RED SANDS stavros sgouros
U6: Adaptive reuse on war machines of WW2
AKTO Αrt & Design College
BA (HONOURS) DEGREE IN INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE MIDDLESEX UNIVERSITY
TITLE OF MAIN PROJECT Red Sands U6: Adaptive reuse on war machines of WW2
STUDENT’S NAME Sgouros Stavros
TUTOR’S NAME Kanellopoulos Evangelos
2018-2019
Submission Date June 6th 2019
08 INTRODUCTION
14 LOCATION General Mapping_16 Location Characteristics_18
22 HISTORY Until the war_24 Course after the war_30
34 CURRENT STATE Personal Visit_36 Complex description_44
46 CONCEPT Factors in the decision to reuse_48 New use proposal_50 Concept diagram_52 Design development_54 Facade development_56
58 SPACE PLANNING Main design operations_60 Main uses_64
66 FINAL PROPOSAL Exterior_68 Entry_88 Control_106 Sleep_126 Bathe_142 Dine_164 Play_184 Relax_202
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Text/Images References_220
INTRODUCTION
Red Sands Fort-1943
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The current project examines the utilization of Red Sands Fort, a complex of abandoned WW2 sea forts, designed by British engineer Guy Maunsell, in the Thames Estuary, in the southern part of United Kingdom. The idea of converting former war machines into spaces of touristic development is introduced and aims to redefine the main principles of both tourism and communal living, The main factors that influenced the process of design are the history, the natural environment and the experimentation with forms, that will lead the users to question the state of alienation that has shaped the 21st century.
military sea forts
LOCATION
General Mapping
ABERDEEN
EDINBURGH GLASGOW
NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE
LEEDS LIVERPOOL MANCHESTER
BIRMINGHAM
BRISTOL LONDON
United Kingdom map & main urban centres
Whereabouts Red Sands Fort is located in the Thames Estuary, off the coast of Kent, in the southern and eastern part of United Kingdom. The closest shore is the small fishing village of Whitstable, 7 miles far from the fort. Access The access to the fort is solely through the sea. Nowadays, small trips are organized during summertime. They depart from Whitstable harbor and offer unique and close viewing to the sea towers.
Landmarks The complex of forts is built in the center of the bay, right next to Kentish Flats Offshore Farm; an impressive offshore park, consisting of 45 wind turbines of 70 meters height, constructed in 2005.
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Location Characteristics
Red Sands Fort-2000
Fort’s location in relation to London and river Thames
HISTORY
Red Sands Fort-1965
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Until the war
After the outburst of Word War 2, the naval German forces, using innovative war and mine technology, have managed the destruction of a serious number of English ships. The British forces were searching a way to protect their ships from both sea and aerial attacks. Guy Maunsell, a British engineer, suggested the construction of offshore forts in the Thames Estuary, a rather unconventional plan for the British government. G. Maunsell, during his lifetime studied innovative techniques related to the use of concrete, took part in the construction of industrial sites producing explosive materials and served in World War 1, in the corp of Royal Engineers, which provided technical support to the British Army.
Guy Maunsell’ s proposal consisted of the construction of a series of naval and army forts, that would defense and attack German attacks. During the years 1941 to 1943, 7 forts were built in instrumental offshore locations, off the county of Essex and Kent, and 3 more forts were constructed off Liverpool. Each fort accommodated every 6 weeks more than 130 men and was armed with heavy war equipment. The forts, during the war, managed to bring down 22 aircrafts, 30 flying bombs and contributed to the win against a German submarine attack.
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Red Sands Fort-1965
thames estua
Naval Forts Rough Sands (U1) Sunk Head (U2) Tongue Sands (U3) Knock John (U4)
ary forts
Army Forts Nore Fort (U5) Red Sands Fort (U6) Shivering Sands Fort U7)
Installation Process-Red Sands Fort-1943
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Course after the war
After the war and until 1956 the army forts remained in the property of the British government. Later they were discharged and abandoned, something that led to their final decay. Nore Fort was dismantled after the collision with a ship and due to extreme weather conditions and the water pollution, that it caused. Shivering Sands lost a tower as well, after another ship collision. These days the only intact fort is Red Sands Fort, which stands in the middle of the sea, decaying all these years after the war. The entry and intercommunication ramps have fallen apart and their steel shell is timeworn and rusty, a situation that didn’t allow the access to the forts. During the beginning of the century rumor had it that the British government was planning the dismantling of the fort, but an organization of volunteers decided to save the towers and start their slow preservation, managing to make the visit to one of the towers possible.
DEMOLITION NORE FORT CONSTRUCTION ARMY FORTS
ABANDONMENT RED SANDS FORT
OCCUPATION BY THE PIRATE STATION “RADIO INVICTA” RED SANDS FORT
DEMOLITION LIVERPOOL FORTS
TOWER COLLAPSE SHIVERING SANDS FORTS
CONSTRUCTION NAVAL FORTS
ABANDONMENT KNOCK JOHN FORT
EPISODE FILMING “DANGER MAN” RED SANDS FORT
OCCUPATION BY THE PIRATE STATION “KING RADIO” RED SANDS FORT
maunsell forts history ARTIST STEPHEN TURNER ISOLATES HIMSELF FOR 6 WEEKS SHIVERING SANDS FORT
OCCUPATION BY “pRINCIPALITY OF SEALAND” ROUGH SANDS FORT
FORT COLLAPSE TONGUE SANDS FORT
OCCUPATION BY THE PIRATE STATION “RADIO 390” RED SANDS FORT
EPISODE FILMING “DOCTOR WHO” RED SANDS FORT
“PROJECT REDSANDS” CREATION OF ORGANIZATION FOR THE RESTORATION OF THE FORTS RED SANDS FORT
CURRENT STATE
After the final decision to proceed with the intervention in Red Sands Fort, a personal visit to United Kingdom was planned, in order to visit this specific site. In October 2018 and during a trip in London, a day cruise around the forts was booked. The train departed from Victoria Central Station towards the small fishing village of Whitstable, Kent. 83Km far and 1hr and 20 min later the train arrived at the dreamy coast village. As there was enough free time before the cruise, a mission to explore the new location started, in order to study the various architectural elements and the general atmosphere. Whitstable turned to be famous for the oyster collection and selling. The whole harbor is designed for this activity. Colorful wooden houses, small restaurants, oyster selling shops, docks and millions of oyster shells left on the sand are creating a unique scenery at the coast, right next to the sea.
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Personal Visit
Beach Houses-Whitstable
Kentish Flats Offshore Wind Farm
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The time for the cruise was about to come and in front of the docks there was Greta, an 1892 sailing barge, that used to carry cargo through Thames river, supplying the city of London. The boat starts its cruise towards the forts with 12 passengers. After 45 minutes of slow sailing, the boat arrives at an extraordinary site in the middle of the sea, full of massive wind turbines. Silent, minimalistic, white steel pillars are rising from the bottom of the sea and reach the 70 meters height with their huge propellers moving slow and steady. Kentish Flats Farm is an offshore wind farm, 9km far from Whitstable and constructed in 2005. It looks like an artistic intervention out of a utopian future.
Red Sands Fort-2015
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After a short stop at the wind farm, the trip proceeded to its main destination. As Greta was reaching the fort, various towers start appearing through the mist and time starts going back. An eerie and continuous sound of a bell surrounds the fort and is coming from a buoy, a floating device placed to prevent collisions. As the barge arrives at the site, 7 giant, rusty, steel and futuristic towers appear on 25 meters height. Thin, cement legs hold on top octagonal steel platforms. Huge beams and steel sheets create a scenery of war machines, ready to come to life. Their history is becoming vibrant and the viewer starts imagining all the battles that occurred over that location. The sailing barge slows down and starts a circular route around the structures. The eerie sounds and the cloudy sky intensify the atmosphere, while the seagulls are flying over the fort. We remained around the fort for about two hours and the weather changed drastically during this time. The color of the seas turned from a peaceful green to wavy blue. Access in the interiors of the towers was not permitted due to the lack of safety of the structures, but that satellite movement around them was enough for the visitor to experience the importance and the dynamics of such an architectural spectacle.
Personal Photos Archive
The three army forts (U5, U6, U7) are following the same design and construction pattern. Each fort consisted of 7 identical towers. Their base was made of cement and octagonal, two-story structures weld held on four hollow cement legs. The communication between the towers was achieved with the use metal ramps. The interiors accommodated the soldiers and the heavy army equipment was place on the top level. All the towers were constructed in the same ashore location, at Gravesand and were moved through the river to their specific sites, where they were sinked. The sinking of each tower in the sea lasted almost 8 hours. In each complex, every tower had a unique role, based on its position. The Control Tower was placed at the center. Four Gun Towers were placed around it and at the far end there was a Searchlight Tower.
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Complex description
Guy Maunsell’s Initial Floor Plans
CONCEPT
Red Sands Forts is a remnant of a heavy historic period, carrying the negativity brought by the war. The decision to choose such a complex seemed necessary, as it offers all the right factors for a proper reuse. It is located in a distinctive site, rather close to the city of London and offshore a small, traditional fishing village, full of life during summertime. The fact that it is placed in the middle of the sea creates an additional and, probably, the most important factor, as it can attract many visitors due to its uniqueness. The fort is abandoned, left to decay through the years and lost in the rust. It is demanding the attention and caring in order to survive in the present and the future.
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Factors in the decision to reuse
It stands out for the fact that it is one of a kind, with strict morphology and architectural characteristics, as it is a creation of high engineering, and is reminiscent of the Metabolists’ designs of a utopian city. The current plan format with the separation of the complex in 7 towers allows a clear use-development strategy. The various uses can be placed in different towers, without any of them having to lose its importance. In addition, the current placement of the towers offers viewing to the exteriors from every single point of the towers. The textures, the materiality and the details of construction help the designer to experiment with different forms and structures. On last important factor in the decision to reuse this specific site was the personal interest in abandoned army buildings, especially in the British territory.
As a final proposal, it is decided to accommodate a small communal hotel facility, able to cover all the needs of the contemporary user by offering a special and unprecedented experience. A space of self-reflection is designed, away from the constant changing of time, but still absorbed in the transformation of the nature around it. The main principle that shaped the design process was the need to avoid any kind of separation through the users, in order for them to be able to explore and find their inner peace, in a nevertheless negatively fueled shell. The design of a concept hotel will have the ability to upgrade both the complex through its preservation, and improve the touristic activity in the broader area. The difficulty of accessing such a site is used as an advantage, so that the users will understand the history of such a place experientially and live inside it, feeling its importance. The decision to combine a rather luxurious accommodation with the principles of communal living was definitely a big bet. The chance to experiment with new forms and materials was given and the project was approached holistically, with design referring to the big and small scale.
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New use proposal
In the modern field of psychology, Abraham Harold Maslow suggests the hierarchy of needs for the modern human and separates them in 5 categories. _Physiological needs, such as housing, sleep and food, _Need for protection, including safety, stability and freedom. _Need for loving and belonging through trust, friendship and love. _Need for appreciation and self-esteem through integrity, independence and status quo. _Finally, need for self-actualization, through new experiences and personal growth. (McLeod,2018) Following this hierarchy of needs, the design of the forts will be able to cover the first three categories. Each tower has a unique use related to sleeping, bathing, eating, personal hygiene, entertainment and relaxation. All the uses are inside a shell that offers safety and freedom of movement. The absence of any kind of separation leads the users to search for trust and create social relations. By covering the more basic needs, the users can continue his journey of exploring the more personal needs, those of appreciation, self-esteem and selfactualization and achieve the personal completion inside this micro-community, created in the Red Sands Fort.
DECAYING
MO NO LIT H
O CTI U R ST CON
W RA
HU M ANI TY
N A T URE
TS AF CR ER AT W
MA TER IAL IT
Y
ARCHIGRAM
M ET A BO L ISM
U R BA N ISM
GY OLO HN TEC
ON
Concept Diagram
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Design development
In the process of drafting and experimental studying, it was essential to preserve the industrial, almost steampunk, character of the buildings. Various forms were studied, that would feature the interiors by using the natural light and the exterior environment. Different ways of communication were explored, both through the towers and from the sea level to them. Monolithic structures were designed in order to use the most of the interior space and achieve better circulation and inter-communication.
geometric approach on the textures of rust
DECONSTRUCTION OF RUST TEXTURE
CURRENT FACADE
creation of a system with assymetrical steel blinds retaining the texture and shaping of the current facade
KINETIC FACADE
Facade development
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GRAPHIC APPROACH
linear design of water ripples
COLOURED APPROACH
different colour palette on each tower
UTOPIAN APPROACH
δημιουργία ψευδαίσθησης με τη χρήση καπνού
SPACE PLANNING
Isometric explosion of main exterior structures
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Main design operations
As it was mentioned, the main principle that shaped the design was the absence of any kind of separation of the users’ co-living. Each part of the complex was studied individually in order to achieve the constant communication through the users, so that they can explore the communal character in the 21st century. The main development operations that occurred in the design process are: _Striping the interior off any kind of separation. _Vertical expansion. _Monolithic structures. _Replacement of the facades. _Restoration of the initial white color. _Restoration of the steel platforms connecting the towers. _Construction of an above-the-sea welcoming point. _Construction of an underwater tunnel leading to the main tower _Intervention in the natural environment by installing platforms on the sea level.
INTERACTION WITH THE EXTERIOR ENVIRONMENT
3600 VIEW
CLEAR SPACE IDENTITY
CIRCULAR PLANNING
HORIZONTAL CONNECTIONS
VERTICAL COMMUNICATION
Diagrams of main design operations
Main uses
FINAL PROPOSAL
EXTERIOR
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Site Plan
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Elevation Plan
The exterior is designed as an artistic intervention; a new beacon in the middle of the sea. The structural elements will be restored, and the initial form is preserved. The main intervention is happening on the facades. After experimentation with different options, a pattern is decided to cover the buildings. This pattern is inspired by the texture of the rust, which gets deconstructed and creates a more geometric, continuous and noisy effect. Additionally, the guests will be welcomed in a new, spherical structure, covered with mirroring material, able to reflect the surroundings and intensify the artistic aspect of the scene. An underwater tunnel is placed and will be connecting the spherical welcoming point with the control tower, leading the users to the towers’ interiors through an elevator. On the sea level, circular platforms are being installed, also covered in mirroring material, creating a unique optical illusion on the water. By mirroring the sky, it will seem, to whoever is looking from above, that the water surface has openings. The decision to create additional structures at the site is helping the expansion needed to cover the new use, as a hotel facility. Nevertheless, the main goal is the design of a unique experience to the user. Each new form remains close to the current aesthetics, but still brings a new character to the fort.
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Graphic illustration of the facade deconstruction
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Exterior illustration
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Exterior illustration
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Underwater tunnel
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Exterior illustration
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Exterior illustration
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Exterior illustration
entry
The sphere is a new, additional structure. Due to the lack of enough space, the need to create a welcoming point for the guests was introduced. This new structure is completely autonomous and its design is based on the war bunkers of WW2, that used to protect from attacks. This concrete sphere looks like it is floating over the water and is welcoming the guests to a new experience. On the exterior, this sphere is covered in mirroring material, in order to be absorbed in the natural environment around it. The installation of a ladder allows the entrance of the users from the sea level to the top of the sphere. Inside it, a multi-level amphitheater is designed and is developed in different rotations with corridors and staircases connecting the different platforms. In the center of the sphere a circular platform is placed, that could be used for the main speaker, as it can be viewed from any point inside the amphitheater. The bottom part remains open, with a staircase lading the users to the underwater tunnel. The main goal of such design is the psychological preparation of the guests for a unique experience. Through the constant vertical and horizontal movement they can start feeling the intensity of the space they visited.
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Isometric explosion
Floor plan-Level 3
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Floor plan-Level 5
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Isometric plan-Level 3
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Isometric plan-Level 5
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Underwater Tunnel
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Entry - Amphitheatre Interior
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Entry - Amphitheatre Interior
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Entry - Amphitheatre Underneath View
CONTROL
The first tower is that the guests get to see is the old control tower. The old use is restored, as it is where all the supportive uses will be accommodated. The elevator reaches the first level from the underwater tunnel. The reception is installed at that level, ready to inform the guest about the new facility and its history. At the same level an exhibition space is set up. The whole exhibition is developed on an installation hanging from the ceiling, so that it wont’s block the viewing to the exterior. The second level accommodates the administration offices and the third is used for the stuff rooms.
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Isometric explosion
Floor plan-Level 1
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Floor plan-Level 3
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Isometric plan-Level 1
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Isometric plan-Level 2
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Isometric plan-Level 3
10.8 M
6.7 M
3.6 M
0M
Perspective Cross-Section
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Exhibition Space Interior
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Reception Space
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Exhibition Space Interior
sleep
The sleeping area is developed in two identical towers, in which 16 roomsplatforms are placed. As it was mentioned before, the main goal is to incorporate a communal character into the complex, in order for the users to explore their interpersonal relationships. The design of the rooms stays away from the typical repetition of walls and separators and is developed vertically in rotation. Steel platforms are rotating around a central staircase and on these platforms the “rooms� are installed. Principles of modularity are used in the process and each space accommodates all the basic needs of a contemporary room. A perforated monolithic system separates each room in the different areas of sleeping, dressing and resting. The users are in constant communication with each other and they are able to feel like the soldiers of the past. This whole system of platforms is hanging from the ceiling with the use of small tubes. This effect intensifies the eternal verticality of the space.
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Isometric explosion
Floor plan-Level 1
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Floor plan-Level 3
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Isometric plan-Level 1
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Isometric plan-Level 3
Perspective Cross-Section
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Sleeping Modules
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Sleeping Modules System
bathe
The space of personal hygiene is separated in a different tower following the concept of the public baths, used in the United Kingdom. On the first level, a circular tub is developed, which allows the users to enjoy the view of the sea and experiment with a closer contact. On the next level, a complex system of capsules, resembling the designs of the Metabolists, is used as bathrooms. Countless beams and columns are holding this cement capsules, and ladders are leading the guests to each one of them. Each capsule is a module of a bigger system that could be repeated eternally. Every module consists of all the needs, that a bathroom needs, and offers the right amount of privacy, while it allows full viewing to the exterior.
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Isometric explosion
Floor plan-Level 1
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Floor plan-Level 2
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Isometric plan-Level 1
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Isometric plan-Level 2
Perspective Cross-Section
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Indoor pool
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Indoor pool
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Bathing Modules
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Bathing Modules
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Εσωτερική απεικόνιση Bathing συστήματος space-Underneath module μπάνιου View
dine
The dining area is developed on a big ramp, that occupies the whole tower. The ramp is hanging from the roof by repetitive columns and welcomes the guests to a new experience. The main goal is the design of a space where the users will be able to enjoy the view from every single seat. All the tables are set to have optical access to the exterior and all the structures are very thin, so that there will be no obstruction. The food preparation is set in the middle of the tower in a circular kitchen and will work as a self-service. At the top of the tower a viewing point is design, which allows 360 view to the complex and the wind turbines farm.
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Isometric explosion
Floor plan-Level 1
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Floor plan-Level 2
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Isometric plan-Level 1
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Isometric plan-Level 2
Perspective Cross-Section
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Food Production Space
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Restaurant Ramp
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Indoor Viewing Point
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Restaurant-Underneath View
play
In order to cover every kind of need of the modern human, a space for entertainment is created. An indoor climbing space and a library are installed in three levels of a tower. The indoor climbing space is placed centrally in the tower and can be accessed from the bottom level. The typical manmade mountains used in such space are being replaced by arches of different height and direction. The different heights represent the levels of difficulty. A library is formed on the second and third level and around the climbing space, with access to resting and reading tables, for those who are not interested in a more active entertainment.
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Isometric explosion
Floor plan-Level 1
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Floor plan-Level 2
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Isometric plan-Level 1
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Isometric plan-Level 2
Perspective Cross-Section
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Indoor Climbing Space
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Library Space
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Indoor Climbing Space-Underneath View
RELAX
A multileveled space of relaxation is designed at the very last part of the complex. A maze of stretched net welcomes the users to enjoy a more relaxing space. A big blind staircase in the middle allows the entrance in the different levels of the net and small openings let the movement inside it. The decision to use such material is taken because of its ability to mimic natural forms and create the essence of a nest; something much needed in a space designed for relaxing. Because of the transparency of the material viewing is accessed from every single point and the guest can admire the constant change of the natural environment around the fort. A ladder is placed at the very end of the tower, which allows the access to the sea level and the circular mirroring platforms.
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Isometric explosion
Floor plan-Level 1
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Floor plan-Level 2
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Isometric plan-Level 1
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Isometric plan-Level 2
Perspective Cross-Section
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Relaxing Net
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Relaxing Net
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Πηγές κειμένου Articles
PENNINGTON, A (2007) A History of Red Sands Army Fort, http://bdxc.org.uk/redsands2007.pdf PINDER, J. & AUSTIN, S. & SCHMIDT, R. & GIBB, A. (2012), Form, Function and the Economics of Change, Facilities Change Management, (26-41), https://doi.org/10.1002/ad.202 SINCLAIR, B. & MOUSAZADEH, S. & SAFARZADEH, G. (2012) Agility, Adaptability + Appropriateness: Conceiving, Crafting & Constructing an Architecture of the 21st Century, The ARCC Journal of Architectural Research, 35-43, http://dx.doi.org/10.17831/enq:arcc.v9i1.65 MCLEOD, S. A. (2018). Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html MA & PHD Dissertations
COWAN, G. (2002) Nomadology in Architecture: Ephemerality, movement and collaboration (Master’s thesis), The University of Adelaide, South Australia KWAN, F. & CHEONG, C.-Cheong (2017). Tales of the Maunsell Sea Forts A Philosophy of Making in the Anthropocene. University of Waterloo, Canada Books
BELL, S. & PASKINS, J. (2013) Future-proofing London, Imagining the future city: London 2062, Ubiquity Press Ltd. London COHEN, J. L. (1995) Scenes of the world to come: European Architecture and the American Challenge 1893-1960, Flammarion, Paris COOK, P. (1993) Peter Cook: Six Conversations (Architectural Monographs, No 28), St Martins Press, New York CURL, J. S. (1999) A Dictionary of Architecture, Oxford University Press, Oxford FLETCHER, B. & CRUICKSHANK, D. (1996). Sir Banister Fletcher’s a history of architecture. Architectural Press, Oxford GRAMAZIO, F. & KOHLER, M. & LANGENBERG, S. ( 2014) Fabricate: negotiating design & making, UCL Press, London KRONENBURG, R. (1997) Transportable Environments: Theory, Context, Design, and Technology, E & Fn Spon Press, New York KRONENBURG, R. (2003) Transportable Environments 2, Taylor & Francis, Milton Park LICHTENSTEIN, R. (2016) Estuary, Out from London to the Sea, Penguin Books, London MAYO, K. (2014) Whitstable through time, Amberley Publishing, Gloucestershire MOFFET, M. & FAZIO, M. (2003) A world History of Architecture, Lawrence King Publishing, London
221 Websites
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