Nine planetary boundaries
Urbanization trend
Estimates of how the different control variables for seven planetary boundaries have changed from 1950 to present (RockstrĂśm et al, Nature 2009).
Since 2014 more than 50% of the world´s population live in cities (FN 2014).
Nine planetary boundaries for Earth RockstrĂśm et al, Nature 2009
Image source: https://pngtree.com/freepng/urbanization-chainvegetation_1641258.html
The great accelaration
W. Steffen, W. Broadgate, L. Deutsch, O. Gaffney and C. Ludwig (2015)
Urgency, guidelines and ideas to densify cities since 1990s
1989
2014
2016
Urgency, guidelines and ideas against too dense cities 100 years earlier
The urgency came from health problems associated with crowdedness
Models for a more healthy (low dense) city; diagram of the Garden City by Ebenezer Howard 1898 (Kostof, 1991) ; Gropius, 1930
Nothing gained by overcrowding, Unwin, 1912
Diagram of the Garden City by Ebenezer Howard 1898 (Kostof, 1991)
Urgency, guidelines and ideas to densify cities since 1990s
1989
2014
2016
Economic effects POSITIV
Social effects POSITIV
Environmental effects VARIES
Social effects NEGATIV
Ahlfedlt, G., and Pietrostefani, E., 2017. Demystifying Compact Urban Growth: Evidence From 300 Studies From Across the World. Coalition for Urban Transitions, London and Washington, DC. Available at: http://newclimateeconomy.net/content/cities-working-papers.
Density development in 25 cities
Decreasing population densities in urban areas in 25 representative cities. Source: Angel (2011, p. 23).
Density development in Amsterdam Täthet inhabitants per hectare
Urban Footprint m2 per inhabitant
The great accelaration (predominately) housing fabrics parks sports facilities garden allotments cemeteries industrial and office areas
Berghauser Pont and Haupt (2010)
London
Gothenburg
FSI >1.25 1.0-1.25 0.75-1.0 0.5-0.75 0.35-0.5 < 0.5 SMoG Research group, Chalmers
Social-Ecological Urbanism looks for synergies between ecological and sociospatial systems, acknowledges the existence of conflicts between them and uses the systemsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; capacity to absorb shocks, utilize them, reorganize and continue to develop without losing fundamental functions, i.e. builds resilience in the system.
Doughnut economics
Density Doughnut
The Doughnut of social and planetary boundaries is a playfully serious approach to meet the needs of all within the means of the planet (Raworth, 2017).
Describes the conflicting consequences of densification, where the inner circle defines minimum densities to ensure that certain sustainability goals are guaranteed, such as access to service and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, while the outer circle defines the ceiling to safeguard for instance biodiversity (Berghauser Pont, 2019).
FSI
Architectural principles GSI
I. Spatial morphology
II. System perspective 1 2 III. Cross-level (1) and cross-scale (2) interactions
IV. Temporal dimension
Density Doughnut Social-Ecological Urbanism looks for synergies between ecological and sociospatial systems, acknowledges the existence of conflicts between them and uses the systemsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; capacity to absorb shocks, utilize them, reorganize and continue to develop without losing fundamental functions, i.e. builds resilience in the system.
Jan Sahlberg, SMoG master thesis 2019 (work in progress)
Lovisa Olsson, Lina Sundberg, Rachel McLure, Elise Wicklein, Ainara Aragon Espinosa, SMoG design studio 2019
Lovisa Olsson, Lina Sundberg, Rachel McLure, Elise Wicklein, Ainara Aragon Espinosa, SMoG design studio 2019
Anna Kampers, SMoG master thesis 2019