Ida report mohibur rahman

_______I.D.A INTERGRATED DESIGN AUDIT REPORT

______________ MOHIBUR RAHMAN

_______I.D.A INTERGRATED DESIGN AUDIT REPORT

______________ CONTENT INTRODUCTION CULTURAL CONTEXT

Location Overview Site Location Site History // Character Site Survey Proposal Plans Proposal Elevation Proposal Sections Massing Key Drawings

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

Building Regulations RIBA Plan of Work Procurement

07 CONSTRUCTION// STRUCTURE// MATERIALS

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SUSTAINABILITY// ENVIRONMENT// SERVICES

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Foundations Structure - Building 1 // Building 2 Facade Glazing Details Materiality Landscape Interiors

20 Solar Study U-Value Services Sustainability

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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View of the Entrance to White Horse Street. Taken on Film Camera

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Introduction

Studio 6 focus is around London apartment and its relation to the city. From the idea of ‘Home’ and its privacy to the house within the City how does this domesticity sit inside the city?

What does it means to be at home and to live in the city, individually as well as collectively. We will explore themes such as decorum and ritual, character and lifestyle, density and generosity.

This book contains the final proposal that has been achieved and contains the Integrated Design Audit Report giving an analysis of the proposal in four key areas.

These are Cultural context, Professional Practice, Construction/Structures/ Materials and Sustainability/Environment/Services. Through these key point the proposal will be tested to see if it is a considered response to the site and area.

The Proposal for the Site is two buildings consisting of eight flats and a shop with a shared area with the adjacent building. The Proposal is a response to the two different conditions taking place on the site aswell as taking into account the Urban fabric.

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Cuzon St

Shepherd St

White Horse Street Half-Moon Street

Clarges St.

A4 Piccadilly

Green Park

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(Above) Fig.1. Context Map of Site (Highlighted in Black) in relation to urban fabric of Westminster

(Left) Fig.2. Location Map of Site (Highlighted in Black) in relation to its immediate surrounding.

Cultural Context

Location Overview

The Site for the final proposal in best described in the following two map illustrations.

Fig.1 Context Map of Site (Highlighted in Black) in relation to urban fabric of Westminster. The Site can be put into context with the Urban fabric of the area, South of the Site sits Green Park with Hyde Park Westward of the Site. The River Thames is located two miles to the East.

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Fig.2 Location Map, showing the Site in relation to its immediate Context.

The Site sits in a High-Density context with close access to large public parks, Green Park and Hyde Park.

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a. Green Park

d. Site location

b. Front entrance to the Site from A4 Piccadilly Road

e. Opposite the site, View looking towards Green Park

c. Cambridge House, Grade II listed Building

f. Shepherds Market

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Site Character a. Green Park, one a few large parks in London. Situated in City of Westminster and is next to St James Park and Hyde Park.

The site sites north of the Park.

(Above) Fig.3. Context Map of Site (Highlighted in Black) and route taken to show context

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b. Front entrance to the Site from A4 Piccadilly Road. Located within the Mayfair Conservative Area, 95 Piccadilly, building on the right, was developed as a high-quality residence in the late 19th Century before becoming a Club. The architecture reflects the elevation of the other buildings along the street. c. Cambridge House, Grade II listed Building, refer to the history page in regards to the building. d. Site location, sites along White Horse Street. Has three conditions facing the site. 1, High wall condition on the left, the back condition is high walls and a hotel looking on to the site. Right condition is Grade II listed building. e. Opposite the site, View looking towards Green Park on White Horse Street. High-density area with the road appearing narrow although accessi-

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ble by cars and lorries. f. Shepherds Market, is located at the top of White Horse Street. a small enclave that has access through two small passages which gives it a closed off environment.

Consisting of high-end restaurants and pubs catering for the office workers from near by Curzon street, Hotels and Embassies surrounding the area.

Shepherds Market also shares itself to a rich history and has connections to the name ‘Mayfair’. During the 17th century Shepherds Market location was the place where a fair took place which grew in popularity and the name ‘mayfair’ derived from the fair in May.

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1 2 3

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Site Character Key 1- Site for Proposal 2 - Extension build of Cambridge House 3. Courtyard of Cambridge House

(Left) Fig.4. Plan of Site (Highlighted) The Proposed area to develop in response to the Urban fabric of the area.

Strategy of the Site - Communal space From the study of the area the conclusion came for a proposal to open up the courtyard site next to Cambridge House. This would create an shared space, a communal garden area and an attempt to resolve the issue of space by the dual use. Sharing the Garden space would also be beneficial for both sites and help resolve the issue of lack of space and under-used space in London.

(Above) Fig.5. Context Map of Site (Highlighted) The Proposed area to develop in response to the Urban fabric of the area.

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1870

© Landmark Information Group Ltd and Crown copyright 2015. FOR EDUCATIONAL USE ONLY.

Map from 1870

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mohibur rahman London Metropolitan University

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mohibur rahman London Metropolitan University

Find old pic of Cambridge House

Fig.6. Current condition of Cambridge House, Site Visit

Fig 7. Drawing of Cambridge House built

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(Above) Fig.6. Cambridge House, Site Visit (Above Right) Fig 7. Drawing of Cambridge House built in 1750s Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2352452/Cambridge-House-Mayfairclub-transformed-250MILLION-mega-mansion.html Maps: www.digimaps.com

Site History

Sharing the site is a Grade I listed building, Cambridge House. Built by Matthew Brettingham for Charles Wyndham in 1750.

Changed from residential to the Naval and Military Club before falling into disrepair.

Pictures on the left show the expansion and retraction of Cambridge House.

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White Horse Street

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a

b

Hilton London Green Park Hotel

Site Location

95 Piccadilly,

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Site Survey (Above) Fig.9. Elevation drawing of White Horse Street from the A4 Road to Curzon Street.

(Left) Fig.10. View of Site and Courtyard from the Hotel rooms on the eastern elevation. The View captures the Courtyard (courtyard a)` the Building in between and the site for the proposal(Highlighted as b).

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a

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b

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(Above Left) Fig a. Front Proposed Elevation of Building 1.

Proposal Elevations

Indicates the Public space Indicates a dual-use of the space

(Left) Fig b, Front Proposal Elevation of Building 2 (Top) Fig. *** Proposal Scheme and uses of space

The Proposal consists of two buildings containing eight flats and a shop.

Fig a, shows the front elevation of Building 1 containing three flats and shop at the ground level. The access to Building 2 is through a passage way on Building 1.

Fig. b. shows the elevation of Building 2 containing five flats, the building has a private access space for the residents only. While the front area is publicly accessible.

Fig ***, shows the scheme of the Proposal. The proposal sits on a publicly accessible space, which the residents have use of. The Blue highlights the dual-use nature of the Building, it becomes the point of access to the courtyard space beyond the Building. At opening times the building can be used by the public and becomes the communal space as well for the residents and Cambridge House which shares the space aswell. When closed the building shuts the access to the courtyard space and becomes a private space for the residents and Cambridge House.. The dual-use of the space helps address the issue of lack of space in London and in particular the High-density area of Westminster.

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7.

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(Far Left) Fig a. Proposed ground floor plan.

1:200 at a3 (Left) Fig. +++, Proposed Typical plan 1.200 at a3

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19.

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Proposal Plan 1.Courtyard, Shared with Cambridge House 2.Communal Building, Shared with Cambridge House 3.Passageway Access from White Horse Street 4.Communal open space, Public access 5.Open Space, Private access for resident use only

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12.

Building 1 (Ground Floor) 6.Bike storage and waste area 7.Shop space 8.Storage space 9.Toilet 10.Toilet, Disabled access

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25.

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11.Shared Stairway access 12.Lift Building 2 (Ground Floor) 13.Toilet 14.Hallway 15.Bedroom 16.Kitchen/ Living/ Dining 17.Bedroom 18.Fire Exit

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Building 1 (Typical Plan) 19.Hallway 20.Toilet 21.Kitchen/ Living/ Dining 22.Pourch 23.Bedroom 24.Bedroom Building 2 (Typical Plan) 25.Hallway 26.Toilet 27.Bedroom 28.Kitchen/ Living/ Dining 29.Bedroom

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Threshold Elevation 1

[Academic use only]

Threshold Elevation 1

Threshold Elevation 3

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Threshold Elevation 2

Threshold Elevation 2

[Academic use only]

Threshold Elevation 3

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Key Drawings Threshold Elevation 1 _ Threshold drawing looking at the Proposal from White Horse Street towards Shepherds Market.

Threshold Elevation 2_ Threshold drawing looking at the inside courtyard space between building 2 and the dual use space adjacent to it Threshold Elevation 3_ Threshold drawing looking at the courtyard area shared with Cambridge House.

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‘‘The to si with town

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Professional Practice RIBA Plan of Work

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PRINCIPAL CONTRACTORS

(Quantity Surveyor)

PRINCIPAL CONTRACTORS:

Phase 1: Stabilisation and Pile foundations and poring of concrete caps

Phase 2: Main construction started on the site

(Chartered Building Surveyor)

(Quantity Surveyor)

(Chartered Building Surveyor)

The Client: Property Developers

Property Developer, holds a competion to find a proposal that they feel fits the brief.

Architect firm wins the competition with their proposal (2007) And develop the proposal to the come brief was for a new apartments pletion of the brief ite on the proposed site, working Structural engineer: h the conditions to input into the nscape of Westminster.’ Historic buildings consultant input about the site Pre-cast Concrete Panel Suppliers Roof coverings Windows: Pilkington Activ Suncool

PRINCIPAL CONTRACTORS: Trades Involved: Joinery In-suit Concrete Electrical Roofing Masonry

New Construction Starts

/Planning application

To hand over the building to the client , fix any defects, settle the final account, and complete all work in accordance with the contract

In use by the Client Two buildings consisting of eight flats and a shop with a shared area with the adjacent building.

Construction Completed

Traditional Contract

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Fig.a. Fire Exits in regards to 2.3 Fig.b. Fire Exits in regards to 2.5

Fig.d. Section 1: Stairs and Ladders

900mm

100mm

Hand rails

[Academic use only]

Fig.c. Fire Exits in regards to 2.5

14.94m 170mm

21m

250mm

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Professional Practice Building Regulations B//K/M

Source: Approved Document B (Fire safety) – Volume 1: Dwelling-houses (2006 edition incorporating 2010 and 2013 amendments) Date published: reprinted December 2010 ISBN: 978 1 85946 488 5

Source: Approved Document K - Protection from falling, collision and impact Date published: January 2013 ISBN: 978 1 85946 484 7

Focusing on B1/ Section 2: Means of escape: B1. The building will have to be designed that there are early warning systems and what will be focused on in this document is the means of escape to the outside.

What has been highlighted in the plan is: 2.3 Provisions for escape from ground storey, 2.5 Provision for escape from upper floor more than 4.5m above ground. Due to both Building 1/2 exceeding 4.5m. Building 1 is 12.49m and Building 2 is 14.94m.

Focusing on Section 1: Stairs and Ladder

2.3 Provisions for escape from ground storey The escape route from the ground floor to an enclosed space should be or exceed the height of the house. Look at Fig.a. Highlighted in red and Fig.c showing the distance to the courtyard space does exceed the height of building 2 2.5 Provision for escape from upper floor more than 4.5m above ground The plans will show the fire exits on Building 2 as an example of alternative exit as well as having 30 minutes fire-resisting construction. Shown in Fig. b

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1.2 Rise and Going, stair dimension based on the General access stair dimensions and are within the min./max. range as shown above.

1.34 Handrails for stairs, placed at 1m height all the way to the top floor.

Fig.f. Section 2B: Private entrances and spaces / 2.25 Bedroom

Fig.e. Section 1: Category 1 -

Fig.d. Section 1: Sanitary facilities

a.

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Fig. f. Section 1B: Private entrances and spaces within the dwelling

[Academic use only]

269m2 Courtyard Space

205.3m2 Communal Space

127.3m2 Courtyard Space

125.5m2 Private Space

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Source: Approved Document M (Access to and use of buildings) - Volume 1: Dwellings Date published: March 2015 ISBN: 978 1 85946 608 7 Section 1: Category 1 – Visit-able dwellings Section 1A: Approach to the dwelling Section 1B: Private entrances and spaces within the dwelling Section 2B: Private entrances and spaces within the dwelling

[Academic use only]

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This study of room sizes relative to designed occupancy levels is the basis of the minimum space standards (GIA) of Standard 4.1.1. To develop the space standards, each type of room was planned around the furniture listed in Appendix 2 and activity and access requirements.

The GIA is the cumulative total of room areas plus an allowance for circulation and partitions.

Kitchen

Dining

*see key to kitchen items

dining area calculated as difference of kitchen dining and kitchen

Living

Double

Twin

Single

Combined Kitchen/ Living/Dining:

3400

6.2 sq.m

9.4 sq.m dining area 3.2 sq.m

2400 750

4000

3000

23 sq.m

CYL

10.4 sq.m dining area 3.6 sq.m

Double Bedroom 12.0 sq.m

13.0 sq.m

4000

4000

25 sq.m

2100

750 SU

3000

3500

2800

2600

FF

3300

4000

RB

WM

BU

SU

2400

FF

2900

DW

3700

3500

2600

2600

BU

Bedspace 8.0 sq.m

RB

WM

6.8 sq.m

2-bed, 3-persons

21 sq.m

12.0 sq.m

4000

2600

T DW

SU

CYL

BU

1-bed, 2-persons

3500

2600

FF

2600

1-person

RB

WM

3300

3600

2400

CYL

7.5 sq.m

11.2 sq.m dining area 3.6 sq.m

14.0 sq.m

Double Bedroom 12.0 sq.m

4000

4000

4000

Single Bedroom 8.0 sq.m

Ba 4

4000

750

2900

BU

FF

2100

3000

27 sq.m

3000

3000 DW

3700

RB

WM

2600

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2-bed, 4-persons

CYL

SU

Twin Bedroom

Bedroom 1 Area

Bedroom 2 Area

34.94m2

9.94m2

13.95m2

28.52m2

12.55m2

18.37m2

Combined Space Kitchen/ Living/ Dinnig

Building 1

[Academic use only]

Building 2

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Professional Practice GLA Housing Density Study

Maccreanor Lavington Architects Emily Greeves Architects Graham Harrington Planning Advice Source: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/Housing%20density%20study-opt.pdf (Left) Fig. +++, Space Standard Study given by GLA Housing Density Study.

Showing a minimum space standards that have been developed.

The selection of 1-Person/ 1-bed, 2-Persons/ 2-bed 3-Person reflects the designated group the proposal is to accommodate.

(Above) Fig +++, Illustrates the comparison between the GLA and the Proposal.

Both buildings comply with the minimum standards sets out in the three different combinations but also exceed the requirements. Ensuring a comfortable living within the response of the design on the site.

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1

a.

Site Location

Figure 1,Above, Westminster’s City Plan: Strategic Policies Map.

This Map is describing the Councils Strategic plan for its borough. It was adopted on 13 November 2013 and was prepared to make sure the council is in keeping with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF).

Source: http://transact.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_ store/Westminster%20Adopted%20Nov%202013.pdf

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4.Proposal in Context Map aswell as showing the movement in the area to the Proposal and within the Proposal. (a) Roads and Footpath access

3.

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a.

14.95m

15m

21m

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Westminster’s City Plan Chapter 10: Urban Design and Conservation

Urban Design and Conservation

to the urban environment so that it is recognised and understood, including landmarks, building lines, open spaces, views, and key locations of activity Fig.2 demonstrates the movement in the general area to the site aswell the within the site, fulfilling this criteria.

DES 1 Principles of urban design and conservation (A) Architectural qualities, Local distinctiveness and sustainability Refer to the Sustainability section regarding the proposal. Fig 2 shows the proposal in context, it can be seen that it reads in to the architectural qualities of the surrounding context, while inputting its own response to the Local distinctiveness; high density and masonry typology.

DES 4 Infill development (B) prevailing overall heights, storey heights and massing of adjacent buildings Fig 3 and Fig.4 demonstrate the massing of the proposal to the adjacent building but also show the proposals considered the height not to exceed the highest building in the area.

(B) Amenity, accessibility and community safety.. To protect amenity, development should..

Fig.4. Demonstrates the access and visibility created in the courtyard space. Through the use of the passage and visibility within the space, safety is created for the public and resident through the use of a visible connection.

(F) distinctive forms or architectural detailing prevalent in the local area The proposal considered two different conditions of the site, the architectural detailing prevalent in the local area was considered in Building on sitting on White Horse Street. This took into account the elevation along the street whereas building 2 considered the conditions within the site This is shown through Fig 3 and 4.

(b) by maintaining free movement particularly of pedestrians through the streets of the City (c) by preserving and creating features which contribute in a positive way

DES 6 Roof level alterations and extensions Permission granted would be on the basis that the proposed will complement the existing architecture and does not infringe on other peoples visual

Source: http://www3.westminster.gov.uk/docstores/publications_store/planning/udp/UDP_Chapter_10_Urban_Design_&_Conservation.pdf

privacy.

DES 9 Conservation Areas (B) Planning applications involving demolition in Conservation areas Any building in the that is in the conservation area as important in architectural and historical context will be protected essentially.

‘Buildings identified as of local architectural, historical or topographical interest in adopted conservation area audits will enjoy a general presumption against demolition.’

Cambridge House is a Grade II listed building and the proposal has considered its significance. The proposal’s program has taken the extension and re-purposed it to consider the current climate within London and create a positive contribution to the area.

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Fig.2. Elevation showing the Foundation s

Fig.. Site Foundations

b

[Academic use only]

a. a.

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Construction Foundation/ Construction

a.

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[Acade

Both fig.1/2 show the Pile Cap 1mx1m with 11m piling (600mm diameter) best suited to the ground condition b shows the ground floor slabs that will be laid afterward. They will span the pile caps. When construction starts the foundations will be laid then the pre-cast ground floor slabs, that are craned in. Building 2 will first be constructed followed by Building 1 in the construction sequence.

Fig.3. Building 1 // Building 2

Fig.4. Building 1

[Academic use only]

Fig.5. Building 2

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

emic use only]

Building 1 Structure Building 1 structure is made up of load bearing walls on the exterior. These transferring the load down to the piles.

Fig 4. Showing the construction of the build, one of a stacked sequence.

The exterior will be the outer-leaf pre-cast concrete panels with insulation (Mineral wool) in the middle and the block-work (load bearing) as the inner leaf, these are bound together with wall-ties.

This will also negate any cold bridges because of the layering.

Building 2 Structure Building 2 structure refers to how the design responds to the site conditions, these differ from Building 1. The structure is made up of Spinewalls and pre-caste concrete panels that span the length, this gives larger opening to work with the design. (Look at Fig 5.) The spine walls take the load and transfer it down to the piles.

To counter the staking of the build, stopping it from moving in one direct the stairs on both side of the build will be a moment frame that is reinforced concrete. (Look at illustration to the left)

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Fig.a. Roof Construction Fig.b. Typical Floor Construction Fig.c. Floor Construction All at 1:20 at A3

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1. Pre-Cast Concrete panel 150mm 2. Roofing Felt 10mm 3. Planting 4. Thermal Insulation 150mm 5. Concrete Slab (bison hollow core) 200mm 6. Window and Wooden Frame 7. Window and Wooden Frame 8. Blockwork (Loadbearing Innerleaf) 140mm 9. Floor Covering 25mm 10. Cement Screed 60mm 11. Thermal Insulation and Impact Sound 70mm 12. Concrete Slab (bison hollow core) 200mm 13. Thermal Insulation 150mm 14. Wall Tie 15. Pre-Cast Concrete panel 150mm 16. Ground Floor Concrete Slab 250mm 17. Water-Proof Membrane 20mm 18. Pile cap situ concrete 1000mm 19. Pile 600mm diameter

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Fig.a. Roof Construction Fig.b. Typical Floor Construction

1. a.

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1. Planting 2. Roofing Felt 10mm 3. Pre-Cast Concrete panel 150mm 4. Window and Wooden Frame 5. Concrete Slab (bison hollow core) 200mm 6. Thermal Insulation 150mm 7. Window and Wooden Frame 8. Pre-Cast Concrete panel 150mm 9. Mineral Wool Insulation 150mm 10. Boarding 60mm

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Fig. 2. Section

Fig. 3. Back Elevation All 1:100

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Fig. 1. Front Elevation Building 1

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Fig. 4. Back Elevation including Building 2

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[Academic use only]

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Fig. 1. Front Elevation Building 1

Fig. 2. Section

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nly]

Fig. 3. Side Elevation

Fig. 4. Back Elevation

All 1:100

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1:100 Typical plan with detail

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Fig. 1. Building 2 Window assembly

a

b a. Pre-Cast Concrete panel with Mineral Wool Insulation and MDF boarding b. Metal framed windows with Windows that counter the south facing position of the building. Windows like Pilkington Activ Suncool that can control the solar gain that will occur resulting of its position.

This will also be helped by the use of the concrete panels with its thermal mass taking in the heat through the day and slowly released through the night helping maintain a moderate temperature through the night.

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Fig.2. Building 1 Window Assembly

c

Fig 3. Building 1 Pre-Cast Concrete Panels

d

e f

c. Pilkington Activ Suncool Windows, d. Wooden framed windows e. Pre-cast concrete panels

g

h h. Pre-Cast Concrete panel The use of the panel has both the decorative feature proposed by the design but aswell as helping becoming the skin of the building it helps in protecting the building from the natural elements.

The panels also have a thermal mass which it taken advantage in heating the building.

f. Mineral Wool Insulation f. Inner-leaf block-work Building 1 material selection is based on preventing Heat loss from inside out. This due to the position of Building 1 unlike Building 2 which has to deal with its south facing position, Building 1 has to counter being in the shade of higher buildings surrounding it.

The use of pre-cast concrete panels also benefit from being a sustainable but being made off-site in a factory, it makes the project quicker to build and less energy invested on the site. This helping to lower the carbon footprint of the building..

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Autumn

Winter

Spring

Summer

0900

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[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

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1300

1800

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Fig.1. Building 1 light study

Fig.2. Building 2 light study

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Environment Sun paths CAD modelling of Sun Path conditions on the site and proposal. Using four months corresponding to the different season and taking three main times in the day ( 09:00/13:00/18:00) the CAD modelling was able find all the conditions throughout the year.

Key Location of the Site

The light conditions play out differently on the two buildings refer to fig.1 and Fig.2 due to the positioning of the builds. To use of materials and and finishing is used to counter any of the solar gain and loss in-particular Building 2.

Building 2 will also use solar shading to help control the amount of light entering the room.

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Sustainability U-Value

Source: www.uvalue-calculator.co.uk http://www.bison.co.uk/pdf/hcf.pdf * http://www.pilkington.com/products/bp/bybenefit/selfcleaning/activ/productrange/activsuncool.htm

U-Value calculation for external wall on building 1 Layer Thickness (mm) Conductivity (W/m.K) Outer leaf 150 1.21 Cavity ins 140 0.042 Inner leaf 150 1.13 Internal finish 13 0.18 Area of wall ties: 50 mm² Wall ties per square metre: 2.5 /m² Conductivity of wall ties: 17 W/m·K U-value of the wall = 0.27 w/m2k

U-Value calculation for Flat Roof on building 1 Calculation takes into account:

150mm Concrete Slab (bison hollow core) 50mm screed to falls 2 layers of mastic asphalt waterproofing on an underlay of Type 4A sheathing felt root barrier/protection layer(s) Kingspan Styrozone Kingspan Aquazone (water-infiltration reduction membrane) drainage layer Planting on top U-value of the Flat Roof = 0.27 w/m2k

U-Value calculation for Bison Hollow Core Slab on building 1 U-value of 0.22W/m2

U-Value calculation for Windows

*6-16-4 standard constructions with argon (90%), making the products highly energy-efficient, through reduced need for heating.

U-value of 1.0W/m2k

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[Academic use only]

[Academic use only]

Fig.2. Building 2, Natural Ventilation

Fig.1. Building 1, Natural Ventilation

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Services Both building use natural ventilation with an underfloor heating system, this contributes to the strategic approach to low -energy building. Married with the selection of construction materials and construction techniques all help in reducing the embodied energy of the buildings.

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Fig.1. Water Distribution

[Academic use only]

Two Water Pumps to distribute water to each flat level.

Waste water is taken through alternative waste pipes to the criteria of the Building Regulation Document H

[Academic use only]

Fig.2. Electrical Distribution

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BIBLIOGRAPHY References and licensing applications, S. (2015). Simple Search. [online] Idoxpa.westminster.gov.uk. Available at: http://idoxpa.westminster.gov. uk/online-applications/ [Accessed 4 Apr. 2015].

Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: http://www3.westminster.gov. uk/docstores/publications_store/planning/udp/UDP_Chapter_10_Urban_Design_&_Conservation.pdf [Accessed 23 May 2015].

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