Thesis Document 2021 by Sravya Sirigiri

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS MANIFESTATIONS OF IMPERMANENCE VS PERMANENCE

SRAVYA SIRIGIRI

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS - MAY 2021 ADVISOR THESIS 2021

: JOEL KERNER 1

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS MANIFESTATIONS OF IMPERMANENCE VS PERMANENCE

SRAVYA SIRIGIRI

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS - MAY 2021

ADVISOR

THESIS 2021

: JOEL KERNER

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PREFACE

My agency in architecture would be asserting environments that engage socio-economic relations to architecture and achieve significant discourse between materiality and experiences within the space. I believe that with my study in architecture and experiences I was exposed to from India, USA, Japan and China has a certain influence in my work. My travel experience to Japan has made me think about spaces from a very different perspective. The scale of a space, experiential qualities of spaces certainly intrigued me. The idea of functionally laid out small spaces helped me think of spaces from a different viewpoint which lead me to think about how smart a tiny space could be. In relation to architecture, from my professional and personal experiences I took interest in exploring ideas of user experience, vernacular architecture, Use of innovative technologies and materals, Urbanism and spaces that encompass nature. As an individual I advocate for socially responsible design for the benefit of the society and the environment. As an architect I am interested in exploring and designing new experiential and spatial qualities, and to develop an attitude to question rational assumptions about architecture to recognize new perspectives to design and to think about ideas of how architecture can positively impact the community. By publishing this thesis, I expect to influence readers to think about architecture with time consideration in mind. My goal is to publish it in different platforms of social media, magazines, Online blogs, and architecture platforms to make people which includes my peers, architecture students, potential employers, architects and Design professionals to think about the idea of temporality and time within architecture.

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POSITION-AUDIENCE

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TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS MANIFESTATIONS OF PERMANENCE VS IMPERMANENCE

Temporary architecture has thrived through the history of time. When we think of temporary architecture, we think about architecture that is deployable, easy, and built using cheap materials. From prehistoric times we have seen temporary architecture being used for emergent situations, wartime, pop-up, and exhibition spaces. But today we see projects that have been developed with temporary architecture that show innovative ideas for the future of architecture and urbanism. Through time we have established ways to unconsciously follow different architectural settings and methods. Temporary architecture has the potential where it could be a new sort of space. A space that can appear and disappear to leaving an effect in the context, a space that is more flexible and adaptable, a space to test scenarios and possibilities, a space that is easy to assemble, dissemble and transport, a space that can easily accommodate movement, growth, and change. My thesis will be an investigation of various manifestations of the possibilities of “transience and impermanence” in architecture and urban spaces. It aims to question and challenge the accepted assumptions of architecture in terms of time and permanence in a context of urban landscapes. I would also think about how temporary architecture would develop new relationships with the urban environment. This thesis will not only explore how much potential temporary architecture has to become a new model in developing cities but also will formulate and understand new models to examine its capability to give new answers to changing urban dynamics and urban processes alongside conventional architectural approaches.

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ABSTRACT

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ARCHITECTURE

TIME ?

LIFE CYCLE ?

PERMANENCE

IMPERMANENCE

Fig 1 Infographic of interrelating architecture, time, and permanence (by author) Can architecture be designed in relation to time emphasizing more on life cycle of it, program use, and materials. In such a scenario will we incline more towards permanency or impermanency?

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CONTENTION

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CONTENTS

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01 INTRODUCTION QUESTION

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

02 TEMPORARY URBANISM

03 TEMPORALITY THROUGH TIME

04 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

CASESTUDY 1- POLE DANCE

CASESTUDY 2- ADA

CASESTUDY 3- EAMES HOUSE

CASESTUDY 4- HY-FI

CASESTUDY 5- KUMBH MELA

ANALYSIS AND OUTCOMES

05 DESIGN STRATEGIES KIT OF PARTS GUIDE

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72 74

06 TESTING THROUGH MODEL MAKING

07 DESIGN PROTOTYPES

08 DESIGN SPECULATION

09 BIBLIOGRAPHY

110

10 MEDIOGRAPHY

112

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Fig 2 New living in Transient Mediations (by author)

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INTRODUCTION We have seen emerging temporary initiatives and structures recently which have been giving scope for experimentation and accommodation to our dynamic, constantly changing future. One question that I want to raise through my thesis is what kind of manifestations of temporary architecture can be used to adapt many changes our society has been seeing recently. Can temporary urbanism be an answer to the new age we are living in with constantly changing need, technology, and economy. Will a more flexible and adaptable approach to urbanism be a way to be more responsive to the new needs and demands we see today. The pandemic has taught us that people can adapt to change very easily. Suddenly life went remote which we did not anticipate two years ago. Not just the pandemic but there are various other guiding factors and changes in the fundamental way we live which calls for a new approach. Different drivers are pushing us towards new solutions. Temporary structures are financially efficient, flexible, adaptable, could also be sustainable and give better scope for trial and experimentation. They can be used to develop new forms of collaborative and participatory ways of designing a building. The materials can also be used more efficiently as they can be reused and recycled in a different location. What are these driving conditions and why do we need to change the way we think of permanency?

“For architecture by definition is meant to be permanent, to serve a practical and also aesthetic purpose over an indefinite period of time. But one need only think of World’s Fair architecture to realize that temporary structures have been flourishing for over 100 years. Obviously, temporary architecture serves a different purpose from permanent architecture. In the case of World’s Fairs, it functions largely as an exhibition hall and even more essentially as an advertisement for new materials, techniques and designs “ 1

Notes 1 On the Significance of Temporary Architecture Author(s): Barbara Chabrowe Source: The Burlington Magazine , Jul., 1974, Vol. 116, No. 856 (Jul., 1974), pp. 384- 388+391 Published by: (PUB) Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/877732 THESIS 2021

SITUATION

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We instinctively follow the notion of permanency within architecture. What if all the buildings that are built are built according to its use for a certain amount of time that it needs to function. We can time the building and use materials and resources accordingly in a more sustainable way. Temporary architecture has the potential to become something that is constantly changing and adapting to the uncertain needs which are short lived. Architecture itself does not have to be restricted to the needs at a single moment of time but be something that is evolving according to the needs that change overtime. This thesis is trying to propose an urban framework that is constantly changing and that can accommodate a dynamic program and space requirement.

“The irony of the temporary architectural figure is that it lasts. Conditions that describe a temporary, shifting ground persist, evolve, and repeat in various forms. Though buildings, urban formations, and landscapes might disappear, residual effects remain physical traces, economic ripples, social relationships.” 2 “The figures of architecture and urbanism and the surrounding landscapes from which they are constituted are constantly in flux; they are temporary.”

It does become necessary and relevant today to imagine what relationships temporary architecture will be able to create with the urban framework, people and architecture, and what role it plays socially in an area. Would there be aftereffects for the area that has been intervened with temporary architecture?

“The architects of the Renaissance established ways of going about things which perhaps we unconsciously follow: for example, between the idea sketchily stated and the commission for the permanent building came the stage-architecture of the

Notes 2 Introduction Source: Perspecta , 2003, Vol. 34 (2003), pp. 5-6+8 Published by: The MIT Press on behalf of Perspecta. Stable URL: https://www. jstor.org/stable/1567309 3 St Hill, C. (Ed.). (2019). This is Temporary: How Transient Projects are Redefining Architecture (1st ed.). RIBA Publishing. https://doi-org.libezproxy2.syr.edu/10.4324/9780429346545 THESIS 2021

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court masque; the architectural settings and decorations for the birthday of the prince, for the wedding of a ducal daughter, for the entry of a Pope into a city state; these events were used as opportunities for the realization of the new style; the new sort of space; the new weight of decoration; made real perhaps for a single day… the transient enjoyably consumed, creating the taste for the permanent.” ³ In course of time, we can see that at many different instant’s temporary architecture or alternate ways of building methods have been explored for different purposes. The first part of the research for this thesis is the historical precedents of the alternate possibilities. It mainly explores when was temporary architecture used and why was it used there? Temporary architecture can be used in innovative and imaginative ways to empower urban areas which are abandoned and isolated.

CHANGE

PERMANENT

URBAN FRAMEWORK

TEMPORARY

RESILIENCE

Fig 3 Infographic of interrelating urban framework, Accommodation of change and resilience (by author) Can architecture be designed in relation to time emphasizing more on life cycle of it, program use, and materials. In such a scenario will we incline more towards permanency or impermanency?

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SITUATION

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HOW

CAN

T E M P O R A R Y ARCHITECTURE BE

USED

CITIES TO MAKE SPACES ADAPTABLE

MORE AND

SUSTAINABLE THESIS 2021

? 12

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HOW CAN IT BE USED TO RESPOND

CHANGING CONDITIONS A

DEMANDS? THESIS 2021

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NEW SOLUTIONS TO THE FUNDAMENTAL WAY WE LIVE ?

IMPACT WILL TEMPORARY INTERVENTIONS BRING IN LONG TERM TO URBAN SPACES ?

FLEXIBILITY OF TEMPORARY SPACES BE USED AS AN ADVANAGE

EPHEMERAL SITUATIONS AND EVENTS BECOME A NEW EVERYDAY HABIT ?HOW WOULD SUCH A CITY LOOK LIKE ?

POTENTIALLY ACT AS A CATALYST TO URBAN DEVELOPMENT

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NEW WAY TO INHABIT SPACES?

URBAN PROCESSES AND TEMPORAL CHANGES , DYNAMIC NARRATIVES ?

CULTURE OF DIGITAL MEDIA INFLUENCE RELATING TO TEMPORALITY ?

DYNAMIC

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AND RESPONSIVE SPACES ?

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METHODOLOGY

GENERAL RESEARCH

(architecture in relation to time) Temporary or ephemeral Architecture Method: Theoretical and analytical research to understand issues related to temporary architecture Technique: Literature review and drawing conclusions and analysis Outcomes: logical conclusion to approach design of the such structures. Understand problems and solutions that have been used.

HISTORICAL RESEARCH:

Method: Develop knowledge and interpretations by studying and understanding human actions and their circumstances related to decisions regarding temporary architecture. Technique: Study literature, styles or trends in architecture, and its history. Literature research, drawing correlations between historic facts, descriptive analysis, and interpretation Outcomes: Aim to understand an interpretation to the materials used and trends of temporality through history of time and relate it to traditional theory

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CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

Method: Comparative research of different case studies to understand different techniques used in temporary structures and other established criteria Technique: Inspection of studies, analysis and interpretation through diagrams and photo essays. Outcomes: understand techniques or solution for the typologies in terms of structure and materials. Comparison of the different models studied to understand the better solution for a given criteria.

MODELLING AND SIMULATION

Method: Set up criteria for prototypes and use Modelling as a technique to understand the test different techniques and materials through simulation. Technique: Making physical models for mockups and mechanical models. Also run simulations by testing through computer modelling. Outcomes: Come up with new techniques or solution for the typologies in terms of structure and materials. Comparison of the different models studied to understand the better solution for a given criteria. 5.

PROTOTYPE CITY DEVELOPMENT

Research through design: To develop prototypes using the research conducted in different narratives and city contexts to understand the juxtaposition of Permanence vs Impermanence.

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Comp resear estab cri

Correlations, Analysis, Interpretation

Theoretical and analytical research

Study literature, style trends, and history

Literature review

METHOD

DRIVERS OF TEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

TEMPORALITY THROUGH TIME

OUTCOMES

Understand problems and solutions Analysis towards where temporary architecture could be applied

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Interpretation to materials used

tec s ty

temporality through time and relation to tradional theory

ality gh e tion onal y

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Comparitive research with established criteria

modelling as a technique to understand different techniqes and materials through simulation

study, analysis and interpretation through diagrams

Prototypes with different narratives

MODELLING AND SIMULATION

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS

understand techniques and solutions for typologies in terms of structure and materials

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PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT

physical models comparison and analysis for better solution under given criteria

mock up diferent techniques of using kit of parts and materials

understanding juxtaposition of Permanence and Impermanence

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“ How can we learn to live differently? So differently that we might soon- very soon- become non modern?” 4

There would be many interpretations of this quote. But to my understanding soon we will be part of a world that is no longer what we know. We developed architecture thinking that change would be temporary but today we can see and understand that constant change is permanent. Everything we know is so rapidly changing. Shouldn’t we be developing architecture that will adapt to these changes rapidly as they happen. Traditional architecture was developed with the notion of relatively slow change compared to what we see today. The following explores more about what can be the driving conditions of temporary urbanism. Temporary architecture could be a potential solution to deal with the unfamiliar ambiguities. Driving factors that are pushing towards temporary architecture. WHY TEMPORARY ?

Notes 4 May, John. 2019. Signal. image. architecture.: (everything is already an image). THESIS 2021

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TEMPORARY URBANISM

PROVIDING A WAY EXPERIMENTATION

FOR

INNOVATION

AND

More responsive solutions and strategies can be tried and tested for a short period of time. Temporary architecture can also be seen as a way to test put new type of materials in a smaller scale surrounding.

Fig 4 Hy-Fi by The Living, where the bricks are made of agricultural waste (courtesy The Living architects)

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KNOWLEDGE

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FLEXIBLE AND ADAPTABLE TO INSTANT CHANGE Spaces can be made more flexible accommodating instant change in terms of program and space. The same space can be used in multiple ways by making small changes of addition or subtraction of elements to the structure to accommodate different types of programs and uses.

Fig 5 Art Nova inflatable mobile concert hall by Arata Isozaki and Anish Kapoor. This structure is a mobile structure that can be transported on a truck.

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Fig 6 Swiss pavilion by 2B Architectes. This project uses vacant space to create an interaction between the built and unbuilt space. (courtesy 2B Architectes)

VACANT SPACES - SPATIAL VACUUM BETWEEN OLD AND NEW Temporary interventions can take benefit of vacant spaces with temporary activities for different situations and contexts.Many buildings are abandoned which can be smartly used for temporary activities. Industries that use traditional manufacturing techniques have now been abandoned with technological advances. Today we also see that many shopping centers in major populated areas are just derelict. Temporary architecture can also be used in spaces during unproductive idle times specially in case of offices where the building is empty after office hours. Sites that are vacant for an interim use can be made alive with the use of temporary architecture. A broad selection of pop-up spaces can be developed to revive and revitalize the abandoned areas and vacant areas.

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RETAIL: NEW TRENDS IN MARKETING, SELLING Retail spaces are trying to use create new experiences in the way we shop today. Consumers have mostly shifted to online shopping. Popups have started playing an important role since the mall vacancies and high lease prices of buildings started to emerge. The following images are examples of pop-up retails in 2019. A research conducted by USC college of retail with collaboration of Storefront saw that 80 percent of the brands are happy with their pop up experience.

Fig 7 Snarkitecture’s traveling installation The Beach by Snarkitecture, uses ordinary inexpensive materials to create unforgettable surprising experiences

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Fig 8 Infographic of a survey conducted by University of South Carolina Department of Retailing and Storefront on how popup retail stores are becoming a new brand strategy.

80 %

58 % said they would likely do it again

who had done atleast one pop-up and indicated it was a success

TYPE OF BUSINESS

40 %

30 %

Brick and mortar

28 %

E-commerce

Mix

TOP RESULTS

Improved Market results

An increase in sales

Increased social media engagement

HOW MANY POP-UPS HAVE YOU ACTIVATED?

AVERAGE DURATION

1-2 days 4 or more 22.4 %

2 or 3 39.1 %

3-14 days upto 3 months >3 months

1 38.5 %

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KNOWLEDGE

10%

20%

30%

40%

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The examples here show us how new pop up spaces that encourage new kind of experiences and people directly interacting with the installation are in rise in the years 2019-2020. The image here is an infographic data regarding the research conducted by USD college of retail in collaboration with Storefront.

Fig 9 Collapsible street cinema by Omri Revesz Design Studio. The structure can contract and expand based on the program requirement.

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WORKING STYLE Through the pandemic we have understood how flexible work life can be. The way people started using the place of work has been constantly changing. Adaptable workspaces can be used for various other purposed than a conventional office space. Some of the those factors include change in location, working in favorable time, NEW TYPOLOGIES OF SPACES There are disadvantages of working remotely as well and one of that is isolation. Other influences like social media have generated new types of spaces like instagrammable cafeteria, new places to meet and work. Incubator spaces like we work to promote collaboration with different types of start-ups. Multi use within the space has been started to get more priority. The development of Wifi technologies have allowed us to stay connected and being able to work from anywhere which have developed new typologies of spaces accommodating these trends. CHANGES IN THE WAY PEOPLE LIVE AND USE THE SPACE Technology and the way we live today, has a major role to play in thinking about temporary architecture of the future. Our lifestyles today are so transient in terms of living and travel. We easily have access to all the information we seek on our smartphones. Applications like Google Maps, camera, music, email, and Internet connect us to everything we need to connect to wherever we are located. With the influence of instant communication, social networking, and accessibility to information we are at an advantage to advertise temporary architecture. It can be easily advertised in terms of flash events festivals to target specific social groups. Temporary architecture can be used to develop events specific to different communities according to their needs.

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KNOWLEDGE

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ADAPTABILITY PROVIDES FLEXIBILITY POSSIBILITY FOR INSTANT CHANGE

ADAPT TO CHANGE

TEMPORARY URBANISM ! WHY ? SCOPE

INNOVATION EXPERIMENTATION

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BRINGING NEW EXPERIENCES IN SHOPPING

AFTER HOURS OF SPACES

TEST NEW MARKET LAUNCHES AND PRODUCTS

ABANDONED INDUSTRIES

GENERATES BUZZ

USE OF UNUSED SPACES PARKING LOTS

RETAIL

VACANT SPACES ABANDONED MALLS

REUSE OF ABANDONED SPACES

EMERGENT TEMPORARY URBANISM

NEW SPACE TYPOLOGIES

CHANGE IN LIFESTYLES

PARTICIPATORY URBANISM

BOTTOM UP URBANISM

CULTURALLY INCLUSIVE SELF INITIATIVE LOW FINANCIAL RESOURCES

OFFICE

TACTICAL URBANISM

FLEXIBILITY IN LOCATION - HOME WORKING, MOBILE WORKING REDUCE COMMUTING TIMES FLEXIBILITY IN TIME FLEXIBILITY IN TERMS OF WORKPLACE

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Through this study I aim to understand earlier practices of temporary architecture and what impact they had at that point of time. Investigate its earliest manifestation and to understand temporary architecture’s aesthetic and production. By understanding temporary architecture and changes that were given important at different points of time I plan to understand to think about a new ecologically aware design strategy towards architecture. Quite often we find that temporary structures in particular have more impact on their local surroundings and the people who use them. We can look at different vernacular examples and see that their material choices and the type of structures were based on the context of the building, location, climate. From the examples of vernacular architecture, we can clearly see that the building had a direct correlation with the site it was located in. Technology has transformed all aspects of construction, manufacturing, building systems, materials we use that have brought significant changes to architecture and the temporary structures that we see today. Through this study I have particularly looked at seven buildings through time which had a major impact to architecture at that point of time in terms of temporality, materiality, or the style of the project. Ephemeral architecture has been the first form of building that was built by humans. It played a major role as they required shelter in order to survive. These people had an intimate understanding of the site and the place and the landscape and the nature of their nomadic an migratory lifestyle helped develop some temporal ephemeral buildings. The early forms of shelter mainly included substantial timbers covered with an earth or turf covering. In warmer climates they used Adobe buildings with clay. THESIS 2021

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TEMPORALITY THROUGH TIME

CRYSTAL PALACE:

ASSEMBLY

DISSEMBLY

Crystal Palace was designed in 1851. It is a great exhibition building by Sir Joseph Paxton. This building has expressed a strong technological statement at that point of time. It was building six months with completely new methods. It was innovative in terms of achieving large spans on the use of iron and glass. The major thing to be noted at this time was that it was rapidly assembled and assembled for reassembly at a different site. The key feature is that it is one of the largest buildings that had used prefabricated material which was unique to that time. DYMAXION HOUSE

PREFABRICATION

LIGHT WEIGHT

Buckminster Fuller was known to be an unconventional inventor with unique ideas. This project was designed that so that it could be mass producible as well as providing you sort of living. This project is also a project that used prefabrication. The building was made of duralinium which is a very lightweight material that is air transportable and could be manufactured on the set-up assembly line. EAMES HOUSE

MATERIALS

INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES

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This project explored the potential of prefabricated products with profound inspiration of architectural design. The structure was asymmetrical prefabricated steel frame on the prepared concrete base. Steel decking was used for the roof and the walls which was then filled in with steel glass plywood asbestosis and plastic panels. This project is an example of how industrial techniques and materials can be used in a very beautiful simple form.

METHOD - TEMPORALITY THROUGH TIME

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KARAZA THEATER SCAFFOLDING

PORTABLE

Karaza theater is a work by Tadao Ando which was built in 15 days in the 1987. This building was built with readily available local scaffolding clad with timber. It was in a sense portable which can be moved from site to site. It was a structure that was made completely by local resources and standard components. FLOATING PAVILION

FLOATING

EXPERIMENTAL

DEMOUNT

RECYCLE

MODULARITY

FABRIC

THESIS 2021

This pavilion was designed by Fumihiko maki in 1996. It was built as an experimental pavilion which is floating. The pavilion is a double spiral canopy which is a very unique form to be used in architecture at that time and it was possible because of the temporary nature of the structure. SEED CATHEDRAL The Seed cathedral was designed by Heatherwick studio was trying to bring the seed bank project into conversation at the Royal botanical gardens. It used about 5000 wooden staff to create a surface the interior was a quiet contemplative space lit only by natural night. The seed rods were supposed to be dispersed after the building was dismantled. The significant feature of this system was its capacity to demount. It also had a very different approach to recycling the material. LONDON OLYMPICS Membrane have been used in the London Olympics 2012. The basketball arena and three other buildings were made of temporary infrastructure. A modular framed panel was used to create different exterior patterns with different types of fabric skin. A different approach to mobile architecture is applied here by transporting only those elements that make it unique. The same steel frame has been used for three different projects, but the fabric used for all the three projects is different fabrics creating different buildings with the same scaffolding.

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EXPERIMENTAL IDEAS Experimental acquisitions of different architects let it direct development of revolutionary ideas. Archigram was one of the groups that was publishing a magazine with such conceptual ideas and within that magazine they developed the projects plugin architecture, plug-in city from a walking city. It explored and expressed different sorts of ideas. The main concept of these ideas were mobile living with constantly changing according to the needs. The ideas were based on a very nomadic lifestyle.

Fig 10 and 11 Archigram's Instant City concept aimed to provide small towns with access to the cultural attractions of a big city

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METHOD - TEMPORALITY THROUGH TIME

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LIGHT WEIGHT

PREFABRICATION

1941

DYMAXION HOUSE

1981

1851 CRYSTAL PALACE

ASSEMBLY

THESIS 2021

PORTABLE

SCAFFOLDING

DISSEMBLY

EAMES HOUSE

MATERIALS

INDUSTRIAL TECHNIQUES 34

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DEMOUNT

RECYCLE

EXPERIMENTAL

Fig 10 Timeline collage (by author) image references linked in Mediography

KARAZA THEATRE

1988

2010

SEED CATHEDRAL

1996 FLOATING PAVILION

FLOATING

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2012 LONDON OLYMPICS

MODULARITY

MEMBRANE

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Fig 11 collage (by author) image references linked in Mediography

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A S S E M B L Y DISASSEMBLY MATERIALITY FABRICATION L I F E C Y C L E

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From theoretical research and analysis, I concluded with different terms associated with temporary architecture. I broadly categorized these terms into four categories namely, assembly, disassembly, fabrication, and materiality. I was interested in looking at my case studies against these terms to understand how such structures were assembled and manufactured.

ASSEMBLY + DISASSEMBLY How are temporary structures assembled and dissembled? how are components connected and built?

MATERIALITY What materials were used?

FABRICATION How were the components fabricated?

LIFECYCLE How long were these structures built for? What happens to the materials after the structures is dissembled?

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Looking into my case studies I also started to think about different aspects of urban forms, immaterial characteristics, spatial qualities, and developed taxonomies by categorizing them into three categories namely Physical, sensory and urban.

PHYSICAL USE SITTING Sit | Lay NATURE OPENINGS DAYLIGHT PRIVACY Private|Public|Semi Public SCALE Human|Child MONUMENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FURNITURE|OBJECTS SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

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ARCHITECTURE IS NOT ONLY ABOUT THE SOLID, MATERIAL ELEMENTS OF THE SPACE; IT IS ALSO INVISIBLE, IMMATERIAL AND INTANGIBLE ONES. CAN TEMPORALITY ADDRESS THESE CONCERNS ?

CAN THE SPATIAL QUALITIES BE EXAMINED THAT THESE ELEMENTS CREATE THROUGH EPHEMERAL STRUCTURES. ?

WILL INVESTIGATING THE FACTOR OF IMPERMANENCE AND TIME SCALE OF A STRUCTURE CREATE NEW POSSIBILITIES IN CITIES AND IN THE WAY WE DESIGN BUILDINGS ?

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CASESTUDY ANALYSIS Through case study analysis I want to compare, understand, and interpret different systems and processes involved in temporary structures. Different terms namely Assembly, Disassembly fabrication and materiality are used as a criterion to evaluate and compare these studies. The aim of this study is to identify different components of the structures and architectural qualities achieved using these components. The projects identified are Pole Dance by SO-IL architects, Ada by Jenny Sabin Studio, Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames and HyFi by The Living Architects. Another project that has been considered is the Kumbh Mela which is an urban scale temporary festival that is constructed for a span of 6 months every 12 years.

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POLE DANCE BY SO-IL ARCHITECTS Fig 12 Floor Plan of Pole Dance by SOIL, Architects

This project was built for the The Young Architects Program founded by MoMA and MoMA PS1. This competition offers emerging architectural talent the opportunity to design and present innovative projects, challenging each year’s winners to develop original designs for a temporary, outdoor installation at MoMA PS1 that provides respite with shade, seating, and water.

Fig 13 Pole Dance by SOIL Architects

This project is Pole Dance by soil architects, This structure is a participatory environment which rethinks the relationship between Human and structure. This project environment reengages the public with the physical realm, triggering increased awareness and care for one’s direct environment.

ARCHITECTURE IS NOT ONLY ABOUT THE SOLID, MATERIAL ELEMENTS OF THE SPACE; IT IS ALSO INVISIBLE, IMMATERIAL AND INTANGIBLE ONES. CAN TEMPORALITY ADDRESS THESE CONCERNS ?

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Fig 14 MOMA ps1 competition project, SOIL Architects

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Fig 15 Isometric view and perspective view representation of Pole Dance project (by author)

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Fig 16 Exploded axonometric view of project Pole Dance (by author)

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Fig 17 Component Diagram for project pole dance (by author)

ASSEMBLY = DISASSEMBLY Rubber Pivot bases + Poles + Nets + Seating (benches + hammocks) + Gym balls + Pulleys + Rain collecting plants FABRICATION All readily available materials. Bungee cords are used to control movement and elasticity for the poles. 16X16 ft grids 30 ft poles Used to physical models to help understand the tactility and elasticity between poles.

SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST

MATERIALITY Rubber, Steel, Fabric, Ready to use objects

URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

THESIS 2021

LIFECYLE 3 months All material reused in a different location after the installation.

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ADA FOR MICROSOFT BY JENNY SABIN STUDIO

This project is Ada, by Jenny Sabin Studio. Ada adaptive architecture that is data driven and interactive as the structure transforms throughout the day and night which is informed by AI. It is a pavilion which immerses visitors in responsive interactive lights which are knitted into the fabric of the envelope. The structure assembled from a compressive network of 895 unique 3D printed nodes and fiber glass rods .

Fig 18 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office

Fig 19 connection detail, Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office

ARCHITECTURE IS NOT ONLY ABOUT THE SOLID, MATERIAL ELEMENTS OF THE SPACE; IT IS ALSO INVISIBLE, IMMATERIAL AND INTANGIBLE ONES. CAN TEMPORALITY ADDRESS THESE CONCERNS ? THESIS 2021

Fig 20 Knitted textile by Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 21 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office

Fig 22 Component Diagram for project Ada (by author)

THESIS 2021

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Fig 24 Exploded axonometric view of project Ada (by author)

THESIS 2021

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Fig 25 Component Diagram for project Ada (by author)

Fig 23 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office

ASSEMBLY = DISASSEMBLY shell structure, unique 3D printed nodes,shell structure with fiberglass rods, zip tie cables, knit cone with white and photo luminescent polyester yarn, nylon webbing FABRICATION computational design and digital fabrication, MATERIALITY steel, textiles and photo-luminescent fibers , fiberglass

SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST

LIFECYLE indoor architecture pavilion, 1 year

URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

EAMES HOUSEBY CHARLES AND RAY EAMES

The Eames house project explored the potential of prefabricated products with profound inspiration of architectural design. The structure was a symmetrical prefabricated steel frame on the prepared concrete base. Steel decking was used for the roof and the walls which was then filled in with steel glass plywood asbestosis and plastic panels. This project is an example of how industrial techniques and materials can be used.

Fig 26 Eames House exterior view

Fig 27,28 Eames house interior details and facade

CAN

THE

SPATIAL

QUALITIES

EXAMINED THAT THESE ELEMENTS THROUGH

CREATE EPHEMERAL

STRUCTURES?

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 29 Isometric and perspective view of project Eames House (by author)

THESIS 2021

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Fig 30 Exploded axonometric view of project Eames House (by author)

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 31 Component Diagram for project Eames House (by author)

ASSEMBLY = DISASSEMBLY Concrete retaining wall, Steel in H beams interlocking decking, open webbed joists of the roof, as the sashing for windows and doorways, and as exterior wall siding. Cemesto panels, glass, Paint, wall-tex, Pylon, plywood, tallow wood, vinyl tiles FABRICATION use of off-the-shelf components, pre fabricated, mass produced materials.

SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST

MATERIALITY Concrete, steel , plywood, wall panels, glass, paint, wood

URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

THESIS 2021

LIFECYLE built as a permanent structure.

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HY FI BY THE LIVING

This project is HI fi by the Living. They explored a new approach to materials and lifecycles. They used a biodegradable brick. they cultivated bio-bricks from corn stalks and mushrooms,

Fig 32 Hy Fi by The Living architects

CAN THE SPATIAL QUALITIES EXAMINED THESE CREATE

Fig 33 Hy Fi by The Living architects

THAT

ELEMENTS

Fig 34 Hy Fi by The Living architects

THROUGH

E P H E M E R A L STRUCTURES?

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 35 Isometric view and facade porosity diagram of project Hi-fy (by author)

THESIS 2021

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Fig 36 Exploded axonometric view of project Hy fi (by author)

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 37 Component Diagram for project hy fi (by author)

PHYSICAL PAVILION SITTING Sit | Lay NATURE OPENINGS DAYLIGHT PRIVACY Private| Public| Semi Public SCALE Human|Child MONUMENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FURNITURE|OBJECTS SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE THESIS 2021

ASSEMBLY = DISASSEMBLY Reusable ground screws for foundation, reclaimed timber used for scaffolding, steel diaphragm, Hempcrete foundation blocks, sustainable mortar, organic bricks, FABRICATION fabrication process includes bio-technology, agriculture, and industrial manufacturing. Computation is used in the design and simulation process can be deconstructed, the bricks are composted and the resulting soil is used by local community gardens. MATERIALITY Bio compostable materials such as mortar, brick blocks. steel , wood LIFECYLE 3 months, bricks are composted after the structure is disassembled.

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KUMBH MELA

Kumbh Mela is a religious Hindu Fair that occurs every twelve years. It is one of the largest public gathering over a course of few weeks. This ephemeral megacity is assembled and dissembled within a span of 6 months. It is built on a grid where spatial zoning, electricity grid, water and sanitation, hospitals, police stations are some of the infrastructure that is set up. The materials that have been used here are Bamboo sticks, textile for tents, metal corrugated sheets.

Fig 38 Kumbh mela overall view

Fig 39 Kumbh mela pontoon bridge

Fig 40 Kumbh mela overall view

INVESTIGATING THE

FACTOR

IMPERMANENCE

AND

TIME SCALE OF A STRUCTURE

CREATE

NEW POSSIBILITIES IN CITIES AND IN THE WAY WE DESIGN THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 41 Isometric view of Kumbh Mela (by author)

THESIS 2021

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Fig 42 Component diagram of Kumbh mela structures (by author)

ASSEMBLY = DISASSEMBLY metal handrails, metal plates, pontoon, metal beams, metal corrugated sheet, metal , bamboo poles, textile for tents, connectors like nuts,tie wire, nails FABRICATION mass produced components

SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

THESIS 2021

MATERIALITY metal, bamboo, textile LIFECYLE all structures are transported and assembled in a span of 2 months. The ephemeral city is used for 6 months and is disassembled again in a span of a month.

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 43 Eames house Roof detail

Fig 46 HyiF by the living architects frame construction

Fig 44 Hy-Fi by the living architects frame detail

Fig 47 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio frame construction

Fig 45 Eames house Roof detail

THESIS 2021

Fig 48 Pole dance by So-IL architects

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

FRAME

Fig 49 Kumbh mela frame construction

From the analysis I started to think about these structures in terms of frame, enclosure, and translucency. I then developed a kit of parts thinking about these characteristics from the components I derived from the case study analysis which could be used to develop various unique temporary moments and structures. Each of these structures can be built for various time scales according to need and program requirement. The kit of parts is developed in such a manner that these structures can be assembled and dissembled without material degradation.

Fig 50 Kumbh mela frame construction

THESIS 2021

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Fig 51 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio

Fig 52 Pole dance by So-IL architects

THESIS 2021

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ENCLOSURE

Fig 53 Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames

Fig 54 Hy fi by the Living architects

Fig 55 Hy fi by the Living architects

THESIS 2021

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Fig 56 Pole dance by So-IL architects

Fig 57 Ada by Jenny SAbin studio

THESIS 2021

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TRANSLUCENCY

Fig 58 Kumbh mela frame construction

Fig 59 Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

FRAME THESIS 2021

FRAME

CONNECTION

CONNECTION 70

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

ION

ENCLOSURE

ENCLOSURE THESIS 2021

OBJECT

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

DESIGN STRATEGIES

Keeping these ideas in mind I also started to think about bottom up approach to urbanism where in abandoned and vacant spaces could be used for temporary structures where in temporary use can be alternatively used for more flexible planning. Local community can participate in planning and building of these structures which would result in a more culturally inclusive design and can also directly address the needs of the community.

Sustainable development of urban space

Open source urbanism

CONSENSUS

pop-up urbanism

temporary use of space

Fig 60 Infographic showing the bottom-up approach to urbanism referencing Cotič, Tina and Ljubo Lah. “Temporary Use of Space as a Factor in the Revitalisation of

Brownfield

Urban

THESIS 2021

Areas.”

Sites

(2016).

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

PRIVATE PLOT

PUBLIC PLOT

TEMPORARY

PRIVATE PLOT

VACANT PLOT

ALTERNATE USE AFTER HOURS

INTERVENTIONS

VACANT PLOT

Fig 61 Strategic locations for temorary use for tactical urbanism

PUBLIC PLOT

THESIS 2021

ALTERNATE USE AFTER HOURS

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

From the research I have done I started to develop a kit of parts that can be used in multiple ways to by assembling and dissembling these structures without material degradation. The parts are modular which can be connected in multiple ways by constantly changing the nodes. The nodes can be 3d printed for each use or the available nodes can be used. I then started to work around with these parts to understand how these parts can function in different ways. These parts can be used to on a regular basis wherein temporary architecture becomes an everyday thing in today’s cities. Some examples of pop spaces could be exhibition or gallery, restaurant pop-up, reading or play, bar, or theater pop up space. The kit of parts has been broadly classified into categories like structure, wall, furniture, openings, roof, floor, space dividers, connectors, plants, objects, lighting and level access.

FLOOR

WALL

FURNITURE

OPENINGS

STRUCTURE

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

LIGHTING

PLANTERS

CONNECTORS

LEVELS

ROOF

SPACE DIVIDERS

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

By changing the nodes and connectors the form of the structure can be changed by modifying the way the parts connect to each other.

Fig 62 Connection d i a g r a m

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

TESTING THROUGH MODEL MAKING

Fig 63 Modelling p r o c e s s

THESIS 2021

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THESIS 2021

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The techniques of physical modelling have been used to understand how the kit of parts could work together as a system. By manipulating the model with different permutations of parts, I was able to understand the best solution for the parts to work together.

Fig 64 Modelling p r o c e s s

THESIS 2021

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THESIS 2021

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DESIGN PROTOTYPING

RETAIL

GARDEN POP- UP

Fig 65 Speculation o f D e s i g n P ro t o t y p e s using kit of parts

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

EXHIBHITION / GALLERY

RESTAURANT POP UP

THESIS 2021

PLAY

PLAZA

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Using the tested-out kit of parts prototypes have been developed keeping different programs in mind. The structures could be used for a different time variations and time spans. This will not only restore the unused spaces but also provide necessary facilities that are required for a short period of time. Each community could be creative with their kit of parts directly addressing their needs. New spatial relationships can be developed within the community where in the same kit f parts can be used for multiple purposes.

Fig 66 Speculation o f D e s i g n P ro t o t y p e s using kit of parts

BAR POP UP

THESIS 2021

THEATER

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

CONCERT

MOVIE

READ POP- UP

OFFICE

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

EXHIBHITION / GALLERY PHYSICAL EXHIBHITION Sit | Lay NATURE OPENINGS DAYLIGHT PRIVACY Private| Public| Semi Public SCALE Human|Child MONUMENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FURNITURE|OBJECTS SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 67 Speculation of design prototype for exhibition space

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

GARDEN POP- UP PHYSICAL GARDEN Sit | Lay NATURE OPENINGS DAYLIGHT PRIVACY Private| Public| Semi Public SCALE Human|Child MONUMENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FURNITURE|OBJECTS SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 68 Speculation of design prototype for garden space

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

PLAY PHYSICAL PLAY Sit | Lay NATURE OPENINGS DAYLIGHT PRIVACY Private| Public| Semi Public SCALE Human|Child MONUMENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FURNITURE|OBJECTS SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 70 Speculation of design prototype for play area

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

PLAZA PHYSICAL PLAY Sit | Lay NATURE OPENINGS DAYLIGHT PRIVACY Private| Public| Semi Public SCALE Human|Child MONUMENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FURNITURE|OBJECTS SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 71 Speculation of design prototype for plaza area

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

RESTAURANT POP UP

PHYSICAL PLAY Sit | Lay NATURE OPENINGS DAYLIGHT PRIVACY Private| Public| Semi Public SCALE Human|Child MONUMENTAL CLIMATE RESPONSIVE FURNITURE|OBJECTS SENSORY SAFETY COMFORT INTEREST URBAN QUALITIES STREET CONNECTIONS VIEWS ENCLOSURE IMAGEABILITY TRANSPARENCY LINKAGE

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 72 Speculation of design prototype for restaurant space

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

DESIGN SPECULATION

NEW YORK To test this out in a real time scenario I have chosen the Livonia Ave in NY along the Triboro corridor as my site. As part of the regional plan Association of New York a competition was floated do demonstrate what region of New York would have additional opportunity to become more equitable, affordable and healthy while at the same time adapting to the future. That Triboro city corridor was part of this proposal. This corridor proposal will come into picture with an introduction of a new train line called that triboro line. It’s an initiative for dual purposing an existing freight line that interconnects the outer boroughs of Brooklyn Queens and the Bronx. my thesis investigates the catalytic potential within the corridor at different locations through temporary architecture. It tries to draw emphasis on the in between spaces within these potential moments.

THESIS 2021

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Fig 73 Triboro corridor highlighted in New york city map

THESIS 2021

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

The triboro corridor is over 24 miles in length with an increase in population estimation by 2040 in this area. This corridor is based on existing freight line. The structural identity of this corridor is highly fragmented with some of it running on bridges some of it being raised some of it being sunk in. My thesis aims to investigate these potential moments to give different and unique solutions at different places. The existing land use and the local character would be the driving factors for my design.

This intervention could be a hub for cultural and community facilities. This area connects three different subway routes in addition to the tribunal line with a significant amount vacant lots parking and scrap yards which can be utilized to develop temporary cultural activities.

THESIS 2021

100

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Tunnel Overhead Ground level Sunken

Fig 74 Triboro corridor highlighted in New york city map

THESIS 2021

101

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

102

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 75 Speculative image of axonometric showing the prototypes built in the site

THESIS 2021

103

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

104

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 76 Speculative image of axonometric showing the prototypes built in the site

THESIS 2021

105

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

106

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 77 Speculative image of axonometric showing the prototypes built in the site

THESIS 2021

107

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

THESIS 2021

108

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 78 Speculative image of axonometric showing the prototypes built in the site

THESIS 2021

109

TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

BIBILIOGRAPHY

1 On the Significance of Temporary Architecture Author(s): Barbara Chabrowe Source: The Burlington Magazine , Jul., 1974, Vol. 116, No. 856 (Jul., 1974), pp. 384- 388+391 Published by: (PUB) Burlington Magazine Publications Ltd. Stable URL: https://www. jstor.org/stable/877732 2 Introduction Source: Perspecta , 2003, Vol. 34 (2003), pp. 5-6+8 Published by: The MIT Press on behalf of Perspecta. Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/1567309 3 St Hill, C. (Ed.). (2019). This is Temporary: How Transient Projects are Redefining Architecture (1st ed.). RIBA Publishing. https://doi-org.libezproxy2.syr. edu/10.4324/9780429346545 4 May, John. 2019. Signal. image. architecture.: (everything is already an image). 5 Bishop, Peter and Williams, Lesley. The temporary city. Routledge,1957 6 Karandinou, Anastasia.No matter : theories and practices of the ephemeral in architecture. Burlington : Ashgate Publishing Company, [2013] 7 Kumbh Mela : mapping the ephemeral megacity / edited by Rahul Mehrotra & Felipe Vera ; with texts by Diana Eck, Tarun Khanna, Jennifer Leaning, John Macomber ; photographs by Dinesh Mehta supported by Dipti Mehta. Ostfildern, Germany : Hatje Cantz, [2015] 8 Madanipour, Ali.Cities in time : temporary urbanism and the future of the city. London ; New York, NY : Bloomsbury Academic, 2017. 9 Hill, Cate St. This is temporary : how transient projects are redefining architecture. Newcastle upon Tyne : RIBA Publishing, [2016] 10 Kronenburg, Robert. Architecture in motion : the history and development of portable building / Robert Kronenburg. London ; New York : Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.

THESIS 2021

110

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11 Cotič, Tina and Ljubo Lah. “Temporary Use of Space as a Factor in the Revitalisation of Brownfield Sites in Urban Areas.” (2016). 12 One Architecture Only If. Fourth Regional plan – Triboro city corridor, Aug 7, 2017, https://issuu.com/one_architecture/docs/170807_issuubook_print

THESIS 2021

111

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MEDIOGRAPHY Fig 1 Infographic of interrelating architecture, time, and permanence (by author) Fig 2 New living in Transient Mediations (by author) Fig 3 Infographic of interrelating urban framework, Accommodation of change and resilience (by author) Fig 4 Hy-Fi by The Living, where the bricks are made of agricultural waste (courtesy The Living architects) https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/hy-fi-summer-installationmoma-ps1/ , Accessed on April 14,2021 Fig 5 Art Nova inflatable mobile concert hall by Arata Isozaki and Anish Kapoor, https://www.dezeen.com/2013/09/26/ark-nova-by-arata-isozaki-and-anish-kapoorcompletes/, Accessed April 14, 2021 Fig 6 Swiss pavilion by 2B Architectes. (courtesy 2B Architectes), http:// www.2barchitectes.ch/js/pdf/Madrid.pdf , Accessed on April 14. 2021 Fig 7 Snarkitecture’s traveling installation The Beach by Snarkitecture, https://www. cnn.com/style/article/snarkitecture-snark-park/index.html , Accessed on April 14. 2021 Fig 8 Infographic of a survey conducted by University of South Carolina Department of Retailing and Storefront on how pop-up retail stores are becoming a new brand strategy. Fig 9 Collapsible street cinema by Omri Revesz Design Studio. The structure can contract and expand based on the program requirement. Fig 10 Timeline collage (by author) image references linked in Mediography Reference images from left to right Crystal Palace , https://blog.inoxstyle.com/en/crystal-palace/, Accessed Feb 2021 Crystal

palace

Perspective,

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace,

Accessed March 2021 Dymaxion House by Buckminster Fuller., https://www.archdaily.com/401528/adclassics-the-dymaxion-house-buckminster-fuller/51dee1f6e8e44eb808000010-adclassics-the-dymaxion-house-buckminster-fuller-image,, Accessed Feb 2021 Eames House, The Eames House, as photographed by Julius Shulman in 1950. Image credit: J Paul Getty Trust. Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles (2004.R.10, http:// www.designcurial.com/news/at-home-with-the-eameses-7786932/ , Accessed Feb 2021 THESIS 2021

112

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Eames house axonometric, http://www.all-art.org/Architecture/25-15.htm , Accessed March 2021 Karaza theater, Tadao Ando, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1567160.pdf , Accessed Feb 2021 Karaza theater elevation by Tadao Ando , http://petreece-studio4-2010.blogspot. com/2010/08/formal-arrangement-of-theatre.html , Accessed March 2021 Floating

Pavilion

Fumihiko

Maki,

http://adcitymag.ru/fumihiko-maki-and-

associatesfloating-pavilion-plavuchaya/ , Accessed Feb 2021 Floating pavilion elevation, https://www.tensinet.com/index.php/projects-database/ projects?view=project&id=3853 , Accessed March 2021 Seed cathedral section, https://www.detail-online.com/article/designing-the-seedcathedral-14225/ , Accessed March 2021 London

Olympics

2012,

https://www.archdaily.com/244370/olympic-shooting-

venue-magma-architecture, Accessed Feb 2021 London Olympics Shooting range structure detail , https://www.archdaily.com/244370/ olympic-shooting-venue-magma-architecture/axonometric-37?next_project=no

Accessed March 2021 Fig 11 collage (by author) image references linked in Mediography, Same images as used in Fig 4 Fig 12 Floor Plan of Pole Dance by SOIL, Architects ,https://archello.com/project/ pole-dance ,Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 13 Pole Dance by SOIL Architects, https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/poledance-so-il , Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 14 MOMA ps1 competition project, SOIL Architects , https://www.metalocus.es/ en/news/pole-dance-so-il , Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 15 Isometric view and perspective view representation of pole dance project (by author) Fig 16 Exploded axonometric view of project Pole Dance (by author) Fig 17 Component Diagram for project pole dance (by author)

THESIS 2021

113

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Fig 18 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office, https://www.jennysabin.com/ada , Accessed April 2021 Fig 19 connection detail, Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office, https://www. jennysabin.com/ada ,Accessed April 2021 Fig 20 Knitted textile by Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office, https://www. jennysabin.com/ada , Accessed April 2021 Fig 21 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office, https://www.jennysabin.com/ada , Accessed April 2021 Fig 22 Component Diagram for project Ada (by author) Fig 23 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio, Microsoft office, https://www.jennysabin.com/ada , Accessed April 2021 Fig 24 Exploded axonometric view of project Ada (by author) Fig 25 Component diagram view of project Ada (by author) Fig26 Eames House exterior view, Photography is by Leslie Schwartz and Joshua White, courtesy of Eames Office., https://www.dezeen.com/2019/05/09/eameshouse-conservation-management-plan/ , Accessed April 2021 Fig 27 Eames house interior details and façade, Photography is by Leslie Schwartz and Joshua White, courtesy of Eames Office., https://www.dezeen.com/2019/05/09/ eames-house-conservation-management-plan/, Accessed April 2021 Fig 28 Eames house interior details and façade, Photography is by Leslie Schwartz and Joshua White, courtesy of Eames Office., https://www.dezeen.com/2019/05/09/ eames-house-conservation-management-plan/, Accessed April 2021 Fig 29 Isometric and perspective view of project Eames House (by author) Fig 30 Exploded axonometric view of project Eames House (by author) Fig 31 Component Diagram for project Eames House (by author) Fig 32 Hy-Fi by The Living, where the bricks are made of agricultural waste (courtesy The

Living

architects),

https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/hy-fi-summer-

installation-moma-ps1/ ,Accessed on April 14,2021

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114

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Fig 33 Hy-Fi by The Living, where the bricks are made of agricultural waste (courtesy The

Living

architects),

https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/hy-fi-summer-

installation-moma-ps1/ ,Accessed on April 14,2021 Fig 34 Hy-Fi by The Living, where the bricks are made of agricultural waste (courtesy The

Living

architects)

https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/hy-fi-summer-

installation-moma-ps1/ , Accessed on April 14,2021 Fig 35 Isometric view and facade porosity diagram of project Hi-fy (by author) Fig 36 Exploded axonometric view of project Hy fi (by author) Fig 37 Component Diagram for project hy fi (by author) Fig 38 Kumbh mela overall view, https://worksthatwork.com/4/constructing-theworlds-biggest-disassemblable-city, Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 39 Kumbh mela pontoon bridge, https://worksthatwork.com/4/constructing-theworlds-biggest-disassemblable-city, Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 40 Kumbh mela overall view, https://worksthatwork.com/4/constructing-theworlds-biggest-disassemblable-city , Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 41 Isometric view of Kumbh Mela (by author) Fig 42 Component diagram of Kumbh mela structures (by author) Fig 43 Eames house Roof detail, https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/pole-dance-so-il , Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 44 Hy-Fi by the living architects frame detail, https://www.inexhibit.com/casestudies/hy-fi-summer-installation-moma-ps1/ ,Accessed on April 14,2021 Fig 45 Eames house Roof detail, https://www.eamesoffice.com/blog/npr-coverscharles-and-rays-eames-house/ ,Accessed April 2021 Fig 46 HyiF by the living architects frame construction Fig 47 Ada by Jenny Sabin studio frame construction, https://www.jennysabin.com/ ada , Accessed April 2021 Fig 48 Pole dance by So-IL architects, https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/poledance-so-il ,Accessed Feb 2021

THESIS 2021

115

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Fig 49 Kumbh mela frame construction Kumbh Mela : mapping the ephemeral megacity / edited by Rahul Mehrotra & Felipe Vera ; with texts by Diana Eck, Tarun Khanna, Jennifer Leaning, John Macomber ; photographs by Dinesh Mehta supported by Dipti Mehta. Ostfildern, Germany : Hatje Cantz, [2015] Fig 50 Kumbh mela frame construction Kumbh Mela : mapping the ephemeral megacity / edited by Rahul Mehrotra & Felipe Vera ; with texts by Diana Eck, Tarun Khanna, Jennifer Leaning, John Macomber ; photographs by Dinesh Mehta supported by Dipti Mehta. Ostfildern, Germany : Hatje Cantz, [2015] Fig 51 Ada by Jenny SAbin studio, https://www.jennysabin.com/ada , Accessed April 2021 Fig 52 Pole dance by So-IL architects, https://archello.com/project/pole-dance, Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 53 Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames, https://www.archdaily.com/66302/ ad-classics-eames-house-charles-and-ray-eames , Accessed April 2021 Fig 54 Hy fi by the Living architects, https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/hy-fisummer-installation-moma-ps1/ , Accessed on April 14,2021 Fig 55 Hy fi by the Living architects , https://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/hy-fisummer-installation-moma-ps1/ ,Accessed on April 14,2021 Fig 56 Pole dance by So-IL architects, https://www.metalocus.es/en/news/poledance-so-il ,Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 57 Ada by Jenny SAbin studio, https://www.jennysabin.com/ada , Accessed April 2021 Fig 58 Kumbh mela frame construction, https://worksthatwork.com/4/constructingthe-worlds-biggest-disassemblable-city , Accessed Feb 2021 Fig 59 Eames House by Charles and Ray Eames, https://www.archdaily.com/66302/ ad-classics-eames-house-charles-and-ray-eames, Accessed April 2021 Fig 60 Infographic showing the bottom-up approach to urbanism referencing Cotič, Tina and Ljubo Lah. “Temporary Use of Space as a Factor in the Revitalisation of Brownfield Sites in Urban Areas.” (2016). Fig 61 Strategic locations for temorary use for tactical urbanism

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TRANSIENT URBAN FORMS

Fig 62 Connection diagram Fig 63 Modelling process Fig 64 Modelling process Fig 65 Speculation ofDesign Prototypes using kit of parts Fig 66 Speculation of Design Prototypes using kit of parts Fig 67 Speculation of design prototype for exhibition space Fig 68 Speculation of design prototype for garden space Fig 69 Speculation of design prototype for garden space Fig 70 Speculation of design prototype for play area Fig 71 Speculation of design prototype for plaza area Fig 72 Speculation of design prototype for restaurant space Fig 73 Triboro corridor highlighted in New york city map

THESIS 2021

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