SP's Land Forces June-July 2012 by SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd

June-July 2012

SP’s

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Volume 9 No. 3

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T h e ONL Y j o u r n a l i n A s i a d e d i c a t e d t o L a n d F o r c e s

In This Issue Page 6 Build Capacity, Strengthen Interoperability While the Indian Army is continuously working on bettering its C4I2SR capabilities, there is need for more focus and acceleration of capacity building in this context.

Cover Story Photograph: SP Guide Pubns

Lt General (Retd) P.C. Katoch Page 8 India to Get 145 M777 Ultra Light Howitzers from BAE

The Ministry of Defence on May 11, 2012, cleared the `3,000-crore deal to buy 145 M777 ultra light howitzers from the US defence manufacturer, BAE Systems. Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor Page 9 Demilitarising Siachen? Will demilitarisation of Siachen increase the chances/avenues of conflict between ChinaPakistan and India? An arbitrary political decision to demilitarise Siachen will be suicidal. Lt General (Retd) P.C. Katoch Page 11 India’s Strategic Deterrence Reaches New Heights Indian authorities believe that the solidfuelled Agni-V is more than adequate to meet current threat perceptions and security concerns as it will bring the whole of Asia, including the northernmost parts of China, a large part of Europe and other regions, under its strike envelope. Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand Page 12 Streamline DPP A day-long conference on the Defence Procurement Procedure organised by SP Guide Publications in collaboration with ORF in New Delhi on May 2 emphasised on the need to streamline our defence procurement system to get the best equipment for our soldiers and reap maximum benefit in the future. Sucheta Das Mohapatra Plus Exercise Shoorveer

Defexpo 2012 Show Report

First / TecKnow

News in Brief

Preparing and Equipping for War The Indian Army’s current challenge is to find the appropriate balance between the old methods of conducting war and the new ways. There is no option but to restructure our organisations, our force levels, introduce new technologies and doctrines, and more importantly change our mindset in order to address the changing nature of threats and challenges which confront India in the future.  Lt General (retd) V.K. Kapoor

Operational Voids

ecent media reports have indicated that the Indian Army is seriously short of weapons and ordnance. The reports also have highlights that delays in decisions on key military matters and procurements have blunted the operational edge of the armed forces. This has been highlighted in a letter written by the Army Chief General V.K. Singh to the Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh. Unfortunately, this letter was leaked to the media and thus the focus got shifted from the alarming deficiencies in various types of munitions, and lack of certain capabilities and obsolescence of weapons to the aspect of leakage of classified communications and the need to investigate this serious issue.

The Army Chief ’s letter ostensibly highlights delay in setting up the national counter-insurgency school, shortfall of quality ammunition and ordnance, lack of potent cyber warfare units, failure to modernise T-72 battle tanks, delay in upgradation of Arjun main battle tanks, lack of modernisation in artillery and air defence capabilities and delay in procurement of infantry weapons and reconnaissance and surveillance helicopters. The latest media reports indicate that the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence has criticised the government for allowing the situation to reach such ‘criticality’. It has admitted the serious shortage of ammunition and has also pointed out the gaps in existing force levels as well as the tardy procurement process. The committee has recommended an institutional dialogue

and meetings between its members and all the three service chiefs for a comprehensive review of India’s defence preparedness.

Threats and Challenges The armed forces of any nation in the world must have stocks of ammunition and weapons to fight a war of certain duration based on the type of threats and challenges assessed by its armed forces and the intelligence agencies. It is in this backdrop that the deficiencies or lack of capabilities have to be measured. From the media reports it seems that the government has asked the armed forces to be prepared to fight on two fronts simultaneously. While this may not involve all out State to State wars due to “nuclearisation” of the region, even limited conventional conflicts will demand an overall capability of being able to sustain a war of high/medium intensity for a few weeks

3/2012 SP’s Land Forces

>> Cover Story E D I T O R I A L

Asia is the new centre of gravity in world politics, both economically and militarily. Increasing wealth and military strength give many states the ability to reach beyond their borders. There is a special focus on China’s military build up perhaps because it seems to be well beyond their requirements and also because there is no transparency in their aims and intentions despite the well advertised “peaceful rise”. It is appreciated that since China’s economic power has boomed, its influence has expanded. China’s national interests have grown and China has assumed new roles and responsibilities in the international community. China’s military modernisation is also to quite an increasing extent focusing on investments that would enable China’s armed forces to conduct a wide-range of missions, including those that are far from China. What is of interest to India is the continued Chinese investments in nuclear forces, short- and medium-range conventional ballistic missiles, advanced aircraft, and integrated air defences,

cruise missiles, submarines and surface combatants and counter-space and cyber warfare capabilities. Many of these capabilities appear designed to enable what US calls anti-access and area-denial missions, or what PLA strategists refer to as counter intervention operations. The Chinese military has learnt its lessons from the US military campaigns in the Persian Gulf War, in Iraq and in Afghanistan. The resultant military strategy that the Chinese wish to adopt is called strategy of “informatisation,” and this phrase the Chinese use to encompass the revolution in military affairs in their context. China uses this term to mean the role of information and information systems not only as an enabler of modern combat, but a fundamental attribute of modern warfare. India is severely lagging behind in military modernisation even though it continues to be one of the largest importers of military hardware. India faces numerous threats and challenges to its external and internal security. These include the

Manish Tewari, MP and Member of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence, and SP’s Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal in conversation during the event on Streamlining of DPP organised by SP’s and ORF

in two different theatres of war (Northern and Western) which are widely separated requiring independent capabilities. This necessitates laying down of a policy for the armed forces to hold reserves for war (called war wastage reserves or WWR). These reserves are vital so that even at short notice the armed forces are not found operationally unprepared for war. This is critical for a service like the Indian Army whose sheer size precludes making up deficiencies in a hurry. Therefore, the alarm sounded by the Chief of Army Staff is not only justified but also pivotal for the defence of the country.

collusion, South Asia has become the centre stage of conventional and sub-conventional conflict and instability. Additionally, terrorism and home grown insurgencies, motivated by economic disparity, religious fundamentalism, narcotics trade, threat of nuclear weapons falling in wrong hands, etc remain issues of concern in our region. Hence the

long-festering dispute over Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) with Pakistan and the unresolved territorial and boundary dispute with China. India is cautious about China because of the collusive support that China has provided to Pakistan in their nuclear weapons programme and in their conventional capacity building. Since the nexus between them stands established Indian strategy has to cater for two fronts simultaneously in a future confrontation, i.e. the Western front against Pakistan and the Eastern front against China. In addition the Indian Army has to be fully geared to take on additional counter-insurgency tasks i.e. in addition to the missions it is conducting in J&K and the Northeast. Thus Indian Army’s challenges far exceed its current capabilities and though the government has accepted many of the requirements projected, the time lag between acceptance and availability for operations is deplorably high. The Army has put into place a plan for transformation. However, the slippages are far too many, giving rise to dissatisfaction among the professionals. Some shortfalls are explained in the article on army’s modernisation. SP Guide Publications was the official media partner of Defexpo 2012 and soon after organised a seminar-cum-workshop on streamlining the Defence Procurement Procedure. The day-long witnessed industrialist, diplomats, bureaucrats, policy makers, defence personnel, politicians, etc talking about streamlining the procurement system. Additionally, there are articles on C4I2SR, Agni-5, ultra light howitzers, the so-called military coup, and on demilitarising Siachen.

Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor

emerging threats and challenges mandate that India should be prepared to fight hybrid wars in the future which may involve the armed forces in simultaneously fighting limited conventional conflicts on two fronts, out of area operations, counter-insurgency and counter proxy war operations in the domestic arena, low intensity asymmetric wars, Photographs: SP Guide Pubns

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11th and 12th Five Year Plans Indian Army’s 600 odd modernisation schemes amounting to over `70,000 crore in the Eleventh Plan (2007 to 2012) continue to be encumbered with elaborate bureaucratic procurement processes. The refined Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) over the years has done little to accelerate the pace of modernisation. A dispassionate analysis would indicate that the gap between the Indian Army and the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) apparently is widening in favour of the latter. Moreover, faced with a two front threat, India needs to accelerate the pace of modernisation of the Army, duly prioritised and executed within laid down time frames. The government it seems has also sanctioned the Twelfth Five Year Defence Plan as a result of the severe criticism over delays in the past. However, for the Army, it would be a cosmetic paper exercise as even the Eleventh Plan procurements have not materialised.

Combat Status to be Achieved by Indian Army The Indian Army is organised, equipped and trained for second and third generation industrial age; low- and medium-level technology conflicts. In view of the developments in our neighbourhood, particularly in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and Pak-China

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

T-72M1 (Ajeya) tanks Tunguska Weapon System

cyber wars, and United Nations peacekeeping and peacemaking operations. The Indian Army’s focus should be on a preparedness profile and status which has rapid deployment forces for defensive and offensive operations, smaller fully integrated Strike Forces (integrated with air power and air assault formations) for the initial stages of offensive operations followed by larger “follow up” formations, if the war lasts longer than anticipated. Additionally, it should have forces for low intensity conflict operations (LICO), power projection and out of area contingencies, and Special Forces for special operations. Net-centric warfare (NCW) capable forces and command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) capabilities will become a necessity to enhance our situational awareness; capability of identifying, monitoring and destroying targets in near real time with longer ranges and lethality to achieve ascendancy over the enemy. The aim would be to employ overwhelming fire power/ force at the point of decision. The backbone of such a structure would be well-defined communication architecture at the national level with integrated networks which are integrated with the sensors which would be required to speedily transmit fused and integrated data through command and control networks, enabling greater situational awareness for commanders at all levels.

Modernisation Plans The modernisation plans of the Indian Army in certain specific areas are as follows: Arty Fire Power: As part of its more than `20,000 crore artillery modernisation plan, the Army is looking at inducting several types of howitzers through inter-governmental pacts and global tenders. The last major acquisition of towed gun-howitzers was that of 400 pieces of 39-calibre 155mm FH-77B howitzers with

Cover Story >> a range of 30 km from Bofors of Sweden in 1987, which got embroiled in political controversy. This gun proved its mettle in the Kargil conflict. After about 25 years of neglect during which the 100mm and 122mm field guns of Russian origin and the indigenously developed and manufactured 75/24 howitzer joined the long list of obsolete equipment, the Army still awaits the procurement of about 1,500 howitzers of 155mm, 52 calibre. Out of these, 400 are to be procured outright and 1,100 manufactured indigenously with transfer of technology (ToT). The request for proposal (RFP) for these guns was issued in the beginning of the year 2011 and it is expected that the evaluation process would be under way. Additionally, 145 ultra light howitzers are being procured from the US through the foreign military sales (FMS) route from BAE Systems. This deal has been cleared by India’s Cabinet Committee on Security. The Army also needs 120 tracked and 180 wheeled 155mm howitzers for its Armoured and Artillery Divisions respectively for use in offensive operations, the fate of which is unknown. One hundred and eighty pieces of 130mm M46 Russian medium guns have been successfully “up-gunned” to 155mm calibre with ordnance supplied by Soltam of Israel. The new barrel length of 45 calibre has enhanced the range of the gun to about 40 km with extended range ammunition. However, the project for manufacture of ammunition which was to be done by the IAI of Israel has been delayed, as the firm has been blacklisted. It is now reliably learnt that when the Bofors 155mm howitzers were procured in 1987, transfer of technology had taken place and it has now been revealed that the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) has been sitting on these dens for the past 25 years. On being coaxed by the Army, the OFB have now accepted to produce prototypes of 155mm/39 calibre, 45 calibre and 52 calibre guns for trials by the Army. Counter-bombardment (US term counterfire) capability is also being upgraded, but at a slow pace. At least 40 to 50 weapon locating radars (WLRs) are required for effective counter-bombardment, especially in the plains; but only a dozen have been procured so far. In addition to the 12 AN-TPQ 37 Firefinder WLRs acquired from Raytheon, USA, under a 2002 contract worth $200 million (`1,000 crore), Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) is reported to be assembling 28 WLRs. These radars will be based on both indigenous and imported components and are likely to be approved for introduction into service after extensive trials that are ongoing. The radar is expected to match the capabilities of the Firefinder system and will have a detection range of about 40 km.

has been planned to acquire medium-range SAM (MR SAM) and quick reaction SAM (QRSAM) systems. RFP for QRSAM is being issued and there is a joint development venture of DRDO and Israel for MRSAM for all the three services. Successor to Igla has been shortlisted and will go for trials shortly.

Shortlisted systems are SAAB RBS-7O, MBDA, Mistral, a Russian SAM system and South Korea’s LIG Nex1. A major weakness in the overall air defence matrix is the lack of a battlefield management system which is also linked with the national air defence network. Bharat Elec-

tronics Limited (BEL) has now undertaken the development of such a system. Armour The Army has already equipped two of its regiments with Arjun tanks out of the 124 Arjun main battle tanks (MBT) ordered by it

Air Defence Artillery The Corps of Army Air Defence holds a large variety of guns and missile systems. It has 40mm L/70, Zu-23-2 Twin gun, ZSU23-4 Schilka, Tanguska, Kvadrat (mediumrange missile system), OSA-AK (shortrange missile system) and Igla should fired missile system in its inventory. The 40mm L/70, which is about four decades old, needs immediate replacement. Considering the high costs of new weapon systems, the Army is going in for weapon upgrades for L-70, ZU-23-2 Twin gun, and ZSU-23-4 Schilka. Meanwhile, the Army is also looking for successors to L-70 and the ZU-232. Successor to Schilka (ZSU-23-4) already exists in the form of Tangushka, but in limited numbers. A request for information (RFI) has already been issued to find a replacement for Schilka. In the missile systems, Kvadrat (mediumrange) and OSA-AK (short-range) are also at the end of their life cycle. They were to be replaced by Akash and Trishul surface-to-air missiles (SAM). Trishul has been foreclosed and Akash is being inducted for semi-mobile roles. For air defence of mechanised units, it

3/2012 SP’s Land Forces

>> Cover Story Photographs: SAAB, Indian Army

earlier. As a result of the good performance of Arjun tanks with the units and satisfactory feedback from the crews, an additional 124 Arjun Mark II tanks have now been ordered for another two regiments. These tanks will have substantially upgraded capabilities of firepower, mobility and protection. These are likely to be given by 2013. However, considering the delays that are ongoing, it is unlikely that this time schedule will be adhered to. As regards the T-90 tanks, 310 had been ordered from Russia earlier. Of these, 124 fully assembled tanks were directly imported from Russia and 186 kits were imported for assembly in India. The first indigenously assembled T-90S rolled out from the Heavy Vehicles Factory (HVF) in Avadi on January 7, 2004. These tanks have now been fully operationalised. India had plans to manufacture another 1,000 T-90S tanks at the Avadi Heavy Vehicles Factory, but the transfer of technology (ToT) started progressing only after India need another `4,900 crore deal with Russia in November 2007, to import another 347 of these tanks. Since then, the Avadi factory has built 170 T-90S tanks, with the annual production slated to touch 100 tanks in 2012. The programme launched to modernise the T-72 M1, Ajeya, MBTs continues to be unsatisfactory. Around 1,700 T-72 M1s have been manufactured under licence at HVF, Avadi. The T-72 M1 modernisation programme under Project Rhino will extend the service life of the MBT by 20 years and enhance its accuracy with new fire control system (FCS) whose trials are under way. This will give night fighting capability through a thermal imager integrated with the tank’s FCS. Six hundred T-72 tanks of the Army have been fitted with thermal imaging stand alone sights (TISAS). However, the overall night fighting capability of India’s armour is currently inadequate and operationally unacceptable. The power pack also needs to be replaced so as to give additional power to cater to the additional tonnage due to introduction of ERA panels. The modernisation of the T-72 is way behind schedule due to complicated procurement procedures exacerbated by delayed decisionmaking and in-house disagreements. The T-90, the improved T-72 M1 tanks and Arjun tanks will constitute India’s armour power in the future, till a new MBT is chosen or designed indigenously.

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Mechanised Infantry The research and development of future infantry combat vehicle (FICV) is currently being done and it is expected that it will be manufactured indigenously. It will be a “Make” project in which the Ministry of Defence (MoD) will fund 80 per cent of the cost of development. Mechanised Infantry currently is equipped with the BMP-2 ICV and 81mm carrier mortar tracked vehicle (CMTV). A command post, an ambulance, armoured dozer and engineer and reconnaissance vehicles have also been developed based on the BMP chassis. Infantry The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) has approved a new assault rifle, 5.56mm calibre and a new generation carbine. The assault rifles which were under consideration were the Heckler and Koch G 36 modular 5.56mm, assault rifle (German), the Beretta 70/90 (Italy), SAR 21 of Singapore Technologies, Heckler & Koch, XM8 (USA), Steyer A3 (Austria), Tavor TAR 21, and IMI Galil 5.56 and 7.62 from Israel, Arsenal AK-74 (Bulgaria), Herstal F-2000 (Belgium), and SIG SG 551(Switzerland) among others. New bullet proof jackets, ballistic helmets, and boots antimine, which were also to be procured, have not materialised so far. The infantry is also looking for a man portable third generation anti-tank guided missile under barrelled grenade launchers, 60mm mortars, enhanced range 81mm mortars, and thermal imaging night sights for assault rifles. Bullet proof

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

RBS 70 firing

line. ALH weapon system integrated (WSI) and battlefield support helicopters need to be inducted as soon as possible to give the necessary operational capabilities to the Army. Chetaks (Aerospatiale SA316 Alouette III) and Cheetahs (SE316B Alouette II) helicopters have been in service of the nation for a long time. The vintage of the helicopters however is posing increasing challenges for maintenance of these machines. The RFP for 197 reconnaissance and surveillance helicopters was given about two years back. Out of these, 66 helicopters are planned for the IAF and 131 for the Army. It is believed that the trials and evaluation of these helicopters having been completed, the deal would be finalised in the near future. However, media reports predict further delays due to investigation of some complaints.

Restructure & Revitalise The Indian Army’s current challenge is to find the appropriate balance between the old methods of conducting war and the new ways. There is no option but to restructure our organisations, our force levels, introduce new technologies and doctrines, and more importantly change our mindset in order to address the changing nature of threats and challenges which confront India in the future. Dhruv Helicopters

vehicles and shot guns are being procured for counterinsurgency operations. Incidents like 26/11 have underlined the need to equip all infantry battalions suitably for rapid reaction. This is being achieved by procuring specialised items for the Ghatak Platoons (Commando Platoons) of Infantry Battalions. Multimode grenades have been indented with the Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) while RFP has been issued for the ammunition of the Rocket Launcher Mark III. The infantry is also being provided with multi-purpose vehicles (MPVs), light bullet proof vehicles (Lt BPVs), light strike vehicles (LSVs) and additional snow mobiles. F-INSAS The future infantry soldier as a system (F-INSAS) has been initiated to make the infantryman a weapon platform with situational awareness, increased lethality and sustainability in the digitised battlefield. F-INSAS is to be effected in three phases: Phase I includes weapons, body armour, clothing and individual equipment; Phase II is the target acquisition system and Phase III comprises the computer sub system, radio sub system, software and software integration. F-INSAS will be a part of the battlefield management system (BMS) of the Army. Information Systems At the forefront of capacity building in network-centric warfare (NCW) is the tactical command, control, communications and information (Tac C3I) system under development with various sub-systems catering to aspects of automated command and control, decision support, control of artillery fire, air defence, air space management, battlefield surveillance, battlefield management, etc. The Tac C3I was expected to be fully operational in the latter half of this decade. However, the current progress does not seem to be satisfactory. Communications The tri-service defence communication network (DCN) is some years away. The tactical communication system (TCS) has been inordinately delayed. The latter is also a setback to the required Corps level test beds for the Tac C3I sub-systems. The Plan AREN system is mostly outdated. The ASCON currently has limited capability to provide data links. The Army Intranet is not wholly secure and the Army wide area network (AWAN) caters only to text messaging albeit later versions are planned to also have voice and video capability.

Special Forces Special Forces are force multipliers in times of both war and peace. Special Forces should primarily look beyond the borders to nip asymmetric threats in the bud and control the fault lines of our adversaries. Their tasking should include asymmetric warfare, unconventional/ fourth generation warfare, special operations, reconnaissance, psychological operations, counter proliferation and the like. Equipping of Special Forces is lagging woefully. “Packaged equipping” of sub units has not taken off and critical equipment like laser target denators is yet to be provisioned. The Army’s emphasis has been on expansion, ignoring the universally acknowledged four global truths about the Special Forces: humans are more important than hardware; quality is better than quantity; Special Forces cannot be mass produced; and competent Special Forces cannot be created after emergencies arise. It would be prudent to first consolidate the existing seven Special Forces battalions and fully equip them before adding any more. Army Aviation Corps Army Aviation, being a young arm of the Army, has been under modernisation since its raising in 1986, and the pace has been in sync with the overall growth of the Army. Besides, the ‘Lancer’ helicopter, advanced light helicopter (ALH) Dhruv has been in service with the Army Aviation for more than 10 years. The Army has four squadrons of Dhruv helicopters currently, which will increase to eight in due course. There are a few more modernisation projects in the pipe-

The Parliamentary Standing Committee has recommended an institutional dialogue and meetings between its members and all the three service chiefs for a comprehensive review of India’s defence preparedness

Conceptual Changes and Accretions Western Theatre In any offensive operations planned on the subcontinent, the aims would either be to capture the territory or destroy the enemy forces or a combination of both. Any territory captured across international boundary would invariably have to be returned though it could temporarily be used for post-conflict bargaining. The territory captured across disputed border like the line of control may be retained, though in the present global environment that would also not be realistic. Hence destruction of forces would be a more important objective which would have a long-term economic impact on the adversary. For destruction of large armoured and mechanised forces, battles will have to be planned and orchestrated according to an integrated theatre plan so that larger forces comprising more than one strike corps can be employed synchronously from one theatre or from two different theatres to cause maximum destruction of enemy forces. To achieve this, the jointmanship between the Indian Army and Indian Air Force will have to be of a far superior order and will involve joint planning from the conception stage and joint execution of operational plans. Eastern Theatre Eastern theatre (Eastern Army and Air Commands) has always had serious voids in terms of offensive and defensive capability, firepower, aerial strike and transportation capability and mobility, light armour for high altitude areas, cyber and electronic warfare capability, and air defence capability. It seems that some of these voids are now being addressed. Two divisions, namely 56 and 71, have already been raised with their headquarters at Zakhama in Nagaland and Missamari in Assam. The media has reported an accretion of 1,260 officers and 35,011 soldiers on account of these two formations. Additionally, a Strike Corps comprising two divisions costing about `60,000 crore is planned to be raised in the future to impart offensive capability to the Indian Army in the Northeast. It is also reported that India will spend more than `60,000 crore over the next five years on developing military infrastructure and capabilities for the western and eastern fronts. If we take a conservative estimate of the defence capital outlay in the 2012-17 timeframe crossing `4,00,000 crore, then along with the infrastructure and the cost of raising the Strike Corps for the Northeast, it adds up to a staggering figure of `5,20,000 crore. SP

SP’s Exclusive >>

Exercise Shoorveer

he Indian Army and Indian Air Force (IAF) have completed one of their most complex integrated theatre battle concept exercises in the deserts of Rajasthan, Exercise Shoorveer. With the elite 1 Strike Corps in the lead, supported by the Chetak Corps and all other relevant elements of South Western Army Command, the formations tested brand new battle fighting concepts and doctrines with heavy duty real time images of the battle zone beamed to a centralised command and control centre from platforms that included fighter jets, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and attack helicopters, all coming together to wage war in network-centric environment. The exercise included massed tank drills backed by long-range artillery guns. More than 300 combat vehicles including main battle tanks T-90, T-72, long-range 150mm artillery guns, multi-barrel rockets and about 60,000 troops in Shoorveer. A standout feature of the exercise was the integrated air-land war-fighting machinery and the synergy between the Indian Army and IAF, which fielded its Sukhoi-30 MKI, MiG-29, MiG-21 Bison, Cheetah, Chetak and Mi-25 attack helicopters. Tactical transports like the new Hercules C-130J aircraft and upgraded An-32s also took part in the exercise. The air doctrine being tested is based on the supposition that counter surface force operations are crucial to the overall success of the land operations. The IAF’s Mi-17s engaged in Special Heliborne Operations (SHBO). The combat support role involved airborne assault operations, where a large number of paratroopers were para-dropped into the operational area during the exercise. This was the final theatre concept exercise based on a transformational study of the Indian Army pioneered by Army Chief General V.K. Singh. It was the final exercise he witnessed before retiring at the end of May. The concepts introduced in his study were based on organisational structures and absorption of new age technologies, particularly in the fields of precision munitions, advanced surveillance system, space and network-centricity. SP —SP’s Special Correspondent

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AIR & MISSILE DEFENCE SOLUTIONS Raytheon remains ready to work with India to integrate existing systems with the latest air and missile defence technologies. This collaboration will allow the nation to protect itself against the broadest range of threats while building an industrial base and creating jobs.

1. Mi-17 helicopter carrying troops during Exercise Shoorveer

2. Mi-35 attack helicopter seen in action

3. Armoured assault using T-90 during the exercise

Photographs: DPR

4. Hercules C-130J aircraft

practising low level tactical formation over Rajasthan desert in preparation for Exercise Shoorveer 5. An Indian Army tank in action 6. Mi-35 attack helicopter overflying a column of tanks during the exercise

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>> C4I2SR

Build Capacity, Strengthen Interoperability While the Indian Army is continuously working on bettering its C4I2SR capabilities, there is need for more focus and acceleration of capacity building in this context. Equally important is achieving interoperability amongst the three services since future operations would necessarily be joint; and without interoperability, combat capability of our military in combat cannot be optimised. Photograph: PIB

 Lt General (Retd) P.C. Katoch

ndian Army’s capacity building in C4I2SR comes up for discussion time and again while focus on similar capability of the Indian Military remains peripheral. The reason for the latter is essentially HQ Integrated Defence Staff (IDS) having come up as a separate HQ instead of being integrated into the Ministry of Defence (MoD) sans any worthwhile clout in the absence of a Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) having been appointed. The tactical command, control, communications and information system (Tac C3I) which essentially is the mainstay of the Army’s C4I2SR is plodding along with customary hiccups courtesy in-house red-tapism, a Defence Procurement Policy not matching with fast paced technological changes, lack of overall focus and understanding of technology. Urgency of time factor appears lost, indicating that the importance of information as a strategic asset appears unclear.

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Tac C3I Indian Army’s Tac C3I comprises the artillery command, control and communications system (ACCCS), air defence control and reporting system (ADC&RS), battlefield surveillance system (BSS), battlefield management system (BMS), all of which have been/are being developed directly under the Directorate General of Information Systems (DGIS) and will be integrated through the Command Information Decision Support System (CIDSS), also being developed by the DGIS. The Tac C3I will also integrate the Indian Army’s electronic warfare system (EWS) and electronic intelligence system (ELINT) operating under Military Operations and Military Intelligence respectively. The Tac C3I is to provide state-of-the-art C4I2 connectivity within the Indian Army at Corps HQ and below levels. Upward connectivity from Corps HQ to Army HQ level is to be provided through the Army Strategic Operational Information Dissemination System (ASTROIDS), also being developed under the aegis of the DGIS. The current status of these various systems is as under: l ACCCS: This is the first operational information system (OIS) that has been fielded in the Indian Army that provides complete automation of artillery tasks from the command post to the gun end. The final phase (Phase 3) in the field is nearing completion. l ADC&RS: Required to integrate with IAF’s air defence system, the test bed appears delayed by another four to five months and may commence by September-October this year. l BSS: In development of the BSS that is to integrate Indian Army’s total surveillance resources, the Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) appears to be having the same problems as it had in developing the ACCCS—bulk imported hardware and technology but limited indigenous capacity in applications, design and software customisation. Hopefully, the test bed will begin in the near future. l BMS: Project BMS, designed pan-Army,

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

Electronic Warfare Jammer

for providing real time updated operational picture at battalion and regiment level, underwent an almost three years delay within Army HQ because of the lack of delimitation between the BMS and the future infantry soldier system (F-INSAS) being developed by the Directorate General of Infantry (DG Inf). BMS was approved last year by the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) as a ‘Make India’ project, following which the DG Acquisition ordered an Integrated Project Management Study (IPMT), which is currently ongoing and should be completed by the end of the year. l CIDSS: Being developed by BEL, the status and delays are the same as mentioned in the case of the BSS above. l EWS & ELINT: The concept of integration through the CIDSS was accepted in principle sometime back and implementation action is likely to begin in Phase 2 of these systems, once CIDSS is developed. l ASTROIDS: Currently, anomalies in the system developed by the Institute for System Study and Analysis (ISSA) that functions under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) are being addressed by the ASROID Induction Cell (AIC) of the DGIS.

Surveillance No new radars and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been inducted by the Indian Army. The move to identify and induct MAVs that have already emerged as veritable force multipliers in other armies, has not progressed much predominantly since the Infantry has been focused more on the FINSAS. This is despite the DRDO designing a range of MAVs (Black Kite, Golden Hawk and Pushpak already developed) but availability of other indigenous products in the market like the ‘Netra’ by Idea Forge, a spider like MAV suited for all types of operations including counterterrorism and counter-insurgency or the MAV with an infra red sensor developed by Aurora Integrated Systems.

Avoidable Follies l Military

Survey: Military survey brought under DGIS in 2005 to ensure confluence of the OIS, management information systems (MIS) and geographical information systems (GIS) to accelerate acquiring net-centric warfare (NCW) capabilities was moved out from DGIS in 2011 on orders of the Vice Chief of Army Staff who has the powers to make changes within Army Headquarters. However, what is relevant in this case is that the move of Military Survey under DGIS in 2005 was under the express sanction of the Defence Minister and reversion should have the sanction of the MoD, which has been brushed under the carpet. Moving out of Military Survey from DGIS is a retrograde step that will adversely affect capacity building for NCW. l BMS F-INSAS IMPASSE: BMS being developed by DGIS was conceived at battalion/regiment level pan army (including for infantry) and comprises of communication, non-communication hardware and software. Quite logically, Phase 3 of F-INSAS (computer sub-system, radio sub-system, software and software integration) should have been part of the BMS but taking leave of all logic (sans understanding of technology), BMS and F-INSAS programmes were permitted by the Army hierarchy to develop concurrently and continues to do so even now, despite BMS having been approved by the DAC in 2011. It is most unlikely that F-INSAS will get clearance as a separate project. Needless to mention that a separate project of software and communication integration by Infantry will be retrograde; delay overall army net-centricity; incur additional avoidable costs and defeat the very purpose that DGIS was created for. It would be prudent to merge PMO F-INSAS of the Infantry with DGIS akin to the ACCS and ADC&RS. l Project Management Organisations (PMOs): PMOs of DGIS overseeing

development of various OIS, running on hard scale authorisation of officers since long, were managing their respective charges with difficulty. Though PMO is a globally accepted concept, PMOs in DGIS were scrapped some months back and replaced with cells that have even lesser authorisation of officers than what were posted on hard scale in the PMOs. The adverse effects in terms of meeting timelines are evident. l Defence Procurement Policy (DPP): The yearly review of the DPP is a cosmetic exercise grossly unsuited to procurement of information systems considering the fast pace of technological changes. Review within MoD has little meaning. The yearly review should actually be outsourced to think tanks incorporating both the DRDO and the private industry. l Remote Data Policy: Implications of the National Remote Data Policy worked out by the Group of Ministers (GoM) during 2011 are that OIS henceforth will only have one metre resolution. This is a retrograde step as half metre resolution is already available on Google to the terrorists and insurgents and our adversaries would be looking for something even better.

Information-Strategic Asset The above indicates that somewhere we are losing sight of considering information as a strategic asset. Even the planned reorganisation of Pakistan’s General Headquarters envisages Signals being placed under Information Systems. In our case, there is a move to elevate the DGMO to a Principal Staff Officer (PSO) and place DGIS under him. However, the DGMO not only has no staff from Information Systems, as is the case with the DCOAS (IS&T), but officers in sections of Signals under DGMO have been responsible for stonewalling /delaying OIS of the DGIS; example being the unwarranted delays posed in case of CIDSS. The BMS-FINSAS delimitation impasse too was because of the DGMO. If merger of Signals with DGIS is not acceptable, it would be more prudent to elevate the DGIS to a PSO and place him directly under the Vice Chief.

Winning Factor Capitalisation of information in warfare requires no emphasis. Superiority of C4I2SR will be a major winning factor that would facilitate battlefield transparency, real time/ near real time exchange of information vertically and horizontally, assist decision-making by commanders at all levels by accelerating the decision-action cycle, telescope the sensor to shooter gap, enable engagement with best weaponry in requisite quantum and monitor post-engagement effects. While the Indian Army is continuously working on bettering its C4I2SR capabilities, there is need for more focus and acceleration of capacity building in this context. Equally important is achieving interoperability amongst the three services since future operations would necessarily be joint; and without interoperability, combat capability of our military in combat cannot be optimised. SP

interview >> Photograph: Anoop Kamath / SP Guide Pubns

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‘We are establishing a robust & secure info-structure’ Lt General S.P. Kochhar, Signal Officer-in-Chief, in an interview with SP’s Land Forces, said that his emphasis would be on harnessing the power of wireless technologies in provisioning of mobile communications in the tactical battle area SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): Will the Indian Army’s communications allow it the flexibility required for future operational settings with a vastly increased spectrum of war? Signal Officer-in-Chief (SO-in-C): Future wars will be dominated by the side which is best able to harness the power of ICTEC. Hence the challenge is to ensure information superiority over our adversaries. Towards this end, the Corps of Signals has leveraged the opportunity offered by the rapid advancement of technology in the ICTEC domain to create an extremely resilient, versatile and robust ICTEC infostructure. I am confident that our existing and planned networks will empower and provide the necessary flexibility to the Army in order to perform in the entire spectrum of conflict. SP’s: What are the new technologies in the field of communications which should be adopted by the Indian Army in the future? SO-in-C: Relatively new and proven technologies like wireless interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), long-term evolution (LTE), software defined radio (SDR), mobile cellular (3G and 4G), cloud computing, dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), satellite on the move (SOTM), meshed combat net radio (CNR), etc are showing great promise for exploitation in the Army’s context. The future battlefield will witness proliferation of large number of networks based on a plethora of technologies. The challenge will not be in only assimilating new technologies but will also be in convergence of these networks based on multiple technologies. Further, harnessing wireless technologies for provisioning mobile communications for our combat elements will be a key focus area. The cyber domain would also attain great importance and therefore cyber security would be one of our key concerns. SP’s: Can the term ‘info dominance’ be applied to operations of the Indian Army? SO-in-C: Info dominance is an important facet in today’s warfare and the same has been proven beyond doubt in recent conflicts. The capability is required to achieve a decisive edge over the adversary, thereby compressing the observe orient decide and act loop while maintaining a full spectrum engagement capability. Suitable initiatives are being undertaken by the Indian Army in this regard.

SP’s: What are the latest developments in radio communications at the unit and formation levels? SO-in-C: Technology in the field of radio communications is constantly evolving and rapidly changing. We are taking a keen look at the emerging technologies and the concepts for meeting the communication needs at the forward edge of the battlefield. A number of promising technologies such as software defined radio (SDR) and cognitive radio (CR) are being closely analysed for their effective military usage. SP’s: With China and Pakistan being so active in the field of cyber warfare, what steps are being taken to ensure cyber security in the Army’s networks? SO-in-C: In the cyber domain, threats are continuously evolving and the race between security system designers and those who want to exploit weaknesses is ever prevalent. The only viable option is to plug the weaknesses by-being proactive. Organisations with this mandate are in place and are addressing this issue. SP’s: How are we planning to employ the legacy systems in modern technology? SO-in-C: At any given time, a large Army like ours will have a certain percentage of equipment which is of legacy and vintage technology. Further, with the rapidly changing technological landscape, equipment will become legacy at a much faster rate. Therefore, while we plan for the future projects, we ensure continuity of the operational life and coexistence of legacy systems with modern systems by ensuring adherence to standards and protocols ensuring backward compatibility. SP’s: Is the private industry geared up to support the futuristic communication requirements? SO-in-C: The private industry in India has geared up towards providing modern hardware and software technology to support the futuristic communication requirements of the Indian Army. In fact a large number of communication projects are being undertaken by the private sector. The public-private partnership between the defence forces and the industry is of tremendous importance and most projects and initiatives in future shall gravitate towards this. SP

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>> Technology

India to get 145 M777 Ultra Light Howitzers from BAE The Ministry of Defence on May 11, 2012, cleared the `3,000-crore deal to buy 145 M777 ultra light howitzers from the US defence manufacturer, BAE Systems. The deal having now been cleared, the new equipment will impart a longer operational reach to the formations deployed in the mountains. Photograph: US Army

 Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor

ndia’s Defence Ministry has given the go-ahead to purchase 145 M777 ultra light howitzers from BAE Systems, the country’s first artillery purchase since the controversial Bofors deal in 1986. The Ministry of Defence (MoD) on May 11, 2012, cleared the `3,000 crore ($660 million) deal to buy 145 M777 ultra light howitzers from the US defence manufacturer, BAE Systems. The M777 artillery guns will essentially be used in the mountains. These guns are air transportable and are currently used in Afghanistan by the US Army where their performance has been commendable. India is procuring the M777 howitzers from the US through the foreign military sales (FMS) programme. The M777 is a 155mm 39 calibre towed gun and is the world’s first 155mm howitzer weighing less than 10,000 lbs (4,218 kgs). The M777 can fire five rounds per minute and its firing range is about 30 km maximum. The US and Canada are currently using the howitzers. This gun also has a digital fire control system. The US Marine Corps and US Army inducted the M777 for the first time in November 2002. The M777 matches the firepower of current generation 155mm towed systems at less than half the weight. The muzzle velocity (at Charge 8 super) is 827m/s. The lighter weight and smaller size allows the M777 to be transported by CH-47 helicopter or truck with ease, so that it can be moved in and out of the battlefield more quickly than other heavier guns. The smaller size also improves storage and transport efficiency in military depots and air/naval transport.

Key Data l Crew: Usually 7 (can be reduced to 5) l Overall length: Towing Mode 9,275mm l Overall length: Firing Mode 10,210mm l Overall width: Towing Mode 2,770mm l Overall width: Firing Mode 3,720mm l Overall height: Towing Mode 2,260mm

It was first fielded in Iraq in May 2007 and in Afghanistan in February 2008. The M777 can be transported by helicopter, transporter aircraft and ship. The M777 is equipped with two wheels. When the M777 is in the firing position, a firing platform is lowered to the ground under the forward part of the carriage and the wheels are raised clear of the ground. It uses a digital fire-control system, similar to that found on self-propelled howitzers such as the M109A6 Paladin to provide navigation, pointing and self-location, allowing it to be put into action more quickly than earlier towed and air-transported howitzers.

preclude the use of force as an option. Thus precision technologies have been used to design munitions which could be employed to overcome such inhibitions. PGMs will have to be increasingly employed to improve deterrence, reduce collateral damage, reduce logistic loads and reduce risk to the soldiery. The M 777 System allows the firing of Excalibur projectile, a PGM designated M777A2. The M777 will be the artillery system for the Stryker Brigade Combat Teams (SBCT) in the US Army. The systems fitted with the digital fire control system are designated M777A1 and those with the software update allow the firing of the Excalibur projectile designated M777A2. In the US, all M777A1 systems are being/ have been upgraded to the A2 standard. We hope that the Indian Army is also inducting the M777A2 variant.

Precision Guided Munitions for M777 Howitzer

Severe Crunch of Suitable Artillery Platforms

Precision guided munitions (PGMs) gives a decision-maker the confidence of contemplating the use of force in circumstances where collateral damage would be unacceptable or call into question the viability of continued military action and hence may

The M777 artillery gun deal comes at a time when the Indian Army is facing a severe crunch of 155mm artillery weapons platforms. The last major acquisition of towed gun-howitzers was that of 400 pieces of 39-calibre 155mm FH-77B how-

Operational Employment in Iraq and Afghanistan

www.spslandforces.net

M777 A2 Howitzer

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

The M777 matches the firepower of current generation 155mm towed systems at less than half the weight itzers with a range of 30 km from Bofors of Sweden in 1987, which got embroiled in political controversy. This gun proved its mettle in the Kargil conflict. After about 25 years of neglect during which the 100mm and 122mm field guns of Russian origin and the indigenously developed and manufactured 75/24 Howitzer joined the long list of obsolete equipment, the Army still awaits the procurement of about 1,500 Howitzers of 155mm, 52 calibre.

Operational Focus Speaking to the media on Army Day, January 15, 2011, the Chief of Army Staff, General V.K. Singh, had revealed publicly for the first time that the Army would ‘reorganise, restructure and relocate’ various for-

mations to help transform the Army into a more agile and lethal force. “We are looking at reorganising and restructuring our force headquarters…for faster decision-making, so that it becomes slightly flattened and more responsive,” he said. Essentially, the changes are aimed at strengthening the Army’s capacity for fighting what a serving General had once described as a war on ‘two and a half fronts’—a reference to possible simultaneous confrontations with Pakistan and China at the same time as managing an internal counter-insurgency effort. In this context, an important centre of attention of the Army will be the mountainous terrain of the North and the Northeast, both against China and Pakistan. Thus with operational focus in the future to an extent shifting to the mountains and with additional infantry divisions including a mountain strike corps being raised for operations in the mountains for the Eastern theatre, the Indian Army had projected an additional demand of 145 ultra light howitzers which were to be procured from the US through the foreign military sales route from BAE Systems. This deal having now been cleared, the new equipment will impart a longer operational reach to the formations deployed in the mountains. SP

Strategy

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Indian Army at Siachen Glacier

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Demilitarising Siachen? Will demilitarisation of Siachen increase the chances/ avenues of conflict between China-Pakistan and India? An arbitrary political decision to demilitarise Siachen will be suicidal.  Lt General (Retd) P.C. Katoch

edia is abuzz with stories about demilitarisation of Siachen with olive branches offered by Pakistan amongst increasing radicalisation; intact terrorist infrastructure; and Lashkar-e-Taiba founder Hafiz Muhammad Saeed going berserk. The Chinaman is most elated. Forces at both national and international levels are fully exploiting the ‘paid media’ to morph opinions obfuscating strategic disadvantages. The danger is more as general elections is approaching and quick fix solutions may be considered lucrative for political mileage. Though it is incomprehensible that a nation’s leadership can stoop so low and endanger even national security for garnering votes but then did India not encourage millions of illegal Bangladeshi immigrants (many possibly trained in terrorist camps) through the illegal migrants—determination by Tribunals Act of 1984 for Assam till it was struck down in 2005 by the Supreme Court as “unconstitutional”. Ironically, immigrants had already got a stranglehold in Assam by then. Some Track II stalwarts on Siachen today are singing the ‘peace park’ tune and have even recommend arbitrary withdrawal to let Pakistan occupy the Saltoro Ridge. They obviously have little idea of ground and the region, or have their strategic senses coloured with visions of continuing discussions at successive foreign jaunts. Pragmatism demands that we examine why Pakistan has been eager to resolve the Siachen issue (even before the avalanche buried 140 soldiers at Ghyari) and should we demilitarise from Siachen. What will be the strategic ramifications and to what extent would this effect India’s national interests, though we still haven’t defined a national security strategy?

Non-Strategic ‘Softy’ Culture Much has been written about India’s ‘nonstrategic’ culture, the genesis of which was gross distrust of the military ever since independence. While a paid honcho wrote about an attempted coup this February, Lt General S.K. Sinha, former Army Vice Chief, recently

revealed that while Nehru was being cremated, an Intelligence Bureau (IB) fellow with a loaded pistol shadowed the Army Chief who was attending the funeral, since the move of an artillery brigade for field firing was interpreted as likely military coup. You can guess his tasking—bump off the Chief or take him hostage if the coup happens. Today there are many journalists calling politicians to order for demilitarisation from Siachen, ignoring military advice. It would be prudent for these simpletons to study history and know the mess such approaches had led us into. Some of the examples are: l Post-partition while Pakistani infiltrators were on the run, our military was reigned in and India went to the UN despite Hari Singh having acceded Kashmir to India that included Northern Areas, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan occupied Kashmir (PoK), Shaksgam Valley and Aksai Chin. We should have recaptured the entire state to ensure a consolidated Kashmir. Had political unilateralism not stopped us then, China would have been wooing us (instead of Pakistan) for energy corridors to the Indian Ocean. l Grant of special status to Jammu & Kashmir while Pakistan and China have changed the demography of PoK and Tibet altogether in their national interests. l Drawing the land cover (LC) on a 1:25.000 scale map with thick sketch pen that left a variance of 100 metres plus at any point and not drawing the LC beyond NJ 9842. l Nehru’s plans to ‘retrench’ the military post independence smacked of thoughtless idealism overtaking strategic wisdom. Vallabhbhai Patel’s warnings about China were ignored. Comprehensive military briefing on likely Chinese invasion given to Krishna Menon during war-games in 1961 was pooh-poohed. l Surrendering the UNSC opportunity in favour of China. l Gifting Coco Island to Myanmar which has become a People’s Liberation Army (PLA) observatory. This should have been our listening post against Chinese activities in the area.

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>> Strategy MAP: siachenglacier.com

l Returning strategic Haji Pir Pass (that

links Uri-Poonch sectors and dominates numerous infiltration routes) to Pakistan post capture in 1965 with enormous effort and sacrifices. l Despite having 93,000 Pakistani prisoners in 1971, not resolving the Kashmir issue; not obtaining release of ‘all’ Indian prisoners in Pakistan and not straightening the Siliguri corridor. l Arbitrarily halting nuclear testing in 1974 despite China’s 10-year headstart. l Releasing hardcore terrorists in the wake of Rubaiya Saeed kidnapping, IC-814 hijack and recent hostages taken by Maoists. l Continued back seat given to reforms of defence structures and military modernisation with adverse national security implications. Dr Marc Faber wrote in his book Gloom, Boom and Doom, “India continues to be ambivalent about power, it has failed to develop a strategic agenda commensurate with its growing economic and military capabilities…throughout history, India has failed to master the creation, deployment and use of its military instruments in support of its national objectives”. More recently Amy Kazmin wrote in Financial Times on September 9, 2011, “The instruments of State action have become dysfunctional,” says K. Shankar Bajpai, Chairman of India’s National Security Advisory Board and former Ambassador to the US. “India’s strategic interests extend between the Suez to Shanghai…but we have neither the manpower nor the strategic thinking to handle these challenges.”

www.spslandforces.net

Place of Roses Siachen means ‘place of roses’ in local lingo. The area was explored extensively centuries ago and vivid details are available in biographies of Captain Young Husband who traversed the glacier many times crossing into China. One foreign expedition even entered Siachen glacier from north and then travelled east via the Teram Shehr glacier to Karakoram (KK) Pass. Delineation of the LC between India-Pakistan was done only up to NJ 9842 mentioning from this point the LC runs “thenceforth north”, which clearly meant it follows the ridgeline north, along the Saltoro Ridge. Pakistan claims that the line runs directly from NJ 9842 laterally to KK Pass. In 1984, an Indian mountaineering expedition to Siachen under Colonel Narinder ‘Bull’ Kumar discovered Pakistanis creeping up Saltoro Ridge from the west. India pre-empted the Pakistani move and occupied the Saltoro massif through a daring heliborne operation. Faux passed, Pakistan rushed to gain control of the range as well. Catch-22 happened at Gyong La, where both Indians and Pakistanis arrived simultaneously. A flag meeting was held and an agreement was reached that both parties would withdraw. Indians did, but the Pakistanis re-enacted their back stabbing legacy and occupied the pass in clear violation of the agreement made hours ago. That is the only significant foothold Pakistan has on the Saltoro Range. With forward movement, Pakistanis would face highly treacherous glaciated patches and our troops would stonewall such a move. The second significant foothold was of Pakistan’s Quaid-e-Azam (renamed Bana Post after India snatched it from Pakistan) post on the highest point (over 22,143 feet) in the Northern portion of the Saltoro Range. Pakistan till date does not acknowledge the loss of Quaid-e-Azam post. Reportedly, one Pakistani Army Captain was court martialled for leaking the truth to the media. Visitors on the Pakistan side are briefed that Quaid-e-Azam post is still held by Pakistan.

Demilitarisation The foremost protagonist for demilitarisation is Pakistan because Pakistan is at a great disadvantage at the Saltoro Ridge.

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

Save Gyong La, India dominates the entire Saltoro Ridge with Pakistan holding Gyong and Bilafond glaciers on lower ground to the West. Pakistan’s disregard of Shia dominated Baltistan, enforced demographic changes, subtle but deliberate conversions to Sunni form of Islam and state sponsored Shia massacres is turning the situation in Baltistan explosive that can threaten sustenance of Pakistani troops in Siachen. USA’s Middle East Media Research Institute reports a Pakistani move to lease the disputed Gilgit-Baltistan region to China for 50 years and so does vernacular Pakistani media. Shaksgam Valley (Indian territory), north of Siachen was ceded to China by Pakistan in 1963. Aksai Chin in the east is under Chinese occupation, connected to and providing depth to the Western Highway. Additionally, since the late 1990s, Pakistan’s ISI has been nurturing Shia terrorist organisations including Tehreek-eJaferia (TJP) and its many sub-groups with an eye on Ladakh and Zanskar Range south of it. The Saltoro Range has great strategic significance. If the area had no strategic significance then why would Pakistan: l Always initiate discussions for demilitarisation including instigation through foreign think tanks and many more Ghulam Nabi Fai’s would be at work to further Pakistani national interests. l Attempt occupation of Saltoro Range in 1984 and make periodic attempts to capture our posts ever since? l Draw imaginary LC directly eastward from NJ 9842 to KK Pass so that they get control of the area? l Launch Kargil intrusions in 1999 to cut off Siachen for subsequent capture? Should Pakistan double cross us postdemilitarisation and reoccupy the Saltoro Ridge and our next line of defence would possibly be Ladakh range and Leh will be within enemy artillery range (For the possible new defence line, see red line marked on the map). Strategic significance of the area can be gauged from the following if demilitarisation occurs: l Sub Sector West (SSW), west of Siachen Glacier and Sub Sector North (SSN), east of Siachen Glacier and below KK Pass will become untenable. Both are currently held by us (marked on map above). SSN and Eastern Ladakh will become the focused objectives of Chinese strategic acupuncture. Defence potential of SSN will be totally degraded with western flank exposed and KK Pass to north, which India stopped patrolling years back for fear of annoying the dragon. We continue to remain thin in Eastern Ladakh against Chinese threat, now more heightened with the possibility of two front war.

l Area shown north of the red line (thou-

sands of square kilometres) should be viewed in conjunction and continuation of Gilgi-Baltistan (being leased by Pakistan to China for 50 years), Shaksgam Valley (over 6,000 square kilometres ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963) and the 38,000 square kilometres of Indian territory of Aksai Chin in occupation of China (See Map). Implications of the above are the entire belt becoming expanded springboard of combined China-Pakistan threat. l Our next line of defence would possibly be Ladakh Range and Leh will be within enemy artillery range if the demilitarised area is occupied by Pakistan and China. l Our new defence line will need additional troops. On face value, many more times, the current strength north of Khardung La will be required—perhaps anything to the tune of two additional divisions. Prior to Kargil intrusions, we had one brigade covering the Kargil area but now the same area is held by a division with nine battalions deployed on the LC. Additional troops have to be deployed during the summer months to check infiltration. l In addition to the additional troops to hold the new defence line, there would be the requirement to hold reserves including counter-infiltration, which would be large. Ladakh and Zanskar Ranges will be targeted for terrorism by ISI nurtured groups while Pakistan will say they are ‘out of control’. ISI has been nurturing Shia terrorist outfits with an eye on Ladakh since the late 1990s. Troops may even be required to scour if not established at Zanskar Ranges to counter-terrorists travelling south from Ladakh. Enormous expenditures and time will be required in preparation of the new defence line post-demilitarisation; new posts, bunkers, gun positions, helipads, administrative echelons, new communications infrastructure with increased quantum of troops, maintenance and recurring expenses. Both China and Pakistan have mastered the art of ambiguity and deceit and numerous examples of such enactment are historical facts. Zhou-en-Lai was in India in 1962 feigning peace just prior to the Chinese invasion. Simultaneously, he was suggesting to Ayub Khan that Pakistan should prepare for prolonged conflict with India instead of short-term wars and advising Pakistan to raise a militia force to act behind enemy lines, as chronicled in a book From a Head, Through a Head, to a Head, authored by a Pakistani. Nehru should have paid heed to Vallabhbhai Patel’s letter of November 7, 1950, that said, “We have to consider what

new situation now faces us as a result of the disappearance of Tibet, as we knew it and the expansion of China almost up to our gates….Chinese irredentism and communist imperialism….has a cloak of ideology which makes it ten times more dangerous”. Notice what China has done since then. The issue is not about demilitarisation of Siachen but the defence of Ladakh and consequential strategic effect on the rest of India. Some demilitarisation protagonists say that Pakistan is in no position to re-occupy the area. This is foolish. Even while Indian troops were deployed at Saltoro, the Kargil intrusions were never visualised on plea that the terrain was not negotiable. In 1999, Pakistan’s SSG tried to establish a post at the glaciated unoccupied Point 5770 in southern Siachen glacier, but were attacked and dislodged in the nick of time by our troops. Of course, the old trick of ‘freedom fighters’ having come into the area can always be repeated. There are scholars penning down support for demilitarisation and recommending withdrawal to the pre-1984 defence line. The irony is that they have no idea what that defence line was and it would lead to such huge gaps that the Kargil intrusions will be reduced to a joke. Perhaps it was Musharraf ’s confidence in extracting demilitarisation from Siachen based on which he had declared that “there will be many more Kargils”. Then there are proposals for reserves to be earmarked to dislodge Pakistanis in case of a double cross— something actually laughable. Where and in what quantum will such reserves be located; how will they be acclimatised; time frame for launch and what is our capability to launch them at those heights on a ridge already occupied? The straight answer is that it is a non-starter. Some even talk of verifiable international checks and balances post-demilitarisation, but the million-dollar question is have Pakistan and China ever bothered about the world opinion? As with weather casualties, quit looking at Siachen in isolation. Compared to Saltoro Ridge, we have many times more troops deployed on Ladakh and Pir Panjal ranges in Kashmir as well in the northeast facing China, some of them holding equally, if not more tenacious posts including some in glaciated terrain. Equally dangerous avalanches occur periodically in such areas resulting in loss of lives. Gun positions get buried under avalanches in Kargil’s Dras Sector.

What Next? The enormous strategic significance of the area particularly the Saltoro Range becomes clear only when you view the demilitarisation issue with defence of Ladakh post demilitarisation and resultant ramifications on India’s security. There is talk of first delineating the AGPL and posts held by both sides on ground and map as a first step, which Pakistan is currently loathe. Even in the event that they do agree to these essentials, we need dispassionate analysis of what next. Global games are being played by countries whose economies mostly rely on weapon exports—games of the West in partitioning of India and Korea, deceit by the British in forcing Skardu into Pakistan’s lap, aftermath of Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya, Syria and what have you. Who makes the money through arms sales, oil, reconstruction and power? Why are Ottawa University, the Atlantic Council and the National Defense University, Washington, not discussing a ‘Peace Park’ astride the Durand Line, resolve Middle East and Syria? Will demilitarisation of Siachen increase the chances/avenues of conflict between China-Pakistan and India? Has demilitarisation of Korea decreased chances of conflict? An arbitrary political decision to demilitarise Siachen will be suicidal—yet another mammoth strategic blunder. SP Author had commanded the Siachen Brigade.

Agni-v >>

India’s Strategic Deterrence Reaches New Heights Indian authorities believe that the solid-fuelled Agni-V is more than adequate to meet current threat perceptions and security concerns as it will bring the whole of Asia, including the northernmost parts of China, a large part of Europe and other regions, under its strike envelope

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Photograph: DRDO

 Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand

he Agni series of missiles are a part of the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP) being developed for the Indian defence forces. IGMDP was an initiative of the Ministry of Defence to indigenously develop strategic and tactical missiles to meet India’s requirements. The nodal agency to manage the programme was the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in partnership with other Indian Government laboratories and research centres.

at the earliest opportunity. The preparation involved complex scheduling and logistical issues since the missile would be travelling halfway across the Indian Ocean. Countries like Indonesia and Australia as well as international air and maritime traffic in the test zone will have to be alerted well in advance. Tracking and monitoring systems along with DRDO scientists would have to be located on ships deployed in the Indian Ocean.

Launch

The Agni missile programme is a series of medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) to intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) developed by DRDO under the IGMDP. They are the land version of the nuclear triad and include Agni I to Agni V with ranges varying from 700 to 5,000 km. Agni-IV was tested on November 15, 2011. The classification of ICBM has now been changed to long-range ballistic missile to convey that it is a defensive weapon as compared to ICBM which has different connotation.

On April 19, 2012, at 8.07 a.m., the Agni-V was successfully test-fired by DRDO from Wheeler Island off the coast of Orissa, using a rail mobile launcher. The flight time lasted 20 minutes and the third stage fired the reentry vehicle into the atmosphere at an altitude of 100 km. The missile re-entry vehicle then reached its pre-designated target point more than 5,000 km away in the Indian Ocean. The exact range of Agni-V is classified and can reach a height of 600 km. As per the Director of the test range, all test parameters were met and Agni-V was able to hit the target nearly at pin-point accuracy. Agni-V is expected to be operational by 2015, after a couple of more tests carried out by the DRDO. It will be manufactured by Bharat Dynamics Limited and delivered to the Army.

Agni-V

Agni-V Parameters

The then Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, M. Natrajan had conveyed in 2007 that DRDO was working on an upgraded version of the Agni-III, known as the AgniV and that it would be ready in four years. While addressing the annual DRDO awards ceremony last year, Defence Minister A.K. Antony had asked DRDO scientists to demonstrate the 5,000-kilometre missile capability

Configuration: The configuration has a canister-launch missile system for easy transportation by road. The canister is made of maraging steels, which is a special class of low-carbon ultra-high-strength steels and possess superior strength and toughness without losing malleability. A canister must

Agni Missile Programme

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>> conference report Photographs: SP Guide Pubns

Power-packed deliberations: Manish Tewari, MP and Member, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence, delivering his speech at the conference (Left); Naveen Jindal, Member of Parliament, Industrialist & Member, Consultative Committee, MoD addressing the audience (Right)

Streamline DPP A day-long conference on the Defence Procurement Procedure organised by SP Guide Publications in collaboration with ORF in New Delhi on May 2 emphasised on the need to streamline our defence procurement system to get the best equipment for our soldiers and reap maximum benefit in the future  Sucheta Das Mohapatra

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ince its introduction in 2002 and followed by several amendments till date, the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) of India has been a subject of deliberation amongst defence experts, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), public and private sector enterprises, etc. And despite being a progressive version, DPP 2011, has been a subject of much debate, with demands for streamlining the procurement procedure coming from all quarters. Keeping this in view, SP Guide Publications in collaboration with the Observer Research Foundation (ORF) organised a workshop on DPP at Hotel Oberoi in New Delhi, on May 2. The day-long conference witnessed industrialists, diplomats, bureaucrats, policy makers, defence personnel, politicians, etc pondering and talking about “Streamlining the Defence Procurement System”. The

conference began with Lt General (Retd) Nirbhay Sharma, Distinguished Fellow, ORF, emphasising on the need for transparency in the defence procurement system. Giving his welcome remarks, Sunjoy Joshi, Director, ORF, questioned, “Should DPP remain aloof from strategic parameters?” “Our domestic policies today will define the country’s military environment in the future.” Ravindra Gupta, former Secretary, Defence Production and Chairman Task Force on Defence Modernisation and SelfReliance, gave out details of the mandate of the Task Force set up by the National Security Council to focus on issues pertaining to defence modernisation as well as self-reliance. He said the focus is on modernisation and self-reliance, and how to leverage from both the public and private sector. He, however, held that there is diffidence at all levels of government to move smoothly and the self-reliance index has only moved slightly.

Conference Highlights l A.K. Chopra, Financial Advisor (Defence Services), indicated on the internal prob-

lems which needs to be sorted out within the system l Jayant Patil, Executive Vice President and Member of the Board of Heavy Engineer-

ing, L&T articulated the grave concerns of private sector and illustrated some of the key issues l No government policies in place in the context of Offsets - Major General (Retd) Mrinal Suman strongly argued l Manish Tewari, Member of Parliament & Member, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence, indicated on government’s awareness. However synergies need to be worked upon, he said l Naveen Jindal, Member of Parliament, industrialist & Member, Consultative Committee, MoD said our forces must receive the latest and the greatest equipment. “We have indulged in purchase and not acquisition. The acquiring capability has not been acquired,” he said and added that unfortunately the political will for defence technology is lacking and the Offset clause has so far not been exploited well.

A.K. Chopra, Financial Advisor (Defence Services), Ministry of Defence, admitted that there are conflicting interests and a balance has to be struck. He said that deficiencies exist both in the services and the bureaucracy. He spoke about the roadblocks and the need

1. A.K. Chopra, Financial Advisor (Defence Services), Ministry of Defence 2. Dr Vivek Lal, President and CEO, Reliance New Ventures 3. Jayant Patil, Executive Vice President and Member of the Board of Heavy Engineering, L&T 4. Amit Cowshish, Financial Advisor (Acquisition) and Additional Secretary, Department of Defence Finance, Ministry of Defence 5. Ravindra Pal Singh, Defence Analyst and former Project Leader on Arms Procurement, SIPRI 6. Major General (Retd) Mrinal Suman, former Technical Manager (Land Systems) and Consultant, CII 12

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

conference report

Manish Tewari Speaks... This particular workshop is happening at a very opportune moment of time when across the country for reasons other than the national debate, there has been a significant amount of focus on the question of defence preparedness and other allied/ related issues. It is also coming right after the standing committee had the opportunity to scrutinise the demands for grants of the Ministry of Defence and report back to the Parliament. What I have been given to understand is that since this morning there have been deliberations and an attempt to see how as to how we can fix the whole procurement system. That fundamentally assumes that the procurement system as it stands today is perhaps broken. I do not subscribe to that point of view and the reason why I say is because in the standing committee defence we heard perspectives from the services, perspectives from the government and perspective of outside experts also, which led us to conclude and that part of it gets reflected in the report also, that there are institutional issues which possibly require a paradigm shift in the manner that we look at the question of equipping ourselves towards preparedness. 26 per cent FDI has also not brought in the players from the international spectrum primarily because of copyright and other issues which essentially as I have heard is their perspective which is holding them back. It’s my personal view that the entire sector possibly needs to be classified into a couple of lists, those areas that are non-critical, possibly we can invite 100 per cent foreign investment should be allowed; in other areas which are possibly not in the non-critical areas where we can look at 49-50 per cent and those areas that are extremely crucial to our national security where we do not want that there should not be any outside participation, we shall keep it absolutely closed and say that these are areas that are exclusively reserved for not even the Indian private sector but for the entire public sector towards defence preparedness. There is a feeling that it would require a considerable amount of political conviction to be able to usher in the sort of reforms in this sector. SP

for substantial delegation of power. Chopra emphasised on the need for collegial decisionmaking but added that there are still issues where agencies have to act on their own.

Session I The first session of the conference was on “Evaluating Defence Procurement Procedure”, which was chaired by Vinod Dhall, former Secretary, Ministry of Corporate Affairs and former Chairman, Competition Commission. He said that though the procurement system has evolved over the years, no statistical record of procurement is available. He emphasised on the need for a dedicated department within the ministry and a public procurement portal. He spoke on the silent reforms taking place in the public procurement domain and the Public Procurement Bill which has been approved by the Cabinet and would soon be introduced in the Parliament. Speaking on “Broader Context of Arms Procurement Reforms”, Ravindra Pal Singh, Defence Analyst and former Project Leader on Arms Procurement, SIPRI, said that there is no consistency in the national security policy-making in India. He said the procurement process is not moving fast enough in India as compared to other democracies. Jayant Patil, Executive Vice President and Member of the Board of Heavy Engineering, Larsen & Toubro, expressed dissatisfaction at no commensurate increase in offset stipulation. “Taxation of offset is a big issue,” he said and added that the cost differentiation in a product manufactured in India and elsewhere globally is 35 per cent. Patil said that at 26 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI), no genuine technology would come to India. Addressing the same session, Dr Vivek Lal, President and CEO, Reliance New Ventures, gave out the “Private Sector Perspective on DPP” and said that DPP involves both aspects—procurement and industrialisation. “Offset is a catalyst across the globe and the really successful ones have been discontinued after it met its objectives. There is a cost to offsets and hence it is important to be clear as to what we want to achieve.” Amit Cowshish, Financial Advisor (Acquisition) and Additional Secretary, Department of Defence Finance, Ministry of Defence, spoke on “DPP: Addressing Key Areas and Looking Ahead”. He emphasised on the need to create a permanent professional body to choose ven-

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dors. On the “Buy and Make” category in the DPP, he questioned why guidelines should be laid for the private sector and why cannot it to be left to the OEM. Cowshish informed that the DPP is now being reviewed by the government in light of the issues raised by the industry players and indicated that the new DPP would look at broadening the scope of offsets and bringing ToT under its ambit.

Session II The post-lunch session began with a special address by Manish Tewari, Member, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Defence, who spoke vividly on different aspects of defence procurement. Tewari’s words demonstrated government’s interest in bringing constructive changes in the defence procurement process. The second session was on “Defence Procurement—Core Concerns” which was chaired by Vinod K. Mishra, former Secretary, Department of Defence Finance and Distinguished Fellow, IDSA. Mishra expressed dissatisfaction at the lengthy evaluation timeframes in India. Major General Mrinal Suman, former Technical Manager (Land Systems) and Consultant, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), spoke on “Defence Offset”. He said that the policy has no spelt out objective or aim and that is its ‘weakness’. On the future trends of offset, he said that offset is here to stay. “It is an addiction and difficult to wean away. The reforms are likely to continue. No national offset policy is in the offing.” “The level of FDI has nothing to do with the level of transfer of technology (ToT),” emphasised G. Balachandran, Visiting Fellow, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, while speaking on “Translating ToT Into Real Dividends”. “Research and development (R&D) is an essential element in technology transfer. Indian R&D is very narrow and unless the R&D increases, ToT has no value,” he held. On being questioned by Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief, SP Guide Publications, about the concerns of OEMs on technology transfer at low cost, Suman said that it is indeed a concern for the OEMs. “In India, we have not permitted trade in offset. While the Defence Offset Facilitation Agency (DOFA) is understaffed, the Acquisition Wing is overloaded with work. The country must have a single window to listen and thereafter make changes.”

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>> conference report 1

1. Manish Tewari with Jayant Baranwal 2. Naveen Jindal being welcomed during the event 3. Lt General (Retd) P.C. Katoch, Jayant Baranwal and Subimal

Bhattacharjee, Country Head, General Dynamics

4. Vice AdmiraL Satish Soni, Deputy Chief of Naval Staff, Vice

AdmiraL S.P.S. Cheema, Dy Chief of the Integrated Defence Staff (DOT) with Jayant Baranwal 5. Sunil Bhatia of WASS, Finmeccanica, Col Anil Joshi, Manager Land Systems Finmeccanica and Jayant Baranwal 6. M.K. Mishra, HAL Deputy General Manager and Wg Cdr B.S. Singh Deo, Managing Director, Bell Helicopter India 7. Roger Rose, Chief Executive - Lockheed Martin India, with Jayant Baranwal 8. Rishi Malhotra, General Manager-India, Bell Helicopter and Todd Hattaway, Regional Sales Director, Hawker Beechcraft.

The session ended with the assertion that offset has a cost element to it and that gaps in capability outlays have become far more significant. The second session was followed by a valedictory address by Naveen Jindal, Member of Parliament and Member, Consultative Committee, MoD. He said that it is necessary to equip our forces with the latest and the greatest equipment. He said that the use of equipment is also important other than

acquisition. “Are we training our people on how to use the equipment?” he questioned and added that rather than wasting time, why not give our soldiers the latest equipment. “If we can make it indigenously its fine, or else we should acquire it. We should take the delays out and get the best equipment for our soldiers.” Jindal admired SP Guide Publications for organising the workshop and expressed his liking for the informative magazines published by SP’s.

The day ended with vote of thanks by Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in -Chief, SP Guide Publications. He said that it is necessary that our defence procurement system be streamlined so that our armed forces do not remain in a state of flux; dealings remain transparent and clearer for overseas and domestic suppliers. “Our men in uniform working 24x7, receive the best solutions to be equipped with and are thereby capable to handle any kind of chal-

lenges coming from any quarters; offsets and alike elements of DPP should work an enabler and not a disabler.” He reiterated that decisions need to be taken on time and added that “we need not always have to reinvent the wheel, which may take longer than acquiring it. We must optimise our key resources”. SP

New Technologies: A number of new technologies were developed indigenously and successfully tested during the launch of Agni-V. They were the redundant navigation systems, which implies that there is adequate back up in the eventuality of the failure of the primary system; very high accuracy ring laser gyro (RLG) based inertial navigation system (RINS) and the most modern and accurate micro navigation system (MINS) ensured that the missile reach the target point within a few metres of accuracy. In a RLG laser, beams are directed around a closed path using mirrors rather than optical fibre. Unlike mechanical gyroscopes, optical gyros contain no moving parts and require only a few seconds to start-up. The high speed onboard computer and fault tolerant software along with robust and reliable bus, guided the missile flawlessly. After the successful launch of Agni-V, head of the DRDO, V.K. Saraswat said that India is all set to develop reusable rockets which will combine the technologies of both ballistic and cruise missiles and DRDO will test indigenously developed scram jet engine next year; we have propulsion technology, we have re-entry technologies, we have the technology which can take a re-entry sys-

tem which will deliver a payload and have yet another re-entry system which will bring the missile back when it re-enters the atmosphere on its return journey; with the launch of Agni V, India has now joined the elite club of the US, UK, France, Russia and China. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh congratulated the DRDO by stating, “I congratulate all the scientific and technical personnel of the DRDO and other organisations who have worked tirelessly in our endeavour to strengthen the defence and security of our country.” A.K. Antony also congratulated the DRDO team.

behind in infrastructure construction, but its society is highly supportive of developing nuclear power and the West chooses to overlook India’s disregard of nuclear and missile control treaties” and warned India not to “overestimate its strength”. Pakistan: The news was highlighted by Pakistan. Pakistan Government did not offer any adverse comments but promptly informed the Indian Government that they will be carrying out long-range missile tests in the Indian Ocean between April 24 and 29.

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Continued from page 11 provide a hermetically sealed atmosphere that preserves the missile for years. During firing, the canister must absorb enormous stresses when a thrust of 300 to 400 tonnes is generated to eject the 50 tonnes missile. Multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRV): It would carry MIRV payloads which are also being developed. A single MIRV equipped missile can deliver multiple warheads at different targets. With single warhead missiles, one missile can engage only one target but with MIRV warhead, a single missile can engage multiple targets across a large area. MIRV also reduces the effectiveness of an anti-ballistic missile system that relies on intercepting individual warheads. Two to ten MIRV per missile are expected. MIRVs ensure a credible second strike capability even with lesser missiles. Weight and payload: Agni-V weighs 50 tonnes and carries a payload of 1,500 kg. It can be used to launch anti-satellite weapons and deploy small satellites. Propellant: The Agni-V is a three stage solid fuelled missile with composite motor casing in the second and third stage (Agni-III was a two-stage missile), in which composites have been used extensively to reduce weight.

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

Reaction from other Countries People’s Republic of China: A spokesman for China’s Foreign Ministry, Liu Weimin, said, “China and India are large developing nations. We are not competitors but partners. We believe that both sides should cherish the hard-won good state of affairs at present; work hard to uphold friendly strategic cooperation to promote joint development and make positive contributions towards maintaining peace and stability in the region.” Some adverse comments were made by Global Times (unofficial media of China), which reported that “India still lags

India’s Credible Deterrence India had a ‘no first use’ policy with regard to nuclear strikes. The Agni series of ballistic missiles are a part of the “credible deterrence” against India’s potential adversaries which joins the triad of air and sea launched long-range, nuclear capable missile systems. India views its nuclear weapons and long-range power projection programmes as the key to maintaining strategic stability in the Asia-Pacific region. Successful launch of Agni-IV had indicated to the world that India’s strategic missile programme has matured to a point where it can be deployed. Successful launch of Agni V further adds to this capability. SP

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>> Show Report

Indigenisation, the Mantra at Defexpo 2012

As the Indian defence forces and homeland security acquisition needs are growing, there is enhanced momentum in defence production and procurement. Hence, the mantra at the seventh edition of Defexpo India 2012 was to enhance private sector participation and revitalise the public sector to accelerate defence production in India. The agenda for this was set by Defence Minister A.K. Antony who inaugurated the event. Photographs: SP Guide Pubns

services to meet the stringent specifications and that too at the most competitive price. We are open to enter into mutually beneficial agreements with friendly countries in the field of critical and state-of-the-art futuristic defence technologies. We would welcome all such proposals in our endeavour to modernise our armed forces.” The Minister of State for Defence Dr M.M. Pallam Raju said that the introduction of the new category of acquisition, ‘Buy and Make (Indian)’, is a major shift enabling Indian industries to enter into joint ventures with foreign OEMs. The route opened up ways for technology transfer.

Launches, MoUs, JVs and Mega Deals

 SP’s Team

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hat India will continue to be one of the biggest defence markets for some time to come is obvious to the world. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) heading to India in droves is a natural corollary and Defexpo 2012 made an emphatic statement to that effect. Defexpo 2012, jointly organised by the Ministry of Defence and the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), brought 567 exhibitors from 32 countries (up from 412 in 2010) for the country’s biggest-ever land, naval and homeland security systems exhibition at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi, from March 29 to April 1. The 32 countries included Russia, France, Israel, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Poland, Singapore, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, South Africa, Turkey, USA and the UK. There was strong presence from Israel which had taken the most space at the show with 1,293 square metres and Russia had the highest number of companies (37). The US and France had considerable representation.

India Focus As the Indian defence forces and homeland security acquisition needs are growing, there is enhanced momentum in defence production and procurement. Hence, the mantra at the seventh edition of Defexpo India 2012 was to enhance private sector participation and revitalise the public sector to accelerate

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

Defexpo 2012 presented a perfect platform for companies to showcase their capabilities and further their business. The seventh edition saw a slew of launches, memoranda of understanding, joint ventures and other mega deals. Here we present some of the major announcements at the show. India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) launched about 70 products (some of which had dual application). It had on display its well-known missile systems, unmanned aerial vehicles and soldier support systems, explosive detection kits, etc. The country expects more from DRDO and there seems to be some promise on that front. DRDO signed a memorandum of understanding with the Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) for development of Indian automatic identification system (IAIS) for coastal security. It is a satellite data terminal which will be jointly developed by the Defence Electronics Applications Laboratory (DEAL), Dehradun and BEL.

Mahindras Enter into JVs Private sector is making fast inroads into defence production and many big players are betting big on it. Mahindra & Mahindra Limited announced two joint ventures— first with Israel’s Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and the other with Telephonics Corporation, a subsidiary of the North America’s Griffon Corporation.

Tata’s Showstopper defence production in India. The agenda for this was set by Defence Minister A.K. Antony who inaugurated the event. The editorial team of SP Guide Publications, which spoke to a number of OEMs and defence officials, found that they were not only enthused by the market prospects, but also were ready for the long haul. Importantly, they found that Defexpo had matured over the years and the quality of exhibition and conferences had ‘upped’ considerably. Though a substantial number of foreign OEMs were present, the refrain was to increase the level of indigenisation, with or without transfer of technology. Antony was emphatic that India’s thrust area was high level of indigenisation in defence. “Our emphasis is on public-private sector part-

nership in the defence industry. Enabling policy framework has been put in place to develop indigenous capabilities through harnessing the potential and utilising the resources available both in the public and the private sector. Our defence industry is now open up to 100 per cent for Indian private sector participation, while foreign direct investment (FDI) is permissible up to 26 per cent.”

Defence Outsourcing Hub With the introduction of the Defence Offset policy, India is gradually becoming a key outsourcing hub for the global defence industry. “Defexpo demonstrates our capability to design, develop and deliver a wide range of military and civil products and

The Tatas had many products on display including the LPTA 5252 12X12 Prahaar missile system, the 8X8 Pinaka container, the 8x8 and 6x6 carrier and the mine protected vehicle (MPV). However, the showstopper was the Xenon Recce 4X4, a multipurpose vehicle that will serve as a general service, troop carrier, escort, recce or a weapon mount vehicle.

MKU Ties Up with German Firm MKU, India’s leading manufacturer and supplier of ballistic protection and surveillance equipment for armed forces, paramilitary forces and police worldwide announced a 50:50 joint venture with EIS Electronics GMBH from Germany to form EIS Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. The companies will invest $5 million (`25 crore) to manufacture cable harness products.

Show Report

1. Defence Minister A.K. Antony inaugurates Defexpo 2012 by lighting a lamp in New Delhi on March 29, 2012

2. Defence Minister A.K. Antony addressing the audience at the inauguration of Defexpo 2012 3. Minister of State for Defence Dr M.M. Pallam Raju addressing the audience 4. Defence Minister poses on top of T-90 main battle tank 5. SP Guide Publications CMD and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal presenting a bouquet of flowers to Defence Minister A.K. Antony at SP Guide Publications booth

6. Jayant Baranwal welcoming the Minister of State for Defence Dr M.M. Pallam Raju to SP Guide Publications booth

US-India Partnership Strengthens The US-India Business Council (USIBC) Executive Defence Mission to Defexpo signalled the deepened defence and security partnership between the United States and India. The Executive Mission was led by General Paul J. Kern (Retd), Senior Counsellor, Cohen Group and Vice Admiral (Retd) Kevin J. Cosgriff, Senior Vice President, International Business & Government, Textron Systems. ATK, BAE Systems Inc, Boeing, Cohen Group, DuPont, General Dynamics, Harris, Honeywell, ITT Exelis, L-3 Communications, Lockheed Martin, Navistar Defense, Northrop Grumman, Oshkosh, Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman LLP, PwC, Raytheon, Rockwell Collins, SAS, Sikorsky, Telephonics Corporation, Textron Systems, Tyco, and many other companies were active at the show. On display were current offerings such as Textron Systems’ ground based smart weapons and naval common unmanned surface vessel, BAE Systems’ M777 155mm ultra light howitzers, armoured security and light combat vehicles, tactical communications equipment, integrated weapons systems, thermal imaging technologies and network munitions systems.

France Pavilion The French pavilion coordinated by GICAN, the French Marine Industry Association,

and GICAT, the French Land Defence Industry Association had exhibitors such as Alkan, ASB Aerospatiale Batteries, CILAS, CNIM, DCI, DCNS, EADS, ECA EN, ECA Robotics, ELNO SN, Eurenco, Euronaval, Eurosatory, Exxelia, MBDA, Nexter, Panhard, Renault Trucks Defence, Thales etc. Dassault Rafale winning the medium multirole combat aircraft (MMRCA) bid has come as a humongous boost to French companies are looking at synergies.

Israel and Russian Dominance Both the countries which have had long-standing defence partnership with India were present in substantial numbers. The major Israeli companies at Defexpo included Rafael, IAI, Elbit Systems, IWI, Controp, SIBAT (Israel’s Defence Export and Defence Cooperation agency which coordinates sales of Israeli companies). Israelis showcased a wide range of ISR platforms and electro-optical payloads, communication systems and radios, etc which are key inputs in an asymmetric warfare. The pronounced statement from Defexpo has been that India is looking for strategic partnership to grow its own defence production at an accelerated pace. With liberal policies, it is happening, and the defence industry is abuzz with activity. SP

3/2012 SP’s Land Forces

>> Show Highlights

Raytheon’s Athena System: Athena is a network-centric, multi-domain command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) system for high performance situation awareness, fusion, and analysis and knowledge management. By exploiting information from global sources—including sensors, databases and intelligence—Athena delivers persistent surveillance, situational awareness and anomaly detection aids to reduce operator workload. Athena uses a modern, extendable and open C4ISR enterprise- grade framework allowing the integration of a wide range of sensors and supports collaboration across command centres. It employs user-friendly and role-based methods of managing correlated information and sharing across local, regional or global joint command interests. Athena delivers fast and flexible multi-domain awareness for rapid operational deployments using proven com-

ponents. It also has applicability for other homeland security missions. Rockwell Collins: With net-enabled systems, Rockwell Collins has put the innovative technology in place. We can expand our network’s reach with proven, full-spectrum capability that connects every warfighter in the network with a secure, up-to-the-minute flow of tactical and near real-time situational information. These network systems that seamlessly integrate valuable legacy assets with cutting-edge technology can integrate forces on land, sea and air. Fully scalable to the changing needs of platforms and missions, Rockwell Collins solutions are currently in theatre which can provide the connectivity and situational awareness that is required for a common operating picture, shared on multiple platforms, can keep all concerned connected and aware. The principle is that you get the information you need—when you need it. SP

Saab’s solutions for Indian armed forces In an interaction during Defexpo 2012, Inderjit Sial, Managing Director, Saab India Technologies Pvt Ltd, stated that with Saab’s exports rising steadily, the company was exploring options worldwide. However, as India was clearly emerging as a market with immense potential, Saab intended to not only penetrate the vibrant and versatile Indian market but also to leverage India’s strong technology base and manufacturing capabilities in such a way so as to create new opportunities to meet the demands of the growing world market. To this end, Saab will be exploring opportunities for partnership with the private and public defence industry in India as the way forward for business here. Saab had already entered into a contract with the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited for manufacture of the airborne electronic warfare equipment for the advanced light helicopter (ALH) programme for the Indian Army as well as the Indian Air Force. At the Defexpo, Saab showcased cuttingedge technologies and solutions for the Indian armed forces, paramilitary forces, civil aviation and homeland security apparatus. As per Inderjit Sial, given the importance of the Indian market and the opportunities the country has to offer, Saab regarded the Defexpo as an event crucial to its business interests. Saab has been and continues to address the needs of the three services in India offering high technology solutions and products in the areas of C4I, electronic warfare including self-protection systems, missile and weapon systems, combat aircraft, airborne sensors, maritime and civil security systems as also the Giraffe Family of radars. To meet the requirements of the Indian Navy, in response to request for information (RFI) and request for proposal (RFPs) floated by service, Saab has offered the Saab 2000

Photograph: SP Guide Pubns

Photograph: Raytheon

Photograph: SAAB

C4ISR Systems

medium-range maritime patrol aircraft, the Sea Gripen carrier version of the single engine fighter aircraft, self-propelled underwater acoustic target with the modular and reconfigurable autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV 62 and the Sea Giraffe. At the exhibition this year, Saab’s primary focus was on land and naval systems, with emphasis on the RBS 70 NG missile system. Saab also displayed the underwater AUV systems and the C4I systems, along with camouflage and a variety of other parts of the product portfolio. Saab has also responded to an RFP for Electronic Defence Systems for the Indian Army’s T-90 upgradation programme. SP —Air Marshal (Retd) B.K. Pandey

www.spslandforces.net

Photographs: SP Guide Pubns

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

Show Report / Interview

RBS 70 NG of Saab The all-new RBS 70 next generation (NG) very short-range air defence (VHSORAD) system which featured at Defexpo is a versatile air defence system on offer to the Indian Army. “We believe that the RBS 70 NG meets and exceeds the requirements of the Indian Army for a system that has multiple target seeking and tracking capabilities, multi-launcher capability, ability to deploy from high mobility vehicles and ship and submarine naval vessels, ability to engage aerial targets by day and night and aerial target detection capability,” said Bo Almqvist, Campaign Director RBS 70, Saab India. Saab’s all-new RBS 70 NG VSHORAD system with integrated 24/7 all-target capability has been developed for any combat situation. Its integrated sighting solution, enhanced missile operator aids, unbeatable range and unjammable laser guidance combine to produce a system with world-leading capabilities. With the latest generation of missile – the BOLIDE – the RBS 70 NG is directed at the complete air and ground threat spectrum, from fixed and rotary wing aircraft and helicopters down to small targets such as cruise missiles, UAVs and armoured ground targets like APCs. It is an accurate, unjammable missile system which is immune to countermeasures, heat sources and clutter. Its salient features are: automatic target tracking, integrated thermal imager, visual target assignment, simplified aiming functions, simultaneous detection of several targets and all-target capability. SP —Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand

ATK Defense In an interaction with ATK Defense, it transpired that they are an industry leader in small calibre ammunition, precision and strike weapons, missile warning solutions, and tactical rocket motors across air-, sea-, and land-based systems. The group is the largest US producer of small-calibre ammunition as well as a leading producer of medium- and large-calibre ammunition and mediumcalibre chain guns. The group is home to ATK's advanced antiradiation guided missile (AARGM), next-generation GPS-guided mortar and artillery projectiles, joint and allied threat awareness system (JATAS), AAR-47 missile warning system, fuses and warheads, propulsion and controls for missile defence interceptors, weaponised special mission aircraft and advanced propulsion. The group also brings extensive experience and expertise in defence facility management and modernisation. SP

10 1. DRS Military Rugged Tablet (MRT) Computer 2. ATK Ammunition on display 3. Elettronica’s range of products 4. FLIR Ranger HRC Multisensor 5. Latest Land Weapon System from FN Herstal 6. Futuristic LAV of General Dynamics 7. Honeywell Spectra Shield II 8. MICA Missile of MBDA 9. Mirach 100 of Selex Galileo 10. Rafael’s missiles on display 11. Harris RF-7800M-V150 Multiband Vehicular Adapter 12. Armoured Tracked Vehicle from Rheinmetall 13. Spider Networked Munition System from Textron 14. Thales Starstreak on display

‘Indian market has huge potential and will be one of the most important growth markets in the world’ In an interview with Jayant Baranwal, Editor-in-Chief, SP’s Land Forces, Norbert Ducrot, Senior Executive Vice President, Asia Pacific, Eurocopter, said that the company is ready to extend its industrial relationship with local partners. SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): Can you tell us about your immediate plans for India and cooperation with Indian armed forces? Norbert Ducrot (Ducrot): We have a wide range of products that are suited to meet the armed forces’ needs, as we showcased during Defexpo 2012. At this stage, we are still awaiting a decision from the Ministry of Defence (MoD) regarding the 197 reconnaissance and surveillance helicopter request for proposal (RFP), which has been ongoing for eight years now. We are very confident about the helicopter that we have proposed—the AS550 C3 Fennec, a new generation helicopter—fully meeting the Army’s and Air Force’s requirements. We don’t foresee any reasons for further delays because the MoD has followed all procedures. In this context, we are ready to extend our 40-year industrial relationship with local partners—from transfer of technology (ToT) and integration into Eurocopter global supply chain to setting up of production line, with a comprehensive training system to be established. We already have a very successful partnership with HAL. Eurocopter/HAL licensed production has been the foundation of the Indian helicopter industry for the last five decades where over 600 Cheetahs and Chetaks have been produced. HAL is also part of the Eurocopter global supply chain for composite helicopter fuselages. In recent years, we expanded our cooperation with Mahindra and Mahindra and signed various industrial and commercial partnerships, including the production of the Ecureuil family airframes and customisation of civil helicopters in India. And of course, we also have a long-standing partner in Pawan Hans, who owns the biggest Dauphin fleet in the world and operates a Eurocopter-approved maintenance repair and overhaul (MRO) centre for Dauphin helicopters. SP’s: What capabilities did you showcase during Defexpo 2012? Ducrot: In anticipation of the armed forces’ needs, we showcased the AS550 C3 Fennec, AS565 MBe Naval Panther and EC725 rotorcraft. The AS550 C3 Fennec is proposed for the Army and Air Force in the 197 reconnaissance and surveillance helicopters (RSH) competition. SP’s: Any important milestone/event you may like to refer to which would project your company’s interest in India strongly? Ducrot: Eurocopter is the first international manufacturer to set up a full-fledged subsidiary in India in October 2010. With the HQ in New Delhi, it has expanded its footprint with presence now in other major cities such as Bangalore and Mumbai. The growth in staff strength will also see the percentage of Indian employees increasing in

the coming years, which is already at 80 per cent of the total headcount now. SP’s: How would you rate the potential in India versus other Asian countries? Ducrot: We estimate the Asian military helicopter market to be valued at about $15-20 billion for the period till 2020, and we expect the largest contributor to be India (estimated at 50 per cent). India is also the largest defence market in Asia. We are participating in various RFPs and our helicopter range covers the requirements of the Indian Army, Air Force, Navy and Coast Guard. Taking into account the civilian market as well, Asia is the largest and fastest-growing region where we anticipate a 20 per cent year-on-year growth. India and China are undoubtedly the two major economies that are very important and are expected to be significant contributors in the years to come. SP’s: What kind of future do you foresee with India in the next 10-20 years? Ducrot: There are around 270 turbine engine commercial helicopters in India today. There was an overall slowdown in the Indian helicopter sector in 2010 and 2011, but we can see a recovery in 2012 with an annual growth rate of about 20 per cent. Hence we can expect to see more than 500 civil helicopters in India by 2015. The Indian market has huge potential and will be one of the most important growth markets in the world because of (1) size of the country; (2) growth of the economy; (3) diversity in its terrain and the geographical constraints; (4) lack of road/train infrastructures. Currently, growth of the commercial use of helicopters is limited by the regulations and level of taxes imposed. The main segments currently doing well are oil and gas and passenger transport (charter, private, business and governmental). Segments that we are developing and are foreseen to have growth potential include: utility and aerial work, helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) and law enforcement. Eurocopter is poised to contribute to the helicopter market growth in India because it has the widest range of helicopters to cater to different needs and segments. We constantly innovate to produce enhanced versions that can handle hot and high conditions even better, which is a unique challenge in India. For specific segments like HEMS and utility/aerial work, Eurocopter has an impressive record. Eight out of every 10 HEMS helicopters in the world are Eurocopter products; while 70 per cent of helicopters delivered in the last 10 years globally for utility/aerial work are Eurocopter products. With the in-country presence of our Indian subsidiary, we can provide proximity services to ensure high availability of the aircraft and cost-efficient support and services. SP

3/2012 SP’s Land Forces

>> Show Report / Interview

‘We seek to be a long-standing, trusted partner to India’ From unmanned aircraft and surface vessels to ground control technologies, hovercraft, weapon and sensor systems, and intelligence solutions for homeland security, Textron has a range of products on offer. In an interaction with SP’s Land Forces, Frederick M. Strader, President and CEO, Textron Systems, laid out the company’s India plans. SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): What capabilities did you showcase during Defexpo 2012 held recently? Frederick M. Strader (Strader): The capabilities showcased at Defexpo include: l The Spider networked munitions system: Spider is a man-in-the-loop networked munitions area denial system designed to replace indiscriminate landmines. It consists of three major components: a communications system for man-in the-loop control, a simple trip line sensor system to tell the operator of an intrusion, and a munitions system that can provide both lethal and non-lethal responses. Spider’s man-in-the-loop control and off-on-off feature, which allows the system to be recovered from the field, gives the operator the ability to secure an area while protecting friendly forces and civilians. l Scorpion networked ground munitions system: The Scorpion system integrates sensors, munitions and networking technologies to detect, track, classify, report, engage and destroy light wheeled and heavy tracked vehicles. Continuous man-in-the-loop control, similar to the Spider system, allows operators to secure an area and protect friendly forces and civilians. The ruggedised system can be equipped with either lethal or non-lethal effects. l BattleHawk squad-level loitering munition: BattleHawk is a unique backpackcarried, tube-launched system designed to carry a variety of lethal warheads and sensors. With loitering capability and delivery from open or defilade position, the BattleHawk squad-level loitering munitions provide precision lethal effects against personnel and light vehicle targets.

l Unattended ground sensors (UGS): Tex-

tron Systems offers a scalable suite of UGS suitable for a variety of tactical and homeland security applications such as convoy protection, perimeter security and border control. This includes the next-generation MicroObserver UGS system. MicroObserver reliably detects, classifies and tracks personnel and vehicles in border and base security, critical infrastructure protection, perimeter security and force protection applications, offering low false alarm rates, a self-forming and self-healing network, and a mission life of more than two years. l Common unmanned surface vessel (CUSV): The Fleet-Class CUSV offers multimission capabilities with a reconfigurable payload bay, sliding autonomy, and high tow force capacity. It delivers proven command and control, adapted from AAI Unmanned Aircraft Systems’ battleproven One System architecture, and provides power and performance while being self-righting and operational through Sea State 4. CUSV has excelled during several recent US Navy exercises, accumulating more than 800 hours of in-water operations, and is ready for use today. l Landing craft, air cushion (LCAC): Textron Marine & Land Systems’ LCAC is a high-speed, over-the-beach, fully amphibious landing craft capable of carrying up to 75 tonnes of payload at speeds over 40 knots. It’s a proven cornerstone of the US amphibious programme and a revolutionary means to land at more than 80 per cent of the world’s shorelines. Supporting military or humanitarian missions, LCAC is designed to function in extreme conditions ranging from

Arctic cold to Sahara heat. l Armoured security vehicle (ASV): Opti-

mised survivability, all-terrain performance and battle-proven firepower describe the ASV. Its enhanced ballistic protection provides 360 degree defence against direct and indirect weapons, mines and improvised explosive devices. The ASV’s record of protecting its soldiers is unmatched in any vehicle in its class. Add to that an exceptional operational readiness rate over 90 per cent, a top speed of more than 65 miles (104 km) per hour and run-flat tyres, and you have an armoured vehicle that delivers. SP’s: Any important milestone/event you may like to refer to and which would project your company’s interest in India strongly? Strader: We continue to demonstrate our commitment to the Indian Government, armed forces, security agencies and industry through consistent outreach and open dialogue on the many ways we can support their expressed requirements. Textron Inc. has had a steady presence in India since 2004 and continues to expand its presence, including the ongoing hiring of more engineers at Textron’s global technology centre in Bangalore and the opening of Bell Helicopter’s new offices in New Delhi in April. SP’s: How would you rate the potential in India versus other Asian countries? Strader: Needs across the region vary and we give importance on all our customers across the world. We are paying particular attention to the growing requirements of the Indian Government, armed forces and security agencies as we seek to be a long-standing, trusted

partner to India and its defence industry. SP’s: What kind of future do you foresee with India in next 10 to 20 years? Strader: The trends are very positive. Textron and its businesses are committed to developing strong relationships with the government and industry of India. At Textron Systems, we are delighted to be a current supplier to the IAF via the US foreign military sales (FMS) programme. We are actively in discussions with the various armed services and the Ministry of Home Affairs to understand their requirements and determine how Textron Systems can support them. For example, we recently sent the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) two white papers proposing co-development of a required defence system. We also are developing industrial relationships with key Indian companies to address the future defence and security needs of India. Furthermore, Textron businesses source components from Indian industry and that volume have steadily increased. In addition, Textron currently operates Textron India Private Limited in Bangalore, where more than 400 Indian engineers work in tandem with their American counterparts on some of the Textron’s most sophisticated projects. Textron is aggressively investing in this technology centre. So while I can’t tell you exactly what it will be like in 10-20 years, I anticipate that Textron Systems, and Textron Inc. as a whole, will be even more involved in the Indian economy in the future. It’s an exciting time for us and we are confident that our business relationships and opportunities in India will continue to expand. SP

Photographs: SP Guide Pubns

1. Jayant Baranwal

www.spslandforces.net

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

presenting a copy of SP’s Land Forces to Lt General Kuldip Singh, Director General, Army Air Defence 2. Lt General Vinod Bhatia, DG Infantry, in conversation with Jayant Baranwal and Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand of SP Guide Publications 3. Lt General Dalbir Sidhu, DG Mechanised Forces, in conversation with Jayant Baranwal and Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor of SP Guide Publications 4. Major General B.K. Dhingra, MGGS Northern Command at SP’s stand

Show Report / Interview

‘India will be near the top of the world’s strongest economies in 10 to 20 years’ In an interaction with SP’s Land Forces, Mike Alvis, Vice President of International Business Development, ITT Exelis, said that export controls by the US Government are expected to ease in the next five to ten years, making more high-tech goods exportable. India’s desire to become an exporter also provides opportunities for partnership, which did not exist before. SP’s Land Forces (SP’s): Can you indicate your immediate plans for India and cooperation with Indian armed forces? Mike Alvis (Alvis): As the Indian defence market continues to grow, it will be critical for companies to demonstrate their ability to deliver affordable, mission-critical solutions to this region. In India, we are positioned to provide products and services that are fully integrated and networked, enabling our Indian customers to protect their borders, enhance their military forces and have access to the full spectrum of information needed to meet any mission. SP’s: What capabilities did you showcase during Defexpo 2012? Alvis: Our focus at Defexpo was on highlighting our broad array of night vision technology, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) and spectrum solutions as well as tactical communications (networking, waveform development and high capacity data solutions). We showcased a wide range of technologies that reflect our strong portfolio in C4ISR, including our commitment to providing the battle management system (BMS) for India.

The BMS solutions highlighted at Defexpo included SpearNet and high capacity data radio (HCDR). Image intensification night vision goggles were also on display at the show. SpearNet is an innovative communications system, bringing voice, situational awareness and networking access that leverages our extensive waveform development expertise and surpasses traditional point-to-point communication system limitations on range and data rate. HCDR delivers the flexibility of a mobile network. This means the data network is always available—even on the move at high speeds. HCDR is the only radio of its kind, creating a communications backbone for messaging, Internet and situational awareness, supporting mission-critical on the move operations. This battle-proven radio provides high-speed data information between maritime, ground forces and air support. Exelis has the ability to provide the militaries with premier vision-enhancing solutions. As the world’s leading manufacturer of Generation (Gen) 3 image intensifier (I2) technology, Exelis continues to work with customers to expand night vision and vision enhancing capabilities, technologies, and

resources. At Defexpo India, we displayed our latest i-Aware Tactical goggle. i-Aware Tactical has the ability to transmit and receive realtime video, photos, mapping information and other important battlefield information. The benefit of i-Aware Tactical is enhanced situational awareness, rapid decision-making and improved mission effectiveness. SP’s: Any important milestone/event that would project your company’s interest in India strongly? Alvis: In March of 2012, we announced a strategic partnership with Tata Advanced Systems to assemble night vision Gen 3 goggles in India. Under a memorandum of understanding, Exelis and Tata will partner to supply manufacturing capabilities in India, maintenance and life-cycle support for Gen 3 night vision products. To start with, Exelis will provide Tata with the latest Gen 3 night vision image intensifier tubes, kits and other materials required to build night vision devices in India, to expedite the delivery of the systems to customers in India. This will be followed by manufacture of high precision components and sub-assemblies of the devices by Tata. We

Integrated onto a Single Chip

SP’s: What kind of future do you foresee with India in next 10 to 20 years? Alvis: India will be near the top of the world’s strongest economies and most modern militaries within the next 10 to 20 years. The strategy of non-alignment provides a more level-playing field for the US companies and the ambition for high-technology solutions also favours US companies. Export controls by the US Government are expected to ease in the next five to 10 years, making more high-tech goods exportable. India’s desire to become an exporter also provides opportunities for partnership, which did not exist before. SP

Small but Powerful Northrop Grumman marks 20 years of miniaturised microwave power module production with its 2,000th delivery

DARPA begins efforts to bridge compound semiconductor and silicon integrated circuit communities

SP’s: How would you rate the potential in India versus other Asian countries? Alvis: India has a million-person Army and Asia is the second fastest growing economy in the world. Today, India is empowered with significant buying power. India also has internal threats and challenges on their borders that require high-end solutions.

Tecknow

FIRST

he Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under its diverse accessible heterogeneous integration (DAHI) programme is launching the DAHI Foundry Technology effort to advance novel methods for combining a variety of devices and materials onto a single silicon chip. High-performance microsystems are vital for a wide variety of DoD systems that provide US warfighters with technological surprise over adversaries in areas such as communications, sensing and electronic warfare. Current fabrication technology limits the types of materials and devices that can be integrated together, forcing circuit designers to make compromises when selecting devices for an integrated microsystem. According to DARPA Microsystems Technology Office, enabling the ability to ‘mix and match’ a wide variety of devices and materials on a common silicon substrate would allow circuit designers to select the best device for each function within their designs. This integration would provide DoD systems with the benefits of a variety of devices and materials integrated in close proximity on a single chip, minimising the performance limitations caused by physical separation among devices. This effort also seeks to enable complex signal-processing and self-correction

are looking for other strategic partnerships in India and believe that such partnerships enable us to deliver the best possible product to the Indian Government.

Photograph: Northrop Grumman

architectures to be brought to bear. The DAHI Foundry Technology effort hopes to establish a foundry capability for the production of chips using a wide range of heterogeneously integrated devices. DARPA anticipates bringing the compound semiconductor and silicon intePhotograph: DARPA

N grated circuit (IC) communities together for new ways to integrate components onto a single silicon wafer. “Such convergence would enable foundry-style production of high-performance microsystems, leveraging today’s silicon IC manufacturing base,” states DARPA. SP

orthrop Grumman Corporation recently celebrated the completion of its 2,000th microwave power module, an integral component in radars, jammers and other military electronics. Microwave power modules are devices that amplify radio frequency signals to high power. These assemblies are critical components in electronic warfare and countermeasure systems such as the AN/ALQ-135 for US and international F-15 aircraft. The power these modules generate allows systems like the ALQ-135 to defeat electronic threats with strong signals, protecting the aircraft and its crew. “For 20 years and counting, Northrop Grumman has been manufacturing highly reliable miniaturised microwave power

modules that our warfighters depend on in combat,” said Janine Nyre, Northrop Grumman’s Vice President of radio frequency combat information systems. “Our continued investment has led to microwave power modules that are both smaller and more powerful; enabling systems ready to protect aircrews from the threats of today and tomorrow.” Northrop Grumman’s experience in electronic warfare and countermeasures spans decades. In addition to the ALQ-135, Northrop Grumman has developed a variety of systems such as the AN/ALQ-218 tactical jamming receiver, Falcon edge integrated electronic warfare suite and dual mode/dual beam travelling wave tubes for the B-1B bomber. SP

3/2012 SP’s Land Forces

News in Brief Improved Nag carriers to face off for Army order In July, two new versions of the Nag missile carrier (NAMICA) will be up for user trials in the Thar Desert. The NAMICA, which was tested by the Army between 2007 and 2010, was found to have certain deficiencies during operations in high ambient temperatures, following which the Army demanded a list of improvements. Two companies—Bharat Electronics Ltd (BEL) and L&T—have both worked on improved NAMICA vehicles, and both will be put through comparative and then user trials. The Army, which has already ordered seven of the original NAMICA, is looking to order at least 200 of the improved versions. The NAMICA carries the Nag’s lockon before launch version. The changes that have been brought into effect on the tracked carrier vehicle including reduction of all-up weight to 15 tonnes, improved reliability of missile launcher platform drive mechanisms, provision of higher-resolution target acquisition sight for the gunner, enhanced user-friendliness in acquisition of target through reduced offset between sight and missile seeker-acquired target scene image, improved amphibious performance, and provision of a target surveillance and acquisition sight for the crew commander.

Indian missile defence system ready, says DRDO chief Almost seven years after it began testing, India’s layered missile defence shield is ready for induction, according to DRDO chief V.K. Saraswat. The two-layered missile defence system, comprising an exo-atmospheric PAD interceptor and an endo-atmospheric AAD interceptor, is intended for area defence against long-range ballistic and cruise missile threats, and has been compared in performance by the DRDO chief to be on par with the US-built Patriot PAC-3 system, which itself has been on offer to India. According to sources, the BMD system will first be deployed for the protection of the National Capital Region (NCR). Built to operate with a long-range tracking radar, the layered system works in two phases. In Phase 1 the AAD and PAD interceptors will provide defence against 2,000 km range targets. In the second phase, which will then be dovetailed with the existing phase, two new interceptors, designated AD-1 and AD-2, are being developed to intercept 5,000 km range targets. Technologies for the more complex second phase include kill vehicles with directional warheads, hypersonic aerodynamics, divert attitude control systems and IIR seekers using international collaboration. According to DRDO schematics, the unique system has a kill probability of 99.8 per cent with the potential launch of four interceptors, which involves destruction of target warhead before the right of initiation. The AAD interceptor, incidentally, is also being developed for a cruise missile interception role, which involves

AeroVironment introduces new sensor for Raven

AeroVironment has introduced a new miniature gimballed sensor payload for the RQ11B Raven small unmanned aircraft system (SUAS) at the Quad A Army Aviation Association of America (AAAA) 2012 meeting, being held in Tennessee, US. AeroVironment Senior Vice President and Unmanned Aircraft Systems business General Manager Tom Herring said the new mini-gimbal payload significantly increases the Raven system's capability and can be easily integrated into thousands of already deployed aircraft. "The net result is a more capable solution for protecting and serving the warfighter for a fraction of the cost of a new system," Herring added.

SP’s Land Forces 3/2012

the AEW/AWACS and Aerostat assets in the sensor-toshooter loop.

in several key performance criteria, including mobility and cross-country high speed runs.

India developing anti-radiation missile

Nirbhay cruise missile to be tested this year

Counting suppression of enemy air defences (SEAD) as one of the glaring gaps in airborne offensive missions. The DRDO has revealed that it is developing an anti-radiation missile, though it is not yet clear if this will be a multi-role weapon or a standoff strike weapon. The DRDO has also, interestingly, revealed that it is developing the weapon on a priority basis. Also, with no advanced in-house know-how in seeker technologies, it is unclear just how an advanced weapon of this kind will be developed without an international collaboration. The DRDO currently collaborates with Israel on the medium- and long-range surface-to-air missile projects, with France for the prospective short-range surface-to-air missile project and with Russia for the future variants of the BrahMos, including the recently revealed BrahMos-3 light weight anti-ship/land-attack missile. Sources in DRDO say the new ARM weapon is being developed for the Su-30MKI. India already operates the Russian Vympel R-27 active radar homing missile, and has on offer the R-27P anti-radiation air-to-air missile.

India’s little-known Nirbhay long-range cruise missile is understood to be ready for its first test this year. The project, designated secret by the Ministry of Defence, but acknowledged to exist officially by the government, is a 750-1,000-km two-stage cruise missile with an extended loitering capability. Unlike the BrahMos family and the long-range scramjet-powered supersonic cruise missile that is also understood to be in the works, the Nirbhay is a high subsonic cruise platform designed for both conventional and nuclear payload delivery. In terms of performance parameters, the Nirbhay is compared by the design team with the American Tomahawk. The Nirbhay is being developed for land, sea and air launch, making it perhaps India’s most potent stand-off weapon for strategic purposes. With a low cruising altitude and in-built design to evade missile defence cordons, the Nirbhay will be deployed in three dimensions both with conventional units as well as the Strategic Forces Command. It is understood that the prototype Nirbhay is powered by a turbofan engine built by Russia’s NPO Saturn. While the Agni ballistic missile and K-series hybrid weapons enter service, the country’s deterrent forces will be looking at the Nirbhay with great interest from this year as it begins its trial by fire. The Nirbhay will be mounted on a Tata 12x12 truck when it enters service.

Arjun Mk.2 to begin trials soon The improved Arjun Mk.2 tank will begin crucial trials shortly. On May 10, the Arjun Mk.2 prototype will arrive at the Pokhran field firing range for a round of firing tests. Formal user trials by the Army will begin on June 1. The Army is counting on the Mk.2 to make for technological requirements lacking in the Arjun Mk.1, 124 of which have been inducted into two armoured regiments. A standing indent also exists for 124 Arjun Mk.2, which may be amplified depending on the outcome of the upcoming trials. The Army is also hoping that unlike the Mk.1, trials on the Mk.2 are not protracted. The Arjun Mk.2 incorporates 93 improvements over and above the original Mk.1 tank platform. These include a crucial capability to fire missiles from the 120mm gun tube, a night-capable panoramic sight, containerised and protected ammunition, better penetration by the primary weapon, the ability to deploy new ammunition types, explosive reactive armour, a turret mounted air-defence gun to engage helicopters, mine plough, an advanced land navigation system and a laser countermeasure system. The Arjun Mk.2 trials commenced shortly after Rosoboronexport publicly displayed the improved T-90S tank at the recently concluded Defexpo 2012 in Delhi—an unmistakable sign that Moscow will look to supply more T-90S to the Indian Army. It will be a déjà vu of sorts for the Army, which has held extensive comparative trials in the past between the T-90 Bhishma tanks and the Arjun Mk.1. While trial results were mixed across parameters, it is understood that the Arjun Mk.1 outperformed the T-90

France launches contact tactical radio programme France has launched the first phase of its strategic Contact tactical radio programme, aimed to enhance the security and tactical combat capabilities of its dismounted infantry and armoured vehicles. Thales Communications has been selected for the €263 million first phase of the programme, which will be broadly focused on development work. An essential element of the Scorpion programme, Contact tactical radios will form a crucial part of the security and tactical combat capabilities of dismounted French armed forces and armoured vehicles deployed on operations.

Army for new air defence guns Coming on the back of a spotlight on delayed procurements and Army Chief General V.K. Singh highlighting the plight of Army Air Defence, the Army has initiated procurement plans for new air defence guns with calibre greater than 30mm. The Army has indicated in its RFI that it is looking for a gun that can engage air target both with and without fire control radar and possess the capability to engage day and night with an electro-optical fire control system. The gun needs to be broad-gauge transportable and preferably with a calibre greater than 30mm. The Army’s air defence faces obsolescence with the ageing ZU-23 units and Tunguska/Shilka systems still providing the AD mainstay. The Army will be looking to acquire large numbers of AD guns considering that a steady decommissioning of its vintage Soviet and Swedish systems is in progress. Also, with an upgrade plan for the old Russian guns virtually shelved, the way forward to replenish assets will be through the process of acquisition, though it is most likely that a large part of off-take will be through a licence-build agreement with the Indian Ordnance Factory Board (OFB) or private sector. The Army has stressed transfer of technology and maintenance transfer of technology, as also the speed with which the guns can be delivered once contracted for. SP —SP’s Special Correspondent

serving size, weight and power inside the vehicles. David Ibbetson, General Manager, General Dynamics Canada, said quad-core processing effectively doubles the vehicles’ previous dual-core smart displays computing capabilities.

Exercise Eagles Flight 12

GD introduces advanced smart displays for GCVs General Dynamics Canada has unveiled its newly developed family of SD8000 smart displays with the quad-core 3rd generation Intel Core processor, designed to help military vehicles meet the critical computingintense constraints of battlefield management. The next generation smart displays bring the latest commercial computing technology to the battlefield, while con-

British Army troops belonging to 16 Air Assault Brigade have taken part in a training exercise called Exercise Eagles Flight 12 in Salisbury Plain, UK. Exercise Eagles Flight 12 aims to enhance key skills required for the Airborne Task Force (ABTF), which ensures that the Brigade maintains a force ready to be deployed anywhere in the world at short notice to do

anything from disaster relief to war fighting. During the exercise, 16 Air Assault Brigade soldiers practised parachuting onto Salisbury Plain from the UK Royal Air Force’s (RAF) Hercules transport aircraft and Chinook helicopters, helicopter assaults and Rapid Air Landing (RAL).

Austrian Army to decommission 750 armoured vehicles The Austrian Army is set to decommission around 750 armoured vehicles from its current fleet inventory of 1,150 vehicles, in the wake of cuts announced by the Defence Ministry in November 2011 to generate savings for investments in multipurpose vehicles. The Ministry announced that the Austrian armed forces will dispose about two-thirds of its heavy equipment fleet, including various types of tanks, 20mm and 35mm anti-aircraft guns, Mistral anti-aircraft missiles, Panzerabwehrlenkwaffe 2000 anti-tank missiles and mortars, by 2014. In addition, the armed forces are also expected to reduce the number of personnel by approximately 1,000 by 2014, to align capabilities with realistic operational scenarios.

Russia to supply BMP-3F fighting vehicles to Indonesian Army

The Indonesian Ministry of Defence (MoD) is negotiating a contract with Russian statecontrolled arms exporter Rosoboronexport, for supply of its BMP-3F infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs) to the Indonesian Army. Ministry spokesman, Brigadier General Hartind Asrin, was quoted by VIVA news as saying that the MoD and the Indonesian Army were still looking through the light-weight tanks purchase contract. Asrin, however, refused to reveal the contract budget and the number of BMP-3F units that Indonesia will procure from Rosoboronexport. The selection of the BMP-3F is in agreement with the Indonesian Army’s specification as the user of these light-weight tanks, according to Asrin. The vehicle is armed with a 100mm gun, which is capable of firing 9M117 Bastion laser-guided, anti-armour missiles, as well as ordinary HE-FRAG projectiles.

Chinese Army unveils new EOD robot The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has officially unveiled its newly developed explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) robot at a test ground site in China. Developed over eight years by the Research Institute of Engineering

>> Show Calendar 5-6 June Air and Missile Defence India The Taj Mahal Hotel, New Delhi, India www.airmissiledefenceindia.com 11-15 June Eurosatory 2012 Paris Nord Villepinte Exhibition Center, Paris www.eurosatory.com 14-15 June GeoIntelligence Asia 2012 The Ashok, New Delhi, India www.geointelligenceasia.org 25-27 June Military Logistics Summit 2012 The Ritz-Carlton Pentagon City, Virginia, USA www.militarylogisticssummit.com 25–27 June Command and Control Summit Hilton Alexandria Old Town, Alexandria, Virginia, USA www.c2event.com 26-27 June Airborne Early Warning and Control New Delhi, India www.tangentlink.com/airborne-earlywarning-and-control--new-delhi-india-13th-14th-june-2012.html 26-28 June Future Artillery India The Oberoi, New Delhi, India www.futureartilleryindia.com 10-13 July Military Vehicles Exhibition & Conference Cobo Convention Center, Detroit, Michigam, USA www.militaryvehiclesexpo.com 23-25 July Night Vision Systems Summit Key Bridge Marriott, Arlington, Virginia, USA www.nightvisionevent.com

Corps under the General Armaments Department (GAD) of the PLA, the robot is capable of providing assistance during dangerous EOD operations. During the testing, the remotely controlled robot went to an EOD area on the test ground, crossing grassland, climbing stairs, overcoming obstacles on the ground and transmitting real-time pictures, such as state and ambient media of unexploded ordnance, back to the rear control platform. The Research Institute of Engineering Corps head, Yang Jianhao, said the EOD robot can change the shape of its tracks according to terrains and can move, not only on city streets, stairs and in alleys, but also across grassland and desert. The robot exhibits portability, flexibility, good controllability and wide applicability and is primarily designed to conduct EOD missions, such as mine detonating, live-ammunition exercise and anti-terrorism and antiviolence operations.

India to develop artillery shells The Indian Ordnance Factory Board (OFB), Nalanda, has started the indigenous development of critical components required for the production of artillery shells, including 155mm Bofors guns, after its foreign partners were banned by the Defence Ministry. An OFB official said that OFB Nalanda will indigenously develop the bi-modular charge systems (BMCS) required for firing artillery shells from heavy guns, in Bihar, India. “The technology would be provided by the Nainital-based DRDO laboratory, High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL),” the official added. According to OFB officials, by August 2012, OFB Nalanda will start operating its first plant, where some key components required for making the final product will be manufactured. The Ministry has not set a timeline for the project. However, OFB hopes to make the plants fully functional by the end of 2012.

Japan MoD orders threat detection systems from Lockheed Lockheed Martin and partner ITOCHU have been awarded a contract for the delivery of 19 AbleSentry systems to the Japanese Ministry of Defense (MoD) to help provide the first line of defence against devastating aerosol weapon attacks. The systems, delivered under the $22.4 million contract, will provide the MoD with an early warning of incoming chemical, biological or radiological attacks. Daniel Heller, Lockheed Martin Mission Systems & Sensors Business New

Appointment

Publisher and Editor-in-Chief Jayant Baranwal Editor Lt General (Retd) V.K. Kapoor Assistant Group Editor R. Chandrakanth Senior Technical Group Editor Lt General (Retd) Naresh Chand Contributing Editor Air Marshal (Retd) V.K. Bhatia

Lt. General Bikram Singh, PVSM, UYSM, AVSM, SM, VSM and ADC will take over as the new COAS with effect from June 1, 2012. Ventures Vice President, said the system's ability to provide information on the location and speed of the threat, gives commanders the advanced warning they need to make decisions to safeguard troops in the battlefield. The threat detection system is designed for use on the tactical battlefield and contains a sophisticated detection algorithm, which is used by an array of networked sensors to provide a high probability of threat detection in remote locations. In addition to the detection capability, each remote sensor is capable of measuring wind speed and direction, temperature and humidity and providing location data. It also collects an air sample for subsequent biological agent confirmation and identification.

US Army develops lighter batteries to reduce soldiers’ load The US Army Research, Development and Engineering Command (RDECOM) is developing a range of lightweight batteries and soldier wearable integrated power system (SWIPES) to improve manoeuvrability in the battlefield. Christopher Hurley, RDECOM Communications-Electronics Research, Development and Engineering Center (CERDEC) battery development projects team leader, said the team has reduced the size and weight of the standard BA-5590 battery by half, retaining the performance and run time. The reductions were obtained through improvements in the battery’s materials and the new halfsize BA-5590 batteries can still plug into the same equipment, including radios and robots, as the full-size version. The service is currently developing battery chemistries from lithium-carbon monoflouride. SP

ReconRobotics acquires Xollai, LLC ReconRobotics, Inc. has announced that it has acquired Xollai LLC, a systems engineering firm with a broad base of intellectual property in automated guidance technology, optics-based autonomous control systems, and image processing and recognition. Xollai was the 2011 winner of the prestigious “Architect of Defense” award given annually by the Minnesota-based Defense Alliance, which represents more than 85 regionally based defence industry organisations. “We have a strong history of listening to customer requirements and successfully providing them with sublimely simple and robust solutions,” said Alan Bignall, President and CEO of ReconRobotics. “This strategic acquisition will give us access to technologies that solve unmet needs in our current markets as well as entirely new solutions in advanced manufacturing, image processing and unmanned aerial systems. We are extremely excited about the strength of the Xollai engineering team and their intellectual property portfolio, each of which meshes perfectly with our stated goals of technological leadership and diversification within autonomous systems.” “In a short period of time, ReconRobotics has created an entirely new class of police and military robots that has revolutionised tactical operations,” says Robert Malecki, Co-founder and CEO of Xollai. “Our technologies hold similar groundbreaking potential in entirely new sectors and we are delighted to now be working with ReconRobotics to successfully commercialise these solutions for a worldwide market.” ReconRobotics plans to fully integrate Xollai into its product engineering and design operations by the end of April 2012, and maintain Xollai’s current headquarters in Saint Paul, Minnesota. SP

Sr. Copy Editor & Correspondent Sucheta Das Mohapatra Contributors India General (Retd) V.P. Malik, Lt General (Retd) Vijay Oberoi, Lt General (Retd) R.S. Nagra, Lt General (Retd) S.R.R. Aiyengar, Air Marshal (Retd) Vinod Patney, Major General (Retd) Ashok Mehta, Major General (Retd) G.K. Nischol, Brigadier (Retd) Gurmeet Kanwal, Brigadier (Retd) S. Mishra, Rohit Sharma Chairman & Managing Director Jayant Baranwal Executive Vice President (Planning & Business Development) Rohit Goel Administration Bharti Sharma Senior Art Director Anoop Kamath Design Vimlesh Kumar Yadav, Sonu Singh Bisht Research Assistant: Graphics Survi Massey Sales & Marketing Director Sales & Marketing: Neetu Dhulia General Manager Sales: Rajeev Chugh SP’s Website Sr. Web Developer: Shailendra P. Ashish Web Developer: Ugrashen Vishwakarma Published bimonthly by Jayant Baranwal on behalf of SP Guide Publications Pvt Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, photocopying, recording, electronic, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publishers. Printed in India by Kala Jyothi Process Pvt Ltd © SP Guide Publications, 2012 Annual Subscription Inland: `600 • Overseas: US$180 Email: subscribe@spguidepublications.com Letters to Editor editor@spslandforces.net For Advertising Details, Contact: guidepub@vsnl.com neetu@spguidepublications.com rajeev.chugh@spguidepublications.com SP GUIDE PUBLICATIONS PVT LTD Corporate Office A 133 Arjun Nagar, Opp Defence Colony, New Delhi 110 003, India Tel: +91(11) 24644693, 24644763, 24620130 Fax: +91 (11) 24647093 Regd Office Fax: +91 (11) 23622942 Email: guidepub@vsnl.com Representative Offices Bengaluru, INDIA Air Marshal (Retd) B.K. Pandey 534, Jal Vayu Vihar, Kammanhalli Main Rd, Bangalore 560043, India. Tel: +91 (80) 23682534 MOSCOW, RUSSIA LAGUK Co., Ltd, Yuri Laskin Krasnokholmskaya, Nab., 11/15, app. 132, Moscow 115172, Russia. Tel: +7 (495) 911 2762, Fax: +7 (495) 912 1260 www.spguidepublications.com www.spslandforces.net RNI Number: DELENG/2008/25818

3/2012 SP’s Land Forces