A Leader in a Rapidly Evolving Defence Manufacturing Industry
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Army Day 2025: Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi Puts Thrust on Artillery Modernisation, Impending FRCV Takes Off The Army Chief made a concerted announcement for the range of military equipment, especially focusing on its artillery modernisation plan and capability like the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) and K9 Vajra self-propelled artillery systems. Crucially, the Army also finally moves ahead with its impending FRCV programme.
Manish Kumar Jha
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2025 – Year of Reforms Ministry of Defence (MoD) has declared 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms,’ focusing on simplified procurement, reduced timeframes, theaterisation, and emerging technologies with significant implications for the Indian Army Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd)
EXCLUSIVE
CHIEF OF THE ARMY STAFF
MESSAGE
It is a matter of honour for me to endorse this MESSAGE for the Special Issue of SP’s Land Forces , that SP Guide Publications is releasing on the occasion of Army Day 2025.
Army Day is an occasion to celebrate the dedication, valour and indomitable spirit of the men and women in ‘olive greens’, as also to pay tribute to those who made the supreme sacrifice for the nation.
The Indian Army enjoys a distinct stature in the national mind space, and it is through mediums such as these that our citizens gain a deeper understanding of the Army’s unique way of life, challenges, achievements and ongoing pursuits. Today, we have embarked upon a ‘Decade of Transformation’ towards evolving into a future ready force, such that we are able to secure the growth and progress of the nation, towards its envisioned goal of a Viksit Bharat. I am sanguine, that the leaves of this Special Issue shall keep the reader updated on the entire ‘olive green’ canvas.
The insightful articles, inspiring narrations and analytical perspectives presented by the Editorial Team, will surely establish an alluring connect with the reader. My compliments and best wishes to SP Guide Publications for undertaking this initiative.
‘Jai Hind’
“We are Currently Pursuing the Decade of Transformation”
In an interview with Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief, SP’s Land Forces, Chief of the Army Staff General Upendra Dwivedi explains how the Indian Army is aiming to transform into a modern, agile, adaptive, technology enabled and self-reliant future ready force
SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): As COAS of one of the most engaged, busiest and the most professional armies in the world, what are the ‘Thrust Areas’ of Indian Army that you are focusing upon?
Chief of the Army Staff (COAS): The vision of the Indian Army is a contribution of my predecessors and, as a concept I wish to carry forward, 50 per cent of what I have received, lay down 30 per cent new ideas for execution/ implementation and sow 20 per cent new ideas for Gen next.
As the Chief of the Army Staff, the mission statement that I have defined for myself is to ensure full spectrum operational preparedness while concurrently transforming the Indian Army into a modern, agile, adaptive, tech enabled and an
Atmanirbhar future-ready force which is capable to deter and win wars in a multidomain environment. It will always remain a relevant and key pillar of National Security Apparatus, aligned towards protecting National Interests and effectively contribute towards Nation Building in synergy with all agencies of the Government and sister services.
(Upendra Dwivedi) General Chief of the Army Staff
STAFF
This issue of SP’s Land Forces coincides with the Army Day which falls on January 15 and is celebrated as on this day Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa (then a Lt General) took over as the first Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Army from General F.R. Bucher on January 15, 1949. As the Army
Chief says, in his message, Army Day is an occasion to celebrate the dedication, valour and indomitable spirit of the men and women in ‘olive greens’, as also to pay tribute to those who made the supreme sacrifice for the nation.
The lead story of this issue is a comprehensive and exclusive interview with General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff covering his perception of National Security and his vision and direction for Army modernisation to ensure full spectrum operational preparedness while concurrently transforming the Indian Army into a modern, Atmanirbhar futureready force which is capable to deter and win wars in a multidomain environment. As the Army Chief says in the interview, the Indian Army will always remain a
My thrust areas include maintaining full-spectrum operational preparedness by ensuring complete vigilance on the LAC and Line of Control as well hinterland in Jammu & Kashmir and North East. We are also focussing on leveraging digitised tools through our initiative of technology absorption for decision-making, and securing dominance in emerging grey zone and cognitive domains. We are currently pursuing the Decade of Transformation besides converging multi-domain capacities in synergy with all government agencies.
Indian Army will seek avenues and bring together our capacities to support nationbuilding initiatives. Our endeavour will be to forge Military Leaders of character & outcome-oriented professionals. We will foster an organisational climate underpinned by ‘ethical values’, ‘professional focus’, ‘teamwork’, ‘positivity’ and ‘ably led’, at all echelons.
Strengthening morale and motivation at all levels remains a priority, alongside cultivating a positive organisational climate rooted in professionalism, teamwork, and the core values of independent India.
And last but not the least, I shall address comprehensively, the welfare quotient of serving and retired personnel and Veer Naris, with ownership at all levels, wherein ‘Right to Responsibility’ of all ranks become equally important.
These thrust areas will ensure Indian Army’s operational readiness, adaptability, and unwavering commitment to national security and development while preserving its proud legacy and ethos.
SP’s: To foster jointness, what efforts are being made by the Indian Army to strengthen tri-service integration with other armed forces?
COAS: The unique threat spectrum of the nation requires interoperability in a multi domain operational environment, which necessitates an integrated response from the armed forces. Towards that end, Integrated Theatre Commands are taking shape in a pragmatic timeframe. All Services stand fully committed towards this impera-
“We are
prepared to face any challenge, including a potential two-front war, with a robust strategy addressing the dual threats from China and Pakistan”
relevant and key pillar of National Security Apparatus, aligned towards protecting National Interests and effectively contribute towards Nation Building in synergy with all agencies of the Government and sister services.
Chief of the Army Staff General Upendra Dwivedi held the customary annual press conference on the eve of the Army Day 2025 where he answered a barrage of questions with updates on the ongoing Army modernisation programmes. A lot of impetus has been put on Artillery modernisation with orders for ATAGS, K9 Vajra, Pinaka and the likes. The Armoured is also being upgraded with the Army Chief confirming the procurement of the Zorawar light tank and the DAC clearance for the Future
Ready Combat Vehicles (FRCV). There is a lot more that the Army Chief mentioned which is detailed in the press conference report by Manish Kumar Jha.
With the Ministry of Defence declaring Year 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’, all eyes are now set on 2025 and the new initiatives it will bring. Indian Army, by the virtue of being the largest service, will be most affected by these reforms and the sincerity and speed with which they are implemented. In his article, Lt General P.C. Katoch (Retd) analyses that the geopolitical environment and the threat perception around India has undergone a drastic change in the past one year. Therefore, these reforms have come at the most appropriate time and that we should
tive. The progressive roadmap for the same entails the waypoints of ‘Augmenting Jointness’ - ‘Advancing Integration’ – and finally giving effect to ‘Theaterisation’. COSC meetings are underway and we are making progress in an iterative and consultative manner.
In Jointness 1.0, we addressed the existing structures and processes, for example, Integrated Acquisition Planning, Courses of Instructions, Joint Logistic Nodes, common utilisation of Bases and Station amenities etc.
In Jointness 2.0, we stand to address Services Culture, Thinking and Symbology. Here, we have made good progress in Doctrines and SOPs. Joint Medium Repair Organisation is planned for tri-Services common platform or equipment sustenance, for example Helicopters and missiles. In totality, 180 fields have been identified where we can augment jointness and nearly 30 per cent of that, we have already achieved.
In Jointness 3.0, we shall be able augment our synergy through pursuits in COPP (Com-
mon Operational Planning Process), Communication, technology development, common digital Maps and geo-referencing system, aggregating RPA / UAV assets, harmonising ISR resources and integrated Outsourcing. Eventually for Theaterisation, we shall be giving shape to Tailor Made Structures, unique to our requirements. Let me underscore here that Indian Army’s endeavours to enhance Jointness are not restricted to the three Services only. Our intent and efforts in outreach and augmenting synergy with other Ministries, Government Agencies, CAPFs and all concerned stakeholders in the security domain, continue.
In a ‘Whole of Nation Approach’, we shall continue to seek avenues to bring together capacities, to support and augment Lines of Effort of the Nation, towards the goal of Viksit Bharat@2047.
SP’s: For Atmanirbharta in defence, how is the modernisation programme of the
make the most of them to ensure National Security.
SP Guide Publications will have a significant presence at the upcoming Aero India 2025 show in Bengaluru, India from February 10 to 14, 2025. In case you are making it to the show, we look forward to meeting you all at Hall K, Stall No. KS3.2.
Wishing all discerning readers happy reading!
“Our force modernisation and capability development endeavours are advancing steadily, focusing on integrating cutting-edge technologies and enhancing operational effectiveness”
Indian Army progressing, and what role does self-reliance play in it?
COAS: Our motto is ‘Swadeshikaran se Sashaktikaran’. Our force modernisation and capability development endeavours are advancing steadily, focusing on integrating cutting-edge technologies and enhancing operational effectiveness. Indian Army is a key stakeholder in conceptualisation, fructification, absorption, exploitation, sustenance and disposal of technologies. It is a strategic imperative for us to support indigenous Research and Development and spiral production of modern warfighting systems. We cannot afford to be import dependent. Our focus on indigenous procurement is unwavering. Two defence corridors, one each in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, have been earmarked. Indian Army is supporting more than 13,000 MSMEs and more than 1,000 startups. We as a country have already achieved defence exports worth `21,000 crores. We have also been able to produce domestically defence equipment worth `1.27 crores. 35 per cent Positive Indianisation List items published by MoD is of Indian Army, 85 per cent of our capital expenditure has gone to indigenous industry. We have engaged the domestic industry in more than 439 projects spanning across 551 industries.
Over the last four financial years, 158 Capital Acquisition contracts worth `70,028 crore have been concluded, of which 144 contracts (97.3 per cent) worth `68,121 crore were signed with Indian vendors. In 2024, 16 contracts were finalised, 14 of which involve Indian industries, enhancing capabilities in areas like small arms, long-range vectors, communication systems, and remotely piloted aerial systems. Additionally, 96 per cent of the total Acceptance of Necessity (AoN) accorded between FY 2022-24 has been granted to indigenous defence industry. In 2024 alone, 23 AoNs worth `1.22 lakh crore have been approved, with 21 AoNs (98 per cent) worth `1.19 lakh crore dedicated to Indian companies.
JAYANT BARANWAL Publisher & Editor-in-Chief
Indian Army’s modernisation and capability development endeavours are advancing steadily, under the leadership and guidance of General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff
PHOTOGRAPH: Indian Army
In ammunition procurement, we are committed to establishing at least one indigenous source for all types of ammunition under the ‘Manufacture of Ammunition for Indian Army by Indian Industry’ programme. Through this effort, 154 of 175 ammunition variants (88 per cent) have already been indigenised. This has seen a jump from 58 per cent to 88 per cent in last four years. Since it is not feasible for us at this stage to expect 100 per cent indigenous defence procurement, we intend to import only niche technology equipment not available inhouse and progress slowly towards complete self-reliance.
SP’s: For those interested in Indian Army’s transformation, could you delve into the objectives of the ‘Decade of Transformation’?
COAS: The process of transformation of the Indian Army aims to build a modern, agile, adaptive, technology enabled and self-reliant future ready force.
Keeping with the vision of Viksit Bharat @2047, Department of Military Affairs has issued guidelines for the three services. According to these guidelines, the time period till 2047 will be divided into three phases.
Phase-I from 2024 to 2027 will be observed as era of transition, Phase- II from 2027 to 2037 will be observed as era of consolidation and Phase- III from 2037 to 2047 will be observed as era of control.
Aligned with the DMA’s guidelines Indian Army’s roadmap will involve Phase-I from 2023 to 2032, which we are observing as Decade of Transformation. Phase-II will be from 2032 to 2037 and Phase-III will be from 2037 to 2047.
The drivers for the “Decade of Transfor mation” which began in 2023 are the chang ing character of war, cumulative presence of five generations of warfare, Two and half front security challenges and the predomi nant Grey zone warfare. The decade of trans formation is progressed under five pillars.
l Pillar 1: Jointness and Integration - The unique threat spectrum of the nation requires interoperability in a multidomain operational environment, which necessitates an integrated response from the armed forces. Integrated theatre Commands with separate Force Genera tion and Force Application components unique to our requirements will be cre ated. Jointness & Integration initiatives are aligned in eight core domains. A few notable achievements include the establishment of Joint Logistic Nodes and shared operational bases while integration with Central Armed Police Forces (CAPFs), especially in the Northeast, is being pursued to enhance coordination.
Infusion - Capability development in terms of weapons, systems, equipment and logistics. Enhancing battlefield situational awareness with focused efforts for long range precision capabilities, secured communication, electronic warfare, air defence and cyber security are in progress. Development of incubation centres for various technologies at command level besides investments in R&D. Pillar focusses on shaping and enabling techno warriors and commanders.
l Pillar 4: Systems, Processes, and Functions - Bringing change in organisational culture, by identifying the pressure points, prioritising, encouraging thought leaders with shared values and beliefs. The digitised, networked, automated and in-house solutions to meet functional, operational and Human Resource requirements are being progressed. In addition, to improve lateral communication and learning of Indian Army personnel, deputation exposures are also being planned under this pillar.
l Pillar 5: Human Resource Management - Review of existing policies and
reforms related to recruiting, manpower planning, career management, welfare of personnel including veterans and families, leadership development and training are focused under this pillar. HR reforms such as Agnipath Scheme have been adopted to provide cutting edge manpower. The effort to enhance role of women in officer and other ranks is also being undertaken progressively.
The process of transformation is multifaceted and aims to prepare Indian Army to meet future security challenges while contributing to India’s goal of becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047.
SP’s: Is our Army ready for two-front wars?
As our country is surrounded by two major hostile neighbourhoods, what are the factors, basis which, our country may be well assured on this front?
COAS: India has unsettled borders with both Pakistan and China and hence possibility of a two front conflict cannot be negated. Both the countries may have also achieved 100 per cent collusivity in the virtual domain. The Indian Army is developing multi-domain
“The process of transformation is multifaceted and aims to prepare Indian Army to meet future security challenges while contributing to India’s goal of becoming a “Viksit Bharat” by 2047”
responses to manage simultaneous threats effectively. We are prepared to face any challenge, including a potential two-front war, with a robust strategy addressing the dual threats from China and Pakistan. The Army’s modernisation efforts focus on improving surveillance, intelligence, advanced weaponry, and missile defence systems.
Following the events of 2020, India has rebalanced its forces to ensure effective
l Pillar 2: Force Restructuring - A review of structures to facilitate unfolding of an ‘Era of Integrated Approach’ with integration at all levels for timely application of force is under progress. New tailor-made structures/ organisations are being formulated to improve agility and effectiveness, mitigate adhocism, offset infrastructure asymmetry and enhance role in the DIME paradigm.
l Pillar 3: Modernisation & Technology
“We
are also focussing on leveraging digitised tools through our initiative of technology absorption for decision-making, and securing dominance in emerging grey zone and cognitive domains”
response capabilities. Infrastructure development, including critical roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, airfields, and helipads, is progressing under the Empowered Committee on Border Infrastructure (ECBI). Notable projects include the Atal Tunnel, Se La & Nechiphu Tunnels and four strategic railway lines. Additional, 365 roads measuring a length of 18,000 km have been finalised to be constructed with in the timeframe of five years from 2023 to 2028. Emergency procurement powers have enabled the induction of new-generation equipment under 141 schemes. Equipment worth `22,000 crores is currently being delivered.
Along the Western Borders, the focus is on enhancing terrain friction. The Creek Sector has gained prominence due to unresolved boundary issues, and infrastructure development, including billeting and berthing facilities, is underway. Equipment modernisation and multi-agency coordination is also being enhanced in this sector.
Coordination among the three Services, government agencies and CAPFs involving Whole of Nation Approach is key to operational success. Significant progress has been made through synchronisation of airground plans, joint coordination and joint training activities, including Tri-Service wargames and exercises like Ex Trishakti Prahar and Ex Bharat Shakti.
We have increased our focus on Front Level operational discussions, operational logistics and multi-domain operations. Technological modernisation focuses on advanced ISR systems, unmanned aerial systems and logistics enhancements to support troops in harsh border conditions.
I want to assure you that the Indian Army is fully prepared to address any challenge including a two front scenario which may come its way. Borders of our country will always remain secure in the safe hands of the Indian Army.
SP’s: We have seen that Pre-April 2020 situation has been restored along LAC in Eastern Ladakh, could you share the future roadmap for ensuring enduring border security along the Northern Fronts post recent talks between India and China?
COAS: As far as northern borders and progress in India-China border talks are concerned, our aim to maintain Peace and tranquillity in the border areas, and seek to resolve differences with an aim to facilitate border resolution process. Notwithstanding, Indian Army is maintaining highest state of operational preparedness to meet any contingency. There is a need to engage the Chinese side, and keep diplomatic and military channels of communication open.
The situation on the LAC has been constantly improving and the friction areas of 2020 have been resolved. The agreement reached on October 21, 2024 has led to a significant development in the region, with the disengagement of forces previously deployed in close proximity. Following this, patrolling has resumed at traditional points, and grazing rights have been restored in Demchok, which is a positive step for border management in Ladakh.
“The emergence of MultiDomain Operations, incorporating cyber, space, and the electromagnetic spectrum, has added new dimensions to warfare, emphasising the need for advanced capabilities in these areas”
Additionally, the recent meetings between the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination (WMCC) on December 5, 2024, followed by the Strategic Relations (SR) talks in Beijing on December 18, 2024 after a gap of five years, have further strengthened the dialogue process. These engagements have fostered greater flexibility and confidence between the two sides, enabling the identification and resolution of other friction points in an effort to enhance peace and stability, and work towards the resolution of border issues.
We are continuously evaluating the situation, with infrastructure and strategic capabilities playing a key role in shaping our deployment strategy. Any adjustments will be considered based on thorough assessments, indications, and assurances.
SP’s: Level of violence caused by terrorists appear to have increased in J&K recently. How is Indian Army addressing this issue?
COAS: Pakistan remains the epicentre of terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. It is persistent in its attempts to destabilise the region, including recruitment, training, and
ism-related incidents over the past five years. The people of J&K have shown a clear rejection of Pakistan-sponsored terrorism, with all time low recruitment of only two this year.
The tempo of operations in hinterland is Re-energised, Re-focused into new areas. The Police has also undergone in major revamp. The security forces remain committed and are proactive in addressing emerging threats and maintaining peace and stability in the region.
While minor security challenges remain, particularly in Jammu, the Indian Army’s commitment to peace and stability is unwavering. By continuously adapting its strategies, maintaining a robust force posture an engaging with local population, the Army is working to ensure the return of normalcy and support Government of India’s ongoing development initiatives in the region.
SP’s: On lessons from global conflicts, how can insights from the Russia-Ukraine conflict shape India’s defence posture?
COAS: The ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict offers significant lessons for future warfare, particularly for the Indian Army. First, the
funding for terrorism. These efforts have been thwarted. The Indian Army, in line with the Government’s policy of zero tolerance to terrorism, has adopted a synergised approach involving security forces and law enforcement agencies in counter-terrorism (CT) operations. Indian Army remains committed to neutralising threats posed by terrorist groups and infiltration from across the Line of Control (LC).
The situation in J&K has improved gradually after Abrogation of Article 370, with the peaceful conduct of the recent Assembly elections and G-20 events reflect the growing involvement of the local population. The last Amarnath Yatra saw a record of more than 5 lakh pilgrim visiting Jammu and Kashmir. The dynamic counter-terrorism grid with accretion forces continues to function seamlessly, with relentless kinetic operations infusing latest technology are aimed at identifying, pre-empting, and neutralising terrorist threats. We have been able to neutralise 73 terrorists last year out of which 60 per cent were Pakistan terrorists.
The IA’s efforts in engaging the population and promoting peace have significantly reduced local recruitment for terrorism, with a remarkable 83 per cent decline in terror-
The war has also highlighted the importance of operations in cognitive space wherein both sides have tried to paint their own narrative of the war and its outcome which has kept the world guessing of the real results accruing from the war. This kind of campaigning greatly affects the morale of the fighting forces on the ground and ultimately the outcome of the war.
The war has clearly demonstrated the critical role that strategic partnerships play in long-duration conflicts. The support provided through these partnerships ensures that forces receive the necessary assistance to achieve victory, while significantly boosting their morale and enabling them to sustain the vigour required for such demanding operations.
The lessons from the Russia-Ukraine war further emphasise the need for a “Whole of Nation” approach, where civil-military integration, self-sufficiency in critical technologies, and robust investment in R&D are essential to ensuring national security and maintaining military readiness during high-intensity operations.
SP’s: Since taking charge, your focus has been the Welfare of Veterans and Veer Naris? If you can talk about recent steps taken to empower them further?
COAS: The Indian Army regards its Veterans, Veer Naris and their Dependents, an integral part of its extended family. And this family of ours comprises of over 25 lakh Veterans, 7 lakh Veer Naris, 28 lakh registered dependents, 12 lakh serving soldiers, 24 lakhs dependents and approximately 30 lakh family members who are not dependent, but staying together. This totals up to almost 1.3 crores. Welfare of this population is our sacred responsibility, and we remain firmly committed towards it.
The two pillars that underscore veteran engagement and reciprocity are that the Veterans deserve ‘Recognition and Respect’ and they simultaneously have a ‘Right to Responsibility’. As part of this, the Shaurya Sampravah series of engagement with Veterans has been started towards gaining from their experience and informed feedback. The initiatives include forming Veteran Advisory Groups, participation in Brainstorming and strategic training discussions, Red Teaming and Veteran led Think Tanks, as also Honouring Veteran Achievers. We are also pursuing measures to augment inclusivity of Veterans in Nation Building efforts.
importance of “hard power” in warfare has been reaffirmed, with land continuing to be the decisive domain. The conflict also highlights the need for preparedness for extended wars, with large-scale combat operations remaining relevant across various types of warfare, including conventional, irregular, and terrorism-related. This necessitates the development of warfighting stamina, indigenous production capabilities, and robust supply chains to sustain prolonged conflicts.
Additionally, the emergence of MultiDomain Operations, incorporating cyber, space, and the electromagnetic spectrum, has added new dimensions to warfare, emphasising the need for advanced capabilities in these areas to gain an advantage.
The use of disruptive technologies like AI, drones, hypersonic weapons, and quantum computing is transforming the battlefield, enhancing targeting precision and enabling autonomous systems. In this context, air superiority has become less relevant, with air denial tactics gaining prominence, necessitating a renewed focus on air defence.
The concept of long-range precision fires - mass v/s precision - and their ability to overcome distance-related safety concerns has also been highlighted.
On the Welfare front, Project NAMAN has been launched, which is a Common Service Centre of MeitY in conjunction with CSR of HDFC Bank, as a one stop solution for all online documentation issues. We have started with 14 locations which shall expand to 200 locations pan India.
The SAMBANDH Chatbot, launched in 2024, leverages Whatsapp to provide real time assistance on pension, SPARSH, ECHS and other services. With over 3.9 lakh recipients reached and a grievance resolution of 96 per cent, it ensures timely support and transparency.
The Veerangana and Veterans Sewa Kendra (VSK+), operational since November 2022, acts as a single window CRMbased platform for welfare services, handling 2,91,033 calls with a 76 per cent resolution rate.
In healthcare our Ex-servicemen Contributory Health Scheme has a total of 3,296 empaneled hospitals across the country. There has been zero pendency drive in place to clear the claims of the beneficiaries. In addition, dedicated programmes provide counselling for stress, PTSD and guidance cum resources for career transition, including skill development training and job placement services.
We look forward towards the contribution of veterans as an important pillar in Nation Building! SP
General Upendra Dwivedi receiving a copy of the magazine from Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief, SP’s Land Forces, during their personal interaction
PHOTOGRAPH: Indian Army
AVNL — Driving Innovation and Modernisation
A Leader in a Rapidly Evolving Defence Manufacturing Industry
THE ORDNANCE FACTORY BOARD
(OFB), a prestigious institution with a legacy spanning over 220 years, was restructured into seven distinct Defence Public Sector Undertakings (DPSUs) as part of India’s strategic defence sector reforms. Among these, Armoured Vehicles Nigam Limited (AVNL) emerged as a key entity following this historic reorganisation. Since its establishment on October 1, 2021, AVNL has made remarkable progress, shifting its focus from fulfilling basic orders to driving innovation and modernisation in defence manufacturing.
Commitment to Indigenisation and Innovation
In alignment with its long-term vision, AVNL is working towards 100 per cent indigenisation, striving to eliminate India’s dependency on foreign sources for defence equipment. This will significantly strengthen the nation’s self-reliance in defence production. It is evident in AVNL’s continuous efforts to upgrade existing products and develop new platforms, fostering cutting-edge research and development (R&D). The goal is not only to meet the evolving needs of the Indian Army and paramilitary forces but also to collaborate with domestic industries and international Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). These collaborations are aimed at streamlining our supply chain, promoting the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat, and bolstering India’s self-reliance in defence.
One of the most challenging tasks has been the indigenisation of the T-90 tank. Thanks to the dedicated efforts of AVNL’s manufacturing facilities, it is on track to achieve nearly 95 per cent indigenisation of the T-90 tank by the end of next year, marking a critical step in reducing India’s reliance on foreign suppliers.
With a dedicated workforce of over 10,500 employees, AVNL has revitalised the core of India’s defence manufacturing sector. The synergy among its teams has been instrumental in driving the company’s transformation, enabling it to achieve ambitious goals and expand its reach in both domestic and international markets.
Technological Advancements and Future Goals
The T-90 MK-III, an advanced version of the T-series main battle tank, exemplifies AVNL’s commitment to technological innovation. Built on a state-of-the-art weapon platform, the T-90 MK-III offers enhanced firepower, mobility, and protection. Equipped with a 125mm smoothbore gun, stabilised in both axes, it enables accurate firing while on the move. The tank is also powered by a 1,000 HP diesel engine, offers a range of 1,800 meters for aimed fir-
As part of India’s broader vision of a Viksit Bharat (Developed India), AVNL is committed to significantly boosting India’s defence export market
ing with the Thermal Imaging Fire Control System (TIFCS), and can fire Laser Guided Missiles (LGM) up to 5,000 meters.
Next-Generation Platforms and Research Initiatives
Looking ahead, AVNL is focused on developing next-generation platforms to address evolving defence needs. Among these proj-
ects are the Future Ready Combat Vehicle (FRCV), Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FRCV), and the Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV) Command vehicle. Furthermore, AVNL is pioneering the development of hydrogenbased internal combustion (IC) engines for military vehicles and has also undertaken development of Hybrid Armoured Vehicle, which not only offer an eco-friendly solution
AVNL is focused on developing next-generation platforms to address evolving defence needs. Among these projects are the Future Ready Combat Vehicle (FRCV), Future Infantry Combat Vehicle (FRCV), and the Infantry Combat Vehicle (ICV) Command vehicle.
but also provide a stealth advantage due to their quieter operation.
Additionally, AVNL is exploring the development of 1,400 HP engine for the Arjun main battle tank to further enhance its capabilities and ensure the vehicle’s selfreliance in defence manufacturing.
Upgrades of Existing Platforms
AVNL is also committed to the continual modernisation of existing defence platforms to ensure they remain at the forefront of technological advancements. For example, the BMP-II is undergoing significant upgrades to improve its armament, sights, and fire control systems. The Indian Army has placed an order for the upgrade of 693 BMP-II Sarath vehicles, which will enhance the vehicles’ firepower and incorporate night-enabled Fire Control Systems (FCS), automatic target tracking, and nextgeneration missile firing capabilities. The BMP2M, developed through in-house R&D, has successfully completed rigorous field trials, ensuring its readiness for the most demanding operational environments.
Moreover, the T-72 engine has been upgraded to deliver improved performance at higher altitudes, addressing operational challenges faced in rugged terrains.
Contributing to National Vision: A Viksit Bharat
As part of India’s broader vision of a Viksit Bharat (Developed India), AVNL is committed to significantly boosting India’s defence export market. Through enhancing technological capabilities, indigenising production processes, and forming strategic international partnerships, AVNL aims to position India as a global leader in defence manufacturing.
Conclusion
In a short span of time, AVNL has made significant strides in establishing itself as a major force in India’s defence sector. From indigenisation efforts to the development of advanced military platforms, AVNL is dedicated to strengthening the country’s defence capabilities and contributing to the broader goal of self-reliance. With a strong focus on innovation, quality, and strategic partnerships, AVNL is well-positioned to play a leading role in India’s defence manufacturing for years to come. SP — AVNL_PR
(Top) The successful rolling out of first batch of indigenised T-90 Mark-III by C. Ramachandran, Director Finance, AVNL; (Middle) The successful completion of User Trials of T-72 Tank from 780 to 1000 HP with indigenous AVNL solutions in July 2024, (seated in the centre is Shri Sanjay Dwivedi, Chairman & Managing Director, AVNL along with other officers from the organisation and the Indian Army); (Above) AVNL successfully bagged a major order for Armament Upgrade for 693 BMP-II Sarath vehicles.
PHOTOGRAPHS: AVNL
Army Day 2025: Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi Puts Thrust on Artillery Modernisation, Impending FRCV Takes Off
The Army Chief made a concerted announcement for the range of military equipment, especially focusing on its artillery modernisation plan and capability like the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) and K9 Vajra self-propelled artillery systems. Crucially, the Army also finally moves ahead with its impending FRCV programme.
MANISH KUMAR JHA
ARMY
CHIEF GENERAL UPENDRA
Dwivedi held an annual press conference on the eve of the 2025 Army Day at New Delhi’s Manekshaw Center on Army Day 2025.
The Army Chief made a concerted announcement for the range of military equipment, especially focusing its artillery modernisation plan and capability on indigenous platforms like the Advanced Towed Artillery Gun System (ATAGS) and K9 Vajra self-propelled artillery systems and Pinaka rocket system.
Army’s Modernisation Roadmap and Acquisitions
General Dwivedi also laid out his plans for the army’s combat capabilities by restructuring and employing advanced weaponry. He mentioned several high-value acquisition projects. To begin with, a contract for 307 Advanced Towed Artillery Gun Systems (ATAGS), valued at `8,000 crore, is expected to be finalised before the end of the current financial year. The ATAGS is the best-in-class 155mm howitzer developed indigenously by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) with private industries.
Further to boost infantry firepower, the army plans to procure range-enhancing ammunition worth `10,500 crore for the indigenous Pinaka rocket system, including `6,000 crore for high-explosive pre-fragmented ammunition and `4,500 crore for area-denial munitions.
Here, COAS also outlined the efforts to increase the Pinaka’s range up to 90 km shortly.
“If the extended-range ammunition meets our requirements, we may not need other long-range systems. Pinaka could become our primary focus,” General Dwivedi said.
On the Zorawar Light Tank and modernisation, the Army Chief confirmed that the army is set to acquire 354 Zorawar light tanks. The light tank project which is valued at `17,000 crore is now geared towards the final trials after the modification based on the feedback from the army.
“As of now, we are looking at 295 as part of Make 1 and 59 as part of the DRDO initiative... It has already carried out highaltitude trials and I spoke to the DG of DRDO who is dealing with the subject. As of today, when we speak, it is making a journey back to Chennai”, the Chief elaborated.
Indian Light Tank (ILT) ‘Zorawar’ has achieved all major parameters by firing several rounds at different ranges at an altitude of more than 4,200m (High Altitude Location). Subsequently, the Phase I
PHOTOGRAPH: adgpi / X
trial in a desert environment in September 2024 was also conducted successfully. This light tank has been defined, designed and developed by Combat Vehicles Research & Development Establishment, the Chennaibased laboratory of DRDO for the Indian Army and it is manufactured by the industry partner Larsen & Toubro Precision Engineering & Systems.
The COAS also confirmed the reorder of the additional 100 units of K9 Vajra self-propelled artillery systems by the end of 2025.
Future Ready Combat Vehicles (FRCV)
The Army also got its flagship programme off the ground as the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) finally made its critical decision on Future Ready Combat Vehicles (FRCV). The DAC, in September 2024, accorded AoN for 10 capital acquisition proposals amounting to `1,44,716 crore, including the procurement of Future Ready Combat Vehicles and Air Defence Fire Control Radars.
Additionally, in July 2024, DAC also approved capital acquisition proposals for the procurement of an Advanced Land Navigation System for Armoured Fighting Vehicles of the Indian Army.
Significantly, a contract was also signed for the procurement of 693 Armament Upgrades of Infantry Combat Vehicle BMP2 to BMP2M. This upgrade includes Night Enablement, Gunner Main Sight, Commander Panoramic Sight and Fire Control System (FCS) with an Automatic Target Tracker under the Buy (Indian-IDDM) category under the DAP 2020.
Boosting Army Aviation, in 2024 for the acquisition of 34 Advanced Light Helicop-
ters (ALH) Dhruv Mk III along with Operational Role Equipment for the Indian Army (25 ALHs) has also been approved.
Chief also highlighted the need for unmanned aerial vehicles and combat systems, keeping with the global trends towards acquiring such next-generation systems.
Trust-deficit with China, no Troops’ Reduction at LAC
Chief of Army Staff General Dwivedi told the media that the situation on the Northern border with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) is stable but sensitive despite an existing “degree of standoff.”
“There are no plans to reduce India’s troop deployment along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Eastern Ladakh until summer, citing the ongoing troop presence on the Chinese side, he said.
The Army Chief said since April 2020, both sides have recalibrated and carried out the military construction, added troops, stocked up (arms and weapons) and increased troop numbers. “So, in these terms, there is a degree of standoff,” he said. Both sides doctored the terrain.
“Once you change this situation after April 2020, the trust between the two countries has to have a new definition. Therefore, there is a requirement for us to sit together and come to a common understanding of how we want to calm down the situation and restore trust,” he retorted.
As far as the verification patrolling, “two rounds of patrolling have been completed over a period of time and both sides are quite satisfied” Chief said.
“The patrolling of traditional areas in these two sub-sectors has commenced. Similarly, traditional grazing has also commenced in these two areas. I have authorised all my company commanders to handle these issues at the ground level concerning patrolling and grazing so that these trivial issues can be resolved at the military level itself,” General Dwivedi said.
Crucially, General Dwivedi also clarified his stance on the “buffer zones” often referred to after the Galwan Valley clash. “There is no such thing as a buffer zone. A temporary moratorium was agreed upon during negotiations to prevent troops from entering disputed areas and risking violence,” he said.
The rest depends on the next round of talks between the Special Representatives (SR) and the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs (WMCC). “Now we looking forward to SR meetings and also the WMCC and based on the guidance given from that we will move forward. India has adequate strategic patience,” he said on the further process of de-escalation.
Force Restructuring and Future of Integrated Battle Groups (IBG) General Dwivedi also outlined the strategic restructuring, raising information operation groups, combat units, and mannedunmanned teams to enhance operational efficiency.
The proposal to establish Integrated Battle Groups (IBGs) for mountainous terrains in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim remains under consideration. The planned restructuring under the IBG is about building a cohesive lethal force comprising the frontier forces from infantry, artillery, tanks, army aircraft, combat helicopters and logistics units with air-defence systems at various layers.
“It (IBG) has financial implications, as well as implications in terms of equipment and human resources. It has taken a long time, but it is in the final stages. We are hopeful as the presentations have already been made to the ministry of defence even as I speak to you,” he ponied out.
“The IBG is the first Special Purpose Vehicle in our restructuring efforts. If approved, it will pave the way for similar initiatives. However, if not finalised by 2025, the project may be scrapped,” the Army Chief said. SP
Manish Kumar Jha is a Consulting & Contributing Editor for SP’s Aviation, SP’s Land Forces and SP’s Naval Forces and a security expert. He writes on national security, military technology, strategic affairs & policies.
General Upendra Dwivedi, Chief of the Army Staff addressing the media during his annual press conference on the eve of Army Day 2025
POLICY / DEFENCE REFORMS
2025 – Year of Reforms
Ministry of Defence (MoD) has declared 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms,’ focusing on simplified procurement, reduced timeframes, theaterisation, and emerging technologies with significant implications for the Indian Army
PHOTOGRAPH: PIB
P.C. KATOCH (RETD)
THE ARMY DAY PARADE this year on January 15 was held in Pune for the first time ever. The parade held for decades in Delhi Cantonment was moved out from the Capital as it was considered politically expedient. Since then, it has been held in various parts of the country. Last year the parade was held in Lucknow. On the occasion of the Army Day, the Army Chief also held his usual press conference.
Threat Perception
The geopolitical environment around India has undergone drastic change in the past one year, primarily because of the USengineered regime change in Bangladesh. Dhaka now has a radical Islamist government which is highly anti-India. Bangladesh-Pakistan relations have been revived to the extent that under a Bangladesh-Pakistan agreement, Pakistan army is to commence training of Bangladesh Army in four Army cantonments of Bangladesh starting February 2025.
In November 2024, a 14-member team of Bangladesh Islamist parties, led by Jamaat-e-Islami (JeI) leader Syed Abdullah Mohammad Taher visited China on Beijing’s invitation, obviously to chalk out the future course of action, including Pakistan’s participation in the regional power game. A Chinese naval flotilla was the first to visit Bangladesh after the regime change. China and Pakistan are supplying arms and ammunition to Bangladesh. China has reportedly also supplied some fissile material. Bangladesh plans to purchase China’s Chengdu J-19C multirole fighter jets, F-16 fighter aircraft from the US and has deployed Turkish Bayraktar TB2 drones close to its border with India.
China showed its true colours by demanding boundary changes impinging on the sovereignty and territorial integrity of India during the recent meeting between the Special Representatives of both countries. Moreover, China has announced the world’s biggest dam on Brahmaputra River close to its border with India and recently announced two new Counties that include parts of Aksai Chin and Ladakh, which is Indian Territory. This last act and the barbarity with which the PLA killed Colonel Santosh Babu and a soldier accompanying him, which set off the Galwan Clash, indicates how unpredictable and savage China can be. The PLA reverting to the pre-2020 locations is a chimera. Not only will the situation remain tense along the border with China, according to intelligence inputs China has raised a new militant outfit in Arunachal Pradesh called the United Tani Army to thwart the construction of a dam by India over the Brahmaputra River.
Mohammad Yunus, Chief Adviser to the Interim Government of Bangladesh, has called to be prepared for war. Genocide against minorities, especially Hindus is continuing in Bangladesh and Islamists are preparing youth and children for jihad against India. In Myanmar, the Rakhine State has fallen to the Arakan Army (AA), who have also taken control of the Myanmar- Bangladesh border. Bangladesh is arming and training Rohingyas in Bangladesh with weapons supplied by Pakistan. By end September 2024, over one million Rohingya refugees
have received documentation from Bangladesh. How many of the 40,000 Rohingya refugees in India are sleeper cells of Bangladesh/ Islamists and ISI remains unknown.
Developments on
Asymmetric Fronts
The security situation in Pakistan remains unstable with the Taliban, who believe in the rule of Sharia, attacking Pakistan. There are also inputs that Taliban cadres would be transiting India to trail Muslims in Nepal. India, therefore, faces the spectre of Ghazwa-e-Hind from multiple directions, in addition to grey zone warfare, as well as asymmetric wars. Also, where Israel crossed the nuclear threshold and dropped a tactical atomic bomb in Syria, it would be naïve for us to completely rule out China using tactical nukes to break the crust of our defences at selected places; like in Ladakh where it eyes the waters of Pangong Tso and Siachen Glacier, our armed forces must be prepared to meet these challenges, worst case scenario included, find solutions that simplify the task of the soldier.
A stream of new technologies and battle strategies are rapidly altering the way combat is conducted. Modern scenarios bring a level of complexity never seen in the past. In addition to the information complexity, conflicts would be fought across multiple domains; cyber space and electromagnetic included. Rapid technological advances imply that armies have to not only coordinate their movements and strategies with conventional forces on the ground and in the air, like tanks and fighter jets, but with a variety of drones. China has placed an order of one million ‘kamikaze’ drones to be delivered by 2026. Stealth, hypersonic and AI-systems play important roles in conflict but adding to the complexity is grey zone war - antagonists intentionally blurring the lines around whether a conflict is underway or not.
Year of Reforms Declared
The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has officially declared 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’, following a meeting chaired by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh on January 1, 2025. This initiative includes:
l Simplified Procurement Processes;
l Reduced Timeframes – as fallout of streamlining procurement processes;
l Faster Decision Making – by delegating powers;
l Theaterisation - expected landmark achievement;
l Focus on Emerging Technologies –cybersecurity, space; AI, machine learning, hypersonic, robotics and their integration;
l Enhanced Inter-Service Cooperation.
The defence minister said that these reforms would lay the groundwork for unprecedented advancements in national security and sovereignty.
Being the largest service, the Indian Amy will be most affected by these initiatives depending on the sincerity and speed with which these are executed. For example, simplified procurement processes, reduced timeframes and faster decision making have been the favourite cliches of the MoD over the past decade with little change. Isn’t every new defence procurement procedure declared as the ultimate?
Plans for Challenges Ahead
With regard to Theaterisation, following will need to be kept in mind: a single Theatre Command responsible for the China border will now also face enhanced threats from Myanmar and Bangladesh; strength of the IAF is reduced to such an extent that the government has appointed a committee to find solutions; in a multi-directional war, Army’s dual-tasked formations may not be able to switch theatres.
The Army must be prepared for prolonged war. This will require effective supply chains and logistics under battle conditions. For example, we have reportedly achieved 80 per cent of self-sufficiency in certain categories of ammunition. But do we have bomb/drone-proof storage and foolproof supply management for the same?
Finally, India must take the bold step of going for total privatisation of the defenceindustrial sector if we are to leapfrog the advancements around us. 25 ALH Dhruv helicopter crashes in 10 years is just one example why we must do this. If we are really serious about reforms, why is the much publicised reorganisation of the DRDO stalled? Why is the MoD adopting “self-assessment” with the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) practically gagged? SP
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Year 2025 has been declared as the ‘Year of Reforms’ by the Ministry of Defence. Indian Army, by the virtue of being the largest service, will be most affected by these reforms.
