, and went on to praise the bass who was singing in the same operatic sequence; it turned out that the bass was Nelson Eddy dubbing for a nonsinging actor.

Although none of his films was a flop, it was in the concert field that Nelson Eddy achieved his real fame. His screen personality was watered down, but his dynamic

magnetism and masterful voiee when heard live came across with full force. Besides, he hated the Hollywood game, he disliked L.B. Mayer (head of MGM studios), and he continued his film career mainly to boost his concert attendances.

He firmly refused to discuss his personal life with the press, suing columnist Louella Parsons for implying that his on-screen romance with Jeanette MacDonald was continued off-screen. The "singing sweethearts" of the screen were not, in fact, particularly fond of each other, but you wouldn't have guessed it; they were such good professionals.

"I love to sing and meet the people," Eddy once said, and that was exactly what he did during the 20 years that followed his last film in 1947. His radio show ran for 13 years, and in 1953 he made the transition to nightclubs.

Many remember him from this period, including Buzz Kennedy, an Australian columnist who met him when Eddy toured Australia in the mid-1960s. "He was one of the nicest people I've met," recalls Kennedy today. And the hypercritical reviewer of Variety wrote of one of Eddy's last appearances: "He required less than a minute to put a jam-packed audience in his hip pocket."

It was in front of another jam-packed audience, in Miami Beach, Florida, on March 6, 1967, that Nelson Eddy collapsed on stage, having just sung "Ah, Sweet Mystery of Life." "Would you bear with me a minute?" he asked his audience. "I can't seem to get the words out."

These were his last words. Minutes later he was dead.

Well, my childhood record collection had long since disappeared, and I wasn't going to wait another year for the BBC to playa Nelson Eddy record. So I started making inquiries, and found, to my delight, that a number of music companies in America had reissued the old songs as well as tapes of his radio shows. These latter were fascinating, as they included songs that "had never been released in his recording days. In two years of diligent collecting, I now have on tape or disk more than 200 Nelson Eddy songs, far more than T ever heard as a boy.

T open my window to look out at the Himalayas striding away into the sky, while those lovely old songs drift out over the sun-washed hillside-"While My Lady Sleeps," "Shenandoah," "The Hills of Home," "Song of the Open Road," "'Neath the Southern Moon," "By the Waters of Minnetonka," "When I Have Sung My Songs to You." "When T have sung my songs to you, I'll sing no more," goes the old ballad.

But for one faithful listener, Nelson Eddy is still ~n~ng.

0 Ruskin Bond has lI"I"illenmore than 30 books was published last year by Julia MacRae, London.

About the Author:

je}/" children. His most recent, Dust on the Mountain,

It is amazing how images of countries and continents, or of peoples and races, . acquire a certain aspect in alien eyes over a period of time, an aspect often tending more to fiction than to fact. However, such is the power of even petrified images that the responding imagination fed by song and story, by fable and fantasy, seeks inevitably to authenticate its own secret urges through transference, as it were. Of course, in a general way, the pattern of perceptions inheres in the tales of the returning travelers, seafarers, and other adventurers of that kidney, and even the stereotypes do sport an air of authenticity amidst a good amount of report, rumor, and invention.

Thus, the East, for instance, has generally figured in the Western mind as something mysterious and intriguing, romantic and beguiling, almost a feminine persona teasing the imagination out of thought, and drawing the pragmatic,

rational, and action-oriented Occidental male into the limits of human experience .

And when such an image gets translated into the metaphors of art, or structured into the dialectic of fiction and fabulation, it tends to inveigle even the critical imagination into a fantasia of interpretation and deconstruction. Only the wariest critics manage to read the subtext and to link historical fact to aesthetic statement. And I venture to suggest that Luther S. Luedtke does precisely this kind of job in his well-researched, illustrated and insightful book, Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Romance of the Orient.

*

Considering the fact that he was drawn to "the road to Xanadu" out of a sus-

* Nathaniel

Hawthorne and the Romance of the Orient by Luther S. Luedtke, Indiana Univer-

sity Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1989, pp. 276, hardcover, $27.50. The book is available in the Indian market.

tained engagement with Hawthorne in student seminars, it is gratifying to know that his own Indian interlude (as a director of the American Studies Research Centre, Hyderabad) later brought to full fruition Luedtke's own transparent "Orientalism." For the Indian reader, thus, the volume under review assumes a special significance; it is, among other things, another "passage to India," and Hawthorne's vicarious journey to our shores puts him, albeit differently, in the company of Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman, the celebrated trinity of American Orientalists in the 19th century.

Appropriately, then, Hawthorne's affair with the Orient has its genesis in his family's Indian connection, going back to the novelist's sailor-father who, as first

mate on the American Herald, had sailed to Calcutta in 1800and kept a steady and interesting account of his observations in the Herald log. Presumably, it is those odd entries in the log-exotic names of ships and ports and lands answering to fabulous constructions, and the merchandise of gold and diamonds and pearls, of aromatic herbs, peacocks, and sandalwood, of silks and muslin, and such other Oriental bric-a-brac-that set Hawthorne's eager and youthful imagination on a quest that in the end acquired phenomenological and aesthetic dimensions. And thus he lapped up whatever scrap of "Orientiana" he could gather, and the Salem athenaeum served handsomely to enrich his literary sensibility in that direction. Hawthorne's "Orienta!ism," as Luedtke rightly observes, was chiefly a fabulist's paradise, and had little affinity with the Orientalism of the American transcendentalists whose basic

concerns were religious and metaphysical.

It is the Orient of fables and folklore, of The Arabian Nights, and of such other Eastern classics, not the Gita or the Upanishads or the Koran, that finally gave Hawthorne some of his themes and symbols, and a distinctive mode of narration. Indeed, it is the freedom, inventiveness, free flow, and fey charm of the Oriental storyteller that caught Hawthorne's fancy more than anything else. In other words, the Orient figures in Hawthorne's work as a catalytic agent, as a matrix of motifs, and as a furnisher of the forms of fabulation. As a chief exemplar of the American Romance, he imports a good deal of his baggage from those alien shores that he beheld from afar as a distant dreamer and voyager.

Because of Hawthorne's stringently Puritan background and New England ethic of transgression and punishment, his stories work primarily within Christian parameters. But, as Luedtke clearly shows, the Oriental strains in his thought and art only served to dramatize his ambiguities. For, the stern and scowling forebears of Hawthorne commanded a code of absolutes, and the artist in him would, again and again, resist the imperialism of such edicts and imperatives. And this predicament, which creates aesthetic tension, is perhaps best reflected in Hawthorne's wonderful tale, "The Artist of the Beautiful," which revolves round the idea of the artist's need to plunge into the destructive element of sin to meet the

assault of reality. Thus, the Oriental aspect catered to the imagination of dissent in a subtle and subversive way. It performed the balancing trick in Hawthorne's extended dramatics.

In a long chapter on Hawthorne's "literary travels" and his forays into the Keatsian "realms of gold," Luedtke lists scores of volumes, and quotes apposite passages to authenticate the thesis of Hawthorne's sustained but vicarious Orientalism. And, it is amusing to find that one of these books was The Life of Mohammed (1830) by one George Bush, and another was Luiz de Camoes's epic, The Lusiad: or, The Discovery of India, a

title that Jawaharlal Nehru later used for his famous book. The Portuguese epic modeled after the Aeneid celebrates the historic discovery of the route to India by Vasco da Gama, and its English translation by William Julius Mickle apparently touched Hawthorne's imagination in a radical manner.

Other literary intermediaries included the English writers ranging from Samuel Johnson, Oliver Goldsmith, and Robert Southey to Lord Byron, Shelley, and Thomas Moore. In their works, the East is mirrored in rich detail as the cradle of civilization or as "the Land of the Morning," in George Meredith's memorable phrase, and also as a courtesan ministering to the erotic fantasies of man.

At the same time, there are hints of the "barbarous" East, and its irremediable tyrannies of self, state, and society. All these strains merge into patterns of Gothicism-a form that appears in Hawthorne's fiction in various guises.

In his very first novel, Fanshawe (1828), a book he later disowned as an unworthy offspring, the tale is patterned after Johnson's Rasselas, emphasizing in Gothic form "the stoicism of the East."

And that popular long story, "The Gentle Boy," whose hero carries the Muslim name of Ibrahim, stresses the ideas of Oriental courtesies and hospitality and religious tolerance. And in the tales of "The Story Teller," Hawthorne imitates, and adapts to his own purposes and requirements the techniques of the Arabian Nights narrative, using the role of the

Luedtke follows his sources with care and insight, and builds up a convincing thesis regarding some major Indian influences on Hawthorne's literary work.

narrator and of the raconteur along with the concept of the story within the story in the manner of the Chinese box. Again, some of the allegories and religious fables of the East built round the pilgrimage theme find a sympathetic echo in Hawthorne.

Luedtke tends to see even in the descriptions of Hawthorne's marriage, to Sophia Peabody in the middle years of his life, certain Oriental graces and airs. During those early years at the Manse, "a perfect Eden," his tales focus increasingly on "the pleasure domes and fairy castles of the East." And, undoubtedly, his fabulation, now drawing heavily on the resources of the arabesque and the grotesque, becomes ever more fantastic and compelling. It is helpful, however, to remember that the patina of Eastern romance in Hawthorne does not disturb his American moorings; it is often a gloss on the Puritan problema tics oflife, above all, of sexual sin.

Among other things, Hawthorne employed Eastern iconography, hieroglyphics, and riddles to sound the depths of Western experience. Certain symbols, such as those of the cavern and the veil, are used to probe the mysteries of the human heart and the miseries of the Puritan conscience. Similarly, the ideas of alchemy and elixir motifs in such wellknown tales as "Rappaccini's Daughter," "The Birth-mark," and "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" clearly come from his Oriental studies. Many a complex human problem is sought to be presented through an elaborate and, at times, stretched and overwrought symbolism.

No wonder, some symbols, particularly in the long romances such as The Scarlet Letter, The Marble Faun, and The Blithedale Romance fail to carry the full freight of Western ambiguities,. and begin to creak.

In the chapter entitled "Hawthorne's Oriental Women," Luedtke essentially seeks to explore the Hawthornian romance in terms of the Dark Lady frisson, a sexual theme with a long literary history in the West, and encountered at its acutest in Shakespeare's sonnets. In the American context, Leslie Fiedler in his classic study, Love and Death in the American Novel, defined "the Fair Lady" and "the Dark Lady" archetypes at great length, and described the hold of the latter on the American imagination.

Thus, Hawthorne's evocation of the femme fatale as a dark beauty rich in Oriental airs and delights falls into a familiar paradigm.

Luedtke, however, follows the exotic trail to secondary sources with care and insight, and builds up a fairly convincing thesis regarding a couple of major Indian influences in this regard. For instance, the whole idea of the vish-kanya, or the poison-damsel, in "Rappaccini's Daughter," going back to the times of Alexander the Great's Indian adventure, appears to be well argued, though the suggested similarity between Beatrice's garden symbolism and "the sisterhood of Shakuntala with the blossoming Madhvi-creeper" in Kalidasa's play strikes me as a somewhat fanciful. exercise. For one thing, Kalidasa's heroine is too pure a figure of romantic love and spousal mysticism to bear comparison with Hawthorne's dark lady, whose angelic and sexual-demonic dialectic remains unresolved till the end.

As for his three major "Oriental" women, Hester Prynne of The Scarlet Letter, Zenobia of The Blithedale Romance, and Miriam of The Marble Faun, Luedtke has some interesting comments to make. Even their names resonate back to Biblical, Asiatic, and Eastern origins.

Hester, to quote Hawthorne, had "in her nature a rich, voluptuous, Oriental characteristic," and her sexual ethic running counter to the Law of Moses inclines her toward a freedom from the iron edicts of her race. And, there's also in her "a tendency to speculation," which puts her on the side of her "Eastern sisters" in Luedtke's view. Similarly, Zenobia too recalls the Syrian queen who had dared to

make Palmyra "the mistress of the Roman Empire," while Miriam, we understand, rose out of Hawthorne's fancy after a fleeting encounter with a Jewish beauty that he happened to see at the Lord Mayor's banquet in London as a U.S. Consul.

That Hawthorne cultivated his Orientalism with care and conviction like so many other writers in England and America, and tended it in his emblematic art would thus be readily granted, though the Freudian side of the story hinted at by Luedtke in the context of American proneness to voyeurism in general, I think, remains to be fleshed out in Hawthorne's own case. Also, the thesis of Edward Said in his study, Orientalism, which Luedtke cites, needs to be taken up in some critical detail. It is Said's view that Orientalism was a form of hegemony, and a cultural imperialism, and that the Orient represented the Occident's "deepest and most recurrent images of the Other." I wonder if Hawthorne's case fits into this frame. But Luedtke appears not to be interested in exploring the ramifications of Said's provocative argument.

Nathaniel Hawthorne and the Romance of the Orient opens many a new window on a territory that has remained chiefly a promiscuous and speculative industry.

One of the most attractive features of modern American scholarship is the respect for sources, and for the neatness of the critical statement. Luedtke's work has this distinction in eminent degree. There is besides an air of classical elegance, economy, and felicity in his style. For anyone interested in the history of American thought and culture, with their rich pluralities and diversities, a volume like this will remain an admirable handbook.

And Hawthorne scholarship is bound to readjust some of its perceptions after a brush with this book.

0 About the Author: Darshan Singh Maini, a frequent contributor to SPAN, is a former professor of English at the Punjabi University, Patiala. He has also been a visiting professor in the department of English at New York University.

STILL AT HOME ON THE RANGE Romanticized for more than a century in song, story, and film, the cowboy is one of America's most enduring folk heroes, personifying the spirit of adventure, freedom, and rugged individualism.

The tradition still thrives on hundreds of ranches such as this one in the Sand Hills of Nebraska, set up in 1886 by Christopher "Dad" Abbott. For six generations now, the Abbott family has toiled and prospered on the ranch, which today covers 16,200 hectares and has 4,000 head of cattle. Although the Abbott ranch is not the largest in the Sand Hills-nearby Monahan ranch covers more than 44,500 hectares-it dwarfs

the average 1,356-hectare ranch in the West.

Dad Abbott's two great-great grandsons, Chris, 35 (top right), and Mike, 31 (top left), work the place under the watchful eye of their mother, Pat (top, fourth from left). "I always knew 1wanted to be a rancher," says Mike who, like his brother, studied animal science and range production at the University of Nebraska. Chris's young sons, A.J. and Carver (top, second and fifth from right), represent the sixth generation learning the family business; they have been in the saddle since they were old enough to sit, insist on mounting horses without help, and assist in roping and herding cattle.

ver the years, scientific and technological developments-pickup trucks, motorized horse trailers, chemical baths for removing ticks, vaccination guns for immunization of calves, aircraft for keeping a check on the herd-have made ranch work a lot easier. But the underlying rhythm of ranch life for Chris and Mike remains much the same as it was for Dad Abbott in his day. Roping, branding, and herding cattle on horseback (above) or from trucks (right), filing down a hoof (far right, top), or taking and tallying the weight of cattle (far right,

ŠO

center) are still a part of daily life. So are the dirt, the dust-as is evident by the grime on Chris's face (far right).

Even the cowboy's basic trappings-boots and spurs, hat, horse, saddle, rope-are just about the same as they have been for generations. However, the Abbotts now wear shirts and jeans that are wash-and-wear, and they have all the modern conveniences--eooking range, television, refrigerator, washing machine, vacuum cleaner and a host of other home appliances.

Gone are the days of the chuck wagon and sleeping on the ground with a saddle for a pillow.

he Sand Hills, on the western edge of the Great Plains, cover some 50,000 square kilometers of the richest virgin grassland in America. Topographically they are an extensive dune formation, similar to that found in Africa's north central Sahara, but they are endowed with an extensive aquifer and up to 51 centimeters of rainfall annually. The Abbotts have installed a number of windmills (below) on the aquifer for drawing water.

The Abbott ranch headquarters, with its Big House at the center, looks like a small village; there is a machine shop, a butcher shop, a creamery, and a storehouse. In an area where the nearest town is 65 kilometers away and has 162 residents, the ranch has to be self-sufficient, especially when blizzards close Highway 61, some 15 kilometers from the Big House.

Winter supplies include flour, sugar, and potatoes by the ton, in

U

addition to vast quantities of beef, milk, butter, and poultry.

Cattle-ranching is often a lonely, laborious business--ehecking fence lines and water tanks; maintaining equipment, an airplane (left, center), trucks (far left, bottom); and planting trees around the homestead (left)-punctuated by an occasional trip into town for supplies. But spring is a festive time.

Every spring the Abbotts send out a caU to neighbors to come help them with the roundup. This is when the herd is gathered from the hills where they have been grazing freely.

New calves are branded and inoculated. The roundup, a combination social event and work party, is one of the great ranch traditions celebrated with much gusto on cattle ranches from Montana to Texas.

"It gives people something to do," says Diane, matriarch Pat Abbott's daughter (seen below with her fiance). "They have been

out here aU winter, and it's pretty desolate. The roundup is a coming out party."

When branding is finished, the Abbotts serve a sumptuous lunch to neighbors and cowhands in the big machine shop (left, bottom). Later, there is a rodeo, or a card game. When the sun sets, the neighbors depart with a traditional cowboy's blessing from the Abbotts: May your horse never stumble, your cinch never break, your beUy never grumble, your heart never ache.

On the day foUowing roundup, calves are rejoined with cows and the herd is bunched and driven back to the hills. The Abbotts, of course, help in their neighbors' roundups.

Lonely and difficult as it is at times, the love of ranch life is in the Abbotts' blood. "It's a tough, slower way oflife, but we love it," says Chris Abbott. "I like the openness of the Sand HiUs. I don't intend leaving it-ever."

0

'.'You know something," he told his wife when he returned home, "all those people were smiling."

Verne Zickuhr turned from trail opponent to one of its most diligent volunteers.

When he died three years later, he was out manhandling railroad ties to shore up an eroding section of the trail. His son Doug would remember: "He died doing what he loved in a place he loved."

Affection for and commitment to the cause of natural corridors is growing in spirit and in fact all across the United States. Called greenways, these corridors link open spaces and tie an increasingly urbanized population to experiences in the outdoors.

A Florida greenway, for example, runs from Tallahassee to a national forest and

on to a national wildlife refuge, passing three state parks and touching three small towns. That comes close to what Vermonter Anne Lusk calls an ideal greenway-one that ties together already existing outdoor opportunities. Lusk pictures such a greenway as a long, green python that has swallowed a litter of pigs.

Maryland's Program Open Space has been buying land for nearly 22 years. Early purchases were for parks and endangered wetlands, but now 75 percent are for greenways. Taking the idea even further, Maryland Governor William Donald Schaefer appointed a commission of developers, environmentalists, and government officials to inaugurate a statewide greenways program, the first such program in the United States.

A proposed circular 640-kilometer trail following ridgetops in the San Francisco Bay area would touch more than a hundred communities in nine counties, allowing millions to tap into a lofty, fresh-air experience. A footpath winding through the little town of Stowe, Vermont, to the countryside beyond is only eight kilometers long, but making it helped tie a community together.

"Americans like to be on the move; we're not a people to go to a park and sit," says Keith Hay, director of the nonprofit Conservation Fund's American Greenways program. "Besides, land is expensive and scarce now, which makes it hard to set aside blocks for parks."

"The word is really a combination of 'greenbelt' and 'parkway,' taking the better part of each," says Charles E. Little, author of a forthcoming book on the subject. "Of course, trails and green swaths have been set aside in the past. But

Little Dry Creek in Englewood, Colorado, was nothing more than a drainage ditch in 1981 (left, above).

Then, a private company was commissioned to build around the creek "a flood-control project that doesn't look like one. " It created a 1.6-kilometer-long park (left )-encompassing eight hectares-that received an award for design.

ometimes animals need greenways more than people do.

the current trend of building these linear, connecting devices that get us out of our cars and into the landscape is a remarkable, citizen-led movement. I estimate about 500 individual projects are under way in the U.S." Greenways may be as elaborate as a hiking-biking-riding route, but they can also be as simple and natural-and ecologically important-as a stretch of stream bank left wild.

"Recreation is nice, but it's near the bottom of my list of reasons why we should have corridors of natural land," Richard T.T. Forman, a landscape ecologist at Harvard University, told me as w~ wandered near my home in rural Virginia.

As we walked, Forman rearranged my view of the landscape.

"See the tree line along the creek?" he said, pointing. "Deer and other wildlife can move along it from this patch of woods to tha t one on the other side of the field between them.

"See that rough fence line? Trim away the shrubs and brush and you cut bird diversity by two-thirds.

"These natural corridors filter water runoff before it enters our streams, protect biotic diversity, preserve woodland habitat, even act as air filters when agricultural chemicals blow across the land during application.

"They interrupt the monotony of strip development and tie neighborhoods together. And migration through these corridors may be our best hedge against species extinction from global climate change. You don't need people walking

on greenways to make them useful."

Sometimes animals need green ways more than people do. Florida has the second largest national wildlife refuge east of the Mississippi River, but even the 60,700-hectare Loxahatchee is too confining for the endangered Florida panther, of which as few as 30 survive.

"An adult male needs 777 square kilometers to call his own, and he'll kill young males he runs across," said Larry Harris, of the wildlife sciences department at the University of Florida at Gainesville. "So there have to be ways for them to disperse. They don't like crossing developed areas, and road kills account for 45 percent of their losses over the past decade."

Panthers have been reported in the 23,470-hectare J.W. Corbett Wildlife Management Area eight kilometers north of Loxahatchee.

To the south lie one million more protected wild hectares.

How much private land would it take to tie all this together? Just 6,000 hectares of greenway would give the endangered cats access to it all.

"It's not just panthers that need safe linkage," added Harris. "Nine Florida black bears-a subspecies-were killed on State Road 46 near Orlando in one three-month period."

Said Wekiva River Aquatic Preserve Manager Deborah Shelley, "[solate Wekiva forests with more houses and highways, and you lose the black bear and other wildlife. You end up with urban species like possums and raccoons."

And, of course, people. Advocates of greenways for people like to think of a national system that might connect in a giant spiderweb across the United States.

"It's not likely that many people will take off and walk around the country," said Hooper Brooks of New York's Regional Plan Association. "But having a frontier, an ultimate challenge, is part of the American psyche. A connected, unending system of green ways can create a recreational frontier."

Greenways may be a new frontier in outdoor recreation and ecology, but they are not a new idea. More than a century ago landscape architect Frederick Law

Olmsted designed parks and pathways all over the United States that created a sense of urban wilderness. In Portland, Oregon, public enthusiasm swept the dust off an Olmsted greenway plan now more than 85 years old.

To help the city gussy up for the 1905 Lewis and Clark Exposition, Olmsted's sons designed a system of parks, trails, and boulevards tying together high ridges with the plains of the Columbia River.

Portland built some of the parks in the 40Mile Loop but not the trail system, despite the architects' suggestion that "a connected system .. .is manifestly far more complete and useful than a series of isolated parks."

When demands for more open space escalated in the early 1980s, citizens formed a 40-Mile Loop Land Trust to revive the Olmsted plan. The result is an interesting mix of volunteerism, political leverage, and scavenging.

"We determine where we'd like the trails, scout the routes, talk to landowners, and get some land donations," said Al Edelman, former president of the land trust, as we stood atop Marquam Hill overlooking the city.

"A lot of the technical work-route marking, mapping, engineering-is done by volunteers. A summer-employment program for young people provided manpower for actual trail making, supervised by city and state employees. When we need to spend money, we go to the city; since what we are suggesting benefits the public, the city usually provides it."

Housing has crept up the steep slopes of forested Marquam Hill, but there are still ravines too precarious, too flood prone to build on. Through one of them runs the Marquam Nature Trail, insulated from urban sounds by vine maples and Douglas fir. Peering through foliage, I could sometimes see the backs of houses, their leggy supports anchored in the hillside. I knocked at the door of one.

"The trail played a part in our deciding to buy this house," said Marty Eichinger, a recent arrival in Portland with his wife and a small child. "Within a few minutes of walking on it, you feel as if you are in a forest, even though you're only five min-

utes from downtown," he points out.

Such aesthetic benefits are becoming evident to real estate agents. A Seattle study showed that property sold faster when it faced a recreation corridor.

The greenways movement has had many roots. One was the passage of a onecent tax on gasoline in 1964 that gave Wisconsin millions of dollars to buy open space. Landscape architect Phil Lewis was hired to inventory the possibilities.

"I found that 90 percent of the areas with outstanding natural and cultural features were around water, wetlands, and steep topography," Lewis said. "I referred to them as environmental corridors. Sometimes, just for fun, I called them 'E-ways,' for environment, ecology, education, and exercise. For a while the state bought them at the rate of 13,350 hectares a year."

Wisconsin's program for acquiring green corridors for bike paths, canoe trails, or merely scenic values became a model for other states to follow. Also, a mounting interest in outdoor activities nationwide spurred trail construction in the 1970s.

But it was the President's Commission on Americans Outdoors (PCAO), appointed by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, that brought the word "greenway" into common usage and spread the trailand corridor-making fever.

In hearings across the country the PCAO heard a clamor for more recreation facilities closer to home. "We can tie this country together with threads of green that everywhere grant us access to the natural world," the commission concluded in a report.

With the federal government operating in deficits of thousands of millions, the PCAO suggested that the initiative be taken by the communities themselves.

Local action, said Chairman Lamar Alexander, then Governor of Tennessee, could cause greenways and other parklands to sweep across the country like a prairie fire. Now a nationwide system may be closer than PCAO dreamed. The American Gas Foundation is currently studying the possibility of allowing its continental network of pipeline rights-ofway to be used for greenways.

In 1981 Anne Lusk lit her own prairie fire in Stowe, Vermont. After the vigorous mother of two helped save an old schoolhouse from destruction, she threw herself into getting a recreation path built through and around the mountainframed ski town. "The community really got behind it," she said, leading me along the winding grass-lined asphalt ribbon at a pace that almost matched her words.

"Thirty-two landowners agreed to let the path run through their property. Almost half the $680,000 cost came from local

oalitions of public and private groups are being formed to purchase parklands and greenways, spurring connections over ever larger areas.

donations; the rest was federal money.

"People are different on a path," she said as we thumped over a bridge spanning a brook and headed through a park, down the final stretch to a church. "On a town sidewalk strangers may make eye contact, but that's all. On a path like this they smile, say hello, and pet one another's dogs. I think every community in America should have a greenway."

Not everyone agrees. Many midwestern farmers struggling with high operating costs and low crop prices have watched angrily as rail lines crossing their land are turned into walkways used mostly by urbanites. "I get my exercise by working," grumbled a corn grower.

Some 4,800 kilometers of railroad tracks go out of service every year in the

United States, their transportation replaced by trucking.

A five-year-old organization called the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy is urging their conversion to recreation corridors. Of perhaps 240,000 total kilometers of rail lines abandoned so far, some 5,000 kilometers in 35 states have become trails.

Farmers argue that land taken for railroads in the past century should revert to them when the trains stop. Trail makers cite 1983 federal legislation suggesting that rights-of-way be "banked" in case fuel costs some day drive us back to trains. The U.S. Supreme Court recently decided that banking the rights-of-way as trails was constitutional.

In Iowa, Tom Neenan felt the heat of opposition when he helped convert an old electric rail line to a hike-and-bike path from Cedar Rapids to Waterloo. "Adjacent landowners said it would attract vandals who would damage their land, shoot their livestock, rape their daughters," said the white-haired former homebuilder, amazement still on his face in the telling.

"The landowners burned a railroad trestle, defoliated trees, and buried boards in the trail with nails sticking up.

In fact, violence so far has been done by people who said they were worried about the trail attracting a rough crowd."

The land was finally purchased through private donations and developed largely by volunteers.

Greenways in New York City? "Not many people realize that New York has 16,200 hectares of parks, and a greenway is a way of pulling them all together," said Tom Fox, a Brooklynite who calls himself an open-space hustler. "Besides, there are tremendous cultural opportunities along the way. I love the diversity in the city."

Perhaps nothing better reflects the mounting American interest in greenways than the earmarking of government funds for their construction.

California's Proposition 70, passed in 1988, provides $750 million for parks and recreation.

Only $5 million is tagged specifically for trails, but another $120 million goes to local communities for open-space projects, including greenways.

"Greenways with trails are one of the cheapest forms of recreation," said Phyllis Cangemi, whose group, Whole Access, works to make them available to the many Americans who are often excluded from the outdoors-people with disabilities. Stricken with Hodgkin's disease, she powers her three-wheeled scooter on weekend outings and camping trips, and lobbies for firm trail surfaces and paths with gentle gradients.

"Those with mobility difficulties include not only the 16 to 20 percent of the population with disabilities," she told me, "but also older people, and our population is aging."

The demand for neighborhood corridors of recreation knows no age, however, and seemingly no limits. Minneapolis and St. Paul are ahead of most cities in creating trails for biking, walking, and cross-country skiing because, as park board planner Al Wittman told me, "Minnesotans have always had a tradition of outdoor activity. The demand is terrific. When a new trail was installed, kids were riding their bikes just behind the asphalt-laying machine."

In Yakima, Washington, I began an evening run a few meters outside my motel, built next to the Yakima Greenway. The path, still under construction, was rocky and uneven, but it curved gracefully beside a clear trout and salmon stream that a few years earlier had been little more than a dumping ground.

Financing looked like a rocky road when the project started in an agricultural community with high unemployment. To the surprise of everyone, the first private fund drive yielded $500,000. State funds were also squeezed-out of grants from eight different accounts, including an obscure one for Aquatic Land Enhancemerit. "It's a matter of knowing where the money is and how to get it," said Jim Whiteside, former county commissioner.

The search for money does not stop greenway builders. When city council members at High Point, North Carolina, said the city budget could not afford the entire cost of greenway construction, a citizens group sold "deeds" to extremely short sections of the path. And 2,400

kilometers to the west, trail makers at Pueblo, Colorado, sold bricks inscribed with donors' names and used them for the path's centerline.

With its grants from the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF), the U.S. federal government has been the single largest funder of recreation corridors. Since its enactment in 1964 as a trust built by revenue from federal property sales, boat fuel taxes, and oil and gas leases on the continental shelf, the LWCF has sen t more than $1,000 million toward the building of community pathways.

But federal deficits have all but dried up that source. Only $3 million a year is currently dispersed for trails, although legislative efforts continue toward the creation of a new environmental fund.

Deep pockers are gone from state and local governments as well, which inspires creative financing. Coalitions of public and private groups are being formed to purchase park lands and green ways, spurring connections over ever larger areas.

New York State, for example, passed legislation in 1988 that called for study of a Hudson River Valley Greenway along 248 kilometers of the scenic river that is sometimes called America's Rhine.

"We want to examine every possible opportunity along the corridor-parks, old mansions, preserves, historic sitesand then figure out how to preserve and connect them, so they can be part of an outdoor experience," said Barry Didato, the greenway coordinator for a group called Scenic Hudson, Inc. "With nearly four million people living in the valley and many more expected by the end of the century, we want to plan open spaces for them to enjoy."

"We're not talking about just one trail or one connection but a network of outdoor experiences," explained Frances Dunwell of New York's Department of Environmental Conservation. "It's more a philosophy of future land use for a whole valley."

Or a nation.

D About the Author: Noel Grove is a senior assistant editor (environment) with National Geographic magazine.

J.J

ust over three decades ago William H. Whyte Jr.'s book The Organization Man created an uproar in the United States by suggesting that big business in America was beginning to reshape humanity in its own image. The book also created an enduring stereotype. The "organization man" was a miracle of gray-flannel conformity, who rendered fealty to his company and celebrated his vasselage as a late-model version of the American Dream.

But Whyte's vision of a "dehumanized collective" future has not been realized.

Instead, as big business has stumbled through the 1970s and 1980s, Americans in increasing numbers are stepping off the corporate track and inventing new ways ofliving and working. And they are doing it with their families, at home.

Explains Jan Fletcher, a mother of three who runs a typesetting business

from her home in Astoria, Oregon: "People are saying we have to make things more individual now, that there's no niche that fits everybody. And they feel they are justified in saying, 'If I cannot have it my way, I am going home.'''

Today, over 26 million men and women in America-nearly a quarter of the U.S. labor force-have shifted part or all of their jobs from the office to the home. It is a massive, full-tilt migration.

Between June 1988 and June 1989, according to the consulting firm LINK Resources, 4.2 million people began doing job-related work at home for the first time. That's nearly double the figure of the previous 12 man ths.

And these skyrocketing numbers are but the tip of the iceberg; for every American man or woman who chooses to work from home-fullor part-time-many more dream of doing so. This was strik-

Today more than 25 million Americans work from home.

Advances in electronics-such as personal computers, fax facilities, and answering machines-as well as a desire to be independent and spend more time with the family have helped spur this trend.

ingly evident in the research of sociologist Arlie Hochschild of Berkeley, California, who interviewed a number of working couples for her book The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home. Again and again, Hochschild says, "These couples expressed a common fantasy that life would be better, more selfcontrolled, if 'we could run a business of our own ... out of our garage.'''

The significance of such anecdotes and of the burgeoning statistics that track the home-work movement is that the dream of a life where home and office, work and family, love and achievement are geographically and psychologically integrated has taken hold in America. The reasons are not hard to find. Today, says Dean F. Shulman, vice president of' marketing at Brother International, a major office-products manufacturer, American corporations are preoccupied with jockeying for position in the global marketplace, "and employees are no longer permanent and valuable assets, but replaceable cogs in the wheel of commerce." The company one works for today may be merged or taken over tomorrow. The days of the lifetime corporate employer are gone. The demise of the corporate safe haven has not eliminated the psychological need for a secure work setting, however. And the one environment that most of us can still control is the home.

For the gray-flannel generation, success meant a house in a "bedroom community," a place where one did little but eat dinner and sleep until the next day's commute.

But the home-office movement is bringing new life (and problems) into the home. With the introduction of the personal computer (the first Apple appeared in 1977),' the fax, and new, sophisticated phone-answering machines, not to mention door-to-door airexpress service, every American home today is potentially the "electronic cottage" envisioned by Alvin Toffler just a decade ago. At reasonable cost, the home can now provide its inhabitants with all the information and services they need to run a thoroughly professional business.

Jack Nilles, for example, is a homebased consultant helping the city of Los Angeles and the state government of California set up pilot telecommuting projects. He lives in Los Angeles and works with two other consultants, one from New Jersey and one from Texas, with whom he meets face-to-face about twice a year. Such "computer-network organizations are increasing in number," says Nilles. "People come together via computer and phone hookups for a specific project, and when completed, the organization vanishes."

This kind of decentralization has permitted people to once again work in the same house, in the same community, where they live. Such integrated living, which has not been possible on a societal scale since the industrial revolution created the modern factory 200 years ago, is already blurring the boundaries between home and work--ehanging our conceptions of both. This revolution may conceivably prove as epochal as the last one, which turned a rural world into a mechanized one.

The home-office movement has developed so rapidly that no one yet knows for certain what costs and benefits will ultimately result from reversing the social and productive patterns of the last century and a half. But the home-based business option does seem to offer a realistic prospect of a more satisfactory life. A study of the British firm International Computers, Ltd. by Lotte Bailyn of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sloan School of Management found that the company's homebased computer-systems developers are able to derive simultaneous satisfaction from their work and their home lives.

However, the company's office workers live on a kind of personal/vocational seesaw: They are happy at work, or happy at home, but rarely both at once.

The decision to work from the home, whether full- or part-time, has complex ramifications. It alters the pace and texture of one's days, bringing into the domestic zone of home, hearth, and family the strictures and imperatives of the work zone. In modern times the social

character of these two realms of life has been largely antithetical-Jekyll and Hyde-requiring the exercise of divergent aspects of our natures.

The home has been defined as a place of nurturance, refuge, and recuperation.

The essence of the workplace is performance, productivity; the aggressive, even warlike, projection of one's products into the world.

When the two zones overlap, steps must be taken to see that each is preserved or enhanced, not diminished, by the presence of the other. Physical differentiation of the space to structure a work zone within the home is one important way to accomplish this goal. But the biggest challenge is psychological.

How should you manage your time?

What pressures will your work place on your family? Where will you perform the work? How will you maintain your home as an intimate, relaxing setting, while hitting business deadlines?

The responsibility for making it all work lies squarely on your shoulders.

"I left due to burnout," says Burr Heneman, who six years ago resigned as executive director of the Point Reyes Bird Observatory in northern California to run his own home-based environmentalconsulting business. "Going out on my own has allowed me to choose my clients and projects. I set much more of my own schedule and, in periods when I'm working hard, the day starts early-in the bedroom with calls-and continues until late at night." But when he is not on a deadline, Heneman may decide to take a midweek mountain trek-one of the great benefits of being his own boss.

With such freedom there is also a greater sense of intimacy with one's work, and of its relationship to the rest of one's life. You are no longer working on someone else's time, for someone else's profit.

George Delany, coauthor, with his wife Sandra, of The #1 Home Business Book, recalls that as an employee he was nagged by the feeling that he was "always gilding someone else's lily. I contributed to their wealth, but there was no reciprocity. I wasn't given the responsibilities that might have made me feel that I was

The dream of a life where home and office, work and family, love and achievement are geographically integrated has taken hold in America.

growing in my job." Delany took matters into his own hands by creating the Delany Design Group in his home in Providence, Rhode Island.

Self-employment, he found," "is addictive in a number of ways-autonomy, skill integration, making and learning from your own mistakes.

It's a full-blown encounter with risk, and with your ability to create products or services of real worth." There were, to be sure, difficulties-financial uncertainties, not to mention a host of lesser problems, such as "mixing up my X-Acto knives with the kitchen forks"-but ultimately, Delany found that his work "instilled a sense of meaning in my life that I never was able to feel before. You have to be good to survive," he says, "and my little business afforded me a sense of discovering what high quality in work meant. I'd like my two young sons to one day know who their dad was through my work, not through what I bought or earned."

Breaching the home-zone/office-zone boundary may require some behavioral reorientation-the result of trying to merge the competitive, production-oriented psychology of the workplace with the relatively undirected behavior of home life. In reconciling these two worlds, it is important, says Cecil L. Williams, corporate psychologist at office-furniture manufacturer Herman Miller, Inc., for the home-worker not to rely on stereotypes, not to view work as a particular activity done nine to five. However, productivity-at home as in the office-depends on setting goals and deadlines, albeit self-chosen ones. Otherwise, the call of the refrigerator, the temptations of TV, the voice of a child, can too easily derail the most diligent worker.

There is also the opposite risk; that work in the home can become too engrossing. Paul Edwards, who, with his

wife Sarah, is coauthor of the book Working From Home and cohost of Home Office, a Business Radio network show, finds that the average home-business owner works a 61-hour week. It's your work, after all, and that proprietary element can be very compelling.

Many home-workers go through a period of feeling they are never "off-line." They are working more than ever and never get away from the job.

There are no easy solutions to this dilemma, other than patience. As with everything else about working at home, gaining control of your time is a learning experience. According to Dorothy Denton, executive director of the six-year-old American Home Business Association (AHBA) in Darien, Connecticut, you may swing back and forth between underwork and overwork until experience teaches you a sensible balance.

One of the main motivations for working at home is to spend more time with the family. If fact, Stephen Pollan, a New York financial adviser and business writer, believes that the desire of parents to "grow up with their kids, to feed the baby or take a child to a football match," has become an imperative that is "symptomatic of a good portion of the generation that is now in its thirties."

In a recent survey by the AHBA, 97 percent of respondents reported that working from home had made for closer family ties. But working at home also means dividing the time spent there into different categ,ories, one of which is not dedicated to the family. Work will regularly demand your exclusive attention.

For most children (and sometimes spouses), accustomed to commanding the family member's full attention, this can come as a shock. Says Tom Miller, director of the Home Office Research Program at LINK Resources, "Family perception of the person working at home goes through an evolution. In my case, because my family saw so much of me working at home, the time I spent with them seemed diminished in value." Though Miller felt he was spending more-and better-time with his children, to his surprise they asked him at one point whether he could

find another job so he could see them more often.

Another risk, says Brother International's Dean F. Shulman, is that "one may start to treat a spouse or a child as an employee whose job is to 'perform.'

A child creating problems around the house or doing poorly in school isn't a nonperforming subordinate, but your child."

Your family's primary responsibility, Shulman cautions, is not to make you a more effective manager or entrepreneur. On the other hand, one of your main goals in becoming a homeworker is probably to be a better, more involved spouse or parent.

Inevitably, bringing your work into the home will create conflicts with the rest of the household.

After all, you will be competing, in a sense, for control of an environment previously devoted to domestic pursuits. Where should the children play, where must they not play? Who can use what phone (or phone line), and at what times? Which spouse does the laundry, makes dinner, picks up the kids, walks the dog?

These are real and sometimes emotionally charged issues, and finding time and space to work in a household where they have not been faced can lead to disaster. "You have to set limits," says Denton. "It's not something that will work itself out." Kids should learn, for example, not to interrupt a phone conversation, where to play if they want to run around, and what constitutes a real emergency. And spouses must create a mutually satisfactory division of home and family responsibilities.

Beyond the issue of house rules lies the more problematic matter of physically reestablishing some semblance of the old separation between the home and work zones-in the home. For most people the best solution is to set aside a separate room as an office, a new "place of business." Where space does not permit this, many use a desk, bookshelves and/or filing cabinets to create a feeling of partial separation from the living space. Even a rolltop desk can help create a separate work zone: Top open and you are at work; top closed and you are off duty-

"at home"-the perfect instant office.

Once again, though, there are no ironclad rules for making a home-based business thrive. It doesn't matter what anybody else does-just do whatever will work best for your situation.

Yes, it can be difficult juggling a keyboard on one knee, a child on the other, but doing the best you can will probably be enough. As Jan Fletcher says, "I went through a period of feeling guilty that I wasn't being a one-person entertainment center-a patty-cake Mom. But children neither expect nor require that. More important is to offer access when the child needs it. They know that I am here when they need me, and when they don't, I work."

If you are contemplating starting a home business, first put a few questions to yourself. The key one: Do you like working alone? Home businesses can produce a sense of isolation, particularly if their owners do not have families. Jack Nilles recalls that when he first set up shop, he found the solitude "fine for info-hermits like computer geniuses, but it drove me up the wall." Since then, Nilles has made getting out of the house a regular part of his work routine. Some people, though, need what Robert Scott, a home-based publishing consultant in Croton-on- H udson, New York, calls "the camaraderie of

the watercooler" on an everyday basis.

There is also a real risk of failure in any sort of entrepreneurial venture, especially when you're going it alone. And as George Delany says, "The cost of failure is high." Are you prepared, psychologically as well as financially, to take that risk?

Perhaps it takes something extra to turn your back on the office entirely and to go it alone, says Vian Milehan, national marketing manager for the workat-home market at AT&T, which has been tracki ng the home-office market since 1981.

Milehan has interviewed hundreds of home-workers, and as a group she finds them "remarkable in their belief in themselves, in their families, and in the future.

They think they can make positive changes in their lives as well as in their comm unities."

These optimistic, self-confident people are leading the homeward migration, but the home-office movement is not limited to those who are starting life completely anew. There are other options.

More people currently use their home offices as extensions of their corporate desks than for any other purpose. By the year 2020, Jack Nilles estimates up to 30 percent of the American workforce may "telecommute" part- or even full-time by

phone and computer. The payoff, according to a survey Nilles did of 200 telecommuting state employees 111 California, will be considerable.

The participants estimated that their personal productivity increased by 13 percent to 14 percent, while their supervisors rated the improvement at about ten percent. And in a separate study of 70 corporate telecommuters, the estimated productivity increase ranged from 15 percent to 25 percent.

Surprisingly, Nilles's controlled studies also showed that the telecommuters actually felt more "pI ugged in" than did their office mates. This was because they made a conscious effort to keep up with office developments and to express their reactions to them, while office workers tended to sit back and wait for changes to be revealed to them.

From the perspective of the employees, telecommuting can be close to ideal. They keep the security of their corporate jobs, but do it more or less unsupervised and in the comfort of home. "The option to work at home makes my job all the more pleasurable," says Lissa Mozur Zanville, director of media relations at Pacific Bell.

She is among more than 500 employees at the company who work two or three days a week at home. "There are elements of the job I don't have time to do at the

Switching to Teleclasses

Probing the Secrets of Gravity Gravity has always been considered the only force that man cannot control. Now some scientists are sure that a new force exists that can counteract it-antigravity.

America's Sculpture Park The Storm King Arts Center. 80 kilometers north of New York City. is America's largest sculpture park museum. It has created a harmonious yet dramatic interaction between some of the country's best sculptures and the surrounding Hudson River Valley landscape.

More and more college students in the United States, especially in remote areas, are learning through teleclasses-eourses brought to them via microwave, satellite, and cable TV transmissions.

Small-Town Hospitals In America's rural hospitals curing and caring are indivisible. Despite severe economic problems, their sense of mission will not allow them to turn anyone away.

Working from home means bringing the strictures of work into the family realm.

Creating a separate work zone helps, but the biggest challenge is psychological.

office-such as putting together a database of clients or learning new software. I do that work at home, which helps me to be more productive at the office and, overall, to do my job better."

Working at home, free from the constant interruptions of the office, many workers find that it becomes possible to concentrate more deeply on their work and for longer periods of time. As this realization has set in, AT&T's Milehan reports, she has seen what she calls a sea change in the kind of work being taken home. "Five years ago," Milehan notes, "people took their In Box home, their routine work. Now our surveys show that they take their important, creative work home and do the In Box stuff at the office. " Managers who want to set up a telecommuting or flex-time program should expect a shake-down period.

PROGRAM

~

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"When companies develop work-athome projects," says Miller, "we counsel them to expect a 30- to 90-day acclimatization period."

The difficulty, according to Miller, is that when you're at the office, your intensity level is up. When you are home and interrupt your work to spend time with the kids and socialize, your intensity level drops. Developing the discipline to go back to a desk and work effectively for the next few hours can take time.

It is also critical, says Nilles, that "managers and telecommuters agree on schedules and all the other nuts and bolts of a given task. The managers must know what the home people are doing, and when they will get it done. Managers should be as job-specific as possible when planning projects and workflow with telecommuters. The main thing is to get all the details out in the open."

At Pacific Bell and New York Life, regular employees who are allowed to telecommute receive a computer and software so their homes can operate as an extension of their offices. Both companies believe the arrangement has been worth the investment, as do the telecommuters themselves.

In fact, for some, the home has ac-

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About the Author: Roxane Farmanfarmaian is a contributing editor of the American maga:::ine, Working Woman.

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quired a new dimension as a place to hang out and enjoy. "As a working person with a demanding job, I didn't spend much time at home," admits Zanville. "It was just a place to eat, clean, and sleep. Now that I work at home several days a week, I take more pride in my environment. I'm spending more time making it comfortable because it's become more than a pit stop. " That the home could have become a pit stop in the first place is possibly the strongest argument in favor of the homeoffice movement.

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FOCUS At 19, Farhad Billimoria of Bombay is being hailed as a violinist of exceptional talent, dedication, and discipline.

Billimoria, whose parents are both accomplished pianists, began playing the piano when he was seven. He switched to the violin at age 11, learning under Jini Dinshaw, founder and leader of the Bombay Chamber Orchestra. At 14, he was invited to join the orchestra, and was its youngest member until his sister, Dilshad, joined the ensemble as second flutist when she was just 12. She is now the principal flutist.

Farhad Billimoria became the only Indian to participate in the Eighth International Chamber Music Festival held in Austria in 1986 He was again invited to the festival in 1988.

In October 1988, Billimoria attended a workshop conducted by Walter Verdehr, professor of violin studies at Michigan State University's School of Music, during his visit to India. In December 1988, when the legendary Mstislav Rostropovich toured India, the US.lnformation Service in Bombay invited Billimoria to a workshop conducted by the master cellist. The maestro described the young musician as "outstanding."

Billimoria, who has passed the grade eight examination of the

One of India's most prestigious art shows- Triennale-Indiaopens on the 12th of this month in New Delhi Organized by the Lalit Kala Akademi, this international event has consistently attracted top world. artists ever since it was first held in 1968.

The United States, which participated in all six earlier triennales, is represented by three artists in this year's showBruce Handelsman, Kristin

Jones, and Andrew Ginzel.

A native of Baltimore, Maryland, Handelsman has made numerous trips to India, and is famous for his unusual photographs and box constructions (see SPAN May 1990). His large painted photographs contain a wealth of detail, fragmented and reconstructed, to simulate an emotional mood and vitality.

The artist's box constructions, like the Rajasthani story boxes, Left: Bruce Handelsman, Untitled detail, 1990, b/w photographs with oil paint, gold leaf, wood, mixed media, 44.5 x 190.5 x 28 cm.

Box ;bittergourds),

Right: Kristin Jones and Andrew Ginzel, World View 11,1985, air, glass, water, elastic thread, timer, paint, pigment, motor, compressor, sand ....

Interior: 243 x 243 x 83.8 cm.

Royal Society of Music, London, with distinction, left for the United States recently for further studies in music. In recognition of his Michigan State musical ability and academic qualifications, University has offered him a $5,000 scholarship to study for a bachelor's degree in music at its school of music. Says Leon Gregorian, music director and conductor at the school, "This is the highest grant awarded to any freshman music student." He adds, "Billimoria is a talented violinist who also excels in the classroom. It would be fair to say that he is a model student. He is always prepared, organized, and willing to learn."

portray several environments in one piece. These panoramas work together to form an integrated if somewhat ambiguous portrait based on an emotional unity of the various parts. As the structures literally unfold, the revelations and juxtapositions draw the viewer into the drama of discovery and beauty.

Kristin Jones and Andrew Ginzel, who work in tandem, are gifted young New York artists

famous for their spectacular, meditative, and massive installation art. Their recent creation, Charybdis, for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, has been described by The Boston Globe as "an extraordinary, powerful, and immediate work, part theater, part religion." Jones and Ginzel use esoteric words, often of ancient Greek, Latin, or Sanskrit origin, as titles for their works.

ART WITHOUT FRONTIERS Last month, the Sahitya Parishad

(SKP) organized

Kala

million years ago, bear similarity

a five-

to the metaphorical The international

day festival of Indian dance and music

by foreign

Triveni

Kala

Delhi.

artists

at the

Sangam

Ten

artists

in

New

from

eight

"Kala/Time" Indira for

cou ntries took part in the festival,

Delhi

appropriately

With-

siastic

Kalakar

allover

out

called

Frontiers:

"Art

Videshi

A traditional

opening

Yaman, by American calis!, Warren set the Among

tone

Dominique natyam) Das

for

Devi

Kristina

the

Delorme from

(Kathak)

Rohini

(above), festival.

participants

were

(Bharata-

France,

Joanna

from

Canada,

(Odissi)

Borykrans

from

Arts

Fiji,

drew

States at

Colorado; Winter,

University;

Jr., head of the

In conjunction

with the festival,

seminar

was held to

discuss cross-cultural sion

of

Indian

the role played ists, teachers, spreading

transmis-

traditions

and

by foreign

art-

and

scholars

in

Indian arts beyond the

country'sshores.lndiana

Univer-

was

Center of

of Chicago;

the

nature

ideal

time

philosophers,

greatly

American

theme.

Lowen,

American

exponent

classical

dance.

pants

the week-

notions

harked

to exand

back

of chaos

di-

to ancient

hurled

his

the waters end of each process

kalpa,

structures

rience total annihilation

discussions.

SKP of

has

had

Sharon

theme

herself in Odissi and Chhau

The

She

philosoerudite

Malville,

was "Myth

and

Impermanenci?

of

whose

cosmic

three

~orlds

within

the

sea,

and

Winter's

paper

Process Transcending Ancient

Time

Time in the Art of

Mesopotamia"

lighted

the fact

cients

understood

between

that

time and

out the benefits modern

Meister's specifically

indexically

"the

an-

are

Maya,"

deep

into

American tionship the

Indian

between

infinite.

erence

to

more

to

and

Hyde.

the finite and

TS

of ref-

Eliot's

from

"Ash

mythology

phySICS,

and

Dimock,

Indo-

on the rela-

from the Bhag-

quantum

and

Prodelved

His points

ranged

Gita

Radha was

Dimock

research

Wednesday,"

focus

they

iconically."

In his paper on "Creative cess:

vad

on India-"Creative

cos-

symbolically;

share an identity

the linkage

of [the tools of]

[what]

(cosmos,

moment)

space

with-

and

not

are

(platform,

Krishna "The

from

to Jekyll

world,"

said

"is a superposition

of

Process:

De- and Re-construct-

possibilities

Indian

ence of it is as a sequence

tailed

essay

Temple drew

pedia tecture

editor (three

limited

human

states

of being,

who is the

neity,

or

Temple

Archihave

Institute

ture, a concept

expanding

universe

whose cre-

Studies),

explained

ation

place

been brought

forms

out by the of

Indian

how

the

of the tem-

our

experiof

... Time seems to be a

in

his

volumes

already

actualities

while

15

on

of the Encyclo-

of Indian

architectural

de-

on temples

India. Meister,

general

Ritual

His highly

years of research

Time,"

15,000

high-

science."

American

some

and

are

ritual

yet as part of the temple,

Vishnu

on "Creative

Fixing

an

took

lie in solitary

sleeps."

believes that the basic tenets of

and an eye for

pillar)

The

astronomy,

detail that showed everywhere."

they

what

night.

History:

in

both

mogonic

recitals and the seminar, a struc-

belief

forms

the timeless

gaveto the whole event, both the

the

and

"These

sunk within

north

For example,

Lowen ...who has distinguished

and

have

ocean

critic

these

and the

mythic

meanings:

they

Art

into

expe-

pie

a shoreless

ing the

thought

the

becomes

universe

and Real Time."

inevitably

after every

of the universe

tations,

crept

to flow

has run its course,

times and tomes in their presenIndian

thunderbolt,

of creation

Indian

almost

enclosed

[an] arrow of time, and allowed

of

and

of time. In the

by Vrtra, time did not flow until

a leading

this

the ...cooperation

while

this

of time, most partici-

phy

the

of

of

endeavored

multiple

mensions

Shanta SerbJeet Singh wrote: "In effort,

In-

Thus,

plore

was Sharon

sci-

nuances

on Mewari Khaya/and

of the festival

and

to an understanding

long seminar

The convener

and baffled

have contributed

many

scholar Tevya Abrams gave talks Tamasha

a

the centuries.

dian thinkers

Thomas

respectively.

for

has

writers,

down

the

folk theater

venue

nature

darkness

on time. The ques-

of

entists

of

agreed,

tion of the consciousness

Professor

and

and

of art at the Univer-

discussion

sity of Pennsylvania Ault

Ed-

W. Meister, professor

the fragile

and the sun to be born. At the

ing at Harvard

India, all participants

a two-day

and

Indra

Irene

"The with

about

dark waters

teach-

Malville,

insights

M. of

a void

myths of India are threaded

the

astro-

from

Said

from

ward C. Dimock,

sity of Pennsylvania.

from

chaos.

John

anthropologist

(raga

universe

uncertain

of

the history

Ohrupad-vocal)

of

New

University

from Sweden, and Yvan Trunzler France.

of

the

who is currently

the University

which

Centre

the

South Asia Language

exploration

cosmology,

Among

were

the

Hindu

speaks in terms of expansion

scholars

professor

physics

of

by the

an enthu-

representatives

United

on

in

from

the world.

Michael

(Kuchipudi)

(IGNCA)

response

Malville,

Khaya/vo-

Senders

other

raga,

National

recently

eight

Utsav."

organized

Gandhi

the

seminar

the

way of ordering and if simultaidentity

of

that

which we call past, present, and future,

is reality,

space/time

The papers seminar in a book

separation

in

is unreality." presented

will soon

at tile

be published

by IGNCA. -Rashme

Sehgal

The JAMES V. FORRESTAL was Secretary of the Navy in 1945 when he conceived of the U.S. National Security Council, which advises the President on the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies.

FERDINAND EBERST ADT was asked, as a former chairman of the U.S. ArmyNavy Munitions Board, whether unification of the departments of war and navy would improve national security. He responded with a 200-page report.

BRENT SCOWCROFT is President George Bush's national security adviser.

A former general, he takes a quietly professional view of how national security matters should be decided.

u.s.National In no other country in the world has the process of decision-making been the subject of study and continued attention as much as in the United States. The National Security Council (NSC) is one of those institutions that studies the process. Set up in 1947, shortly after World War II, when many felt that the manner in which vital decisions were taken was flawed, the NSC reflected the view that the quality of a product can be no greater than that of the process that brought it into being; the soundness of a decision depends considerably on the style and manner of deliberations that lead to it. Another such institution, incidentally, is the Policy Planning Council (PPC) of the U.S. State Department. Its task, in the main, is contingency planning offoreign policy. It only counsels.

The NSC decides, and decides on the basis of an integrated view of foreign affairs and of defense, not excluding the aspect of internal security. Its concern is security in the wider sense. The process, if adhered to, disciplines policymakers and curbs what is known as ad-hocism.

Both the NSC and the PPC have been emulated in various countries in their own distinctive manner. In August 1990, a National Security Council was set up in India. It was in response to a prolonged discussion on the subject in the media and academia in which the desirability of such an organization was widely accepted. All of this makes a study of the NSC in the United States highly relevant and instructive. The record shows that each U.S. President has fashioned the council in his own style. The personal element has been dominant. Yet, the council has not only endured for over four decades but has come to play an important role in the conduct of foreign and defense policies. It answers a real need.

The NSC is a creature of a statute passed by the U.S. Congress-the 1947 National Security Act. Its main function is to advise the President with respect to the integration of domestic, foreign, and military policies relating to national security so as to enable the military services as well as other departments and agencies of the U.S. government to cooperate more effectively in matters involving national security.

The act defines the council's duties in precise terms, "(I) to assess and appraise the objectives, commitments and risks of the United States in relation to our actual and potential military power, in the interest of national security, for the purpose of making recommendations to the President in connection therewith; and (2) to consider policies on matters of common interest to the departments and agencies of the government concerned with the national security, and to make recommendations

Security Council to the President in connection therewith."

Its members are the President, the Vice President, the Secretaries of State and Defense and, when the President so wishes, the Director of Central Intelligence, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the President's assistant for national security affairs. The council has its own staff headed by a civilian executive secretary appointed by the President.

The act was passed after much deliberation spread over a couple of years. It was in a sense the brainchild of James V. Forrestal, then Secretary of the Navy and later Secretary of Defense. In a letter of June 14, 1945, Forrestal asked Ferdinand Eberstadt, former chairman of the Army-Navy Munitions Board, whether unification of the departments of war and navy would improve national security. He posed other related questions. One of them, significantly, was what form of postwar organization would "enable the military services and other government departments and agencies to carry out their responsibilities in providing for the national security." There was no mistaking that Forrestal was determined not to let diplomats alone shape national policy.

Eberstadt responded in a 200-page report on September 25, 1945, with a brilliant summary of the experiences during the war with a conclusion that went straight to the heart of the matter: "These ills cannot be cured by one single administrative change such as unification of the armed services. They require integration of the whole organiza tional structure of the govern men t in the service of national security." He devoted a whole chapter in spelling out this tneme. It was appropriately entitled "The Military Services Are Only Part of the National Machinery of Peace or War." He recommended several interrelated bodies-a National Security Council, a National Security Resources Board (NSRB), a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and a Military Education and Training Board. His NSC was to be "a policy forming and advisory body." Its chairman was to have "ready access" to the President and power to forge a consensus among. the military services.

This process of reorganization was described later by Secretary of State Dean Acheson as "just a bit less formidable than that described in the first chapter of Genesis." Forrestal was determined on disciplining the decision-making process. He had thoroughly disapproved of Franklin D. Roosevelt's informal, easy style.

The NSC was dubbed by many as "Forrestal's Revenge."

The Eberstadt Report was discussed exhaustively. By early 1947 President Harry Truman sent to Congress a

byAGNOORANI

draft bill that sought to create a national defense establishment and included the NSC, the NSRB, and the CIA as prime coordinating elements for national security.

The National Security Act was passed by Congress and sent to the President on July 26, 1947.

As we survey the record, we find that successive Presidents have found the NSC a necessary and flexible instrument. As one NSC aide remarked, "Each President may use the council as he finds most suitable."

The council first met in September 1947 with President Truman presiding; but he later left it to the Secretary of State George C. Marshall to chair the meetings. Supporting personnel were headed by the executive secretary. The secretariat was kept distinct from the staff which produced studies and policy recommendations and was drawn from all the departments represented on the council. Later "consultants" were also engaged. A respectable bureaucracy grew up with its own esprit de corps. This group was headed by a "coordinator of the staff." . In truth, Truman distrusted this newborn creature. He thought it would "constrain the President" and "bind him more closely to his senior cabinet advisers." However, it was during his time that the most seminal of all NSC papers was drawn up. It was the famous NSC-68 of 1950, a 66-page document that formulated the doctrine of containment of the Soviet Union. It was a comprehensive statement of U.S. interests, the threats to them, and possible responses. On many policy issues the NSC recorded various revisions from time to time.

Dwight D. Eisenhower, who succeeded Truman as President, added two more bodies to the NSC's structure-a planning board, consisting of representatives at the assistant secretary level, and an operations coordinating board to ensure that policy was carried out. Indeed, there was talk even of a second Vice President to be in charge of foreign affairs. Eisenhower believed in teamwork. Where Acheson preferred "disagreed" papers setting out conflicting options, the new administration preferred consensus which frequently worked out to the lowest common denominator.

Academia frowned on Eisenhower's seemingly heavy reliance on the NSC structure. His was an essentially bureaucratic-pragmatic style of leadership in which individual initiative and responsibility were diluted.

Precisely for this reason, when major crisis situations arose as in the Suez in 1956, and in Lebanon in 1958, the NSC process was ignored because it had become "terribly formalistic."

Eisenhower's successors, John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon, profited by his

experience with the NSC; each in his own way.

Senator Henry M. Jackson's subcommittee on national policy machinery of the committee on government operations strongly criticized the heavy undergrowth of committees clustered around the council. The subcommittee began work in July 1959 and a series of reports began to come out in the fall of 1960 just as Kennedy was about to assume the presidency. Its main criticism was that the NSC had failed to define foreign policy goals and to relate defense planning and spending to them.

In contrast to Eisenhower, Kennedy ignored the NSC. Ad-hocism became rampant. Within a month of assuming office, Kennedy abolished the operations coordinating board and reduced the planning board to a luncheon discussion group. "We will center responsibility for much of the board's work in the Secretary of State." The NSC met less often and less formally. An executive committee of the NSC, "Excom," was established.

Later, Henry A. Kissinger was to remark that Kennedy dismantled the Eisenhower machinery and "substituted for it a sort of nervous energy and great intellectual activity." Kennedy's techniques were well described by a close adviser, Roger Hillsman, in his memoirs To Move A Nation. Kennedy simply wanted to make the State Department, rather than the NSC, the "key element in the national security policy making machinery." But Secretary of State Dean Rusk deferred to the bureaucracy and took few initiatives of his own. The void was filled by task forces for specific situations like Berlin, Vietnam, etc.

The NSC was used only as a sounding board. It did meet on Laos and its Excom dealt with the Cuban missile crisis in October 1962. But as columnist Joseph Kraft wrote, Kennedy's approach did not "contribute to the About the Author: A.G. Noorani, afrequel1l contributor is a Bombay-based constitutional expert and lawyer.

10 SPAN,

PRESIDENT

JIMMY CARTER's high-profile national

security adviser, Zbigniew Brzezinski (right foreground), presides over a meeting of the U.S. National Security Council in the Executive Office Building in Washington, D.C., in 1978.

systematic elaboration of coherent programs expressing broad ... public policies." As for Lyndon B. Johnson, his style was best described by Roger Morris, a Kissinger aide: "The real governing body of the Johnson regime's foreign policy was the 'Tuesday lunch.'''

Kissinger was a part-time consultant on German policy to Kennedy's NSC in 1961. Tn 1968 Nixon appointed him his national security affairs adviser. During the election campaign Nixon had attacked Johnson's "talkfests."

With an advocate of a comprehensive national security doctrine and an outstanding intellectual as his adviser, Nixon was all set to revamp the NSC. Given the distrust that both men had for the bureaucracy, no one had any doubt as to what would become of the council. It would be an instrument for tight presidential control of foreign policy. The then Secretary of State William P. Rogers took a back seat.

Formerly, the State Department accorded the White House bureaucracy a "hearing" before taking a decision.

The roles were now reversed dramatically for all to see.

As Kissinger saw it, his task was to develop "options" for the President to choose. Gregory D. Cleva's work, Henr)' A. Kissinger and the American Approach to Foreign Policy, is an excellent study not only of his subject, Kissinger, but, by numerous contrasting references, of others as well. "Kissinger's NSC system used the bureaucracy to gather information.

Policy papers known as National Security Study Memoranda (NSSM) were prepared in individual agencies. The NSSM were refined by the NSC to pose issues and present policy choices to President Richard Nixon."

In the first three years of the Nixon Administration alone some 138 NSSM were prepared on key issues and served as the basis for major policy innovations.

"Kissinger's NSC system gave American policy formulation a new coherence .... Yet the real significance of this system was that it became the vehicle that Nixon and Kissinger used to elaborate their own views of world politics." It became effectively an instrument of pre sid ential control. During the brief Ford Administration the NSC was eclipsed by the State Department headed by Kissinger. Jimmy Carter's emphasis was different. Like Nixon he also had an egghead as assistant for national security affairs, Zbigniew Brzezinski. Two committees were set up. One was the policy review committee (PRC) to handle foreign and defense policies chaired by the secretary appropriate to the topic under discussion. The other was the special coordination committee (SCC) to deal with decisions related to sensitive intelligence, arms control, and crisis management.

It was chaired by Brzezinski.

A most informative book, National Security Policy: The Decision-Making Process by Professors Robert L. Pfaltzgraff, Jr., and Uri Raanan describes graphically the Carter procedures: "The decision-making process in the Carter NSC theoretically had a distinct flow. First, a request for policy review would be executed either by a formal presidential review memorandum (PRM) or a request for an options paper. Papers would be prepared by the chairing department for a PRC or by the NSC staff for an SCC meeting. Second, as a result of a meeting to review the paper or memorandum, the PRC or SCC would make its recommendations; these would be prepared by the NSC staff and forwarded to the assistant for national security affairs for submission to the President.

Note that the flow did not return to the secretary who chaired the meeting, but involved the presidential assis-

PRIME

MINISTER

INDIRA

GANDHI

greets President

Richard Nixon's national security adviser, Henry Kissinger, in New Delhi in 1971 (left). Mrs. Gandhi and Kissinger meet with reporters (right) during the latter's visit to India in 1974 as President Gerald Ford's Secretary of State. Kissinger is the only person to have served in both positions.

tant. Third, the presidential decisions were published as presidential directives for important matters or as decision memos for more routine items, and sent to the appropriate secretaries for action."

This did not conduce to orderliness because Carter had failed clearly to define the functions of his two foreign policy advisers, Brzezinski and Secretary of State Cyrus R. Vance. Brzezinski tried often to act as spokesman as well as chief adviser, to Vance's obvious annoyance.

President Ronald Reagan had the pendulum swing to the other extreme and saw to it that it stayed there. The assistant for national security affairs, Richard V. Allen, no longer had cabinet rank. Reagan's Secretaries of State, Alexander M. Haig, Jr., briefly, and George Shultz, who served from 1982-89, were among strong personalities.

One would think that under President George Bush nearly the same situation obtains since Secretary of State James Baker In is a personal friend ano a known activist.

There will always be some tension between the NSC and the State Department. But Presidents find the setup useful. It ensures that the defense and diplomatic perspectives are knit together in the process of decision-making.

Perhaps the best lesson one could draw from the record of four decades is that neither concentration of power in the White House nor excessive delegation to the State Department helps.

The National Security Council has adapted itself well to changing conditions. Presidents have used it as they wished but its durability has been well tested by time. 0

Satellites, Reporters anCi Freedom of Speech In an era of rapidly developing technology and high-resolution photographs from commercial satellites, once-theoretical questions no longer seem farfetched.

Do U.S. freedom of speech rights extend into outer space? What restraints, if any, should be placed on news organizations to publish or transmit information received from satellites? What takes precedence, the public's right to know under the U.S. Constitution's First Amel1dment or national security as perceived by the American government?

The Office of Technology Assessment of the United States Congress has issued a technical report that predicts an imminent conflict between the federal government and news organizations that may have the capability of transmitting such photographs.

Thus, with this unprecedented information delivery system, maintaining the appropriate constitutional balance between national security interests and freedom of expression becomes increasingly complex. Since the courts are likely to be the arbiter in disputes that arise, this study examines an "emerging" area of First Amendment law in which the federal government appears ready to regulate the gathering and transmission of the photographs because of national security implications, and news organizations seem willing to initiate legal challenges to determine whether national security interests are incompatible with the First Amendment.

To best understand the possible legal disputes, it is necessary to trace the statutory framework pertinent to national security protection.

The U.S. federal government requires licensing (through the 1984 Landsat Act) as a way to restrict media-owned satellites from gathering potentially sensitive information. To obtain a license from the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, an applicant must agree to operate the system in a manner designed to "preserve and promote the national security"-which is a reasonable -re-quirement but one not normally imposed on the press. The Secretary of Commerce may revoke a license in mid-orbit if an operator does not comply with "any ... national concerns of the United States," and may seize any image that is "likely" to be used in violation of a license.

The government also might attempt to limit the resolution of the satellite's sensors, the images that the satellite is allowed to collect, or the images that news media are allowed to disseminate.

Thus far, news organizations have not pooled resources to finance a collectively owned media satellite system or determined whether the cost of development and operation is worth it. Best estimates are that a system could cost between $251 million and $470 million and $10 million to $15 million a year to operate.

There is little doubt that the availability of these photographs would compound problems inherent in the management of national security interests.

Principal among these concerns is that dissemination of information would deprive the American military of the critical element of surprise, that sensitive information could be revealed to foreign governments that would choose to retaliate, that intelligence would be provided to countries lacking their own satellites, and that government officials might fail to act calmly and responsibly with so many news media experts and the public interpreting the satellite data.

On the other hand, the news media discount those arguments, claiming that contacts around the world ensure almost instantaneous information flow about fast-breaking stories and that the news media have an excellent record in working with the U.S. government when national security interests are at stake. While the arguments of the government and the news media have validity, they also point to a need for a reasonable accommodation between the two parties. This accommodation has been reached in the past through the courts' use of a balancing process in a small number of cases that are analogous to the problems inherent in extending First Amendment rights into space. The cases address the issue obliquely in the absence of a standard-setting case, thus leaving the constitutional contours largely without shape.

With judicial precedent scarce, it is possible that government attempts to limit access to or use of satellite imagery would result in First Amendment challenges. If one of the restrictions is licensing, as already exists through the Landsat Act, it would surely be regarded by the news media as impermissible prior restraint on free speech. Prior restraints are allowable only if they are necessary to prevent "direct, immediate, and irreparable damage to our Nation or its people," as stated in Bran::burg v. Hares, (1972).

What causes the news media concern is that the courts could place restrictions on the news-gathering process where satellite. images are at issue. If the Supreme Court were to rule that news gathering deserved some lesser degree of protection than publication of information already obtained, the government would have considerably more latitude to limit media satelli te activities.

To prepare for that eventuality, the news media can study court decisions that have given some guidance about constitutional protection to the news-gathering process. For example, in Bran::burg v.

Hayes. the U.S. Supreme Court stated

that "it is not suggested that news gathering docs not qualify for First Amendment protection; without some protection for seeking out the news, freedom of the press could be eviscerated."

Despite those words, the court has not yet decided whether news-gathering activities should receive the same constitutional protection as traditional speaking and publishing activities. The only Supreme Court cases that address the news-gathering issue involve news media access to prison inmates and are thus not directly analogous to a media satellite system.

Even though the court in Bran::.burg acknowledged that the news media need some degree of constitutional protection for gathering news, cases such as Zemel v.

Rusk (a 1965 case that upheld the right of the U.S. State Department to refuse to issue passports for travel to Cuba under specified circumstances) fail to address to what degree protection should be extended, or even whether protection should be extended at all.

Although it is unclear how the Supreme Court might rule !\lith regard to constitutional protection afforded to gathering news from space, the more difficult problem seems to be in determining what restrictions could properly be placed on use of information acquired from space~ what information would pass constitutional muster. The invocation of a national security interest as a basis for restricting freedom of expression made its first appearance at the Supreme Court level in Near v. Minnesota. This 1931 decision struck down an injunction barring publication of a local newspaper, which had been adjudged a public nuisance because it had printed allegedly defamatory articles about public officials.

It was not until some 40 years after Near was decided that the court again addressed the issue of national security versus freedom of expression.

In a 1971 decision, New York Times Co. v. United States, the federal government sued to enjoin publica-

tion by The Nell¡ York Times and The Washington Post of classified material revealing aspects of the decision-making process used during the Vietnam War. The court declined to issue an injunction in this leading "prior restraint" case, which is also known as the Pentagon Papers case.

The only case that upheld a prior restraint in this context is a 1979 decision by the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin, United S,ates v.

The Progressive, Inc. In that case, an injunction was issued against a magazine that planned to publish an article containing a detailed description of hydrogenbomb technology.

The Progressil'e court relied heavily on the Pentagon Papers case, noting that several justices in the majority had indicated they might be inclined toward the government's claim if there had been a statute that barred the challenged publication. The court also indicated that the government had met the standard established in the Pentagon Papers case, in that publication would result in "grave, direct, immediate, and irreparable harm to the United States."

More recently, when the United States went into Grenada in 1983, the government prohibited the news media from accompanying military forces, and members of the press who managed to get to the island were prevented from reporting news of the action, thus spawning a First Amendment suit by publisher Larry Flynt. In Flynt v. Weinberger, a 1984 case heard by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia, the press challenged the ban and sought a permanent injunction against any future bans. However the challenge was dismissed as moot since the press ban was subsequently lifted.

The extent to which national security interests may serve as a legitimate justification to restrict freedom of expression is indeed a matter of constitutional scale.

However, the advent of new technology~ in the form of remote-sensing satellites capable of producing high-resolution

photographs that can be transmitted quick1y into living rooms~ opens uncharted territory. There is overwhelming consensus in the United States that certain national security information must be kept secret. Clearly, reconciling freedom of expression with national security interests poses a complex challenge to democracy, since democracy demands a certain amount ofrreedom of information.

A balance must be struck, a line drawn to recognize these competing interests.

Where should that line be drawn? Although the line will probably have to be drawn by the courts on a case-by-case basis, the sharing of responsibilities in this area would be a better solution. Reconciling free speech with the requirements of national security should involve the courts, the executive branch of federal government, Congress, and the news media. Still, as circumstances arise and the news media's capability to pry deeply into military operations increases through introduction of new technologies, the issue grows more complex and inevitably gravitates toward a judicial solution.

There is no way to predict how courts would rule if the gathering or transmission of satellite-generated photographs were challenged by the government. Presently, it appears that the courts would allow the news media to operate remote-sensing satellites and to broadcast or print information unless a prior restraint were justified to prevent the standard set in the Pentagon Papers case.

What is clear, however, is that as satellite photographs grow ever clearer, the legal picture grows more muddied as the future of the constitutional status of commercial news gathering in space remains open for academic and legal discussion.

0 About the Authors: Don Sneed is a prolessor of journalism at San Diego Srare Universiry, Calilornia. Kyu Ho Youm is an assisrant professor wirh rhe School of Communications at the University of Miami, Florida.

Restoring a Hand Advances in microsurgery, in which tiny instruments are used to perform precisely detailed procedures on equally tiny pieces of body tissue, have turned today's surgeons into miracle workers. These photographs focus on an II-hour operation performed by Dr. Bruce Cunningham, who is head of the department of plastic and reconstructive surgery at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis/St. Paul. Cunningham may perform two or three operations on a given day, or one complex procedure such as the one described here, in which he attached a substitute thumb to the right hand of nine-year-old Cayle McLaughlin.

At the age of eight, Cayle crushed his right hand in an accident with a log splitter. He was rushed to a hospital and within hours Cunningham restored the

youngster's right index and middle fingers. The ring finger and thumb were crushed too badly to be saved. Loss of the ring finger was tolerable, but loss of the thumb essentially meant loss of function for the hand. So, one year after the initial restorations, Cunningham, in an operation at St. Paul-Ramsey Hospital, fashioned a new thumb for the youngster by removing the second toe from Cayle's left foot and replanting it on the boy's right hand.

The second toe from the foot opposite the damaged hand is used in this particular type of transplant operation because the side of this toe which is nearest the big toe has better sensation, and when transformed into a thumb engenders better hand use and a greater ability to pinch.

Using this toe also results in a more normal looking hand and less deformity on the foot than

by SANDY GREENBERG

1. Dr. Bruce Cunningham uses high-powered microscopic lenses when performing delicate reconstructive surgery. 2. Cayle McLaughlin has his hands Xrayed prior to the operation. 3.

Cunningham uses a special surgical marker to outline where he will make incisions on Cayle's leftfoot. 4. Surrounded by a skilled surgical team and sophisticated monitoring equipment, Cunningham operates on Cayle's toe. Only the boy'sfoot and hand awaiting the transplant are visible. Sterile drapes cover the rest of his body to keep him warm.

would using another toe.

This kind of operation is the most difficult one Cunningham performs, involving as it does both removal and replanting.

The diameters of the nerves and of the various tubes-veins, arteries, blood vessels-being severed and reconnected are all very tiny and the work is extremely delicate. The tedious and tense surgery must be performed while peering through microscopic lenses. Some of the materials used-thread finer than a human hair, needles sinaller than an eyelash-are barely visible to the naked eye.

Cunningham previously had performed ten successful toe-tothumb transplants, but he said the operation on Cayle was the most difficult he had ever done.

The extremely small toe artery was cause for concern almost immediately. It would be the only source of blood to the new thumb, and would no longer have the help of even smaller vessels that carry blood to the toe.

About the Author: Sandy Greenberg is a SPAN correspondent .in Washington, D.C.

First, a new Jomt had to be fashioned to orient the toe opposite the other fingers when it was flexed. Cunningham matched the raw bone end of the severed toe with the raw bone stump from the original thumb, and connected the two with wire sutures. Eventually the bones will grow together. After bones and tendons were linked Cunningham connected nerves, artery, and blood vessels. There was no way for the surgical team to be absolutely sure that blood would circulate properly until the clips on the artery directing blood into the replant were removed and blood was actually allowed to flow into the reconnected part.

Opening of the passage prompted a few anxious moments as Cunningham and his team watched to detect the first signs of blood flow. Faint hints of color began to appear, then more color, and finally the new thumb had circulation.

The ultimate test comes later outside the operating room. A year after the transplant operation Cayle's hand still doesn't look just like a normal hand. He can't make a fist and the index

finger is fused in a straight-out position. There has even been some discussion of transplanting the knuckles remaining in the truncated ring finger to the index finger.

None of that phases Cayle now. The critical opposing thumb has been restored and he again has the use of his hand. He likes to draw and says he is "now able to put on paper all those drawings I have in my head."

Spurred on by Dr. Cunningham, he is becoming more accomplished with computers.

A straight-A student at his elementary school, he is learning to play the trumpet, and swims regularly.

Such a successful outcome is heartening to Bruce Cunningham: "There are some types of surgery that require such a complex understanding of the medium and such a complex understanding of your own talents and abilities that you just plain have to have a talent for it.

If you don't have it, you can't do it. It's intensely interesting.

You're doing serious work that you're good at-what more could you want?"

0

I. Skilled surgical hands remove the second toe from Cayle's left foot. The sensitive nerve endings on the side of this toe will give the boy more feeling and a better ability to pinch when it becomes his new right thumb. 2.

Operation completed. the color on Cayle's new thumb begins to match that of the rest of his hand, indicating that blood is circulating through the appendage as it should. 3. An exhausted Cunningham telephones his wife, also a surgeon,from the doctors' lounge at the hospital. Cunningham said this was the toughest of 11 such toe-to-thumb operations he had performed.