4.1 Paris

London, UK Hong Kong, SAR China New Zealand

Data for the case studies is from publicly available sources and survey responses by the urban transport regulators (attached in Annexure I). The sections below contain the following information on the cities:

Population, number of commuters and share of public transportation Transport service providers Regulator- evolution of regulator, role, funding Unified ticketing, consumer grievance redressal Tariff-setting mechanism Key takeaways from each case study Summary and comparison of regions

4.1 Paris

Paris city is in Île-de-France, also known as the Parisian region, which has a population of over 12 million and covers 12,000 sq. km. The major public transport sector players in Paris are:

Île-de-France Mobilités (ÎDF Mobilités)- formerly known as STIF- controls and coordinates the different transport companies operating in the Paris region. IDF has service contracts with private bus operators, RATP and SNCF (RATP 2003). RATP- Régie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (Autonomous Operator of Parisian Transport) is a publicly owned transport company. SNCF- Société Nationale des Chemins de fer Français (French National Railway Company) is the country’s state-owned railway company. OPTILE- Federation of private bus companies that provide bus services in outer ring of suburbs.

Mode of transport

Table 4 Overview of transportation services used in Paris

Operator Features

Cars

Buses

Metro

Regional Trains (RER) Suburban trains Trams

Cycles

Taxis

Electric car sharing

Private Car-sharing platforms Car pool platforms Electric car hire RATP STIF OPTILE

(Transilien)

RATP

RATP SNCF SNCF • Mode share of driving has reduced by 45% in 2017, compared to 1990 • Cars registered before 2000 banned entry into

Paris • 58 bus lines in the city • Express bus lanes

16 lines with 219 km of track and 302 stations

High speed train network connecting the city to suburbs. Trains to suburbs not covered by RER network

RATP SNCF Private Cycle-sharing companies 18,000 licensed taxis

Private service provider 10 lines run within Paris and in the suburbs.

Share of cyclists has increased tenfold since 1990

In addition to licensed taxis, app-based aggregators Autolib scheme discontinued in 2016 due to economic unviability

Source: (CitiLab 2018)

Box 2. Independent Multimodal Regulator at the national level

France does have an independent transport regulator- ARAFER that regulates French rail and road transportation. ARAFER receives its funds through levies on road and rail travel. Its role includes: • Ensuring competition in rail transport • Regulating intercity and international rail travel • Supervising motorway companies However, ARAFER does not regulate urban transport.

Source: (Arafer 2016)

Figure 5: Evolution of Regulatory Framework in Paris

RATP created in 1948 through merger of existing transportation agencies Since 2005, French Government not part of STIF. Regional Council holds majority and chariman's position In 2015, STIF provided 53% of the funds to RATP for metro, bus, trams, trains. The remaining funds were for SNCF, Optile and others

STIF created in 1959 as integrated local authority for transportation in Ile-deFrance STIF Council also includes member of Chamber of Commerce STIF sets fares, authorises RATP and SNCF others to provide services at required quality. Provides public funds to these companies.

STIF board includes French Government (majority seats), regional council and representatives of 8 counties

Tariff Setting

In 2015, STIF received public subsidies of 19.4%. Remainder of its funds were from Passenger revenues, transport tax, advertising.

Source: (STIF 2015)

STIF renamed ÎDF Mobilités (IDFM)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. IDFM sets fares for transport services IDFM also sets a fuel levy TICPE (Taxe intérieur de consummation sur les produits énergétiques) on the import, export and production of fuel products. It can set the levy at a

Findings

figure so that it receives up to 100mn Euro annually. (EMTA 2017) The composition of the governing body of IDF was changed to incorporate more local representation. Subsidies provided include funds from central and regional governments, funds for transporting students, and funds from the local bodies for operating loss-making routes. There is a mix of public (RATP, SNCF) and private organisations (OPTILE buses) providing services, with unified ticketing and fare setting. High quality of service provision has led to service providers expanding to other regions of France and internationally. Jurisdiction of IDF extended to carpooling, bicycle sharing etc.