4.2 London

4.2 London

Greater London has a population of 8.8 million (in 2016) and it is the most populous city in Europe. As a result of geographical features as well as its dense network of public transportation, London is among the top 20 cities in Europe for lowest rate of car ownership per capita (EU Stats 2016).

Figure 6: Regions with the highest and lowest motorisation rates, 2016 (number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants)

Source: (EU Stats 2016)

The number of trips made in London in 2016 averaged 27.1 million per day; public transport accounted for 36.7 per cent of these trips. The most common modes of transport are in the chart below, all the public transport services are provided by Transport for London (TfL).

Figure 7: Most Common Modes of Transport in London

Source: (TfL 2017)

Table 5 Forms of transport provided by TfL

London Underground 1.

London Buses Docklands Light Railway London Overground TfL Rail London Trams London River Services London Dial-a-Ride Santander Cycles Emirates Air Line Metro rail

Light Metro rail Suburban rail network Railway lines

Licensed operators providing transportation by boat Door to door transport for people with disabilities Bicycle share Urban cable car

Tariff Setting Process

Source: (TfL 2018)

For taxi cabs, TfL has the following procedure in place to set fares:

An online survey or emails to get public inputs on factors such as minimum fare, telescopic fare, fare based on night time travel, cost index, card payment devices requirements etc. Inputs received from drivers and commuters After reviewing the responses, the TfL Finance Committee decides the fares and publishes them (TfL 2018)

2. For services run by TfL (metro, buses etc) TfL advises the Mayor on the fare to be set.

3. For the suburban train network, fares are set by individual Train Operating Companies (TOCs) in line with Retail Price Inflation (RPI) caps set by the Government

4. Fares for Travel Cards, which can be used on both TfL-run services (metro, buses etc) as well as suburban trains, are set in consultation between TfL and TOCs in line with RPI increases. (TfL 2017)

Funding:

The main sources of funding for TfL are:

Fares – the single largest source of income Other income, including advertising income, property rental and income from the Congestion Charge Grant funding from the Department for Transport (DfT) and Greater London Authority (GLA) (TfL 2018)

Box 3. Anti-congestion and air pollution measures

Congestion charge imposed since 2003 for driving in central London during peak hours. Since 2017, an additional charge (toxicity charge or T charge) has been introduced for vehicles that do not meet Euro 4 standards (TfL 2017).

Evolution of regulatory framework

TfL is a statutory body created under the Greater London Authority Act 1999. The Act empowers the Mayor of London to develop safe, integrated, efficient and economic transport facilities. TfL replaced the London Regional Transport organisation, which was under the control of the government transport ministry. TfL in contrast has the Mayor of London as the Chairman of the Board, with several independent directors from industry, health and safety, air quality and housing sectors (TfL 2018).

Role as Regulator

Under the Greater London Authority (GLA) Act 1999, TfL is required to perform the following roles: • Provide public transportation to, from or within London • As the highway and traffic authority, TfL is responsible for regulating how the public uses roads • TfL is the licensing authority for taxis and private hire vehicles