Sikkim Climate Inventory and Monitoring System

Government of Sikkim

Background Climate change is an emerging threat for all nations, mainly driven by fossil fuel intensive economic activities pursued worldwide.

Sikkim, the smallest State in India, lying in the North East within the very sensitive Himalayan region is highly vulnerable to climate change.

The State recognises the importance of conservation. It has been conserving its forests through community and State programmes.

As a result, it has been able to keep almost half of its geographical area under forest cover, making it a Carbon negative State.Also, missions such as the Sikkim Organic Mission has converted it into India’s first fully Organic state. For this endeavor, Sikkim has been conferred with “Future Policy Gold Award” in 2018 by Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

ladder to cater to the aspiration of its people. As an environmentally responsible State, Sikkim has embarked on the path of developing strategies to remain carbon neutral. It has developed the Sikkim Climate Inventory Monitoring System (SCIMS) having two subsystems, namely: • A GHG Inventory Management System with the capability of estimating and generating reports of the annual Greenhouse Gas (GHG) inventory by sources and sinks (CO2, CH4 and N2O and their CO2-eq. numbers).

A Climate MRV System to track the impact of the mitigation or sequestration actions taken by the State and those by the private sector as well.

Going forward, Sikkim envisions to remain carbon neutral while riding the development

Sikkim’s Key Climate Change Initiatives

Twenty Point Program

Heritage Trees Conservation

National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Sikkim Organic Mission

State Green Mission

Swacch Bharat Mission

Smriti Van

Ten Minutes to Earth

CAMPA

Harit Kranti Dashak

Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation & Forest Management Project

National Afforestation Programme (NAP)

Ujjwala Yojana

Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan States

Integrated Watershed Management Program

Energy Sector in 2005 to 326.8 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq. in 2015. Transport sector is the major contributor (61%) to energy sector GHG emissions.

Transport sector includes emissions from road and aviation. Aviation contributes 0.22% of total transport emissions in Sikkim. The residential and industrial sectors contribute 20% and 16%, respectively, of the overall energy emissions in 2015.

Fuel consumption in tonnes

Overall, energy sector emissions have increased from 182 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

160000

350

140000

300

120000

250

100000

200

80000

150

60000 40000

100

20000

50

0

0 2005

2006 2007

2008

2009

2010

Fuelwood

LPG HSD

LDO

ATF

2011

2012

Motor Sprit FO

2013

2014

2015

Kerosene CO2-eq. Emission

2%

5%

20%

29% 36%

16%

61% 29%

1% CO2-eq. emission by sub category in energy sector in 2015 Transport

Mobile Towers

CO2 Emission by sub category in energy sector in 2015 Industry

Residential

Commercial

1%

CO2-eq. emissions (thousand tonnes CO2-­eq)

The Energy sector emmisions are from combustion of fossil fuel in road transport, aviation, industry, mobile towers, residential and commercial sectors that are operational in Sikkim. Trends of fuel consumption in Sikkim are shown in the graph below.

1.12%

0.30%

27.89% 42.00%

52.56%

56.61% 14.62%

0.14%

0.59%

4.18% N2O Emission by sub category for 2015

CH4 Emission by sub category for 2015 Transport

Mobile Towers

Industry

Residential

Commercial

The actions that are contributing towards mitigation in the energy sector are: • • • •

Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY) and Restructured Accelerated Power Development and Reforms Programme (R-­APDRP) - 13.207 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency - 0.58 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) -­29 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Hydropower Production -­342 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU)

CO2-eq. emission (in thousand tonnes)

The Industrial Processes and Product Use (IPPU) sector covers GHG emissions occurring from industrial processes, use of greenhouse gases in products, and from non-energy uses of fuel. In accordance with the IPCC guidelines, emissions from fuel combustion in industries are not covered in the IPPU sector.

In Sikkim, the use of lubricants in industries for non-energy purposes has been identified

as contributing to emissions from the IPPU sector. The IPPU sector emitted 0.16 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq. in 2015 as compared to 0.39 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq. in 2005. The main activity leading to emissions in the IPPU sector between 2005 and 2015, the use of lubricants, has fluctuated drastically across the years with no set pattern or trend of use.

0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

IPPU sector GHG emission trends for Sikkim

2013

2014

2015

Agriculture, Forest & Other Land Use Sector The Agriculture, Forest & Other Land Use (AFOLU) sector activities include paddy cultivation area in Sikkim, enteric fermentation, manure management, and agricultural soils.

The paddy cultivation area has decreased by 18-20% between 2005-15. The livestock is dominated by poultry and goats, indicating

large scale subsistence farming. The Organic Sikkim Mission has led to almost zero GHG emmisions from agriculture soils in Sikkim. As a result of these activities, the agriculture sector emissions have decreased from 163.99 in 2005 to 155.97 in 2015 Co2-­eq. thousand tonnes.

Area in thousand Hectares

16

Paddy cultivation

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Livestock population in No.s

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Livestock

600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 2005

2006

2007

Cross Bred CO2eq. Emission in Agriculture Sector in thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Goat

2008

2009

Indigenous Sheep

2010

2011

Buffaloes Hores & Ponies

2012 Pig

2013

2014

2015

Poultry Yak

175

Agriculture

170 165 160 155 150 145 140 135 2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

Total CO2eq. Emission trends for Agriculture Sector

2014

2015

7%

32% 61%

32% 61%

CO2-eq. Emission contribution by sub categories for 2015

CH4 Emission by sub category for 2015 Manure Management

In Agriculture sector, N2O emissions are only due to Manure Management in Sikkim. In 2015, 0.0018 thousand tonnes N2O emissions were generated due to Manure Management.

3450 3400 3350 3300 3250 3200 2005 2009 2011 Total Forest (Sq.km.)

2013 2015 2017

Paddy cultivation

The total forest and tree cover in Sikkim is 47.62% of the total geographical area of the state. Continuation of conservation activities has enabled Sikkim to remain carbon negative as the forest and tree cover together sequester around 650 thousand tonnes of CO2 annually.

Sequestration in 000’ tonnes

Enteric Fermentation

7%

TOF (Trees outside Forest) (Sq.km.)

-634 -636 -638 -640 -642 -644 -646 -648 -650 -652 -654

2005 2007 2009 2011

Forest (000’tonsCO2)

Area Under Forest & Trees Outside Forest in Sikkim

2013 2015

Tress outside forests (000’tons CO2)

CO2 sequestration Trends by Forest & Trees Outside Forest for 2005-15

Actions contributing towards mitigation in the AFOLU sector are: • • •

•

•

Sikkim Organic Mission -­17.67 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Twenty Point Program -­7.79 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme - ­3.35 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Horticulture Mission for North East and Himalayan States (HMNEH) - ­9.28 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Sikkim Biodiversity Conservation and

• •

•

•

Forest Management Project -­3.67 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

State Green Mission - ­0.24 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Integrated Watershed Management Program (under PMKSY) - 7 ­ .94 thousand tonnes CO2-eq.

Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority - ­3.46 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

National Afforestation Programme - ­3.35 thousand tonnes CO2-­eq.

Waste Sector The Waste sector includes emmisons from solid waste and domestic wastewater.

Industrial wastewater emmisions have not been included as all the industries recycle their wastewater in Sikkim. GHG emissions from the waste sector increased from 33.01 eq. in 2005 to 53.05 thousand tonnes CO2-­

thousand tonnes CO2-­ eq. in the year 2015.

CO2-eq. emission trend of waste sector in Sikkim is as shown in the graphs below. N2O emissions in waste sector are only due to domestic wastewater. Domestic wastewater emitted 0.03 N2O thousand tonnes CO2-­eq. in 2015.

CO2-­eq. Emission in thousand tonnes

60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2005

2006

2007 2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

1%

16%

84%

99%

CO2 -eq. Emission contribution by sub categories for 2015 Municipal Solid waste

CH4 Emission by sub category for 2015 Domestic Waste Water

Actions contributing towards mitigation in the Waste sector are: • •

Swacch Bharat Mission - ­0.266 thousand tonnes CO2 -­eq.

Recycling of wastewater in industries.

2015

Proposed Institutional Architecture for SCIMS State Steering Committee Chair: Chief Secretary

Technical Advisory Committee Chair: Principal Secretary

Members PS of all concerned departments

DST Members: Director, ENVIS Sikkim University Others to be nominated

Sikkim Climate Inventory and Monitoring System

Forests Environment and Wildlife Management Depaartment Enviromental Information System

Sikkim GHG Inventory Management System (SCIMS)

Sikkim MRV System (SMRVS)

1. Animal Husbandry, Livestock,

10. Forest, Environment and Wildlife

and Veterinary Services Department

Management Department

2. Building and Housing Department

11. Horticulture and Cash Crop

3. Commerce and Industries Department

Development Department

4. Department of Irrigation and Water

12. Rural Management and Development

Resources Development

Department

5. Department of Tourism and Civil Aviation

13. State Pollution Control Board

6. Ecclesiastical Department

14. Transport Department

7. Energy and Power Department

15. Urban Development and Housing

8. Food Security and Agriculture

Department

Development

16. Water Security and Public Health and

9. Food, Civil Supplies and Consumers

Engineering Department

Affairs Department

17. Other Relevant Departments 18. Corporates

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