Think Rationally Leveraging Constraints for Innovation
Sloan Springer Master of Architecture Thesis Syracuse University Spring/Summer 2011 Advisors: A. McDonald, B. Coleman, T. Brown, R. Rosa
Think Rationally Leveraging Constraints for Innovation
CONTENTION Terminology Case Studies Public-Private Toolkit References
CONSTRAINTS
PROPOSAL
Urban Analysis Events & Activities Contextual Analysis Green Water Redevelopment Site Analysis Programming Detail Studies Process Diagrams Axonometrics Plans Elevations Sections Details Renders Documentation Bibliography
Sloan Springer Master of Architecture Thesis Syracuse University Spring/Summer 2011 Advisors: A. Mcdonald, B. Coleman, T. Brown, R. Rosa
Contention Throughout history, public space has been seen as the connective tissue of urban fabric. From Pope Sixtus V’s plan for connecting key spaces in Rome, Haussman’s vision for creating grand avenues through Paris, or John Nash and his development of a bustling route between two prominent parks in London, public space has driven economic development through connections for centuries. But these examples only came to pass through the will of a monarchy. In an ever-urbanizing democratic society, opportunities for the actual interface between public and private space are often left wanting. Despite the fact that development is now driven exclusively by market value and economics, the full potential of an interface between market strategies and architectural design is rarely capitalized upon. The contention of this thesis is that by leveraging public space for private development, critical opportunities can be capitalized upon to not only decentralize capital costs but to set up new potentials for design innovation through the constraints of the project. Through the use of such strategies as public private partnerships, a process for interfacing the design of public space with that of private architecture can be established, where both begin to inform that of the other, increasing value and maximizing the utilization potentials of the spaces for both public and private sectors. The city of Austin, Texas, considered the “Live Music Capitol of the World”, is known for it’s unique urban outdoor lifestyle, blending the amenities of a rich urban context with the laid-back atmosphere of more rural settings. Few other cities allow for the ability to visit art galleries and music venues then, within walking distance, go kayaking and hiking. In an effort to further bolster this atmosphere, the city is pursuing several large developments aimed at increasing density while also increasing the public value of private developments. One such endeavour is the Green Water Treatment Plant Redevelopment, consisting of 2 million square feet of retail, office, housing, hotel and public space. Situated in between the proposed hotel and recently completed Austin Music Hall, the developments proposed main public plaza holds significant potential for leveraging the interests of the hotel and music hall, as well as setting up a key urban public space for the entire development and it’s connection to the city, capitalizing on the uniqueness of Austin.
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This thesis seeks to demonstrate the potentials of rethinking the interface between public and private space, and the relationship between architect and developer; designing through critical analysis and rigor to capitalize on the constraints of the project and thus maximizing both market value and architectural innovation.
Terminology Agency ability of architecture to perform an action [see performance] Constraint limitation or restriction to a project that cannot be waived or removed ConTENTION key point or assertion of an argument Interface physical or immaterial connection Leverage ability to exert significant influence for a greater gain Performance moment where architecture itself becomes an active participant Private entity whose finances are unaffiliated with the government Public entity that seeks to promote general welfare Reciprocal relationship where entities provide benefit to each other Tourism activity that generates income in multiple sectors simultaneously
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Case Studies Plan for Rome | Pope Sixtus V
Regent Street, London | John Nash
As the Roman Catholic Church gained more power during the early days of the Renaissance, it became necessary to position Rome once again as a center for culture and religion. One major detriment to the city was the fact that it lacked a wholistic means for navigation. Prior to accepting the title of Pope Sixtus V, Cardinal Montalto began developing his plans for reinvigorating Rome as suitable for the center of the Christian world. He created an organisational structure connecting key monumental spaces and architecture, allowing for pilgrims to easily find their way around the city. Visual connection and sense of space were key factors in driving the plan, and so several obelisks were relocated to the intersections of main trajectories between spaces to aid in creating such connection. This was one of the earliest precedents in urban design where development of public space created new opportunities for private development, and furthermore reestablished the prominence of the city of Rome. By envisioning public space as a connective fabric, the plan creates a sort of main artery to which the private aspects of the city are inextricably linked, thus allowing for the public prominence of the city to activate a whole new level of private development. One of the first planned developments in London, Regent Street represents an attempt to break free from the medieval street pattern of the city. The plan connects Prince Regent’s residence at Carlton House up to Regents Park, passing though several key spaces. Due to the financial state of the country following the Napoleonic Wars, a large portion of the development was funded by private developers, including Nash. Planning guidelines were setup that dictated everything from architectural style to material details in order to preserve a cohesive feel. Regent Street is still considered a crucial part of the urban fabric of London, and its shops and cafes are enjoyed by tourists and Londoners alike.
Public Artery Private Sub-Arteries
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Regent Street serves as an excellent precedent for public-private redevelopment within an existing urban fabric. By establishing a cohesive set of codes and guidelines for development, the plan is able to create a strong public artery between two prominent public spaces without direct visual connection. Because of this, the promenade acts as a dual catalyst for increased public traffic and private financial gain.
Compressed Public Traffic Public-Private Street Front
Schouwburgplein | West 8
The High Line | James Corner Field Operations & Diller Scofidio + Renfro
Before
Running over a mile-and-a-half stretch of abandoned railway tracks in lower Manhattan, the High Line has become an arterial life-line for the redevelopment of the Meatpacking District and Hudson Rail Yards. The park, in effect, provides significantly increased pedestrian traffic for the many shops, restaurants, and other businesses in the district, both new and old. This creates a reciprocal relationship where the park capitalizes on its connection to diverse program, and developments leverage the park for increased exposure. New projects created show this relationship by blurring their boundaries with the park and allowing for spaces that simultaneously exist as the park and the development. The High Line acts as a power strip in which surrounding businesses can plug in to, further activating the area and establishing a dual-level public-private infrastructure.
After
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Designed to fill a void in a mixed-use area, the Schouwburgplein acts as a public social interface for the surrounding buildings. The plaza functions as a flexible, adaptable space that allows users to create their own configurations, essentially bleeding the private into the public. It is considered to be a “city stage�, where the interplay between public and private venues and activities generates a uniquely-Rotterdam feel. By creating a space that offers users the ability to project their own wishes for an environment, the plaza becomes itself an indeterminite zone catering to the changing of the seasons and of the urban landscape.
Typical
Flexible
The W Hotel Dallas | HKS
Standard Hotel | Polshek Partnership
The W Hotel in Dallas, Texas is situated in the heart of Victory Park, one of the most vibrant areas in all of downtown, host to the American Airlines Center and Dallas Arts District, as well as high-end shopping, restaurants, and several connected green spaces. Rather than establishing an exclusive enclave for hotel guests, the hotel operates as a key centerpiece connecting the entire plaza. The grand living room and lounge are as integrated into the urban fabric as they are the hotel, providing an open space for pedestrians and hotel guests alike to interact, all-the-while putting the busy plaza on display.
Blending in to the surrounding high traffic street fronts, the Standard Hotel capitalizes on this by pluging in to the key public spaces through and adjacent to it. By placing its lobby, restaurant, and “living room� lounge along the public plaza, the hotel gives over its ground level program to the urban public realm, and cantelievers its private features out over it.
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Rome v Austin
High Line in Austin Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
Regent St v Austin
Schouwburgplein in Austin
W Hotel Dallas in Austin
Standard Hotel in Austin
Public-Private Toolkit
A reciprocal relationship exists between public space and private development, but maximum potential is rarely achieved. This toolkit of strategies pose to leverage public space for private development and vice versa.
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In order to maximize user experience through visual and physical connectivity, public amenities of private developments could be transferred to the public sector. Various incentives could be given to the private development in return, creating a reciprocal partnership for the betterment of the public and consequently for the financial betterment of the development. Low2No
Typical space planning only accounts for planar qualities, not utilizing the additional opportunities of the third dimension. As a way to capitalize on the essence of space, its sectional properties must be developed. By multiplying the ground plane and manipulating the section as well as the plane itself, a more complex and multi-use space can be created, with additional program and possibility embedded within it.
The traditional notion of generic flexibility of space is seldom capitalized upon. Typical “flexible” spaces ultimately end up serving a minimum number of options due to the indecisiveness of human nature. Strategic insertions of calculated flexibility can maximize viable opportunity for users. By analysing desired uses within the space and creating a predefined range of options, usability and value are increased along with the number of options actually capitalized upon.
Multiple opportunities lie in the diversity of programming within a project. Through “architectural alchemy”, these opportunities are leveraged by blending diverse program to create unique and innovative results that not only perform the same tasks as the original program but simultaneously allow for additional and often unexpected possibilities. The High Line
TKTS Times Square
“What do you get when you cross a parrot with a centipede? A walkie-talkie”Francisco Sanin
+ Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
Schouwburgplein
=
Adjacent program offers unique opportunities for partnerships that can leverage constraints and capital resources for both public and private development. By identifying and analysing such critical adjacencies, such partnerships can provide further influence for design innovation and financing. Additionally, other outside resources may be possible through further analysis of specific program connections in the city.
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Establishing a connection between critial points in the city and tapping in to the public avenues between them allows for a reciprocal relationship where development blosters public use, and in turn public use further supports the development of the avenue. Through analysis of these connections and avenues, they can begin to inform the design of the developments both public and private programs to maximize potential interactivity and interconnectivity.
PRECEDENT References STUDIES STRUCTURES
PRECEDENT STUDIES STRUCTURES
Hilton Hotel | OMA
Floating Box + Landscape
Marsupial Bridge | LA Dallman
Striated Theater
ZKM Media Center | OMA
Folded Plaza to Facade
TKTS Times Square | Perkins Eastman
Urban Theater
Educatorium | OMA
Folded Ground Overlapping
Pompidou Center | Piano + Rogers
Continuous Plaza
ICA Boston | Diller + Scofidio
2 Theaters
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PRECEDENT STUDIES PLAZAS
PRECEDENT STUDIES STRUCTURES
Plaza de Armas | Cuzco, Peru
Fragmented Amphitheater
Imam Square | Isfahan, Iran
Programmed Edge + Landscaped Plaza
Rockefeller Center | New York, NY
Programmed Edge + Sunken Spectacle
The W Hotel | Austin
Le Palais des Congres | Strasbourg
Pioneer Courthouse Square | Portland, OR
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Programmed Amphitheater
Constraints
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“Agency”, Joshua Prince-Ramus
Downtown Austin, Texas Austin’s unique atmosphere has had a profound impact on tourism to the city. Few other cities boast such a diverse range of activities and events. From its art, music, and film venues, such as the well-known Austin City Limits and South by Southwest music festivals, to the beautiful and serene Barton Springs natural swimming hole and Lady Bird Lake Trail, Austin offers something for both the cultural urbanite and the outdoor enthusiast. The influx of people and economy, due to such events as Austin City Limits, South by Southwest Music Festival and the University of Texas football games, has bolstered the city of Austin and is fuelling the steady increase in development within the city. This economic engine should be capitalized upon in all city projects, using architecture to leverage the benefits of tourism for better design and value while simultaneously providing for and supplementing the tourism itself.
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Urban History
1873 Grid University of Texas South Congress Extension West Expansion East Expansion
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1873 | Downtown Grid
1882 | University of Texas
1980 | Barton Spring Preservation Lady Bird Lake Development
2007 | MetroRail Service
Urban Analysis: Movement
Darrell K. Royal Memorial Stadium
Pedestrian Vehicular
MLK
, Jr.
Blvd
.
lvd
.
Frank Erwin Center
r St Rive
Sixt
.
Con g
ress
Ave
.
Lam
ar B
State Capitol
h St
I-35
Red
.
Fou
rth S
Thir
t.
d St
Sec
ond
City Hall Lake
Ces
ar C
Trail St.
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Bird
St.
have
Metr
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Firs t
Lady
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Austin Convention Center
l
Urban Analysis: Walkability
Darrell K. Royal Memorial Stadium
5 minute increment
Frank Erwin Center
State Capitol
City Hall
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Austin Convention Center
Urban Analysis: Block Heights
Congress Ave Bats
Congress Avenue Section Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
The Austonian Condos
Frost Bank Tower
ARTHouse
Texas State Capitol
Events & Activities
Longhorn Football
Events Pay Texas State Arts Festival
Free
SOUTH BY SOUTHWEST MUSIC FESTIVAL
Activities Pay Free
Longhorn Basketball
Texas State Capitol
l&E
nter
tain
2nd
Barton Springs
men
t Di
stric t Republic Square Farmers Market 4th St E nter tain men t
Kayaking
Trail of Lights
s Av
etai
gres
Hiking/ Biking
St R
St R
etai
Con
6th
e Re
tail D
istri
ct
Blues on the Green
Dist
rict
l Dis
trict
Austin Convention Center
ACL Festival Congress Bridge Bats
South Congress Retail District
Event Attendance | Average per day of event (thousands) 90
UT Football 85,000
Austin City Limits 75,000
75
60
45
30
South by Southwest 17,000
UT Basketball 12,000
15
UT Baseball 6,000
Austin Film Festival 7,000
Blues on the Green 2,000
0
JAN
FEB
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MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Contextual Analysis
Rio Grande Lofts Republic Square
Monarch
Federal Courthouse Gables 4th Street Entertainment District
West Avenue Lofts
Austin Museum of Art
Shoal Creek Trail
360 Condos
Austin Music Hall
AMLI
Austin Ballet AMLI
W Hotel & Condos/ Austin City Limits
Mixed-Use Residential 2nd Street Retail District
Austin Central Library
City Hall
Mixed-Use Residential Lance Armstrong Bikeway
Lady Bird Lake Trail Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
2nd Street Retail District
Mixed-Use Residential
Austin Central Library Mixed-Use Residential
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Green Water Redevelopment By far the largest single development undertaking in the history of downtown Austin, the $750 million Green Water Redevelopment is slated to bring over 2 million square feet of retail, office, and residential space to perhaps the most booming area of the city. Located along the shore of Lady Bird Lake and Shoal Creek, the development joins additional ventures to redevelop the Seaholm Power Plant for adaptive reuse, and the new Austin Central Library. This new complex stands to create a significant impact on the urban fabric of the city, and offers potential for unique solutions for urban space.
Gables
Republic Square
W Hotel & Condos
Austin Museum of Art
360 Condos
4th
ent
m tain
er
nt St E
t
tric
Dis
AMLI
Proposed Mixed-Use Residential
Rio Grande Lofts
AMLI
Austin Ballet
City Hall
Austin Music Hall West Avenue Lofts
Sh
oa
lC
re
ek
Proposed Central Library
rm
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Lan
ay
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Proposed Plaza Tr a
il
Proposed Mixed-Use Hotel
Austin City Limits
e St R
2nd Proposed Mixed-Use Residential
t
tric
Dis
Proposed Site
Site Section
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Site Axon
Site Plan
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Access Interface
Critical Connections
ure
Fut
tai
nter
tE th S
4
nt nme
t
Ligh
ion
tens
l Ex Rai
SOUTH BY SOUTHWEST MUSIC FESTIVAL
t
tric
Dis
Proposed Mixed-Use Residential
Proposed Mixed-Use Residential
2nd
Sh
oa
lC
Proposed Plaza
re
ek
Proposed Mixed-Use Hotel
Tr a
il
Proposed Central Library
ce Lan
Austin Music Hall Proposed Plaza
Proposed Mixed-Use Residential y Lad
Bird
Proposed Mixed-Use Hotel
rail ke T
La
Proposed Central Library ay
kew
Bi rong
st
Arm
St R
Austin Ballet
ict
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Lady Bird Lake Trail
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ion
tens
2nd
l Ex etai
St RProposed
Mixed-Use Residential
Edge Conditions
SW - NE Section | Between Rio Grande & Nueces Streets
Southwest Edge | Cesar Chavez Street Front & Lady Bird Lake Trail
NW - SE Section | Between Second and Third Streets
Northwest Edge | Shoal Creek Bank Stabilization & Proposed Central Library Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
Southeast Edge | Nueces Street Extension & Proposed Street Front
Northeast Edge | Austin Music Hall
Weather Analysis Austin’s climate is characterized by long, hot and humid summers with mild, dry winters. Most of the yearly rainfall occurs in spring and fall, with relatively few overcast days during the summer. Within immediate proximity to the city are several bodies of water, including Lady Bird Lake downtown, Lake Austin, Lake Travis, and the Colorado River. These create a lush vegetative environment, paired with the primarily limestone hill country. This mix of natural landscape and urban density gives Austin its unique feel and provides residents with immediate access to both city and rural amenities.
Shadow Range Sun Path Primary Wind Direction Date | 1.1-12.31 Time | 00:00-24:00
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AH
Psychrometric Chart | Austin, TX
30
Date | 1.1-12.31 Time | 00:00-24:00
Selected Design Techniques 1. 2. 3. 4.
passive solar heating thermal mass effects natural ventilation indirect evaporative cooling
25
20
15
10
5
Comfort
DBT (°C)
5
10
15
20
25
Optimum Orientation | Austin, TX
330°
35
40
45
50
Wind Frequency | Austin, TX Date | 1.1-12.31 Time | 00:00-24:00
Annual Average Underheated Period Overheated Period
345°
30
N kW h/ m²
15° NOR T H
Best
345°
30°
2.70
50 km/ h
hrs
15°
484+
W orst
330°
30°
435
2.40 315°
2.10
387
40 km/ h
45° 315°
338
45°
290
1.80 300°
60°
1.50
242
30 km/ h
193 300°
60°
145
1.20
96
20 km/ h
0.90
285°
<48
75°
0.60
285°
75°
10 km/ h
0.30 270°
90° 90.0°
255°
105°
240°
120°
225°
135°
210°
Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
150° 195°
Compromise: 180.0° 180°
165°
W EST
E AS T
255°
105°
240°
120°
225°
135°
210°
150° 195°
165° S OUT H
Programming Front of House
FRONT OF HOUSE
Back of House
Sqft
Units Total
Sqft
Units
Total
Rooms Bays
350
400
142,000
140,000
Service Room
100 1/Floor
140,000
2,000 2,000
Reception Front Desk
400
1
400
Living Room 2,000
1
2,000
Concierge
150
1
150
Restrooms
500
2
1,000
4,750
Front Office
450
1
450
Break Room
600
1
600
Security
150
1
150
Valet
250
1
250
Storage
150
1
150
3,150
1,600
Food/Drink Restaurant
6,000
1
6,000
Kitchen
3,500
1
3,500
Bar
2,500
1
5,000
Storage
500
1
500
500
4
2,000
Restrooms 17,000
13,000
4,000
Function Main Hall
4,000
1
4,000
Breakout
1,000
4
4,000
Pre-function
2,000
1
2,000
500
2
1,000
Restrooms 13,000
Storage
2,000
1
11,000
2,000
2,000
Recreation Spa
3,000
1
3,000
Office
500
1
500
Fitness
3,000
1
3,000
Storage
500
1
500
500
1
500
Restrooms 7,500
6,500
1,000
Support Staff Loading Dock 14,000
198,250 Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
11,000
1
11,000
3,000
1
3,000 14,000
173,650
24,600
BACK OF HOUSE
Program Siting Single Level
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Multi-Level
Program Analysis Reception
FRONT OF HOUSE Restrooms
Front Desk
BACK OF HOUSE
Security
Front Office
Food & Drink
Restrooms
BACK OF HOUSE
Storage
Bars
Valet
Concierge
FRONT OF HOUSE
Storage
Living Room
Couch & Chairs 9’10”x12’8”
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Reception Desk 7’x2’8”
Restaurants
Break Room
4-Top Table 4’10”x4’10”
Small Bar 13’x11’
Kitchens
Recreation
FRONT OF HOUSE
BACK OF HOUSE
Office
Function
FRONT OF HOUSE
Restrooms
BACK OF HOUSE
Breakout
Fitness Restrooms
Main Hall Spa Pre-function
Storage
Treadmill 7’4”x3’
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Massage Table 6’8”x3’
Booth 10’x5’
Conference Table 13’6”x7’
Storage
Public Space Potentials
Tree Plaza
Market
Amphitheater
Sports
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MATERIAL Detail Studies STUDY Materials
Texas Limestone
Copper
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Pecan Wood
Aluminum
Cedar Wood
Concrete
Crushed Granite
Bermuda Grass
MATERIAL STUDY de Young Museum
Herzog & de Meuron De Young Museum
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MATERIAL STUDY New Museum SANAA
New Museum
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PLANT PLANT STUDY STUDY Vegetation Trees Trees
SouthernSouthern Live OakLive Oak
Texas Palmetto Texas Palmetto
MontereyMonterey Oak Oak
Ash
Ash
Shrubs Shrubs
Yucca
Yucca
Sumac
Sumac
Groundcover Groundcover
Bermuda Grass
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Crushed Granite Crushed Granite
Mexican Feathergrass Mexican Feathergrass
Agave
Agave
Acuba
Acuba
Proposal
plaza
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amphitheater
hotel
Process
Typical
Architecture is a constant negotiation between the socially conscious public realm and the fiscally bound private sector. By investigating this inherent conflict through the lens of urban development, this thesis contends that a reciprocal relationship between public space and private development exists, and when capitalized upon, can bring both a higher level of experience for the public and increased financial value to the private sector. The site, a portion of Austin’s Green Water Redevelopment, situated along Lady Bird Lake amidst the most up-andcoming area of downtown, holds significant potential to demonstrate the amelioration of real estate development and public space. Assuming public amenity to be a basic economic stimulus, the project seeks to appropriate the quasi-public levels of the proposed hotel and leverage their value with the public plaza, creating a multi-level public landscape into which private development is inserted and invigorated.
Extend Plaza
This “thick” surface allows for a multi-form, multi-function environment where the boundary between plaza and building is blurred, and the socioeconomic value of public space augments the economic value of private development.
Thicken Surface
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Axonometrics
Third Floor
Second Floor
First Floor
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Exploded Axonometric
Program
Hotel Rooms Fitness/Rec
Upper Lobby Bar
Function
Lobby Restaurant & Bar Service
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Series of Plazas
Tower Composition
South Rooms
North Rooms & Pockets
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Ground Plan
Ground Plan
D
1/32” = 1’
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
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Plan Diagram
Upper Floors
D
Second Floor
1/64” = 1’ Second Floor A
A
B
B
C
C
Ground Plan Diragram COVERED PORCH
COVERED PORCH
COMMUNAL SPACE
COMMUNAL SPACE
SERVICE CORE
Third Floor
1/64” = 1’
Third Floor A
A
B
B
C
C
SERVICE CORE
PLAN DIAGRAM
TYPICAL TEXAS FARMHOUSE
Typical Texas Farmhouse COVERED PORCH
COMMUNAL SPACE
Fourth
Floor Typical Floor 1/64” =Tower 1’
SERVICE CORE
A
A
B
B
C
C
TYPICAL TEXAS FARMHOUSE
D
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Site Plan
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Elevations
West
East
South
North
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Section A
Section A 1/16” = 1’
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Section C
Section C 1/16” = 1’
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Section D
Section D 1/16” = 1’
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Section Axonometrics
Section B Section B 1/8” = 1’
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Details
North Balcony
South Balcony
Main Facade Screen Stair Platform
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Documantation SCHEME 1
SCHEME 2
SCHEME 3
SCHEME 4
Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University
Bibliography Alex Wall, “Programming the Urban Surface,” in Recovering Landscape: Essays in Contemporary Landscape Theory, by James Corner (Princeton Architectural Press, 1999), 233-50. Bjarke Ingels, Yes Is More: An Archicomic on Architectural Evolution (Evergreen, 2009). Bruce Upbin, “Joshua Prince-Ramus On The Myth Of Architectural Genius,” Forbes.com (June 14, 2010). Committee for Economic Development, Public Private Partnership: An Opportunity for Urban Communities, 1982. Edmund N. Bacon, Design of Cities (New York Viking Press, 1976). Elite Kedan, Provisional: Emerging Modes of Architectural Practice, ed. Jon Dreyfous and Craig Mutter, 1st ed. (Princeton Architectural Press, 2009). Girish K. Misra and G.C. Mathur, Public Private Partnerships in Urban Development (Intellectual Book Corner, 1997). Joshua Prince-Ramus, “Agency,” ed. Marc Guberman, Jacob Reidel, and Frida Rosenberg, Perspecta 40 “Monster”: The Yale Architectural Journal: 96-101. Judith R. Blau, Architects and Firms : A Sociological Perspective on Architectural Practices (The MIT Press, 1987). Keith Moskow, Small Scale: Creative Solutions for Better City Living (Princeton Architectural Press, 2010). Paul Lewis, Marc Tsurumaki, and David J. Lewis, “Tactics for an Opportunistic Architecture,” in Opportunistic Architecture, 1st ed. (Princeton Architectural Press, 2007), 168-177. Peter Eisenman, Ten Canonical Buildings: 1950-2000 (Rizzoli, 2008). PRAXIS: Journal of Writing and Building, Issue 10: Urban Matters (Praxis, Inc, 2008). Rem Koolhaas, Delerious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan (The Monacelli Press, 1979). Stan Allen, Practice: Architecture, Technique, and Representation (Routledge, 2009). Sara Moss, “Calculated Risk,” Architectural Design, January 2004.
Think Rationally | M. Arch Thesis Sloan Springer | Syracuse University