SELECTED WORKS / MLYNSKI

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07.09.2015 LONDON / UK

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ARCHITECTURE URBAN PLANNING PRODUCT DESIGN TEAMWORK AWARDED PUBLISHED SELECTED

TREE HOPPER NEW CITY INFRASTRUCTURE 2014

Finding a moment to connect with nature within the expanding envelopes of our global cities is becoming a rarity, even though increasing webs of transport infrastructure allow us to reach secluded peaceful natural environments with greater ease. The issue lies not in connectivity but rather the pattern of the urban dweller’s lifestyle, being consumed by the journey to work, working day and the journey back home. These factors are shaping our cities, the way they function and even our personal living patterns. We are interested in practical solutions that improve people’s lives through the creation of positive sustainable urban environments and in this instance it is the transitional time space between commuting and working that forms our context. ‘Tree-Hopper’ is a new public city infrastructure that allows you to disconnect from the city - in the city. It combines the satisfaction of pitching your own tent with the excitement of occupying a tree canopy at the convenience of strolling to the park next door. The system provides a network of selected ‘Docking-Trees’ across city parks and green spaces, consisting of a structural frame with integrated stairs and services that accommodate private ‘Tree-Tents’ (available in any outdoor store). A ‘Tree-Finder app’ points to the nearest available docking tree. The docking structure has been designed with structural laws common to nature, utilising Fibonacci principles. This allows it to adapt to a selected tree trunk’s girth and height. All vertical loading is taken by the structure and the tree only provides lateral stability. This allows the structure to sway with the tree. WC and washing facilities as well as off-grid power and Wi-Fi connectivity are integrated into the frame. The second part ‘Tree-Tent’ consists of an inflatable structural base cushion that attaches itself to the docking frame at specific points. This creates a cantilever out from the structure and forms the resting floor of the tent. A light hood then attaches to form a weather cover with integrated air column and flexible carbon fibre poles to hold the form in tension. A connector provides air pressure and power from the host frame. ‘Tree-Hopper’ has been designed for cities such as London, providing a vehicle through which one can find inspiration and connect with nature amongst the hustle and bustle of urban life, however the solution can be adapted to cities around the world allowing it to becoming a truly global sensory infrastructure.

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2011 3.63 billion 52.1%

1950 0.75 billion 29.4%

2050

total urban population

2 700 000

6.25 billion 67.2%

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The diagram above reflects the average commuting time per inhabitant in the selected cities and the amount of carbon footprint produced by a single person while travelling to work. As a response to this problem TreeHopper not only promotes eco-friendly structure and materials but it also contributes to reduction of carbon footprint by providing accommodation close to the work place and by this limiting the need for long traveling.

ARRANGEMENT OF TREEHOPPERS IN LONDON

COMMUTING TIME & CARBON PRODUCTION

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Everything in nature seems to be subordinated to stringent mathematical laws. A prove to that can be found in many botanical structures inter alia in the way leaves are organised on plant’s stem, seeds in the pine cone or sunflower head arrangement. In all of the above examples the same principle is being represented in the form of the left-twisted and right-twisted spirals. Scientists like Kepler, Leonardo da Vinci or Turing were already studying this phenomenon called phyllotaxis, analysing the concept of helical (spiral) symmetry. This phenomenon became a great inspiration for the concept development. Furthermore the Fibonacci sequence which is reflected in ratio between left-twisted and right-twisted spirals is utilize to control shape of the structure. This resulted in the scheme that can be located in various locations and by following simple rules and changing parameters the object can be adjusted to local context.

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INSPIRED BY NATURE

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External transparent ETFE layer Provides weather protection, durability, and keeps the user warm.

Primary Air frame Made of a high-tenacity polyester fabric, this air column connects to the inflatable base and holds the tent in shape.

Tree Tent Entrance Flexible LED lighting LED string woven into the tent fabric Secondary frame Flexible carbon fibre rods act as secondary supports to the air frame.

Self adjusting inflatable base cushion Inflated cushion creates a cantilevered base off the host frame. This base doubles as a comfortable air bed type sleeping surface. Storage space compartment

Dual connector plug Connects to host frame socket to provide electricity and air from the host inflating pump.

Installation Select a docking opening within the host structure, unpack your tree tent, attach it to the host frame via the fixing points provided. Plug in the dual connector, the tent will then automatically begin inflating. Once inflated, unzip the entrance door and your tree tent is ready to use.

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TREE TENT DETAIL

Existing tree Selected on length of trunk, strength and quality of canopy

Infill composite mesh Provides fall protection whilst letting natural light and fresh air

External viewing platform Gives users the opportunity to enjoy views and relax within the canopy Tree Tent User owned weather protective ‘tents‘ that attach to the docking frame

Service core

Host structural frame Optimised via Fibonacci principles to allow natural light and unrestricted views to each Tree Tent, whilst creating a rigid structure to support the tents. Vertical circulation Vertical anchor point

Roots

City Infrastructure

AXONOMETRIC VIEW

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17,5 m

8,5 m

COMPETITION: Triumph Architectural TreeHouse Award / 2014 / 1st prize SITE: Varies - any adequate tree around the world. Competition proposal presents an example based on docking trees network in Central London. BUILDING AREA (m2): Building area depends on number of tree tents. Core - 10,8m2 Tree tent - 3,2m2 (to be multiplied by number of TreeHopper users) MAXIMUM HEIGHT (m): Depending on the docking tree trunk size STRUCTURE: General structure - timber with steel joints , Tree tent - Primary Air frame: high-tenacity polyester fabric, this air chamber connects to the inflatable base and holds the tent in shape, Secondary frame: flexible carbon fibre rods act as secondary supports to the air frame EXTERIOR FINISH: General (Host structural frame) - timber, Tree tent: External transparent and semi-transparent ETFE layer

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INTERIOR RENDER & PLANS & PROJECT DETAILS

ELEVATION & SECTION

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‘The design shows a high level of creativity with its wonderfully executed futuristic aesthetics. It also presents a nice balance of Bio mimicry and commentary on the modern lifestyle. The panel appreciated the beautiful form presented with the sculptural honeycomb module (...), liked the interpretation of a great short term relaxation and shared use space – a quick urban recharge cabin or pod. It is a well deserved winner with all taken into account and with such tasteful and clear presentation. A very intelligent communication of a concept that is convincing and realistic.’ (Jury Comment Summary) HTTP://WWW.E-ARCHITECT.CO.UK/LONDON/TRIUMPH-ARCHITECTURAL-TREEHOUSE-AWARD

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HOW TO GROW THE C I T Y? REVITALISATION OF THE SHIPYARD 2012

The shipyard in Gdynia was one of the most productive and important parts of the city, but unfortunately in 2008 the workshop was closed. Despite this, it still remains thought-provoking and inspiring. For 90 years the shipyard built 600 ships with carrying capacity of over 8 000 000 tons. Sadly today, instead of industrial tunes which were part of the city’s symphony, we hear only a tranquil melody played by the wind on hooks. Over 5000 workers and hundreds more from the companies that were cooperating with the shipyard lost their jobs. Nowadays over the city, still cranes are looming, just waiting for a signal to start work… My proposal is to use the abandoned shipyard and its substantial potential to solve current regional problems. There is a visible lack of high quality office space as well as unsatisfying

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housing diversity in the city. The region also has an alarmingly low percentage of reliability on renewable energy sources. Only 2.7% of consumption came from wind and water turbines. The program attempts to bring Gdynia’s shipyard back to life while utilising deep understanding of its industrial potential, economic condition and social aspects. The Workshop will be used not only to manufacture wind turbines but also to make the buildings elements of a new district spreading over the post-industrial area. The core of this project is modularity as an efficient technique of organisation and simplifying even the most compound and complicated systems. A great source of inspiration was the nature and structure of multicellular organisms.

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Shipyard production facilities and cranes are proposed to be used to fabricate components in order to reduce the costs. Therefore the organisation of new streets and urban composition based on the grid defined by disused industrial railway. This allows for easy transportation of modules from production line into their assigned location. This rigid composition, however is broken by green areas spread over the development. In order to find their location parametric model analysing distances to the closes recreational areas and density of users was built. Whenever tension representing need of access to green recreation area exceeds given threshold new opening in linear composition is added.

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STEP OF DEVELOPMENT

HEIGHT FUNCTION TENSION B

5 B 26/ 2

URBAN PLAN OPTIMISATION

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TENSION LEVEL BEFORE OPTIMISATION

TENSION LEVEL AFTER OPTIMISATION

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COMPOSITION BEFORE OPTIMISATION

COMPOSITION AFTER OPTIMISATION

URBAN PLAN OPTIMISATION

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The solution which has low cost of production and the system easy to assemble had to be found. The inspiration came from incredibly efficient multicellular organisms. They have developed the ability to grow, divide, modify and most importantly adapt to changing conditions. The shape of an individual module allows to create a variety of arrangements. Each module is divided into two layers. The external one consists of light panels protecting the interior from weather. The internal one is made up of movable curtains which can be used as walls, doors or furniture. The floor and ceiling levels can also be adjusted to the space requirements such as: storage, installations and interior division. The kit-of-parts construction consists of the elements which are easy to transport. All convertible parts were optimized to achieve lowest possible carbon footprint during the production and buildings’ assembly. One module has 33 m2 which allows to create a small studio flat inside it. The same module – multiplied, can be used as a cottage, an office, storage space or kindergarten (depending on user’s needs). 26

MODULE’S GEOMETRY

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MODULE’S STRUCTURE 1. Steel roof 2. Top corrugated metal sheet 3. Modular dropped ceiling 4. Rails for curtains 5. Wooden curtains 6. Top steel frame 7. Openings for connection with other modules 8. Steel columns 9. Bottom steel frame 10. Exterior panels 11. Insulation 12. Perforated panels 13. Window module 14. Top exterior panels 15. Storage system in the floor 16. Bottom corrugated metal sheet 17. Steel floor construction 18. Bottom steel cover

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By using these editable elements and changing their position, users can easily create different types of spaces, adapting them according to their lifestyle and activity. This modular system gives flexibility in the creation of function. The same module (depending on user’s needs) can be used as a cottage, office, kindergarten or even warehousing. By the potential to build, connect, service, move and change the building structure elements easily, it’s got metabolic features.

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RENDERS

In theory, all of these establishments sound promising, but to find out if this building generation is possible, potential users were invited to take part in an activity entitled “How to grow the city?” which was aimed to create the exemplary structure. The results were astonishing. The modules were used in very creative and diverse ways. The types of connections and arrays of elements were impressive and even surprising. As the result of the experiment the participants received adaptable structures reflecting their desires.

SHIPYARD FACILITIES ARE USED TO PRODUCE AND CONSTRUCT THE DEVELOPMENT

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ARRANGEMENTS CREATED BY USERS

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MODEL Future users (families, groups of friends, students) were invited to take part in an event called: “How to grow the city”. Everyone was familiarised with the context and the building’s maximum size. To ensure proper development of the structure simpler rules describing possible relations between adjacent modules were presented. The rest was open to their creativity. The final physical made of wooden blocks is a dynamic structure reflecting the requirements of its inhabitants.

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P R E S S T O P L AY

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PLAN / ELEVATION / SECTION

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SWINGS

SLIDE

RECREATION AREA

SPRINGBOARD

SEA-SAW

HAMMOCK

CORTADERIA SELLOANA

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PLACE FOR PETS

P L AY T R E E PLAYGROUND 2009

SLEDGE TRACK

LADDER

EDUCATION AND EXERCISE

MULTIFUNCTIONAL BALLOON CANOPY

The aim of the project was to design a multi-generational playground in the centre of Wrocław, which would create space for younger as well as older citizens and connect them in a space where they can spend time together playing and enjoying their companionship. The flattened family tree was the basis of the mixedfunction idea. The program aims to combine spaces dedicated for grown-ups and spaces for kids as much as it is possible. The playground provides places to play, meet, rest, learn, exercise etc., forming infiltrating zones for different age groups. The playground includes swings, slides, trampolines, hammocks, benches, water-camels, light-balls, high grass (to play hide-and-seek) and dog area. Play tree is located in the park, so the greenery is an essential element, as well as the natural materials (wood, sand, fabric) which are used to create this gathering space.

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RAB B I T L I G H T ADAPTIVE SYSTEM 2015

From the very begging the aim of this project was to develop the network of repetitive mirror surfaces which by controlling its synchronized work, would reveal its interesting and adaptive properties. I decided to work with light because of its significant meaning in our lives. Light shapes our environment, our perception of the world depends on it. Furthermore the physical energy provided by Sun is significant for most of living creatures. Translation of this idea into the actual physical system was an amazing process however quite challenging one as well. The main subjects of the research were: use of evolutionary algorithm to determine behaviour of the system, studies on kinetic movement of physical object, dealing with precision and resolution as well as data flow between system and outside world. The designed mechanical object became a medium which enables the link between those two different environments. The goal of building the system that can adapt to its environment has attracted researchers from many fields, including computer science, engineering, mathematics, physics, neuroscience, and cognitive science. As architectural and more generally design projects are mostly embedded in constantly changing environment, architects and designers understand need of creating objects which are connected to the context. As an attempt to create such a dynamic and open system existing in physical world the last stage of the project enables tracking of the change in goal domain and by this allows for evolution of the system behaviour.

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STUDIES ON GROUP BEHAVIOUR The main idea behind those studies is to achieve multi-object systems by coding behaviour of only one single agent

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HELIOSTATS MECHANISMS WHICH DEAL WITH LIGHT AND MOVEMENT WITH GREAT PRECISION

KINECT

MOTORS

REFLECTIVE SURFACE

PROCESSING

SERVO CONTROLLER

COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM

The very first step was a creation of an installation which aim was to response to human activity and his particular behaviour. This work was done to highlight presence and play between light and shadow in everyday life. For me it was a stimulating experiment which helped me to understand better the matter that I am currently dealing with. The data from Kinect that was constantly scanning the environment was fed to the computer. The algorithm translated provided information into particular response and computes rotation angle. Signal to motors was send via Arduino Board.

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The main idea behind the geometry is to keep rotation center point always in one position which is a middle point, at the top of reflective surface. This constraint is especially important while dealing with narrow light stream. It is also very convenient as far as coding in concerned. It is also crucial to avoid unnecessary offset error caused by thickness of the reflective material. Such problem occurs every time when ball joint-type connection is required. In other words this error will happened every time when the direct connection between mirror and arms needs to have freedom

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P R E S S T O P L AY

of rotation. This offset also means that the rotation center point is not placed exactly on the top of the surface. As the distance between the reflective surface and target increases the resolutions starts playing a significant role. If for example the light is reflected at the distance of 10 meters, the movement produced by prototype A will consist of almost 4cm long jumps. This is why new types of servo motors and garaging was introduced in models B and C.

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PROTOTYPE A

PROTOTYPE B

PROTOTYPE C (HELIOLARIS)

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HELIOLARIS SPECIFICATION 1. EXCHANGEABLE REFLECTIVE SURFACE 140mm diameter mirror with surface curvature adjusted to the needs 2. STABILIZER grip consists of two aluminum pieces connected with each other and 3d printed profile allowing for smooth movement 3. Y-AXIS ARM 3mm aluminum profile connected with 5mm thick rack, rotates around y-axis (50 degrees on both sides) 4. T30 1 MOD SPUR GEAR number of teeth: 30, pitch diameter 30mm, OD 32mm. Off-the-shelf gear adapted for this mechanism. 3d printed connector enables mounting of the gear on the horn. Additionally connector becomes the guide-roller for the Y-axis arm 5. GUIDE ROLLERS miniature industrial bearing with 3d printed plastic coating 6. T48 1 MOD SPUR GEAR number of teeth: 48, Pitch Diameter 48mm, OD 50mm. Off-the-shelf gear adapted for this mechanism. 3d printed connector enables mounting of the gear on the horn 7. MX-28 SERVO MOTORS 8. X-AXIS ARM 3mm aluminium profile connected with 5mm aluminium, rotates around x-axis (50 degrees on both sides) 9. HORIZONTAL GRIP IN Y-AXIS ensures additional stability. Designed to preserve rotation center point exactly on top of the surface

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light(light.x, light.y, light.z)

P1

P3

P2

P1 (p1.x, p1.y, p1.z)

P2 (p2.x, p2.y, p2.z)

P3 (p3.x, p3.y, p3.z)

AXONOMETRIC VIEW

PLAN

light

normalD toLight

toLight

toTarget

toTarget

3,4.

1,2.

pYZ

pYZ

normalD

normalD

YZPlane pYZtX α

tX

5,6. 1. toTarget.normzalize(); 2. toLight.normalize(); 3. addition of toLight and toTarge 4. normalD - vector which will be utilized for angles calculations

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7,8. 5. projection of normalD on YZPlane 6. pYZ = (0,normalD.y,normalD.z) 7. pYZtX=tX.cross(pYZ) 8. α = acos(pYZtX.y/pYZtX.mag())

pYZ

pYZ normalD

normalD

α

α

tX

pYZtXPlane

9.

10. pYZ

normalD normalD

β

α

α pYZtXPlane β

11,12,13,14.

15. Rx(α)Ry(β)

testNormal normalD=testNormal normalD

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17,18.

9. rotateX(α) 10. normalD is lying on the pYZtXPlane

15. rotateY(β)

11. β=

16. Rx(α)Ry(β) =

12. float pq = pYZ.dot(normalD); 13. float p1q1=(pYZ.mag()*normalD.mag()); 14. float β=acos(pq/p1q1);

17. map(α, -180, 180, 0, 4096) 18. map(β, 180, -180, 0, 4096)

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Designed mechanisms became a part of adaptive system controlling sunlight reflection in order to encourage photosynthesis of the plant in low-light or even no-light conditions. As all the elements of the environment are interconnected with each other the introduction of new object (in this case designed system) is obviously going to change this environment. Even if the object is well optimised it is still almost impossible to predict all possible scenarios and future changes in environment. This is why my initial goal was to develop an open system which would enable tracking the change in problem (goal) domain and by this allow for evolution of its own behaviour. The problem domain could be represented as both shape of the plant and need of it for light. This is why significant part of this work is exploration of possibility to optimise behaviour of the system embedded in non-stationary environment. Non-stationary because of the fact that the system deals with constantly changing, growing, living organism.

RE- C E L L ECOLOGICAL WALL 2010

The subject of my interest was every -existing or future- useless, dirty, abandoned city wall. As in nature, every organism consists of a huge amount of repetitious cells which ensure reliability, I decided also to make up a universal modular system, which will allow transformation of industrial buildings walls, grey skyscrapers, office blocks or even typical fences in green ecosystems. Such a solution would also provide the possibility to create buildings. On every step of the project I was seeking inspiration in nature, because to my mind it is the master of OPTIMISATION and usage of resources from its surrounding (to which it is trying to adjust). Organic waste are nearly 40% of our dust bins and composting is one of the easiest and cheapest ways of recycling. This is something that all of us can do in our own back gardens. The program proposes a system of gathering waste such us grass cuttings,

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tea bags, ripped cardboard, paper, fruit cuttings etc., based on delivering new and collecting full containers – cells, which after changing sewage to soil are going to become part of the ecological structure. The shape of every cell is the result of combining 2 functions: a container for waste and the construction element of the building wall. Such structure can be a ground for plants which will reduce the amount of CO2 as well as have a positive influence on micro climate. Thanks to the tectonic of the walls users can collect water and what is more birds would also find shelter there. The system of solar panels is a combination of proper lightening inside the building, and gathering solar energy. I hope that this idea lets everyone get involved in very simple but relevant way in creating our ecocities.

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SYSTEM OF DELIVERING AND GATHERING CONTAINERS FOR ORGANIC WASTE. AFTER FEW MONTHS THE DUSTBINS BECOME THE CELLS WITH FERTILE SOIL WHICH WILL CREATE BUILDING STRUCTURE.

2 WAYS OF CO2: DIRECT- THE BUILDING IS COVERED WITH PLANTS ABSORBING CO2; INDIRECT-IDEA ALLOWS EXTENSION OF THE BUILDING WHICH WILL RESULT IN VERTICAL GROWTH OF THE CITY. IT WILL SHORTEN TRAVEL DISTANCES, COST OF FUEL, POLLUTION AND CROWD – WHICH WOULD BE BENEFICIAL FOR THE ENVIRONMENT.

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IDEA

THE LEAF OF THE FIG TREE IS THE GREAT EXAMPLE OF EFFICIENT HARVESTING RAINWATER

SOLAR CELLS NOT ONLY DELIVER ENERGY BUT ARE ALSO PART OF COOLING SYSTEM.

BIRDS

INSECTS

PLANTS

PEOPLE

OBJECT FEATURES

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F ABR YKA Z NAKU RESEARCH FACILITY 2010

The establishment is placed at Chwaliszewo (the part of Poznań) by the old river side. While analysing the area I was looking for inspirations, which may connect XIX century buildings with the new object, by composing it into the existing tissue. The tectonic of roofs and character of chimneys and roof windows occurred to be very essential. Their localisation determined the form of the object. The factory is a research facility whose aim is to develop and fabricate products for blind people. It is creating equipment, which has to comfort disabled people and helps to create the space surrounding them. The functional programme assumes that disabled people would work there, which determined selection of materials, technological and spatial solutions.

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DRAWINGS

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HO U SE O F M U S I C SCHOOL OF MUSIC 2011

Music is for everyone. We can feel it not only by hearing, but by all of the senses thanks to strengthening sound vibrations. There are specific zones in the human body which receive different sound tones (high, medium, low) by diverse vibrations. An amazing example of this is deaf drummer Evelyn Glennie. This knowledge was used in the project. A proposed bionic building, including musical university with a concert hall, is connected by special strings with the houses of 3 masters of classical music (Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven). The string transmits city sounds as well as creates small architecture (features like: benches, lightening, fences). The shape of the strings are a graphic interpretation of the works of the three mentioned musicians. There are also “switch on points” on the strings, where everyone can plug in and listen to various music and city sounds. The main building was designed after deep analysis of existing paths and greenery. The idea is to preserve all existing trees and as an addition the building has a spacious green roof. The function and the form were adjusted to this approach. The main element of the settlement is a mobile stage (outdoor, indoor and both). Structure which is allows to extend by removing walls of the surrounding classrooms. This element is created by modules, which are designed as a membrane to provide users with possibility of ‘feeling’ music.

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AXONOMETRIC VIEWS

VIEW B

VIEW A

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M U SH E L L K A PUBLIC TOILET 2011

The aim of the competition was to design a public toilet for coastal city Sopot. It was proposed to create object inspired by Baltic shell and kitesurfing kite, which will become an integral part of the landscape. Seaside project MuSHELLka presents design development from the concept responding to the competition brief, to a comprehensive construction drawings package. It shows the confrontation of preliminary idea of look, structure and material selection with reality, environmental guidelines and applicable regulations. As a result the inflatable object inspired by a kite and shell evolved to compact epoxy resin structure with a high geometrical and structural complexity. The design was created in collaboration with external consultants therefore it represents a careful overlay of key project components (aesthetics, structure, services, functionality). As a result of the competition entry the proposal was awarded with 1st prize and following further idea of the City Council to implement the design to the city the tender drawing package for construction had to be prepared. At the beginning the Council was asked to define the parameters that would be the most essential for them in order to be able to form a new brief for the scheme. In the same time the research aimed to form a better understanding of the task and context constraints was undertaken. The previous idea regarding the function, organisation, material selection, structure and technology had to be reviewed so that the building would not only meet the aesthetic requirements but also be compliant with relevant legislations, building regulations and future users’ needs.

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PLAN && SECTION BB

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100 cm

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PICNIC IN THE C I T Y URBAN FURNITURE 2009

This proposal responds to the competition brief inviting designers to create street furniture or urban space which could encourage people to have a picnic. As an introduction the simple question was asked: How should the perfect city picnic look like to give everyone opportunity to organize it fast and economical but still reflecting the joyful atmosphere? As picnic has usually spontaneous character therefore the solution should enable quick organization. Team was wondering if there are any elements from everyday city life that may be used? The proposed answer is the daily city journal or newspaper, which is given out to citizens in every bigger town. The aim is to unleash hidden potential of this common object. If the cover would be made of waterproof billboard paper, it may become perfect complimentary picnic equipment. The Journalblanket is protection from dirt, water and cold and it creates the picnic mood by imprinted blanket pattern. Therefore the person who has collected the journal has actually nearly everything to consume lunch. One needs only companion and pleasant place to sit. Furthermore by connecting few newspapers people can integrate and lunch together. PICNIC

DAILY NEWSPAPER

NEWSPAPER HOLDER

COMPANION

SNACK

ALL INGRIDIENTS CAN BE MULTIPLIED

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A LITTLE BIT OF TIME

FLUME N A RE NA RECREATION CENTRE 2009

The project aim is a gentrification of west bank of the Warta River. The Flumen Arena is located in the very centre of the master plan in which plays not only the role of the sport-hall but also marine, restaurant and multimedia club centre. The structure of the building was inspired by a beautiful and yet complex structure of the coral. This project experiments with allowing the internal structure to become part of the external surface. The proposal was to create development composed within existing city tissue and the greenery that would integrate local inhabitants.

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D REAM P AV I L I ON MUSEUM GARDENS 2013 London. The Museum Park . Lunch time in a sunny day... “I wish it was Friday today...” “I wish my mum would finally let me have a dog or cat or...at least a fish...”, “I wish I could fly...”, “ I wish so many children wouldn’t be starving...” How it is possible that somewhere between the noisy cars and city sounds, I can still hear their thoughts...? I heard two people talking few days ago, that for some reason, they find it much easier to dream when they lay. They said that this is because it makes them more relaxed , more comfortable. But to be honest, I think this is simply because, there is no better feeling than laying on the grass, lifting your hands and know that everything is possible now, that you can even touch the sky... Probably this is why from the moment I woke up one day, here, in this beautiful park, they keep on coming back to me, we spend time together, we dream together and we feel free. I guess the fact that I am hidden here, between the trees, in the heart of the park, helps to focus, helps to isolate from every day live and open the mind. I love this moment when we observe green trees above us, when we can feel the smell of cleomes, when we can hear birds singing... The fact that we are here, together, make us feel safe. I guess at first I may be a bit shy, but the more friends, the more dreams, the more open I become. They are always more then welcome here, we can try to escape together from worries and troubles and focus on our thoughts ambitions, discuss our goals. What I observed is that is seems that dreams are unique for every single person, as well as the way we dream. But I am trying to do my best to make them all feel comfortable. Sometimes they come to me when it rains, so I create the shelter for them. When they come in a sunny day, I provide them with a bit of shadow, but still allowing a soft sun rays, to make them feel warm... I try to make their dreams more achievable. No matter if they feel more like laying on your back or on your belly, the sky is always there, within the reach. Let’s share our dreams, so that my dreams, could become yours. I wish I could touch the sky, but I can only achieve with your help. I feel that I you come here, lay next to me, we can fell the soft wind on our faces, we can feel in the air that the grass is green, we could hear the squirrel sneaking in the trees canopies, we could reach the stars... Oh I guess, I have just started dreaming...Hurry up, let’s dream together!

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STRUCTURE’S MOVEMENT Proposed pavilion is a kinetic structure which aim is to alter its shape in response to number of users inside. Main feature of the object is a concave reflective surface called the “pond”. Above the pond the oculus is created which not only allows light inside but also enables for sky to be reelected in the surface. Geometry and size of oculus is defined by movement of the structure. Movement, however, represents the relation - more people - more dreams - more open and inviting the pavilion becomes. By sitting or standing on the mobile platforms around the reflective surface, people interact with object and hence influence the mechanism which is integrated into the pavilion structure. Mechanism controls shape and movement of the canopy by usage of kinetic power transmission. It is supplied with gas spring that enables smooth movement and therefore does not require the visitor’s use of excessive force action. This modular ‘dome’, supported on a timber columns aims to create an impression of being within the tree canopy. Additionally semi-transparent scales protect against rain and wind. An interactive (movable) form enables the pavilion to become a living structure that socializes and cooperates with people.

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3

2

AXONOMETRIC SECTION 1. OCULUS Central oculus is defined by movable structure that represents the relation - the more people - the more open it becomes. By sitting on the mobile platforms, people influence arms of the force within the pavilion structure, which results in lifting the pavilion arms and spreading the opening. 2. FLOOR Timber floor defines the base that combines fixed (circular path) and mobile part. Visitors can walk around the pavilion to find their ‘dream spot’. Movable timber slots are supported with a soft polyurethane foam, which provides comfort and assurance. 3. STRUCTURE Modular and relatively light structure (combination of timber and aluminum profiles) as well as use of smaller elements to create the complex form, makes the object adjustable to standard transport and manufacturing methods. To become an integral part of the park, the main pavilion structure was resolved as timber arms, which highlight the rhythm of surrounding trees trunks. 4. CANOPY Delicate, openwork pavilion’s canopy allows transparency and filters the natural light as well as the views to the surrounding greenery. It provides a shelter (from wind, rain, sun, noise) for “dreamers” within cozy, convenient and safe ‘shelter’. The perforated canopy highlights the arms movement, it becomes a way of expression and gives object personality. 5. CENTRAL “POND” Tiny chrome mirrors mosaic reflects the sky, simultaneously becoming an impulse reviving human imagination. Suddenly the sky is within the reach.

77

78

DRAWINGS

79

SA F E HAV E N UN BUFFER ZONE 2013

80

“The situation in Cyprus was very unstable and the race for the influence at the South-East part of Mediterranean Sea has led to military conflict! Already divided island become a trap and the only safe space is the Buffer Zone� This scenario was the beginning of the project which was aimed to prepare UN controlled Buffer Zone for the extremely rapid growth of population within its boundaries. Because of the division in 1974 Cyprus remains geopolitically sensitive place therefore the idea had to not only be easily adaptable but also context-sensitive .The main issues that the mission will have to face are: enormous increase of inhabitants from different cultures and backgrounds, food and water supply, new settlement organization, farmland division. The answer was the strategic program, prepared during workshops organised by The AA Visiting School in Cyprus, which focuses on resourceful land division as well as on the system which will allow for fast creation of the accommodation for internally displaced people (IDP). Combination of genetic algorithms and Central Place Theory resulted in the proposal which coordinates density inside Buffer Zone and efficiently divides farmland and hence resources. Additionally it describes relation between settlements and their location within the system. As far as accommodation for IDP is concerned, the idea was to create mega structures to be placed in the middle of main clusters defined by master plan. The objects will be used during the peace to collect humidity for water supply however during conflict they could emerge as a frame for settlement. This approach supported by parametric tools enabled to create response for speculative scenario of the substantial expansion. It will also allow to organise space efficiently as well as adjust design to local needs and conditions.

81

CYPRUS +ABANDONED BUFFER ZONE

IDEA CONTROLLED BY UN BUFFER ZONE AS SAFE HAVEN

NUMBER OF IDP 100 000 IDP WOULD FLEE TO ATHIENOU

82

ATHIENOU DENSITY number of households per 1 km2 - 2166 number of residents per 1 km2 - 8155 size of an avarage household - 462.9 m2

As The UN Refugee Agency’s data shows during military conflict up to 40% of population is forced to flee homes and seeks for safe place within the country’s boarders (e.g. Syria 7 600 000 IDP – 42% of the population). In such situation the UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus would became the most desirable place on island for around 100 000 people, and Athienou as the only city within the zone could potentially become an attracting point for IDP. Fast influx of people to Athienou would bring many issues and one of the most important would be a problem of extremely high population density and shortage of farmland. In order to gain as much area as possible for cultivation efficient organisation of housing districts was required.

83

6.48 km

6.48 km

84

20.2 km2 (Athienou) total number of residents - 100 000 number of residents pre 1km2 - 5 096 total number of households - 26 425

36,2 km2 (Dublin) total number of residents - 100 000 number of residents per 1km2 - 2 950 total number of households - 26 425

1.04 km2 (Mumbai) total number of residents - 100 000 number of residents pre 1km2 - 29 000 total number of households - 26 425

Final Proposal scattered, high density hubs

AREAS REQUIRED TO ACCOMMODATE 100 000 IDP REFERRING TO POPULATION DENSITY OF ATHNIENOU, DUBLIN, MUMBAI \ FINAL PROPOSAL

1

2 3

9

4

8 7 5

6

1. Canopy Collecting humidity for water supply and providing shadow 2. Main Core Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing Services 3. Floor System Temporary steel ropes + steel mesh 4. Lightweight housing compartments Tent-inspired wall separation. Dimensions following UNHCR Standards

5. Open Public Space 6. Water Tank 7. Farmland Allocated to each family 8. School Area dedicated to education (45% of IPD are children) 9. Branches Main structural elements allow the structure to be folded as well as improve vertical circulation

AXONOMETRIC VIEW

85

TURKISH CYPRIOTS’ TERRITORY

NORTH PART OF BUFFER ZONE ATHIENOU STORAGE AND COLLECTION POINTS

COMMUNICATION PATHS

GREEK CYPRIOTS’ TERRITORY

LARNACA

86

MASTERPLAN

MAIN ROADS PRIMARY LAND DIVISION SECONDARY ROADS

IRRIGATION SYSTEM SECONDARY LAND DIVISION

FIELDS

CORE / TREE CROPS STORAGE & COLLECTION EQUIPMENT STORAGE FIELD

LIVING STRUCTURE/ WATER COLLECTION

CLOSE-UP

87

P IA S U K PHYSICAL COMPUTING WORKSHOP

2015

90

The project is an outcome of physical computing workshop organised in 2015 at the Bartlett. The goal of the project was to design a system enabling creation of emergent patterns inspired by the phenomena of sand dunes. At the beginning of the process when the sand surface is flat, grains blown by the compressed air land in quite organised order. However with time number of holes increase and organisation of sand inside the box changes. This creates obstructions for air flow therefore the surface starts being affected with different pressure. This is the moment when unpredictable patterns emerge. Additionally the system uses Cellular Automate (CA) in order to generate movement path for the robot which increases emergent phenomena. The algorithm defining work of the UR robot was created in Grasshopper with use of plugin Scorpio (developed by Khaled ElAshry, Vincent Huyghe, Ruairi Glynn). The data describing activated cells position was imported into Grasshopper, transformed by Scorpio and directly uploaded to the robot through TCP/IP. 91

92

GENERATED PATTERN

Cell always becomes active if the number (n) of alive neighbours is 2<=n<=3. If cell is active but n<2 || n>4 then cell dies. others wise cell will remain its current state.

THE PROCESS

93

THE GROWTH MORPHOGENETIC STUDIES 2015 94

Goal of this studies was to create self-organising system. Mimicking of the cellular growth in simplified way was suggested as a medium allowing exploration of potential properties of such a system. Therefore development of abstract multicellular structures inspired by morphogenesis was computationally simulated. After that the performance of the final pieces was evaluated. The organisation of final structures is a consequence of specific, local interactions among the cells and influence of the environment. Firstly experiments aimed to create a system which finds an equilibrium state by following interactions rules. Next step was to optimise those rules for different geographical locations and hence for different lighting conditions. In this case solar irradiation affected increase of energy inside the cells. Whenever level of energy exceeded given threshold process of cellular division was triggered. This approach shows that optimising rules and introducing dynamic connections between components of the system could provide possibility of greater adaptation properties. Adaptation process starts when evolutionary algorithm finds the most suitable interaction rules however structure is further optimised by being able to adjust to external conditions during growth process.

95

One of the most recent and inspiring works on this substance is “Cellular Forms: an Artistic Exploration of Morphogenesis” written by mathematician and graphic designer Andy Lomas. The paper became a reference for forming the basic rules governing the system. However the relationship between growth and form has been the subject of studies for many years. Works such as Ernst Haeckel’s research among forms in nature or D’Arcy Thompson’s seminal “On Growth and Form” were pioneering attempts to solve beautiful mystery of nature by use of mathematical rules. Alan Turing’s paper “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis” can be perceived as the origin of using digital simulation methods to examine potential mechanisms behind the growth process. The structure combines interconnected cells with set of rules governing forces between those cells. The whole process starts with a simple initial shape - icosahedron. With time cells are being iteratively added to the system. The bottom up process is based on local interactions and tracking change of energy level inside the cells. When the energy level in a cell exceeds a given threshold the cell divides and new set of connections with neighbours is created for parent and daughter cell. After that parameters control forces acting on the cell. The possibility to change parameters gives opportunity to create various complex, organic structures.

96

BULGE FACTOR pushes the particles outwards

LOCAL PLANAR STATE reduces bumps and folds

SPRING REACTION tendency for linked cells to maintain a constant distance from each other SEPARATION FACTOR helps to avoid overlapping and collision

97

P R E S S T O P L AY A N I M AT I O N

98

class Growing Object

class Particle

SETUP INITIAL GEOMETRY

UPDATE PARAMETERS

CREATE ARRAY OF NEIGHBOURS ORGANISE INDEXES IN THE ARRAY

FORCES: -springReaction -localPlanarState -bulgeFactor -separationFactor -cohesion UPDATE PARTICLE POSITION

cellSystem ADD PARTICLE IF cellSystem > threshold

ELSE

APPLY FORCES

EVALUATE

UPDATE

GENERATE Panels

IF energy level> threshold

SOLAR ANALYSIS

ADD NEW Particle

DRAW RESULT

DRAW ELEMENTS

class Radiance GENERATE ENVIRONMENT COMPUTE IRRADIANCE

class Panel GENERATE PANELS

99

O - CELL’S CENTER V{A,B,C,D,E} - LIST OF CELL’S NEIGHBOURS

100

CELL’S VECTOR NORMAL In order to find direction of Cell’s normal vectors between Cell’s location O and location of directly linked cells are calculated. Next cross product of every two consecutive vectors is computed. This is repeated as many times as many cell is linked with the Cell. All received vectors are normalised and added. The result is normal vector of the cell.

LOCAL PLANAR STATE This vector (LPSV) is introduced to avoid unexpected folds, bumbs and EQUATIONS creases in structure surface. It pushesđ?‘›đ?‘›Cell’s center into average position ∑đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 < (đ?‘ đ?‘ , đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ) of this force depends between Cell’s direct neighbours (OP). Magnitude = đ?‘›đ?‘› on average angle between cNormal and vectors linking cell’s center with neighbours’ locations. ∑đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– EQUATIONS đ?‘›đ?‘› đ?‘›đ?‘› ∑đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 < (đ?‘ đ?‘ , đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ) |LPSV| depends on = đ?‘›đ?‘›

LPSV =

đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ = đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™â„Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą ∑đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– = đ?‘›đ?‘› đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ (đ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą) ∗ đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ) đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– = đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž( đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡

đ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇ =

∑đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 √đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– 2

đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ = đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™â„Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą

+ đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ 2 − 2(đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ∗ đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ ∗ đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?(180 − đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– − đ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą)) đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– = đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž(

đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ (đ?‘Łđ?‘Ł đ?‘›đ?‘› đ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą) ∗ đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ ) đ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡

EQUATIONS

∑đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 √đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– 2 +∑đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ 2 − 2(đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ∗ đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ ∗ đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?(180 − đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– − đ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą)) đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 < (đ?‘ đ?‘ , đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ) = đ?‘›đ?‘› ∑đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 < (đ?‘ đ?‘ , đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ) EQUATIONS = ∑đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 < (đ?‘ đ?‘ , đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘– ) = FACTOR BULG ∑đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘–=1đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– = Force designed to push the particles outwards đ?‘›đ?‘› ∑đ?‘›đ?‘› đ?‘‰đ?‘‰along the direction of the đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 đ?‘–đ?‘– = Average position for cNormal in order to restore the link to its rest length. đ?‘›đ?‘› đ?‘›đ?‘› ∑ đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ đ?‘–đ?‘– is found and this becomes a all links’ ends being in equilibrium (LT)đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 state = target (DT). Force is applied đ?‘›đ?‘› links are in compression and desired when allows It is calculated by application of the for expansion of the đ?‘‰đ?‘‰object. đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ = đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™â„Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą cosine and sine formula for triangles. đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ = đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™â„Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą EQUATIONS đ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇ =

SEPARATION FACTOR The interaction occurs also between cells which are not directly connected. In order to encourage smooth growth and avoid overlapping, and collision separation force was introduced. Without this force structure would develop into incoherent state. To compute the vector all cells are checked to find those which are located in close proximity. Directly linked particles are not taken into consideration as they relation with the cell is controlled by previously described factors. Separate force repels the Cell from selected neighbours. The repulsive influence is defined by two main parameters: separation distance and separation strength. Additionally cells whose normal’s direction is opposite to the cell’s direction have greater impact on the separation vector.

4

đ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇ = |DTO|

đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą) đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ =đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ (đ?‘Łđ?‘Ł đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x;đ?‘&#x; đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘™â„Žđ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą ∗ đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ) đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– = đ?‘–đ?‘–đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž( đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ (đ?‘Łđ?‘Ł đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą) đ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– = đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž( ∗ đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ) đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ đ?‘ (đ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą) ∗ đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ) đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– = đ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Žđ?‘Ž( đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ ∑đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 √đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– 2 + đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ 2 − 2(đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ∗ đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ ∗ đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?(180 − đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– − đ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą))

∑đ?‘›đ?‘›đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 √đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– 2 + đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ 2 − 2(đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰ đ?‘›đ?‘› đ?‘–đ?‘– ∗ đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ ∗ đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?(180 − đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– − đ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą)) đ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ?‘›đ?‘›= ∑đ?‘–đ?‘–=1 √đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– 2 + đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡ 2 − 2(đ?‘‚đ?‘‚đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– ∗ đ?‘‰đ?‘‰đ?‘–đ?‘– đ??żđ??żđ?‘‡đ?‘‡đ?‘›đ?‘›âˆ— đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?đ?‘?(180 − đ?‘œđ?‘œđ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– − đ?‘Łđ?‘Łđ?‘–đ?‘– đ?‘™đ?‘™đ?‘Ąđ?‘Ą)) đ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇđ??ˇ = đ?‘›đ?‘› 4

101

SEPARATION DIST 4.0 * rest length STRENGTH 1.9

102

SEPARATION DIST 3.0 * rest length STRENGTH 1.8

SEPARATION DIST 0.4 * rest length STRENGTH 1.8

SEPARATION DIST 0.0 * rest length STRENGTH 0.0

DIVISION When a cell is selected for splitting, a number of parameters are used to control how the division occurs. Those controls how the topology of links between the cells is going to change. First, number of links which remains unbroken is found. All the other links are disconnected from the parent and replaced with links to the daughter cell. Additionally new connection between the parent and daughter is created.

FINDING ORDER Vast number of potential configurations, uneven distances between cells and different number of neighbours required to create dynamic data structure. Additionally to perform cell division configuration of neighbours has to be known. Therefore whenever new cell is added to the system function analyses relationships between cells and stores neighbours’ indexes in order.

A B C D E

211 77 172 134 break add 56

B C D E

109 188 172 24 C break D add E 134

242 23 65 D break E add 24

96 203 E break add 65

add 203

103

104

INDEXES

105

Total number of cells: 9 000

106

GROWTH SIMULATION IN ICELANDIC CONDITIONS

DISTRIBUTION OF THE LICHENS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

107

108

Location+Geometry pSurface – planar part of geometry being analysed pNormal – normal vector of pSurface oSurfaces – rest of surfaces which belong to the scene

Generate Tregenza Sky The sky is defined by 145 patches with corresponding cumulative radiance values (Wh/m2). Source of data is EnergyPlus weather format file.

Find Sky vectors affecting pSurface It was assumed that sky is infinitely distant from the analysed surface. Therefore in order to find part of the sky which illuminates pSurface dot products between Sky vectors and pNormal have to be found.

Select Sky Patches If dot product of pNormal and Sky vector is larger than zero the index of sky patch is added to the list.

Search for surfaces “in front” of pSurface Go through all the panels except form pIndex and check which could potentially overshadow analysed surface. In order to find those panels dot products of nSurface and vectors between pSurface center and oSurface centers have to be computed. Those surfaces whose dot product is smaller than zero are added to overSurface list.

Intersection Analysis For every ray from pSurface center check if there is intersection with object from overSurface list (Möller– Trumbore intersection algorithm was utilised). If there is no intersection add irradiance value.

TOTAL SOLAR IRRADIATION SIMULATION

GROWTH PROCESS +SOLAR ANALYSIS

Irradiation simulation engine was created in order to perform solar analyses. Code was written in Java and based on cumulative sky method. This solution was proposed by Darren and Stone and is computationally efficient approximation of total solar irradiation on the surface. The method uses a discrete representation of sky vault. Next the Perez all weather luminance distribution model is used to predict the luminance / radiance at the centroid of these patches and the results are aggregated for the period of interest. 109

Initialize Population create Population of N Individuals with randomly generated genotypes

repear for each Individual if beAlive = true

growth calculate forces for interactions update position and energy level add new cells

if cells number > 4000

NO

YES

beAlive = false

NO

if all Individuals.beAlive = false YES

solar analysis

reapeat N times evaluate fitness create Mating Pool select two Individuals crossover mutate add new Individual to new Population

replace the Population with new Population

110

STRUCTURE OF EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHM

Two types of optimisation are suggested. In both cases Genetic Algorithm is utilised however with differently structured fitness function. First optimisation aims to find the best parameters determining interactions between cells (genotype) so the object has as less cells directly exposed to the Sun as possible. In this case energy level increases at the same speed. Structure grows until it reaches threshold of 4000 cells. Next solar analysis starts and evaluates object performance. Total amount of solar irradiance is calculated and individuals with minimum value are promoted to the next generations. Second type of optimisation, in fitness function includes not only number of cells exposed to the Sun but also average irradiance for all cells. Inspiration for such algorithm comes from photosynthesis process of plants where light energy is converted into chemical energy. In this case adequate amount of light is needed to boost correct growth therefore solar analysis runs throughout the whole growth process. The irradiance influences increase of energy in cells as well as separation distance and local planar state factor. In this scenario GA aim is to find a solution which gives average irradiance level for all cells as close as possible to the predefined target and keeps increase of energy in cells not bigger then given threshold. This changes help to generate solutions which are more site-specific.

111

seperation distance

112

seperation strenght

reaction speed

local planar state

bulge factor

cohesion

GROWTH SIMULATIONS FOR LOCATIONS: AREQUIPA / PERU, LONDON / UNITED KINGDOM, REYKJAVIK / ICELAND

0

5 units

113

Stanisław Młyński An architectural designer and researcher fascinated by new technologies as a potential means to deal with the problems of modern society. Constantly looking for new inspirations in the complexity of our living environment, culture and nature. Open to undertake every inspiring and challenging opportunity to further explore and develop his knowledge about the surrounding world. His educational background combined with experience in computational design are reflected in approach centred on complex geometry, digital fabrication and developing new methodologies supporting design process.

stanislawmlynski@gmail.com +44 747 868 4760

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