St Edmund Hall Magazine 1931-32 by St Edmund Hall

The block used for the . small print of the H all appearing on the Âˇ cover is kindly lent by th e executor s of the late Mr. E. H . New, 36 F rench ay R oad , O xford, from whom the original en graving, 13 ~ by 1 2 inches in size, may be obtained, price on e g uinea.

1-f!\f.L I.HOUP.

J! 1NE , 193 1,

ST. EDMUND HALL

MAGAZINE. DECEMBER, 1931.

Vol. Ill, No.1.

EDITORS. 1931-32 N. G. FISHER, Editor. W. A. HoLT, Asst. Editor.

DE PERSONIS ET REBUS AULARIBUS. OF APPOINTMENTS. HE PRINCIPAL has been ap.pointed a Delegate of Privileges, and a Member of the University Appointments Committee. Dr. H. J. Hunt is one of the Pro-Proctors for the year, March 1931-March 1932.

OF THE CHAPLAIN. The Rev. Austin M . Farrer, M.A., Balliol College, has been appointed Chaplain and Tutor in Theology and Philosophy. Mr. Farrer came up from St. Paul's School as an Open Classical Scholar to Balliol in Michaelmas Term, 1923. He obtained a 'First' in Honour Classical Moderations in 1925, in Literae Humaniores in 1927, and in Theology in 1928. He was el ~ cted a Craven Scholar in 1925, Jenkyns Exhibitioner at Balliol and a Liddon Student in 1927, and Senior Denyer and Johnson Scholar this year. He was ordained deacon from Cuddesdon College in 1928 to the curacy of All Saints', Dewsbury, in the diocese of Wakefield. He came into residence as Chaplain and Tutor of the Hall at the beginning of Michaelmas Term. We corroborate very cordially indeed the welcome he has already received apud A ulares. The Bishop of Wakefield has recently appointed Mr. Farrer one of his Examining Chaplains. DE NATALIBUS. The congratulations of the Hall are due to the Rev. R. F. W. and Mrs. Fletcher on the birth of a son on July 24. Christened by the Bishop of Sherborne on the eve of St. Edmund's Day, with the

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Principal and Vice-Principal as his g-odfathers, Christopher Hug-h has g-ood claim to be considered an A ularis nat us. The cong-ratulations of the Hall are also due to Dr. H. J. and Mrs. Hunt on the birth of Ann Rosemary on June 28. OF

CoNGRATULATIONS.

The cong-ratulations of the Hall are due : To Dr. H. J. Hunt on proceeding- to the Deg-ree of D.Phil. To E. R. Casady and W. V. Reynolds on proceeding- to the Deg-ree of B. Litt. To C. P. R. Clarke on being- placed in the First Class in the Final Honour School" of Modern History and on being- awarded the Robert Herbert Memorial Prize for an essay on ' Gibraltar from 1704 to 1783,' and the Fishmong-ers' Company's (Mark Quested) Exhibition. To A. P. Rose on being placed in the First Class in the Final Honour School of Philosophy, Politics, and Economics. To A. E. Smith on being- placed in the First Class in the Final Honour School of Theolog-y. To H. A. Maxv~ell on obtaining- 'Distinction' in the Final Examination of the School of Forestry. To all other members of the Hall who ab examinatoribus honore digni sunt habiti, especially to the following who were placed in the Second Class in their respective Honour Schools : G. D. Cluer and S. A. R. Guest (Hon. Classical Moderations); M. du P. Cooper and E . L. H. Kentfi.elcl (Modern Lang-uag-es); E. L. G. Powys (Theolog-y); J. E. Beswick and B. M. F orrest (Literae Humaniores); A. F. Colborn (English Lang-uag-e and Literature); C. Broadhead, C. A. Coomber, S. vV. E. Taylor and G. S. Wamsley (Modern History). To E. A. ÂˇH. Heard and \N'. A.. H olt on being awarded Heath Harrison Trav elling- Scholarships in German and French respectively. To vV. V. Reynolds on receiving- honourable mention forÂˇ the Charles Oldham Scholarship. ToP. A. Womer on being- proxime accessit in the examination for the Heath Harrison Travelling Scholarships. To Prince L. Lieven on being elected Junior Treasurer of the Union Society for Hilary Term, 1932. To C . J. Mabey on being- awarded his 'Blue' for representingthe University in the Three Miles and for running a very g-allant race; for representing the University for the second time in the Cross-Country meeting against Cambridge, and for being- one of the three Oxford representatives to break the record for the course.

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ToW. Charlton on being elected to the Centaurs and on being awarded his ' Blue ' for Association Football. To A. W. U. Roberts on being selected as reserve for England in the Rugby Football Match against Scotland, and for playing for the University. He has our sincere sympathy for the sequence of injuries which deprived him of his ' Blue. ' To A. J. Phillips and E. L. Phillips on being elected to the Greyhounds. To W. Charlton and G. C. Barker on being elected to the Centaurs. To G. A. D. Calderwood on playing Hockey for the University and being elected to the Occasionals. To E. Me l. Thwaites on playing \!Vater P olo for the University. To the Torpid (D. J. Cockle, stTohe ; J. S. D. Beeley, 7 ; M. W. Scott, 6; G. S. Cansda le , 5; G. S. vVamsley, 4; A. D. Bailey, 3; J. F. Tait, 2; G. S. K een, bow; and G. W. Mason, cox) a nd th eir coach, M. ]. V. Print, on bumping H ertford, University II, N ew College II, Trinity, P embroke, and Lincoln. To the Hall members of the O.U.O.T. C . on winning the Prince o f \i\1 ales Cup for colleg-e efficiency. To the Rugby F ootball XV on winning a ll its gam es but one during Michaelmas T erm. To the Association F ootba ll XI on playing in the Semi-Final for the Inter-College Cup and on being p romoted to the r st Divi sion of' the Leag ue.' To t he H ockey XI on playing in the Semi-Fina l for the InterCollege Cup. OF

THE S CHOO LS .

HILARY TERM, 1931. In Sch ola Literarum Gr:aecaÂˇr1!-m et Latinarurn: Class II , G. D. Cluer, S. A . R. Guest; Clas ~ III , A. B. Codling. Exarninatoribt~s Satisfecerunt: Group E., P. S. Hordern, N. A. Perry-Gore, C. C . Shaw. TR INITY TERM .

In S cientia N aturali: In Ph ysica: Class III, C . E. Passey. In Ch emia (Part I) : C ., G. Lawrence. In Literis M odernis: Class II, M. du P. Cooper (Fr.), E. L. H. K entfield (Germ . and Fr.); Class III, A . H. Mead (Fr. and Germ .), R. Waye (Germ. and Fr.). ' In Sacra Theologia: Class I , A. E. Smith; Class II, E. L. G. Powys .

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Ju.risprudentia: Class III, Prince L. Lieven, E. Rawlinson. Literis Humanioribus: Class II, J. E. Beswick, B. M. Forrest. Literis Anglicis: Class II, A F. Colborn; Class III, J.P. Thorp. Historia Moderna: Class I, C.P.R. Clarke; Class II, C. Broadhead, C. A. Coomber, S. W. E. Taylor, G. S. Wamsley; Class III, R. G. Cornwell, D. K. D. Dixey, J. H. Torrens, F. Yates. In Schola Philosophiae, Politicae, et Oeconomiae: Class I, A. P. Rose; Class III, G. E. Marfell, C. H. Sutton. In Schola Disciplinarum Ma.thematicarum: Class III, R. B. Pates, A. J. Young. In Schola Oeconomiae Silvarum: H. A. Maxwell (with distinction). Examinatoribus Satisfecerunt: Group B.z, W. W. R. Clotworthy; Group B.6, D. J. Cockle; Group D., A. D. Bailey, C. C. Shaw, H. S. 0. Wood. Examinatvon in the Theory, History and Practice of Education: G. M. Mercer, 0. C. Trimby. Second Examination for Degree of B.lvfus.: F. C. Bazett-Jones. Qualifying Examination for the Degree of B.D.: A. E. A. Sulston. Diploma in Geography (Part I): C. F. Cardale.

In In In In

MICHAELMAS TERM.

Examina.toribus Satisfecerunt: Group A. 3, N. A. Perry-Gore; Group B.4, J. R. Ormiston; Group B.6, A. D. Bailey; Group D., P. S. Hordern, F. J. Tackley. On January r4, Mr. H. J. Hunt, M.A., having submitted a dissertation on 'Romanticism and Socialism in France r83o-r848' for the Degree of D. Phil., satisfied the Examiners appointed by the Board of the Faculty of Mediaeval and Modern Languages. On June r6, E. R. Casady, B.A., having submitted a thesis on ' Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey,' for the Degree of B. Litt., satisfied the Examiners appointed by the Board of the Faculty of English Language and Literature. On October 23, W. V. Reynolds, B.A., having submitted a thesis on' Johnson's Prose Style' for the Degree of B.Litt., satisfied the Examiners appointed by the Board of the Faculty of Eng-lish Language and Literature. OF SENIOR EXIBITIONERS.

C.P.R. Clarke, who was awarded the Robert Herbert Memorial Prize in Colonial History and was placed in the First Class in the Final Honour School of Modern History, and A. P. Rose, who was

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placed in the First Class in the Final Honour School of Philosophy, Politics and Economics, have been appointed Senior Exhibitioners of the Hall. OF ExHIBITIONs.

An examination, beginning on Tuesday, March 17, was held for the purpose of awarding two Exhibitions in Modern Languages (English or French) of the annual value of £4-o. As a result of this examination the following elections were made : T. J. Childs, Colfe's Grammar School, Lewisham. J. E. Jackson, Brentwood School. An examination; beginning on Tuesday, March 24, was held for the purpose of awarding two Exhibitions in Classics and Modern History of the annual value of £40. As a result of this examination the following elections wer¥ made : W. J. Meredith, Barrow Grammar School. I. L. Serraillier, Brighton College. C. R. Ollier, Wallasey Grammar School, has been appointed to a Liddon Exhibition of the approximate value of £25 a year, confined to candidates for ordination. The Exhibition Examinations for I932 will be held as follows : On Tuesday, March r.s, and the two following days for the purpose of awarding two Exhibitions in Modern Languages (English or French) of the annual value of £40. On Tuesday, April rg, and the two following days for the purpose of awarding two Exhibitions in Classics and Modern History of the annual value of £4o. OF A FFARINGTON EXHIBITION.

Mr. H. N. ffarington (matric. r889} has given to the Hall the sum of £r,ooo for the endowment of an Exhibition. The very sincere thanks of the Hall are due to Mr. ffarington for his most welcome and munificent gift. No form of gift could have been more acceptable, as the Hall is greatly in need of endowment for the provision of scholarships and exhibitions . . OF A BEQUEST.

Under the will of Miss Emily Bittleston, of Ripon, the sum of £soo, free of duty, was bequeathed to the Trustees of St. Edmund Hall, to be devoted by them at the discretion of the Principal to the provision of scholarships or exhibitions, tenable by undergraduates at St. Edmund Hall, or to the improvement or exten-

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sion of the site and buildings of the Hall. The legacy is subject to two life interests. The benefactor to whom the Hall is indebted for this generous bequest was the daughter of the Rev. Edwin Bittleston, M.A., a former member of the Hall, who matriculated in r84r, and was subsequently Vicar of South Stainley, Yorkshire.

MEMORIAM.

The Hall has to acknowledg-e with gratitude the generous gift made to the Library by Mrs. Fox of sixty books which belonged to her son, John Armine Fox, sometime commoner of the Hall , who died on March 22, 1931. OF GIFTS.

In addition to the gifts recorded elsewhere m the M aga.z ine, the best thanks of the H all are due to the following donors for the gifts that they have made to the Hall during the year:To Dr. F. M. Bartos for his gift of his book Husitstvi a Cizina. To Mr. H. Beresford Barrett for his gift of an elephant's foot mounted as an ink-pot. To the Blacker Library of Zoology, McGill University, Montreal, for the gift of An Introduction t o the Lit erature of Vetebrate Zoology. To the Rev. K. M. Ffinch for three photographs of a drawing of the thirteenth century wall-painting of St. Edmund of Abingdon, discovered in Frindsbury Church, Kent, in r882, but now no longer visible. To Mr. G. A. Johnson for his gift of Namier's England in the Age of the American Revoltdion, Vol. r, and Fortescue's The Correspondence of King George III , Vols. 4 and To Mr. W. J ohnson for his gift of D ibeliu s's England. To Professor J. Wilson Knight for his gift of his book, The Imperial Theme . To Mr. G. P. W. Lamb for his gift of Gooch's Germany. To the Rev. W. L. Martin for his g ift of a copy in oils of a portrait of Queen Henrietta Maria by Van Dyck. To the Western Theological Seminary, Evanston, Illinois, for its gift of a copy of Dr. Easton's Hale Lectures. To Mr. H. S. 0. Wood for his gift of an early sixteenth century triptych, which according to a tradition in his family was removed from Rainton Church, Co. Durham, at the time of the Reformation. A fuller account of this interesting triptych will be

SÂˇ

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE

given in the next issue of the Magazine, by which time it is hoped that investigations may have led to the identification of the family portrayed on the side panels. OF THE BUMP SUPPER. For the second time in twelve months the Boat Club provided the Hall with an occasion for a Bump Supper. On Wednesday evening, February 25, a very successful Bump Supper was held in the Dining Hall in celebration of the six bumps made by the Torpid. There were sixty-nine members of the Hall and guests present. The toast of ' The Crew ' was proposed by the Principal, and responded to by D. J. Cockle, s,troke. W. W. J. Bolland, Captain of Boats , proposed the toast of 'The Coach,' to which M. J. V. Print replied. The Senior Tutor proposed the toast of 'The Guests ' in terms which cannot h ave failed to dispel any lingering sadness that may have been haunting the representatives of the vanquished crews . OF RESTORATIONS. During the Long Vacation the restoration of the stone-work on the north and west sides o.f the Quadrangle was undertaken. This involved the renewal of considerable portions of the stringcourse, several window-j ambs and sills, and the greater extent of the plinth on the no rth side. OF EXTENSIONS .Âˇ A description of the extensions carried out 111 the Chapel and Old Library during Hilary and Trinity Terms will be found elsewhere in the Magazine. O F THE O.U .O. T.C. The number of members of the Hall serving in th e University Officers' Training Corps has risen from twelve to twenty-five. The Hall has had this yea r a larger number of members serving in the Corps than any College except University College. The Hall contingen t i.s m ade up as follows :-Cavalry 5, Artillery 6, Signals 5, Infantry g. It is very g ratifying that the keenness of the Hall contingent has obtained further recognition this year. Runners-up last year in the competition for the College Efficiency Cups, they were the winners this year a nd were awarded the Prince of Wales' Bowl.

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Sr.

EDMUND's DAY.

At the Dinner in Hall on St. Edmund ' s Day, Monday, November 16, the toast of Floreat Aul& was proposed by the Right R ev. the Lord Bishop of Sherborne, formerly Principal. The Bishop of Sherborne expressed his d elight at b eing back in the Hall on St. Edmund ' s Day for the first time since he ceased to be Principal. H e spoke warmly in praise of the recent extensions that had b een carried out in the Hall. He tried skilfully to draw the Principal on the s ubject of fut ure plans. In his reply, the Princ ipal thanked t he Bishop for his speech a nd expressed the very great pleasure it gave members of the Hall to welcome him t h ere th at evening . In speaking of the forward impetus which the Bishop had given to the Hall during his principals hip, h e pictured by way of contrast various types of Principals, who from timidity or preoccupation might have put an effective brake on all progress. The Principal then passed in review the notable record of achievements for the year. Never before had the Hall scored three ' Firsts ' in one academical year. In the number of its athletic successes, the H all during the year ha d maintained the exceptional record of the previous year. With r egard to the futur e the Principal committed himself no further than to say that recent extensions had by no means satisfied his hop es for the eventua l boundaries of the Hall. In addition to members of the H a ll in residence, there were present Mr. H. M. Margo liouth, Secretary of Faculties, and the Rev. J. W. C. W a nd, Dean a nd Fellow of Oriel.

OF THE CHAPEL.

The Rev. R. B. Mortimer, Student of Christ Church, has very kindly assisted in the services of the Chap el during th e course of the year, and so has helped to tide over the interval before a successor to Mr. Fletcher in the chaplaincy could come into residence. The visiting preachers in Chapel during the year h ave been : F ebnÂŁary 22. The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of Oxford. April 26. The Rev. Professor L. W. Grensted . November 22. The Right. Rev. the Lord Bishop of Carlisle.

OF THE NEW LIBRARY.

J. .R.

Hayston has succeeded

H. Torrens as Librarian.

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OF NUMBERS .

There were in residence during Michaelmas Term fourteen Bachelors of Arts and r ro undergraduates. The number of Freshmen admitted was thirty-eight. OF THE J.C.R. The officers of the J. C. R. elected for the academical year 1931-32 are President, N. G. Fisher; Steward, E. L. Phillips. A. J. Young has been appointed Junior Treasurer.

EIGHTS WEEK CONCERT. HE Eights Week Concert was held on Saturday, May 23rd. It had been hoped to hold it in the Quadrangle, as had been done the previous year, but unfortunately the weather did not prove kind enough. The Dining Hall, therefore, had to do its utmost to accommodate audience and performers. The programme consisted o.f works for violin and piano, for flute and piano, for two pianos, and of groups of madrigals and part-songs. The violinist, Mr. J. T. Kirby, and his accompanist, Miss Olive Kirby, played sonatas by Corelli and J. S. Bach, and 'The Lark Ascending' by Vaughan Williams. The first item, the Corelli sonata, is a work in which the comparative freedom from ideas is compensated by the composer's thorough understanding of the capabilities of the violin, and, as far as this instrument was concerned, it was excellently played; but it was unfortunate that the accompanist should have lacked that crispness of touch which is the life and soul of such a work, and have blurred it by too much use of the sustaining-pedal. The same may be said of the Bach sonata-its style was more suited to the violinist than the pianist; but the vagueness and nebulousness of the beautiful Vaughan Williams idyll called for frequent use of the pedal, so that, with a type of accompaniment much more congenial to the pianist, and with especially lovely tone in the upper registers on the part of the violinist, this piece received the best performance of the three . M. yY. Scott, accompanied by G. S. Wamsley, played two sonatas for flute and piano by Handel and Purcell, and an arrangement of the Andante Cantabile from Beethoven's 'Archduke' trio, and also a flute , solo, Rondeau and Sara:ba:n de, from a Suite by ]. S. Bach. All these works are of considerable difficulty, and on this account his performance of them must be commended : it is

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encouraging to have one of the less commonly played instruments actually inhabiting the Hall ! M. du P. Cooper and G. S. Wamsley gave a really fine performance of some of the very best of Schumann-his 'Andante und Variationen,' Op. 46, for two pianos; later they played an arrange. ment of Debussy's delightful 'Petite Suite,' a work that is an excellent example of lightness completely dissociated from cheapness. The Madrigals and Part-Songs (under the direction of W. W. S. March) were sung with customary vigour or expressiveriess, as the particular piece demanded. They included Madrigals by W eelkes and Morley, and Folk-songs arranged by Vaughan Williams and other modern composers. Of the former, 'The Ape, the Monkey arnd Baboon,' and of the latter 'The Seeds of Love,' were best sung, while Granville Bantock's setting of the H ebridean 'Smuggler's Song' successfully concluded a most en joyable concert.

SETOl\ .

NOVUM OPUS. IN CE the completion of the Chapel and Library in r682 the powers of observation possessed by successive generations of members of the Hall have been put to the test by the fa<;:ade of this building. How many Aularians have failed to note that the lefthand windows on the ground and first floors were dummies? But dummies these windows h ave always been, masking a partition wall between that corner of our Quadrangle and New College Garden. The device of these dummies was adopted in order to give the building as imposing a fa<;:ade as the available space allowed. And the original builders so far perfected their pardonable deception as to fill the blind window spaces with leaded glass. We owe it to the considemteness of the Warden and Fellows of New College that this deception has now been removed. The College has allowed the Hall to acquire the ground immediately b ehind these two dummy windows. And on Âˇ this little plot of ground, measuring 27 feet by r 2~ feet, a small building has been erected which has added very usefully to the accommodation of the Chapel and the Old Library. Not the least_important gain has been the freeing of the A.nte-Chapel from all encumbrances and the provision of suitable housing for the organ. To the Chapel has been added a Sacristy and an Organ-loft, with a blowing-chamber below. The Organ-loft has been made to communicate directly with the Chapel by the opening up of the western window on the north side, through the frame of which the organ is now visible. Access

TI-lE .Â·\\"TE -C H AP EL .

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to the Sacristy is obtained through a door cut in the north wall of the Ante-Chapel. The dummy window on the ground floor has been opened so as to light the Sacristy. The cupboards which stood on the right-hand side of the Ante-Chapel have been taken down and re-erected in the Sacristy. The Sacristy opens into the organ-blowing chamber, through w hich access by a staircase is obtained to the Organ-loft. The Old Library has been extended over the Sacristy and the other dummy window h as been opened up so as to provide the room with additional lighting. The gallery has been extended round the new portion. The inadequate spiral staircase with iron rail that stood in the recess of the middle window has been removed and an oak staircase constructed at the nearer end of the room, giving access to the gallery. The two projecting bookcases that were erected on the right-h and side a few years ago have been taken away, and the Library stands once more true to the design of its first builders, who, as Canon Streeter has pointed out in his recent book on The Chained Library, erected here the first college library in Oxford fitted with a gallery and bookcases arranged against the walls. Besides the additional accommodation for books, there is no doubt that the Old Library has gained much in dignity and proportion by this extension, without any loss to its original . character. These additions were carried out by Messrs. Symm & Co. under the careful supervision of Mr. R. Fielding Dodd, F.R.I.B.A. We have to thank our architect for a very happily designed chest of Oxfordshire yew, with drawers lined with Oxfordshire cedar, which he has had made and has most generously presented to the Hall for use in the Sacristy. His gift is greatly appreciated, not merely for its own sake, but as a token of the very personal interest he takes in all his work for the Hall. These a lterations were begun in February, and were sufficiently well advanced by the beginning of the Trinity Term for the - Sacristy to come into use. The walls of the Organ-loft having been given plenty of time to dry out, the organ was placed in position just before the beginning of Michaelmas Term. To the long line of patient hand-blowers of the organ the news must be broken that an electrical Discus blower and motor has been installed in the blowing-chamber. A.B. E.

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THE CHAPEL ORGAN.

HE renovated organ has certainly f.ulfilled all that was hoped of it. A comparison of the specification of the organ as it was with the new specification will show what has been done by way of alteration and addition. Before renovation the organ was composed as follows : One manual, CC to F. Pedals, CCC to E. I. Open Diapason TC only. 2. Dulciana TC only. 3· Gamba TC only. 4· Principal CC to F. 5· Stopped Diapason CC to B; I2 notes only. 6. Stopped Diapason (Treble) TC; 42 notes only. 7. Bourdon CCC to B ; thence to Stopped 8. Coupler, keys to pedal. Diapason. The organ after renovation is composed as follows : One manual, CC to F. Pedal, CCC to F. I. Double Diapason I6. 2. Open Diapason 8, (new Bass). 3· Stopped Diapason 8. 8, (revoiced from Gamba). 4· Dulciana 8, (revoiced from Dulciana) . 5· Celeste 6. Flute 4· 7· Principal 4· 8. Bourdon pedal I6. g. Coupler, keys to pedal. All the speaking-stops extend to the full compass of the manual or pedal. The organ has been re-placed in a plain oak case with as many as possible of the new open diapason pipes fitted in front. The manual sound-board has been re-leathered and made air-tight, with new valves, wires and springs. A new sound-board has been introduced for the bourdon pedal, and also a new concave and radiating pedal board with neW coupler to keys. The draw-stops have been placed on either side of the keys, and not over as before. Two combination double-acting pedals have been provided for the easy control of the stops. The bellows have been renewed and the wind connexion enlarged. All pipes have been repaired, provided with tuning pipes, and revoiced, and the wind pressure increased so as to ensure a much more powerful tone. This renovation, including the provision of a Discus electric organ-blower and motor, has cost £258 7s. It will be seen from the statement of account which appears elsewhere in the Magazine

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that a sum of £I72 I4s. 4d. has already been contributed towards meeting this expenditure. The very generous assistance that has been given through the Aularian Association, the H all Musical Society and the contributions of individual donors has made possible a restoration of the organ which the Hall otherwise could not have afforded to undertake. A. B. E.

LIDDON GIFTS. AJOR H . P. and Mrs. Liddon by several gifts that t hey have presented to the Hall h ave made an important addition to the collection commemorating Dr. Liddon which the Hall now possesses. Among the papers which they have handed over to the safe keeping of the Library are a number of interesting letters written by Dr. Liddon to his sister, Mrs. Ambrose, Mrs. H. P. Liddon's mother, and several letters received by Dr. Liddon from correspondents of importance. They have also given to the Hall certain volumes which have a special personal interest. These volumes are here recorded in the order of the dates inscribed in them by Dr. Liddon.

I. Holy Bible. Oxford, 1849. ' Henry Parry Liddon. Christ Church, Oxon. 'Fecit mihi magna Qui patens est et sanctum Nomen Ejus. August 2oth, r8so.' 2. Biblia Hebraica. Leipsiae, I849· 'E libris Henrici Parry Liddon, A .B., Aedis Christi apud Oxonienses altomni-In festo Sancti Andreae A.postoli anna salvatoJ'is MDCCCL. ' 3· Brevarium Romanurn. Mechliniae , I8sr. 'E libris H enrici Parry Liddon, A.M., A6dis Xti apud Oxon: alumni, in festo S. Marci E1J. MDCCCLIII.' 4· Paradise of the Christian Sou-l. By J. M. Horst. London, 1848. 'H. P. Liddon. Cuddesdon. I8S7·' Containing a list of the names of several of the translators of the hymns. S· H orae Ditwnae Brev-arii Romani. Mechliniae, I8S7· ' H. P. Liddon. Mechliniae. d. Julii 13mo 1858.' 6. Manuel dtt Prt?dicateur. Par Tobie Lohner, S.J. Paris, 1857. ' Henry Parry Liddon. Cuddesdon. 1858. a Paris.' 7· H KAINH D..IA@HKH. Bagster, London; n.d. 'H. P. Liddon. April 15th, 186r. Hebd. Ilia inf: Temp: Pasch:.' This little volume contains two inscriptions of pa rticular interest, one by \iValter Ken~ Hamilton, Bishop of Salisbury,· and the other by Dr. Dollinger. That of Bishop Hamilton runs : ' Thy word is a lantern unto my feet and a light unto my paths., Ps. I I9, ros. W. K. Sarum. March 12, I869. ' The Lord bless thee and keep thee.' This was written in the year of the bishop's death. That of Dr. Dollinger runs: 1/Vir fuhlen uns Eins in Glauben, in Hoffnung wul in Liebe, wir streben zusct,l'iien nach Frieden und Einigung in die Kirche gemiiss dem Gebote des H errn. Bonn. 17 Septb. 1874. ]. Doellinger.

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8. Book of Common Prayer. Oxford, 1861.. 'H. P. Liddon in fest. S. Edm. r86r, die Nov. XVJmo.' g. The Daily Services of the United Church of England and Ireland. Oxford, 1849. 'H. P. Liddon. March 5, Shrove Tuesday, 1867.' 10. Psalterium Ecclesiae Anglicanae Hebraicum. London, 1804. This volume was a present to Dr. Liddon from the Rev. C. L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) and bears the inscription : 'H. P. Liddon from C. L. Dodgson Âˇw ith the most sincere regards, March31, 1867 .' These books contain many notes and quotations written in them by Dr. Liddon at various times, and several little mementos of a devotional character which Dr. Liddon collected in the course of his holidays abroad. Besides these volumes Major and Mrs. Liddon have included in their gifts Dr. Liddon's copy of Lux Mundi, and the diary which he kept during 1850, his last year as an undergraduate. They have also given a copy of a silver medal struck to commemorate the acquittal of the Seven Bishops in 1688, which belonged to Dr. Liddon, and a cross in mother-of-pearl which stood in Dr. Liddon's oratory at No. 3 Amen Court. This cross, which is baroque in design and beautifully carved, has been placed on the altar in Chapel in place of the heavy brass cross, whose large prop ortions were quite unsuited to so small a building. The cross that has been removed has no particular associations for the Hall : it was made many years ago for presentation to the Queen's College, but being rejected, as the College at that time was unwilling to place a cross on the altar of their Chapel, 'it was presented by the donor to the Chapel of the Hall. The very sincere thanks of the Hall are due to Major and Mrs. Liddon for the gifts that they have made . A.B.E.

PONTIGNY. GIFT commemorating the bond which unites St. Edmund Hall and Pontigny has been made to the Hall by a distinguished Frenchman, M. Paul Desjardins. It consists of a double capital with a portion of the two shafts attached; it is of mid-twelfth century workmanship, and formed part of the conventual buildings in which St. Edmund stayed and his predecessors, Stephen Langton and St. Thomas, before Âˇhim. The simple design of these capitals well exemplifies the austere beauty which makes early Cistercian architecture so attractive. This double capital has been mounted on a stone base and placed in the recess under the

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pointed arch beside the stairs leading to the Old Library. M. Desjardins is assured of the very sincere gratitude of all Aularians for his gift of so welcome a memorial. A commemorative inscription in Latin it> being composed by M. Desjardins. The very cordial thanks of the Hall are due to Mr. F. R. Lee (matric. r884) for the ambassadorial part he h as taken in obtaining this gift. A.B. E.

THE OLD LIBRARY.

UILDIN G operations during the extension of the Library made necessary once more the displacement of a large number of the books. But with the completion of the work it has been possible to ~educe the Library to order . In the re-arrangement of the books, an endeavour has been made as far as possible to place them in their original order, so that anyone looking along th e shelves can see how our collection of books has grown since its inception by Dr. Tullie shortly after the R estoration. A re-arrangement on these lines has been made possible by following out the clues provided . by our oldest catalogues and borrowing register. The Library does not possess a copy of the origina l catalogue prepared by Thomas H earne, our first librarian-the only surviving copy of this catalogue is preserved in the Bodleian- but we have a catalogue, based on that which Hearne compiled, wh ich records all the books that were in the lower part of the Library in 1774 and all that were in the upper part in 1776. The Library also has the catalogue compiled in 1792, which continued in use until about r843, when the latest catalog ue, in two volumes, took its place. There is also preserved a borrowing r egister begun in 18 38, which contains on the fly-leaf a note of the arrange ment of the books at that elate. The books were a lways arranged according to size until quite modern times, when some attempt seems to h ave been made to arrange the m according to s ubjects. R e-assembling the books in their original order has been a tiresome business. Although this has now been clone, and the books now stand in their old order, it has not bee n possible to place them in their origina l positions on the shelves, as the shelving in the Library was reconstructed about a hundred years ago. All the books acquired before r785 or thereabouts have been arranged in the lower part of the Library under the gallery on the east side, beginning at th e furt h er end. The books subsequently acquired have been placed in the upper part of the Library, beginning at the further end of the gallery by the middle window,

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with the exception of the later acquisitions in .quartos and folios, w hich have been placed in the shelves in the lower part of the Library under the gallery on th e north side. The separate presses between the windows have b een allocated to the earlier ~art of the collection of books of Aularian interest, to certain early printed books, MSS. and pamphlets, and to the Tullie and Dixon collec tions. I am now hoping that we may be able to proceed with the re-cataloguing of the Library. The furnishing of the room h as been improved. Three oak tables of late seventeenth century d esign have been m ade for it. Green window-curtains have been introduced. The radiators have b een masked by oak grills. There are some n ew accessions to the Library that m erit particular notice here. I have been a ble to acquire a copy of a fifteenth century tractate written by the Dominican Cardinal John de Torquemada (Turrecremata) in refutation of the opinions expressed by the W yclifite Principal of the H all, Peter Payne, at th e Co unci l of Basel in 1432-33 on the subject of the efficacy of holy water. This tract D e Efjicacia Aque Benedicte consisting of eight leaves was printed at Augsburg by Anton Sorg about the year 1476. The Hall copy tallies with the copy of this tract described in the Catalog ue of B ooks printed in the XVth Century now in th e Britis h Museum, Part ii, p. 344, except t hat in our copy there are no p aragraphm arks , initial strokes, and underlines supplied in red, or capitals painted red. The capitals a re a ll printed in black ink, as in the copy in the Bodleian (Auct. III, Q;, V, Jr). In memory of the two Wyclifite Principals of the H all, William Taylor, w ho w as burned at Smithfield in 1423, and P eter P ayne, the E ng lish champion of vVyclif in Bohemia, the R ev. A. E. Clarke h as presented four volumes of W yclif 's works, publis hed by the W yclif Society, as the beginning of a collection of books r ela ting to the Wyclifite and Hu ssite Movements. A v ery welcome addition to the collection of Liddo n letters and p a pe rs recently presented to th e Library by the Misses King has b een made by the gift of other Liddon letters and papers by Major H. P. and Mrs. Liddon . This gift also comprises several volumes that w ill be specially valued f or their personal interest, including Dr. Liddon's copy of Lu,x Mundi. All these volumes and th e other contents of this gift are desc rib ed elsewhere in this number of the Aia.ga.zin e under a separate h eading . I have beewable to add o ne more volume to our little collection of books that once form ed part of Thomas Hearne's library. It is

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LIBRAI~Y.

BEFORE ExTENSION.

OLD LIBRARY . . \ FTEII E~TE~SI O :-.l .

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a copy of the works of Macrobius, in a small octavo edition, published by Jacobus Stoer in 1607. It bears Hearne's signature , his motto Suum ct~iqu e and the date 1716. Another accession of Aularian interest deserves special mention h ere. It is a copy of the very rare fir st edition of John Oldham's A Satyr against Vertue.. It is a small qua rto volume, printed in 'London, in the year 1679'; it contains no printer's name, but the basket of flowers which appears as an ornament on th e title-page is identical with that which appears on the title-page of the 1684 edition of the Works of Mr . John Oldham, printed by Joseph Hindma rsh. The compiler of t he Groli<~ r Club catalogue of original English editions states that this poem was first printed in the first edition of the Earl of Rochester's poems in 168o. , A bust of Dr. Liddon, presented by his n ieces , the Misses King, has been placed in the Library. Tha nks to the good offices of Mr. A. L. Poole, Fellow and Libraria n of St. J ohn 's College , the H a ll h as received a present of three book~chains from St. John 's College Library. With these I hope to r e-ch ain three boo ks in our Library as examples of the w ay in which our books were originally secured. The Editorial Staff of the Magazine d eserves the thanks of the H a ll for the grant of ÂŁzs w hich it has mad e towards the r epairing o f leather bindings of books in the Library. Excluding those .already noted, the following are the books that have b een presented to the Old Libra ry during the year : -

From the Rev. Carwn Ollard: j ENKINS, Judge David (matric. 1600). J enkinsius Redeviv us: or the Works of that Grave, Learned and Truly Lo yal anld Couragious Judge Jenkins. 12mo. London, 168r. From th e Rev. A. E. Clark e : VAUGHAN, Robert. Th e Life and Opinions of John de Wyclt!fe. 8vo. z nd Edn. London , 1831.

From th e Rev . K. M. Ffinch: FFOULKES, R ev. E. S. .An E-nglish Saint: a Sermon on St. Edmund of Abingdon. Oxford, 1886. From the Principal : WHITFIELD, George. A Letter to th e Rev. D r. Durell, Vice Chancellor of th e University of Oxford occasioned by a Late Expulsion of Six Students from Edmund-Hall. Falkirk, printed by T. Johnston, I799Âˇ This edition of Whitefi eld's L etter to Dr. Durell is not recorded in Canon Ollard's bibliogmphy of the literature concerning the E xpulsion.

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SHAW, Dr. Thomas (Principal, 1740-sr). Reizen en Aanmerkingen door en over Barbaryen en het Ooste. Uit het Engelsch vertaald door P. Boddaert, M.D . , met Aanteekeningen van den Vertaler; S. "Rau, M . Tydeman en C. Saxe. Two Vols. Folio . Utrecht, I773Âˇ The Dutch edition of Dr. Shaw's Travels and Observations in Barbary and the Levant. MooRE, Dr. Edward (Principal, r864-1903). Studies in Dante. Âˇ Four vols. 8vo. O xford, r8g6-rg r7. kB.E.

THE REUNION, 1931.

H E Ninth R e union of old members took place on Thursday, June zsth, I93I. After Evensong in Chapel, dinner was served in the Dinipg H all. There were present at th e dinner : The Right Rev. the Bishop of Sherborne (formerly Principal), the Rev. Canon S. L. Ollard (formerly VicecPrincipal), the Rev. Canon L. Hodgson (formerly Vice-Principal), Majbr E. C. Priestley (formerl y Tutor) , the R ev. V. W. Peake, the Rev. Canon A. D. Barker, the Rev. K. M. Ffinch , the R ev. T. E. R. Phillips, Mr. H . N . ffari ngton , the Rev. F. L. Wh atley , the Rev. C. W. Fisher , the Rev. Dr. A. C. Keene, the Rev. Prebendary E. Reid, the. R ev. H. W . Thorne, th e Rev. P. A. W. Skinner, the Rev. R. Shepheard, the Rev. D. Armytage, the Rev . W. A. Congdon, Major A. B. Blaxland, Mr. R. Sayle , the Rev. J . B. Wood, th e Rev . F . McGowan, Mr. H. Beresford Barrett, Dr . P. T. Freeman, the R ev. S. A. Howard, Mr. H. C. In gle , the R ev. H . H. Vick ers , Mr. J. J. G. Walkinton, Mr. E. C. Lamb, the Rev . E . L. Millen, the Rev. S. Cox , Mr. C. Lummis, the Rev. C. A. Flaxton, the R ev. G. Sayle, the Rev . J. H . A . Rusbridger , and Mr. J . B. Allan. The Rev. Canon S. L. Ollard (Vice-Principal, rgo 3-191 3) , prop os ing the toast Floreat Aula\, began by saying how keenly he felt hi s limitation s wh en called upon to ad dress a n audience of friendly but nevertheless critical Aularians. He then proceeded in a lively and diverting speech to make it clear that no such lim itations existed. 1:1 Canon Ollard went on to give an account, embell ished with a delightfully whimsical choice .of details , of the Hall as he fir st knew it. As a true son of his University, he said that he h ad a weakness for Lost Causes. When he went ou t to look for one, h e thought he had most ass uredly foun d it here.: .a nd it h ad been his certainty that the Hall was the a uthentic thing in L ost Causes that had decided him to come ; and , indeed, on his first coming to the Hall he had found its very existence threatened. H e had never regretted his Clecision : his tim e at the H a ll had been a period of the greatest

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happiness to him; but eventually he had had to realise that the Hall was refusing to allow itself to be lost : he felt the time had come for him to seek his ideal elsewhere. It was difficult when one came back to Oxford and visited this flourishing society to imagine that it could ever have been threatened with extinction. The most wonderful thing about the Hall, he believed, was the continued vitality, within the place, of a spirit worthy of the memory of St. Edmund. To that spirit it owed its continued existence. Canon OUard paid a warm tribute to the splendid work of recent Principals. Aularians well knew what the Hall owed to the first Vice-Principal who had ever become Principal. Under his rule the Hall would go on from strength to strength, and well it might, for of him it was indeed true to say that he was a devoted disciple of their St. Edmund. Canon. Oilard called old members to their feet with the toast : 'Floreat Aula Sancti Edmundi et floreat ad multos annos P'rincipalis noster, doctissimus, gracillimus atque di,l ectissimus.' The Principal, responding, welcomed in the name of the ÂˇAssociation the Bishop of Sherborne, Canon Ollard, Canon Hodgson and Major Priestley. In his opening sentences he said humorously that Canon Ollard's references to Lost Causes impelled him to tell those present that as far as the Reunion Dinner was concerned Canon Ollard had proved almost a Lost Cause himself. The Principal had found him an extraordinarily difficult fish to catch. Although he had angled persistently for him, his victim had hitherto simply refused to rise, but he had caught him at last, and Aularians would agree that he was a fish worth landing. Thanking Canon Ollard for the kind things he had said of his work as Principal, he remarked that it was characteristic of their guest to refrain from makir:g any reference to the very important part he had himself played as Vice-Principal in saving the Hall when its continuance as a separate society was threatened. He welcomed this opportunity of assuring him that members of the Hall were not forgetful of their large indebtedness to him. The Hall had ceased to be a Lost Cause for the very reason that Canon Ollard during his VicePrincipalship had used his best energies to avert such a calamity. When Canon Oilard kft the Hall he had bequeathed it two gifts : a new lease of life, and Joseph Copeman. The Principal then reviewed the notable record of achievements which had been gathered during the year. The Principal then passed on to the subject of the restoration and extensions in the Chapel and Old Library. Last year, the Principal continued, he had concluded his remarks by expressing the hope that before the

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next gathering the Hall would have emerged once more on to the High. This had been accomplished, .and they had returned to the High after four hundred and fifty years. There were now twelve undergraduates housed on No. 7 Staircase and the Senior Tutor had rooms there. They had found these additional quarters a most valuable acquisition. Of fu ture developments he said he was unable to give details yet, but members of the Hall might take it from him that , supported as he had been by them and as he knew he would be, it was not his intention to allow opportunities for development to escape. Rising to propose a further toast, the Principal said that Aularians had w ith them that evening a very generous benefactor in the person of Mr. H. N. ffarington, who had given the sum of £1 ,ooo to found a n Exhibition. The toast was most cordially honoured. After dinner the Annual General Meeting of the Association was held in the Dining Hall. On Friday morning the Bishop of Sherborne was the celebrant at the H oly Communion in the Chapel.

,R.

SAYLE.

THE AULARIAN ASSOCIATION. HE Executive Committee met in the Principal's Lodgings at 4·30 p.m. on Thud;day, June zsth, I93I. The following members were present :-The Principal (in the Chair), the Right Rev. the Bishop of Sherborne, Mr. J. B. Allan (Hon. Treasurer), the Rev. D. Armytage, the Rev. Canon A. D. Barker, the Rev. C. W. Fisher, Mr. H. C. Ingle, the Rev. D r. A. C. Keene, the Rev. F. McGowan, the Rev. T. E. R. Phillips, Mr. J. J. G. Walkinton and Mr. Robert Sayle (Hon. Secretary).

The Annual General Meeting was h eld in the Hall after the Reunion Dinner on the same evening. The President took the Chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were r ead and signed. Before calling upon the Hon. Treasurer to present his report, the President said that he wished to place on record his high appreciation of Mr. Allan's work . The healthy state of the Association's finances was largely due to his unrelenting pertinacity. ·The President a lso thanked the Hon. Auditor for giving his time to their affairs.

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The Hon. Treasurer, presenting his report, said that the accounts had been audited by Mr. Ingle and showed a credit balance of £132 17s. rd. It was to be noted, however, with regard to this balance, that there were certain accounts still to b e met. The President proposed and Mr. C. Lummis seconded .t he motion that the accounts be adopted. This was unanimously agreed to. The H on. Treasurer. urg·ed members to take advantage of the facilit ies offered under the Composition Subscription Scheme, r em arking that when this became the general practice the Treasurer's wo:rk would be a good deal easier. The President reported that at the afternoon meeting of the Executive Committee th ey had decided .t o transfer £57 rs. rd. from t he Main Fund to the Activities Fund. This, with the sum of £27 r8s. nd. already standing to the credit of the Activities Fund, made a total of £8s os. od., which the Committee had voted as a second gift to the Organ Fund. He noted the appropriateness of this gift in view of the approaching zsoth Anniversary of the consecration of the Chapel. The President said that th e Executive Committee of the Association felt sure that members would wish to m a k e some special effort in connection with that anniversary about which a later announcement would be made. Th e r etiring members of the Executive Committee under Rule 9 were the Rev. D. Armytage and Mr. C. D. Walker, representing the p eriod 1905-I9I4. The Rev. C. A. Plaxton proposed and the Rev. Canon Barker seconded the resolution that these m embers be re-elected. This was carried unanimously. Th e question of suitable dates for future Aularian gatherings was then discussed. It was regretted that a summer meeting presented almost insuperable difficulties to some members , but the President pointed out that owing to the Exhibition Examinations it was quite impossible now to hold the meeting in the Easter Vacation. In any case, a good many members preferred to have the opportunity of visiting Oxford in the summer. It was, therefore, decided. to hold the next Reunion in Commemoration Week on Tuesday, June zrst, 1932~ R. SAYLE.

The date of the next REUNION has been fixed for TUESDA Y , JUNE zr, 1932; that is , TUESDAY in COMMEMORATION WEEK, and N OT for THURSDAY, JUNE 23, as printed in error in th e AULARI .4 N DIRECTORY. . A .B.E.

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OBITUARY. CHARLES HENRY LACON .. The Rev. Charles Henry Lacon, M.A., died on April II at Felixstowe in his eighty-third year. He was the fourth son of the Rev. F. Lacon. He entered the Hall in Michaelmas Term, I867. He was Captain of Boats in I869. He graduated as B.A. in I874, and was ordained deacon in the year after. His first curacy was at Basingstoke. In I878 he was ordained priest, and in the following year he proceeded to the degree of M.A., and was appointed Vicar of Wangford with Benham and Reydon, in Suffolk. In I887 he became Rector. of Branstone in Leicestershire, and was fo·r six years Rural Dean of Framland, until in I8g8 he accepted the rectory of Barton Mills, near Mildenhall, in Suffolk. After holding this latter living for twenty-one years, he resigned in I929 and went to live at Felixstowe. CHARLES BOUTFLOWER SIMPSON. The Rev. Charles Boutflower Simpson, M.A., late ChaplainInspector of Prisons, died at Brighton on October I2, in his eightythird year. He was the third son of the Rev. R. W. Simpson, Rector of Chew Stoke, Somerset. He matriculated as a member of the Hall in Michaelmas Term, I869, and graduated as B.A. in I877· He was ordained deacon to the curacy of Bolterstone, near Sheffield, in I878. He was ordained priest and proceeded to the degree of M.A. in I879· In I88r he came south to the curacy of Beddington in Surrey. Two years later he became Chaplain of H.M. Prison at Bodmin, adding to his duties the chaplaincy of the R.N. Prison at Bodmin in I888. In I902 he was appointed Chaplain of H. M. Prison at Pentonville, and five years later ChaplainInspector of H.M. Prisons. On his retirement in I9I5 he continued to live in London, until I929, when he moved to Brig-hton. ARTHUR AUSTIN BLAIR. The Rev. Arthur Austin Blair, M.A., Rector of Saxlingham, Norfolk, died on December I, aged sixty-eight. He was the fourth son of the Rev. J. S. Blair. He entered the Hall as an Exhibitioner in Michaelmas Term, I882. He was President of the Hall Debating Society in Michaelmas Term, I884, and rowed bow in the Eight in . r885. He read the Final Honour School of Theology, graduating B.A. in I88s and M.A. m I88g. He was ordained deacon in I886

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and priest in the following year. On ordination he worked for ten years in the diocese of Durham, as curate at Spennymoor from 1886 to 1888, a t St. Jam es', Gateshead, from r888 to 1893, and at Boldon from 1893 to 1896. He then joined the S:P.G. Mission at Cawnpore, and devoted the next twenty-six years of his life to the work of the Society in the United Provinces. After spending five years in Cawnpore, he went in 1901 to Banda, and from there to Roorkee in 1904, and then in 1910 to Moradabad, where he remained until 1914. He then went back to Banda for four more years, returning to Moradabad for his last two years in India. In 1922 he came home and was appointed Rector of Saxlingham. His eldest son, Mr. H. A.Âˇ Blair, is a member of the Hall. RICHARD LISTER FRANKS. The Rev. Richard Lister Franks, B.A., died on September 29 in hospital after a short illness , at the age of twenty-six. He was the only child of the R ev. E. W. and Mrs. Franks . The news of his death will come as a shock to his contemporaries at the Hall, who will remember him as the embodiment of vigour and cheerfulness. Franks entered the Hall from Mill Hill School in Michaelmas T erm, 1923. H e read ' Modern Greats,' and took the Final Examination in June, 1926. After proceeding to the degree of B.A., h e went on to Mansfield College for his theological course in preparation for ordination. He was ordained in September, 1929, by Dr. Selbie, and went as minister to th e Congregational Church in Market Harborough. During the six years that he was in Oxford, Franks entered fully into the life of the Hall. Hale, hefty and full of generous energy, h e irradiated a friendly cheeriness that was irresistible. For the T ennis , the Hockey and the Cricket Clubs h e did yeoman service. H e was Captain of Tennis in 1928. His stalwart performances as goalkeeper at hockey were a feature of the H a ll 's game. He was described in a report in a former issue of the Magazine as having become 'a necessary and natural adjunct to the welfare of the Club.' That was a compliment well deserved. His humour found ready expression in theatricals, .as those who witnessed his performance in Box and Cox will recollect; and there will be some who will remember how happy he was in less formal impersonations. His attitude to life and his love for the Hall cannot be better described than in his own words. I quote, therefore, from a letter he sent me shortly after h e had settled in Market Harborough.

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' I'm sometimes quite overwhelmed,' he wrote, 'by the responsibility of my position. But the more I see of it, the more I'm convinced of the g reat value of the_ work of the Christian ministry, and though I miss Oxford very much, having been up so long, I'm very glad to be sharing out with other folk a few of the great privileges I've enjoyed. Though it's not too easy these days, this is a great life! I've been reading a nd enjoying the Hall Mag. I. think the furth er one gets from the Hall, the more one realises what a tremendous lot one owes to the Hall and that for which she stands. It's great to see from the Mag. and from the papers how , well she prospers. Flore at A u,la! ' It is men such as Franks who have h elped to m ake th e Hall an object of lasting affection for those who are h er members. JOHN ARMINE FOX. John Armine Fox died on March 22 , at the age of twenty-five. He had been seriously ill for the last three years . Born in 1905, he was the eldest son of the late Mr. J. J. and Mrs. Fox. He came up to the Hall from Tonbridge School in Michaelmas Term, 1924. He took Honour Classical Moderations in 1926, but owing to illness was obliged to discontinue residence in the last year before his Final Schools. Those of his contemporaries who kn~w him best will know perhaps something of the cares that, as an eldest son, he h ad had to shoulder since his fath er's death, of the warm affection that he felt for his family and for his home. in Sussex, of the sincerity and thoughtfulness th at he evinced in all his pursuits and Âˇconcerns. His recollection of Oxford and his friendships there survived the was ting effects of a long and trying illness . During a brief rally three weeks before his death, he pressed for news of the Hall, and wrote me a pencilled note asking for the last issue of the Ma:gazine: this was sent him. In the gift of his classical books which his mother has maqe to the Library he h a s a m emoria l in the Hall that he would have well approved. A.B . E.

UT FAMA EST. Th e congratulations of the Hall are due to Sir Ernest N. Bennett, M.P. (Vice-Principal, 1893-5), on his return to Parliament as Nationa l Labour Member for Central Cardiff with a majority of 13,362. Th e congratulations of the Hall are due to the R ev. L. Hodgson (Vice-Principa l, 1914-19), Professor of Christian Apologetics

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at the General Theological Seminary, New York, on his appointment to a residentiary canonry in Winchester Cathedral. Aularia ns who remember Canon Hodgson as Vice-Principal will welcome his repatriation. Captain E. C. Priestley, Army Educational Corps (Tutor of the Hall, 1913-18), was promoted Brevet-Ma jor on Janu ary r. Mr. M. Ahmad has been appointed Vice-Principal of Osmania College, Aurangahad, Deccan. The R ev. G. H. Aldis was ordained :d eacon on Palm Sunday at Christ Church, North Brixton, by the Right Rev. the Bishop of Western China, and has joined the staff 6-f the China Inland Mission at Anking, Anhu si. Mr. C. E. Baldwin is to be congratulated on his appointment as Headmaster of the new Secondary School at Camberley, Surrey . Mr. F. C. Bazett-Jones has been appointed an assistant master at St. Clare, Walmer. Lieut. -Commander T. R. Beatty, R.N., has b~en appointed to the Meteorological Office, Air Ministry, for a furth er two years. Mr. F. W. Benton is to be congratulated on . the birth of a daughter. The Rev .. K. M. Bishop has been appointed curate of St. Jude's, Southsea. Captain A. B. Blaxland, O.RE., Indian Army, was promoted to the rank of Major on J an uary 21. The ' Rev. A. R. Browne-Wilkinson, M.C., Principal of St. Christopher's College, Blackheath, has been appointed Rector of Bedale, Yorkshire. Âˇ The R ev. Ll. P. Burnett , who has been at Cuddesdon College, has been appointed curate of St. Michael'Âˇs , Tonge-cum-Alkrington. The Rev. A. C. Chandler was married on June 20 to Miss Jeanette Paviere at St. Philip and St. James's, Oxford. The R ev. W. R. l\1. Chaplin has been appointed Succentor of Carlisle Cathedral and curate of St. Cuthbert's, Carlisle. The Rev. A. F. G. Christie is to be congratulated on the birth of a daughter , Margaret Mary , on February r8. Mr. A. E. Ellis is to be congratulated on his appointment as head of the Biological D epartment of Epsom College and on his election as a Fellow of the Linnaean Society. Mr. P. G. 'Espinasse, Assistant Lecturer in Zoology at University College, is to be congratulated on his appointment as Lecturer in Zoology and W a rden of N eedler Hall. The Rev. R. H. Evered has resigned the rectory of Shenley, near Bletchley, and is living at Burnham, Somerset.

ST. EDMUND l!ALL )\'I AGAZINE

The Rev. C. W. Fisher, Vicar of Wing, Leighton Buzzard, has been appointed R ector of East H endred, Berkshire. The congratulations of the Hall are due to the Rev. W. G. D. Fletch er , F. S.A., on receiving the Hono"rary Freedom of the Borough of Shrewsbury in consideration of the literary services that he has rendered the Corporation during the last thirty years in the calendaring and arrangement of their extensive archives. Mr. M. W. Gallop was married a t Cape Cove, Gaspe, Quebec, <>n September z, to Miss Doris Isobel Dickson, daughter of the Rev. J. S. and Mrs. Dickson. Mr. W. W. E. Giles has been appointed an assistant master at Milner Court, Sturry, Kent. The Rev. E. T. H. Godwin was married at St. James's, Whitehaven, on April z8, to Miss J ean K err. H e has been appo inted Vicar of Christ Church, Leeds. Mr. L. W. ÂˇHanson is to be congratulated on his appointment as an Assistant Keeper in the Depar tment of Printed Books, British Museum. Mr. P . G. Higgs has been appointed an analytical chemist on the staff of the Asiatic Petroleum Company Ltd. The Rev. A. Hill-Jones, Vicar of St. Matthew's, Stepney, has been appointed Rector of Stepingley, Bedford. The Rev. J. N. C. Holland has been appointed curate of St. Saviour's, Westgate-on-Sea, Kent. The Rev. H. H. Hook has been appointed curate of Coleford, Gloucestershire. Mr. A. C. Hordern has entered the Army as a University candidate and has been gazetted 2nd-Lieutenant (with seniority Aug. zg, 1929), zznd (Cheshire) Regiment. The Rev. R. L. Hordern has been appointed a Temporary , Chaplain to the Forces and is stationed at North Camp, Aldershot. The Rev. T. H. Horsfield is Priest-in-c ha rge at Kumasi, Ashanti, Gold Coast. His contemporaries at the Hall will not be surprised to learn that he showed conspicuous coolness and courage in securing that the late King Prempeh was gi:'en Christian buria l. Sir Mark Hunter is editingÂˇ The I ndian Empire Review, the officia l organ of the Indian Empire Society, the first number of which has just appeared. The Rev. H. L. Hustwayte has been appointed Rector of Bradford with Hollacombe , Holsworthy, N. Devon. Mr. H. C. Ingle has retired from the managership of the Wokingham branch of the Westminster Bank, and is living in Oxford .

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The Rev. Dr. A. C. Keene, Rector of Huntsham, has been appointed Vicar of Clyst Honiton, Exeter. The Rev. J. N. Keeling has been appointed curate ot W easte, Salford. The congratulations of the Hall are due to Mr. ]. Wilson Knight on his. appointment as Chancellors' Professor of English, Trinity College, Toronto, and on the publication of his further volume of ess1ys in Shakespearian criticism, entitled The Imperial Theme. Mr. G. E. Janson Smith has been Acting-Principal of the U.M.C.A. School at Kiungani, Zanzibar. He has been appointed tutor to the eldest son of the Rajah of Kutch, and sailed for India in November. Mr .. G. P. W. Lamb has been appointed Tutor-in-charge of Pitman's College for Business and Secretarial Courses at 2 Marlborough Gate. The Rev. F. D. Lane has resigned the rectory of Barcheston and is living at Stratford-on-Avon. The Rev. Canon Leeper, Vicar of St. Mark's, Mansfield, has been appointed Perpetual Curate of St. Michael and All Angels', Radford. The congratulations of the Hall are due to Mr. M. A. McCanlis on representing England in the International Rugby Football Matches against Ireland and Wales. Mr. D. M. J. Marchant has been appointed assistant master of the City Freeman's School, Ashstead Park. The Rev. B. P. Mohan has been appointed curate of ÂˇHoly Trinity, Norwich. He is to 1;>-e congratulated on the birth of Patricia Christine on December 22, 1930. The Rev. A. R. H. Morris, who is Vicar of Te Karaka, Poverty Bay, has been engaged in relief work in consequence of the earthquake which devastated Hawkes Bay. The Rev. A. MeL. Murray has been appointed an Examining Chaplain to the Bishop of Carlisle. Mr. W. R. Niblett has been appointed an assistant master of Doncaster Grammar School. Mr. J. L. N. O'Loughlin has joined the staff of the Oxford Dictionary, as under-study to Dr. Onions. The Rev. A. C. Parr has been appointed an assistant master at Bishop Cotton's School, Bangalore, S. India. The Rev. V. W. Peake ha s been appointed Vicar of Midgham, Reading.

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The Rev. J. E. T. Phillips has been appointed curate of St. Mary's Extra, Southampton. The Rev. G. C. Pownall has been appointed curate of St. John's, Wakefield. The Rev. E. L. G. Powys has been appointed curate of St. Mary Magdalen, Peckham. The Rev . F. D. M. Richards has been appointed assistant priest at St. Stephen's, Bournemouth. , Mr. F. E. Roberts, Headmaster of Malmesbury Secondary School, has been appointed Headmaster of the County Secondary School, Long Eaton, near Nottingham. The Rev. F. M. Scutt has been appointed curate o.f St. John's, Weymouth. The congratulations of the Hall are due to the Rev. F. J. Shirley, Headmaster of Worksop College, on being awarded the degree of Ph.D. by London University for a thesis on' The Politics of Richard Hooker.' ~ The Rev. G. Sayle has been appointed curate of St. Paul's, Middlesbrough, in charge of the Holy Cross. The Rev. A. E. Smith has been appointed curate of Holy Trinity, Beckenham. The Rev. P. S. Sprent is to be congratulated on tl).e birth of John Christopher on September ro. The Rev. 0. M. Stent, who went out to New Zealand in rgog, has returned to England and has been appointed Rector of Gussage St. Michael, Salisbury. The Rev. F. S. Strother has returned to England after eleven years in Basutoland, and is now R.A.F. Chaplain at Boscombe Down, near Salisbury. The Rev. A. E. A.. Sulston, who has been at Wycliffe Hall, and not Cuddesdon College as stated in the last issue of the Magazine, has been appointed curate of Christ Church, Reading. Mr. J. L. Tadman has taken up his appointment under the Colonial Office ~md is in the Audit Office; Entebbe, Uganda. Mr. R. C. Thomas has been appointed senior assistant master at Eversley School, Tunbridge Wells. Mr. N. B. Trenham is to be congratulated on the birth of a daughter, Shari Lorain, on June 3Âˇ The Rev. G. H. Tubbs has been appointed Rector of Fordwick, Kent. The Rev. H. M. Viret, Rector of Alresford, Colchester, has been appointed Rector of Badlesmere-with-Leaveland, Faversham, Kent.

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The congratulations of the Hall are due to the Rev. J. W . C. Viand on his appointment as a Select Preacher to the University. The Rev . C. N . vVardle-Harpur is to be congratulated on the birth of James on June 27. The Rev . L. C. \!Varner has been appointed Rector of Fledborough-with-W oodcote, Newark. Mr. W. C. Webber has returned from Mexico and has been appointed Assistant Technical Adviser to the Anglo-Mexican Petroleum Company . The Rev. E. R. ' IVelles was married at St. Paul's Church, Kinderhook, New York, on June 2, to Miss Catherine Bedlow Fish van Alstyne; daughter of Mr. and Mrs. W. B. van Alstyne. He was ordained priest on Octobe1· 28, and has been appointed ·Rector of Trinity Church, vVoodbridge, New Jersey. Mr. A. D. Yates is to be congratulated on his appointment as Headmaster of the Lawrence Memorial Royal Military School, Lovedale, Nilgiri Hills, S . India. Mr. P. Young has been appointed Assistant Manager of the Roum anian Company of the Dunlop Rubber Company Ltd., and is at Bucarest. The following Aularians living abroad have been in England this year:- Mr. H. Beresford Barrett (Burma), Mr. H. A. Blair · (Gold Coast), Major A. B. Blaxland (India), Mr. A. C. Cooper (S . Nigeria), Major R. M. Downes (N . Nigeria), Mr. C. R . Hiscocks (Canada), Mr. R. L. Hill (Sudan), Rev. P. T. Jefferson (S. Africa), Mr. G. A. Johnson (India), Dr. M. M. Knappen (U.S .A.), Mr. D. S. P. Noakes (Malaya), Mr. H. E. Pegg (Egypt), Mr. E . G. Rowe (Tanganyika). We have gathered the following particulars concerning those Aularians who have gone down since the last issue of theM agazine: Mr. J. E. Beswick has been appointed an assistant master at Warden Lodge, Upper DeaL Mr. W. W. J. Bolland has been appointed a Junior Executive Officer at Scotland Yard. Mr. C. F. Cardale is at Westcott House. Mr. E. R. Casady was married at Globe, Arizona, on August 8, to Miss Mary Margaret Malott, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. James R . Malott. H e is living at Pasadena, California, and working in the Huntington Library. Mr. B . .M. Forrest has been appointed an assistant master at the County School, Bexhill-on-Sea.

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Mr. D. Fraser was ordained deacon on St. Andrew's Day by the Bishop of Rhode Island, and has been appointed curate to the Dean of St. John ' s Cathedral, Providence. Mr. G. E. Ma rfell is learning the mysteries of baking at Southend-on-Sea as part of a course of training in hotel management. Mr. H. A. Maxwell has sailed for Burma to take up his appointment in the Burma Forest Service. Mr. G. M. Mercer has been appointed an assistant master of Thame Grammar School. Mr. N. A. Perry-Gore is at W estcott House. Mr. E. L. G . Powys , who has been at Wycliffe Hall, was ordained deacon. Mr. M. J. V . Print has been appointed a ssistant master a t Birkenhead Schoo l. Mr. E . Rawlinson is r eading for the Fin a l Examination of the Law Society. Mr. A . W. R ead has been appointed an Instructo r in Eng lish at the University of Missouri. Mr. W. V. R eynolds is to be congratulatied on his appointment as Assistant Lecturer in English Literature at the University of Sheffield. Mr. A. P. Rose is at Ripon H all. Mr. A. F. Ross has sailed for Malaya to t ake up his appointment in the Malaya Forest Service. Mr. C . C. Shaw is at Westcott House. Mr. C. H. Sutton is at Wycliffe Hall. Mr. 0 . C. Trimby has been appointed an assistant master a t Solihull School. Mr. R. Waye has been a ppointed an assio;tant m aste r at Birkenhea d School. Mr. H. S. 0 . Wood is a t Wycliffe Hall. During the yea r the fo llowing Aularians have been ordained :D eacons.-G. H. Aldis (W. China), K. M. Bishop (Portsmouthj, Ll. P. Burnett (Manchester), D. Fraser (Rhode Isl and, U.S.A.), J. N . C. Holla nd (Canterbury), H. H . Hook (Gloucester), J. E. T . Phillips (Winchester), G. C . Pownall (Wakefi eld), E. L. G. Powys (Southwark), J. M. Scutt (Salisbury), A. E. A. Sulston (Oxford), E. R.. Welles (N ew Jersey, U.S.A.). Priests.-Rev. L. C. Baber (Southwark), Rev. A. C . Chandler (Oxford) , Rev. S . Cox (London), R ev. W . J. Lancaster (Blackburn) , Rev. D. E. M. G. Jones (Bangor), Rev. J. N. Keeling (Manchester), R ev. H . W. Palmer (Carlisle) , R ev. F. S. W. Simpson (Oxfo rd) , R ev. E. R. W elles (N ew J ersey, U.S.A.).

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZ IN E

SOCIETIES, 19 3 1. THE DEBATING SOCIETY. HILARY TERM, 1931. Pre sident-E. C. R. HADFIELD. Vice -President-L. LIEVEN. S ecretary-M. F.

J ERROM .

The Society h ad a q uiet term, moderation b eing noticeable m speeches and in attendance; but there is no cause to grumble at the smooth flow of a H ilary Term . Vve started well with a debate on the virtue of labour, which was lost in spite of the able advocacy of R. G. Cornwell. The follow ing week the Vice-Principal and the Senior Tutor treated us to a display of verbal fireworks and forensic dynamite in their speeches on the burning topic of the reorganis ation of the University on democ ratic lines. It was a thoroughly enjoyable debate. In the course of the term we failed to abolish the armed forces of the co untry, disapproved of tria! marriages, decisively n~ jected the dictatorship of the proletariat in spite of a fine speech by C. P. R. Clarke, ;J.nd ended up the session by voting against the selfishnes s of the yo unger generation . The standard of the speeches made was, on the whole, higher than usual. vV. V. Reynolds, L. Lieven and J . M . Edmonds spoke well throughout the term, and gave the Society excellent examples. of the persuasive, the declamatory and the sweetly reasonable styles . In addition , we must mention the pyrotechnics .of G. E. Marfell , the irony of M . F. J erro m and the epigrammatic speeches of R. A. Sandison. At the end of term we had to bid a sad farewell to the Grand Patriarch, who had nobly carried out for two terms his duties of the surveillance of the Society's morals. Officers elected fOIMichaelmas Term were : President, M. F. Jerrom; Vice-President, I\1. G. Robinson; Secretary, W. A . H olt. MicHAELMAS TE RM.

Vic ~ -P resident'-M.

Presiderit-M. F. G. RoBI NSON .

J ER ROM.

Secret(.J:ry-W . A.

HoLT.

The' Society has h ad a very satisfactory session,Âˇ and the attendance at debates compares very favourably with that of past years, the average number at a meeting being over thirty. Somerville Debating Society invited us to a return debate, which proved most enjoyable, and was well attended by members of the Hall, especially th e Freshmen.

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The standard of speeches was not perhaps as high as in previous years, but on the other hand speakers were more ready to come forward, among them a good many new members . The political motion at the time of the General E lection was very popular, and the Freshmen's Debate was also highly entertaining. The Society was duly gratified when its Grand Patria~;ch, Prince L. Lieven, was elected Junior Treasurer of the Union . W . A. Holt was elected President for the Hilary. Term, G. D. Cluer Vice-President, and G . S. Keen Secretary. M.F .J . ESSAY SOCIETY. HILARY TERM, 1931.

President- A . W .

READ .

The following essays were read :-J. M . Edmonds, 'Charles Darwin'; G. E. Price, 'Censorship'; Mr. E. J. O'Brien, 'The Machine Man'; A. W. U. Roberts, 'The Ethics of SelfishnessÂˇ'; D. A. H. Wright, 'Madame Chrysantheme '; W. Vv. S. March, 'Limitations'; D. M . Fraser, 'Dostoevsky.' ~<\lthough the range of subjects was gratifyingly wide, the essays in learning and style were not of a uniformly high standard. More than one was lacking in an essential knowledge of facts, and there was a certain lack of originality and boldness of thought in .some of the . more philosophical essays . . The discussions which followed the essays tended to resolve themselves into the same argument between the same people. Mr. E. ]. O'Brien was a distinguished guest whose stimulating essay set an example to the Society in style, boldness and reflection; and D. A. H. Wright read an essay which showed a more conscientious mastery of fact than those of most members. ]. M. Edmonds handled an interesting subject, and one little known to the Society, very competently. W. W. S. March and A. W . U. Roberts produced characteristic essays with pleasing sincerity. The latter's ideal of a co-educational community, without an essay society, interested an"d provoked all members. N.G.F. MICHAELMAS TERM.

President-E. C.

R. HADFIELD .

It is curious how essays swing from the didactic to the highly abstract: we have lacked entirely this term a biographical essay, which used to be the favourite meat of harassed writers seeking a subject; and only once, when N . G. Fisher read his interesting

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE

and controversial ' Declined and Fallen '-a history and critique of the Gothic Revival-did we have that combination of information, and then criticism of that information, which we have come to regard almost as the set forrn for a contribution to this Society. The essays of J. M . Edmonds on ' The Age of the Earth ' and S. A. R. Guest on ' Power' were interesting investigations into scientific fi elds : the clearness with which they were written helped the intelligences of those who had been brought up with a libera l, but not radical, education; but the warmth of the discussions afterwards showed that m embers had more grasp of scientific problems than might perhaps have been expected. A. F. Colborn's 'The Intolerance of Culture ' was written in the lucid and witty style that we have come to expect from the ex-President: it showed clearly the width of reading and depth of thought which A. F. Colborn has given to the problems of psychoa nalysis ; and if we did not all f eel inclined to accept his conclusions, that was due less to his persl1asiveness than to our fear of committing ourselves in a subject of which most of us knew little. G. S. vVamsley's essay on 'Manners' was an interesting attempt to define the place of manners in life, and the violent arguments which followed showed that, if we did not agree with the essayist's conclusions, we were at any rate conscious of the interest of the subject he had raised. The President, to fill a gap, read an essay called 'The Least Idea,' which was an attempt to sketch out the common ground of sex, art and religion, a topic which provided opportunities for members to put forward their personal philosophies in a new light. At the last meeting of the term S. A. R. Guest was elected President for the Hilary Term, 1932. E .C .R . H. THE JOHN OLDHAM SOCIETY. HILARY TERM, 193!.

President-W . W.

BoLLAND.

Secretary-]. F .

CoOKE.

The financial crisis of the John Oldham Society preceded the national crisis by about six months. In other respects they were simi lar, and it is hoped that the drastic emergency measures which were taken in both cases will be adequate to prevent any further recurrence of the trouble. Apart from the fact that members were decidedly anxious concerning th e possibility of a capital levy, which fortunately did not mate rialise, it can be safely said that the Society had a very successful term.

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The first play read was Noel Coward's' Si rocco ,' during which members had am ple opportunities of airing their Italian, while the hilario us cafe scen e was graphically presented. Strindberg's ' Spook Sonata ' was the next play read, and the evening is chiefly remem bered for the irrelevance of the ensuing discussion, which, though far from being a critical appreciation of the play, was none the less an entertaining diversion. Somerset M augha m's 'The Circle' did not meet with the appreciation of the Society, and the somewhat forced humo ur· was not well r eceived . On the fo llowing Friday the Society read the ' Electra ' of Sophocles. Before t h e proceedings began each member in turn an no unced that h e had put off an important engagem ent to be present. It was therefore unfortunate that, owing to a very inadequate translation incorporating not a little American slang, the atmosphere of 'Ktfectpm , 7Ta8·ryf-itLTr•n' '.was sadly lack ing . The next play, 'The Blue Bird' (M aeterlinck) , was very well received . The fifty-tw o parts, including t h at of t he fifth 'child with melons ' and the' Seventh Joy,' that of doing no thing, were divided among the members present. Oscar Wilde's plays are always great favo urites wi th the Society, and 'A Woman of N o Importance' was no exception to the rule. At the fina l meeting of t he term the Society read Eugene O'Neill's 'The Hairy Ape. ' M . J. V . Print is to b e congratul ated on an excellent rendering of the title-p art, and it may be observed that in losing M. J. V. Print the Society has lost one of its most entertaining readers. A. W . Read 's performance as Mildred is also worthy of commendation, and the Society will have to be content w it h an Anglo-American rendering of such parts now that we can no longer rely on the real thing. For the Michaelmas Term, rg3r, J. F. Cooke was elected P resident and A. W. U. R obe rts Secretary, and the following new membet·s we r e elected: J. C . Yates, M . G. Robinson, M. W. Scott, C . C . H. Worra ll and E. J. R. Burrough. J.F.C. l\1r cHAEL.JVIAS TERM.

S ec1·etary- J ~ H. TYZACK. President- J. F. CooKE. The first meeting of the term was held on October r6th , w hen ] . H. Tyzack was elected Secretary, as A. W. U. Roberts, who had been elected Secretary at the e nd of the Hilary Term regretted that he was unable to undertake the duties of office owing to lack of time. The play read was Galsworthy's 'The Silver . Box,' which, though not one of his b est, was a satisfactory opening to th e term'o,

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reading. Pirandello's 'Six Characters in search of an Author' was definitely not a success, and it seemed to lack that dramatic element so essential to a play that is to be read aloud. When the Society ..met again it was in a very cheerful mood, so cheerful in fact that the opening pages of 'The Breadwinner' (Somerset Maug ham) had to be re-read. The ensuing discussion, though it wandered from the play under consideration, was none the less diverting. The following week John Drinkwater's 'Abraham Lincoln ' was greatly appreciated as a finel y constructed character-study, and the standard of reading showed that when faced with a good play the Society has a large reserve of talent on which to draw . Bernard Shaw's' Mrs. Warren's Profession' proved to be an unsatisfactory play, and unfortunately the Society did not have time to peruse the preface, where Shaw is usually found at his best. An excursion into seventeenth century drama was made with the reading of Farquhar 's 'The Beaux' Stratagem .' The appreciati've enthusiasm with which this delightful comedy was received would have gladdened the heart of the Society's patron, himself almost a contemporary of the author. The last play of the term, 'The Street Scene ,' by Elmer L. Rice, revealed the fact that the Society has an affinity for transatlantic themes, for this play, together with that of John Drinkwater, evoked the best reading of the term. A. F. Colborn in particular is to be congratulated on an excellent reading of Filippo Fiorentino, and other members of th e Society also showed that they were not unacquainted with foreign tongues. An extraordinary meeting of the Society was summoned to elect officers and new members, and to select plays for the Hilary Term. I: cannot be denied that members of the Society have definitely pronounced views on suitable plays to be read, for it was only after several re-counts and eliminating rounds that the final list was decided on. This showed -a marked preference for contemporary drama, but on the whole an attra~tive selection was made . There were elected for the Hilary Term, 1932: President, J. H. Tyzack ; .Secretary, E . M. Thwaites. J.F.C. THE MUSICAL SOCIETY . HILARY TERM, l93I.

President-G. S.

WAMSLEY .

Secretary-W.

MARCH.

The Society gave a concert in the Dining Hall on Thursday, February 5th. Under the direction of the Secretary there were madrigals by M ichael East and Thomas Morley, and part-songs by

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE . Gerrard Williams and Robin Milford. C. I. Record, of Magdalen College, again a most welcome visitor, sang Old English songs arranged by Lane Wilson and ' Songs of Travel ' by Vaughan Williams. Unfortunately the piano was not satisfactory in the upper register, but M . du P . Cooper did his best to overcome the difficulty. He played Scarlatti, Deli tis, . Debussy, and finally a 'Dithyramb' by Medtner , which was particularly good. The President also played ' Prelude, Choral et Fugue ' by Cesar Franck . G.S.W. TRINITY TERM ..

President-G. S.

WAMSLEY.

Secretary-W.

MARCH.

Âˇ The interests of the Society for this term centred round the Eights Week Concert, which is reported elsewhere in this issue. In addition to certain individual performers, a small group of madrigal . singers, who had spent several assiduous hours of prepa ration under the Secretary's direction, were representative of the members of the Hall. But the Society did not allow the Concert to s upplant all other activities . True to the belief that a gathering of musicians should be willing not only to perform but also to study th e works of the masters, a series of discussion meetings was inaugurated . On June 4th Mr. Trevor Harvey (B.N.C.) opened a discussion on ' Edward Elgar : the Man and his Work. ' The gra mophone illustrations, from the' Enigma Variations,' were convincing examples of the noble structure of his compositions, and references to personal eccentricities added a human touch to the imaginative expression of aesthetic appreciation. The meeting was well attended, the discussion spontaneous and interested. The hope was expressed that this would" prove to be the forerunner of many such meetings in the Hall. A business meeting was held at the end of term, at which W. W. S. March was elected President, and P. J. Britton Secretary, for the ensuing academic year. W.W.S.M . MICHAELMAS TERM .

President-W.

W .

MARCH.

Secretary-F.

BRITTON.

Continuing what it is hoped will be a long series of such meetings, the Society held, on Thursday, November 12th, in the J .C.R., a discussion meeting on 'The Influence of the Piano on Music.' M. du P. Cooper, leading, stressed chiefly the division of piano music into two kinds-that in which the line is ' dynamic ' and that in which the arpeggio is much used (and, we may add,

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much abused). He considered that the modern French composers had combined these two qualities ideally , and, to illustrate, played on the piano Ravel's ' Hommage a Rameau. 'Âˇ The discussion which followed, while not straying too much from the proposed subject, was of broad interest, and was quite well taken up. On Friday, November 2oth, a concert was g iven in the Dining Hall. There was a good attendance both of m embers of the Hall and of their guests. The soloists were Mr. Edward Manning, Singing Man of Christ Church; Mr. K. White, of The Queen's College (violin); M. du P. Cooper (piano) and G. S. Wamsley (piano). Mr. J. Lea-Morgan, of Christ Church, accompanied. Not till I0-45 did the concert end, but no one regretted staying even till that late hour. The programme included a Rachmaninoff suite for two pianos, a mysterious Skryabin sonata played by, M. du P. Cooper, .;,iolin son atas of D elius and Dvorak played by Mr. K. White and G. S. Wamsley, and three groups of songs-Italian, German, English-well rendered by Mr. Manning, who was encored several times. The audience was not slow to show its keen appreciation of the concert.

P.J.B. THE MAKERS. HILARY TERM, 193!.

President- E. C. R.

HADFIELD.

Sec1'etary-]. M.

EDMONDS.

The first of our visitors was Mr. Anthony Armstrong, 'A.A.' of Punch. He read us some of his unpublished articles and short stories and a short play, and then entertained us with jokes and literary reminiscences. This m eeting had been eagerly looked forward to, and in retrospect it was n early as delightful as in reality. We felt it to be a rare privilege to meet a humorist of such eminence: for weeks afterwards members of the Hall could be seen buttonholing other members with the words: ' Have you heard this one of A.A.'s? ~ Our second visitor was Mr. Lennox Kerr, the author of 'Back Door Guest' and ' Old Ship.' Mr. Kerr read us passages from his books and also a pa per on the value of vanity to authors, and th en kept us in a condition of breathless excitement while he told us of his adventures as a sailor and a tramp in most parts of the world. The Magazine m eeting was not well supported, and only four contributions were sent in. It is to be regretted that this essential part of the Society's activities is not better understood, and that

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE

a meeting wh ich should provide- much interesting material ts becoming- little more than a formality. Officers for Michaelmas Term were elected as follows : President, ]. M. E dmonds; Secretary, G. S. Wamsley. _ E.C.R.H. MrcHAELMAS TERM.

President-]. M. EDMONDS. Secretary-G. S. WAMSLEY. - The Society has held three meetings this term. On November r6, Professor L ascelles Abercrombie of London UnivetÂˇsity read a paper on 'The Dynasts.' After saying that he would rank H ardy's epic with the ' Iliad ' and ' Paradise Lost , ' the speaker put forward a n attractive and persuasive arg ument in support of this challenging s tatement. On November 24, Mr. Eric K eown, Sub-Editor <?f Punch, spoke on ' Literary Cen sorship, ' presenting the case for the ft:eedom of the intelligence with delightful humour. The members of the ~-ociety asked many questions on differen t subjects and learned much of the editoria l organi sation of' Mr . Punch.' . On December 1, the Society entertained itself a t the Magazi ne meeting. The contributions were numerous and va ried, and reached a uniformly high sta ndard. The officers for the Hilary Term are : President, G. S. W a msley ; Secretary , M . W. Scott. J.M.E. THE LIDDON SOCIETY. HilLARY TERM, 1931. President- H. S. 0. Woon. The Liddon Society met four times during the Hilary Term. At each m eeting the attendance was good and conside rable interest -...hown in the topic under discu ssion. At the first meeting C . H. Sutton read a paper on Hagiology , a subject which h e treated with skill and lightness of touch. The paper was greatly appreciated. At the second meeting the Society entertained the. Dean of Ori el, who read a paper on ! The H oly Spirit and the Church.' The Master of St. P eter's Hall read a .paper on 'The Preaching of t he Cross' at the third meeting of t he Society. Not the least valuable part of the meeting was the lively discuss ion which took place at the close of the . paper. At the last meeting of th ~ Society, ]. R. Hayston read a scholarly paper on ' The Continuity of th e English Church.' The paper was grea tly appreciated by th e Soc iety. One of the most encouraging things about the Society h as been the increasing numbers at the Meditations a nd Corporate Comm uni ons . H.S.O.W.

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE

TRINITY TERM.

Chairman-W. W. S.

MARCH.

Secretary-A. D.

BAILEY.

In accordance with precede nt, only two m eetings of the Society were held in the Trinity T erm, in addition to the Meditations and Corporate Communions in Chapel. At the first m eeting, the Rev. V. L. Johnstone, Fellow of Keble College, read a paper on ' Spiritual Healing.' He traced the history of the practice and outlined a coherent doctri ne based on the New Testament narratives, subscribing incidents from his own experience. Unfortunately the second paper arranged for this term was not read, as the author of it was unable to be present. A meeting was, however, held at which private business was transacted. It was resolved to devo te the collections at the Corporate Communions to the Liddon Exhibitio~ Fund. W.W.S.M. MrcHAELMAS TERM. Chairman~W.

W. S.

MARCH.

Secretary-A. D.

BAILEY.

The Society has been fortunate in b eing able to add one more name to its list of Vice-Presidents. We extend a warm welcome to the Chaplain, the Rev: A. M . Farrer. Four meetings of the Society were held during the term. On Sunday, October r8, Dr. vVilliam Brown, Wilde Reader in Mental Philosophy, read a p a per on 'The PsychologÂˇy of Conversion,' in which he upheld the validity of conversion as a normal experience and exp ressed his opposition to the Freudian tenets. On November r4, Mr. F. E. Howard, Oxford Diocesan .Architect, speaking on ' Church Arrangement and the Ornaments Rubric,' told t h e Society of efforts b eing made to ensure liturgical order and a high standard of bea uty in parish churches . Of the two pape rs by members of the Society , H. Moyse-Bartlett dealt convincingly with 'The Christian Use of Money,' and presented in arresting form the Gos pel chall enge . G. B. Timms, on ' The Establishment of the Church,' caused considerable contro\'ersy by resigning himself to the inevitability of Disestablishment. At the last m eeting J. G . Weatherston was elected Chairman, and G. B. Timms Secretary, for the following term. The Corporate Communions and M editations arranged by the Society have been continued. W.W.S.M.

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ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE THE DIOGENES CLUB. HILARY TERM, 193!.

President-G. S .

WAMSLEY.

Secretary-G. E .

MARFELL.

The Club met together again to discuss the problem of the goodness or otherwise of Sen sation, which was perhaps a not inappropriate subj ect for the beg inning of a Hilary Term. Everyone "seemed to want to draw a line somewhere, but there was no apparent agreement as to terminal points or the shape of the curve. Rather les s philosophical was the atmosphere of Âˇ the next meeting, at which splendid efforts were made both to prove and to disprove the deca dence of demo-cracy. Unfortunately the Club dispersed without finding any definition of democracy. This hampered the discussion a little. The Vice-Principal honoured the Club by attending the third meeting and opening the discussion on 'The Place of the Humanities in Education.' He presented the Aristotelian argument with considerable conviction. There was much said afterwards about compulsion, boredom and utility, the discussion closing with the almost inevitable argument about definition of terms. At the last meeting the Club turned its attention to the possibility of an insect civilization superseding our own, and concluded that on the whole the chances were inconsiderable. G.S.W. TRIN ITY TERM.

President-H. S . 0. WooD.

Secretary-N. G.

FISHER.

The Diogenes Club met three times only during the Trinity Term, the fourth meeting, which was to be held in punts on the Cherwell, having to be cancelled on account of the proximity of Schools and the badness of the weather. The meetings were well attended, and by the quality of the discussions it was made apparent that the Club was fulfilling a useful purpose in the Hall. The subjects under discussion were : 'The Case for Immortality,' ' Is Marriage an Obsolete Institution? ' and ' Is Christianity a Slave Religion? ' The Club is sorry to have to lose two of its initial members, G. E. Marfell and A. W. R ead. Both of them by their consistent support and lively argument added to the interest of the meetings and have been responsible to a considerable extent for the success of the Club. H.S.O.W.

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE

MICHAELMAS TERM.

P·r esident-N. G. FISHER. Sec1·etary-]. R. HAYSTO N. Argument seems out of favour for the mom ent, and this term the Club has missed those infuriating and chaotically concerted arguments which at one time assured victory to the strongest lungs and the most obstinate obtuseness. The absence of the Transatlantic point of view a nd personnel in a Club hitherto conspicuous for both embellishm ents has removed something of the piquancy and feline a llusions, not to mention the eclecticism of earlier days . Personal invective has all but disappeared, and even irrelevanceonce the most stimulating and exciting characteristic of the Club -has g iven place to a ha lting a nd a t times decidedly barren habit of talking strictly on the subject. Clearly we have lost something of that personal and intimate atmosphere we form erly had. It is to be hoped that a more conscientious intellectualism will develop out of the new condition of things . The first discussion of the term was decidedl y the best. ' The World is Too Much With Us' was the subject, and before Free Will entered the discussion several speakers produced points of view which were interesting if not dialectically well supported. 'Is Toleration Essential to the State?', in spite of its loose wording, produced more evidence of definite thought tharrany other meeting. The discussion, however, was lacking in vigour. ' Is There Such a Thing· as Obligation?' proved disappointing. The opening speakers disagreed on the fundamental point at issue, and no other member produced sufficient dialectical ornament or controversial irrelevancies to make the discussion interesting. 'The Present S ystem of Education a nd Current Problems' resolved itself chiefly into a discussion on specialisation. It is to be hoped that next term members will come better fortified by hard reading, hard thinbng, or a more cantankerous disposition. N.G.F.

CLUBS, 193 1. THE BOAT CLUB. HILARY TERM, 193 !.

Captain- W. W. ]. BOLLAND. Secretary-]. C. YATES. The Torpid, which had previously been practising in a heavy boat at the end of th e Michaelmas Term, began training again immediately on coming up after Christmas. For the first two d ays they remained in the same order as they had been during the last

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term, but it was soon found necessary to make two changes, so that G. S. Keen came in at bow in place of S. A. R. Guest and G. S. vVamsley and J. F. Tait changed places. Almost at once they went into a lighter boat, and continued in the same order throughout training without having to make any further change. Long- journeys below locks were undertaken two or three times every week, so that in consequence the crew soon got well together and settled down very much more quickly than is usual. Long stretches of paddling gave the crew a good length and a fine rhythm, which stroke managed to keep up throughout training and during the races. They never struck a high rate, partly owing to the length of the stroke and partly to the fact that the heavy m en in the middle of the boat w ere apt to be ponderous ; but they did acquire a very long sweeping stroke which, with a fine, hard and well held out finish, proved equally effective. The crew rapidly improved, but it appeared just before the races that they were becoming rather stale, and so they were given a day's rest to prevent any such thing happening. This removed all signs of staleness, and during the races they continued to improve from day to day. They rowed really well throughout the races and were always well together as a CI~ ew. Every single member of the boat worked his hardest, and this fact, combined with a hard beginning, a firm leg-drive, and a strongly held out finish, made the boat move really fast a nd gain the six places which it so definitely deserved . The six boats bumped were Hertford, University II, New College II, Trinity, Pembroke and Lincoln. The crew v:ras coached by M. J. V. Print and J. C. Yates, to whom much of the credit for the success of the crew is due . CHARACTERS OF THE TORPID. Bo'uJ-G. S. KEEN. He was stiff in the swing forwaJ;d and so occasionally missed his beginning. He was also slow in the water. This was also due to his stiffness, and will disappear as soon as he can acquire a more easy swing. No. z-J. F. TAIT. A neat oar, but he collapses at the finish of the stroke, so that he is prevented from getting a really strong finish . No. 3-A. D. BAILEY. An exceedingly clumsy oar but a very hard worker. He was in practice unable to get his blade anywhere near to the water at the beginning of the stroke, owing to a plLinge just over the stretcher, but during races he almost overcame this fault and rowed really well. No. 4--G. S. WAMSLEY. He was inclined to shoot his slide before he had actually got his work on, and so rendered his stroke less effective than it would otherwise have been. He always rowed himself absolutely to a standstill.

THE TORPID, 1931. G. S. Kee n, LT. S. Ca nsda le, .f . F. Tait, G. S. vVa msley. S. D. Bceley, M. J. \Â·. Print (coach), D . .J . Cockl e (strolu), A. D . B ~1il ey, M. W. Scurr. G . W. Maso n (cox).

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No. s-G. s. CANSDALE. A very ponderous oar who, owing to his slowness at the finish, was never able to swing with the rest of the crew. His blade-Work was erratic, but he usually put down a very fipe puddle. , . No. 6- M. W. ScoTT. Together with ' 5' he worked exceedingly hard and was a great help to stroke, from whom he took much of the work at the beginning of the stroke. He was inclined to be stiff in his swing. No. 7- ]. S.D. BEELEY. He was probably the best oar in the boat, though he was apt to shoot his slide b efore he had got his work on. He was very long in the water, and in this respect helped stroke to k eep so good a length. Stroke-D . J. CocKLE. He proved to be a very good and hardworking stroke. He always kept a lively stroke in a crew which might easily have become very ponderous. In the races he kept a good length and never unduly hurried the men behind him. Cox-G. vV. MASON. He coxed well in the races but was inclined to wait rather too long before making the bump. He always steered a good course . W.W.J .B. TRINITY TERM. Captain- W. \IV. J. BoLLAND. Secretary-]. C. YATES. The Eight began practice in the Hilary Term as soon as Torpids had finished, and as there were seven members of last year's Eight still in residence, the prospects appeared quite good. At first the crew went out with J. S. D. Beeley at '7' and D. J. Cockle at stroke, as vV. W. J. Bolland was unable to row until the beginning of the Trinity Term. At the beginning of the Trinity Term vV. W. J. Bolland came in in pla ce of D. J. Cockle, and J. S. D. Beeley remained at ' 7 ' with E. L. G. Powys, last year's '7,' at '3,' but this was found to be unsatisfactory, and so M. W. Scott, who had rowed '6' in the Torpid, took E. L. G. Powys' place at '3Âˇ' In this order the crew remained throughout the term. There was not, however, the same rhythm and length in the boat which there had been in the previous year, and at times, owing to lack of control and watermanship, the boat did not run on an even keel. This was probably the crew's worst fault, as it pnivented the boat from running freely between the strokes and so took a considerable amount off our speed. It was, however, when we rowed that we overcame a good many of our faults, and then we attained some of the length which we had once had and the rhythm which, when paddling, we had been quite unable to acquire. The times in practice compared very favourably with those of the previous year, though the. boat never felt really comfortable. The weather was bad throughout the whole

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of the training, and it is probable that these adverse conditions prevented the crew from reachi ng a higher standard. During . the actual races, also, the river was abnormally high, and owing to this very few bumps were recorded in any division on the last two days. The crew made four humps, failing on the first and last days. On both of these days our failure was due to a great extent to the fact that we started at much too high a rate of striking, as we feared that the boat in front of us would m a ke their bump before we were able to make ours, with the result that we became ragged and did not lengthen out. On the first day, however, after being our distance away from Keble at the 0. U . B. C., we chased them up the ViTali and got within a few inches of them after a magnificent race. The crews bumped were Keble, New College II, Corpus and St. Catherine's. The coach, the Rev. E. W. Mowll, to whom our very best thanks a re clue, has written the following report of the crew. W.W.J.B. CHARACTERS

THE EIGHT.

The crew are to be congratulated on making four bumps. During practice they were not as steady as last year; the feet were n ot so firmly on the stretcher, and in consequence there was unsteadiness coming forward. On occasions they did well. Once more they found it impossible to row a fast stroke, yet made their bumps when not attempting more than 35 or 36 strokes to the minute.

Bow-]. H. TYZACK. A willing worker but inclined to rush forward. N eecls to be quicker in recovery of the body. No.2-] . C. YATES. Slow in recovery and therefore too quick in coming forward. Rowed a good blade. No. 3-M. W. ScoTT. A freshman and powerful. Very willing, and should improve with more experience. Needs to get his work on more quickly. No. 4-D. K. D. DrxEY. Possesses a splendid reach and should make greater use of it. Rather inclined to be late. No. s-M . J. V. PRINT. A very hard worker and did much to steady the crew. No. 6-A. F. CoLBORN. Another strong oar. Âˇ His one weakness was the tendency to row his blade out of the water at the end of the stroke. No. 7-]. S. D . BEELEY. Another newcomer. Possesses good : style combined with a strong leg drive. Stroke-W. W. J. BoLLAND. A useful oar and hard worker. His sliding was not quite so well under control as last year , but the crew could not have done without him. Cox-G. W. MASON. Always steered well and kept his head. E. W. MowLL.

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE MrCHAELMAS TERM.

Captain-]. C.

YATES.

Secretary-]. H.

TYZACK.

Owing to the strong competition of the other clubs, it was with great difficulty that about a dozen Freshmen were persuadeO. to come down to the river for a trial. These were subjected to continued siftings and, with the assistance of two second year volunteers, three prospective Fours were fixed on. Later they were reduced to two, which were regularly coached for the Mawdesley Fours by the Captain and Secretary. These races took place on November 7An innovation was made in the mannet路 of rowing the race, which was treated as a timed one, the crews starting and finishing at points eighty yards apart. This was done in view of the extremely strong stream, which would have made the usual side-by-side arrangement rather unequal for the boat having the outside station. 'A' Crew (back station) got a slight lead at the start and, striking at a considerably higher rate than ' B ' Crew, managed. to retain it to win by 4k sees. The winning crew was : Bow. S. F . Parsons. 2 I. L. Serraillier. 3 G. H. W . White. Str. J. N. W. Leech. Cox. J. La路wless. 路At the earliest opportunity allowed by the 0. U. B. C. regulations, a Clinker Four was entered, to defend our title as holders of the Senior Clinker Fours Cup. It went out on October 26th for the first time in the following order : Bow. J. H. Tyzack. 2 M. W. Scott. A. F. Colborn. 3 Str. J. C. Yates. Cox. S. A. R. Guest. This order we had no occasion to change. As coach we secured the services of Mr. P. G. Hewison of Magdalen, who, however, later began to row in Trial Eights, which considerably curtailed the time he had .at his disposal to give to us .. As a result, the crew on several occasions had unfortunately to go out without a coach. Conditions on the whole were also deplorable up to the last full week before races, and the strong stream and rough water made it impossible to compare the times done with those of last year. It was not, then, until the last week before races that, with the falling of wind and stt路eam, we got together .and were able to

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return times at all comparable with those of last year, our last full course being- fairly satisfa ctory. Like the usual Hall boats , we were roug h, and co uld not have been very pretty from the po int of vievy of style. We Âˇwere never able to strike Âˇ a hig-h rate, which perha ps w as a disadvantag-e in a tig-ht race, relying- on a very long- stro ke with the hard finish which had proved so effective in previous years . In the races, rowed o n November 18th, we were drawn i1~ the preliminary round ag-ainst St. J ohn 's, whom we bea t by the comfort a ble marg-in of half a minute in the fa stest time done in any of the heats thro ug-hout the races . On the following- day we met Worcester. Contrary to expectation, since they w ere a crew capable of a hig-h ra te of s triking-, we g-ained a lead of a few seconds. in the first two minutes , w hich we retained up to the University Boat Hou se. At the Boat H ouse w e were probably two seconds 'up, ' but we fail ed to answer th eir very fine spurt up the Wall, to lose by ! sec. It was a very hard and equal race which mig-ht have g-one to either crew. Worcester went on to the fin a l, but were d efeated by a second. . Five m embers of last year ' s Torpid being- availa ble, a pro:s pective crew was coached in tubs and, after' a few days, in last year 's Torpid Eig-ht. This has already been down below locks to Radley Boa t Hou se , and we m ay hope to find the experience thus g-ained very profita ble in building- up a. strong- crew next term. I should like finally to than k all those who have helped in the coaching- this term, and more especially J. H. Tyzack , the Secretary, whose help has been invalua ble. J.C.Y. THE. CRICKET CLUB. TRINITY TERM, 193!.

CaptaZ:n-R.

WAYE.

Secr etary-F . S.

HoRD ERN.

D espite the inclemency of the weather and the cloud of Schools, th e Cricket XI maintained its general high standard in Co llege c ricket. Notable victories were scored over New Colleg-e and University , and on the day we visited Dean Close School w e were fortun ate to en joy a perfect afternoon arid g-ained a further victory. It was g- ratif-y ing to find a good d ea l of ta le nt among th e first yea r men, it being possible on several occasions to field two com plete XI's. The batting was strong, though it did not always do itself justice. C . F. Cardale, E. L. Phillips a nd C. C. H . Worrall played some excellent innings, while M . H ealey, C. C. H . Worra ll and E . J. R. Burrough' were th e mainstay of fl sound attack.

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZlNE

It is worthy o.f record that this yea r a n unofficial Cricket Tour took place. The success of the TomÂˇ ,vas entirely due to the efforts of C. F. Cardale, who prepared a delightful week in Yorkshire for the fortunate ones who took part . We hope it will be possible to make this an annual affair, and that future tours will be as successful if not as adventurous as the first. R. W. THE RUGBY FOOTBALL CLUB. HILARY TERM,

Captain-A.

PHILLIPS.

_1931.

Secretary- N. G.

FISHER.

We began the term w ith more hope than confidence of defeatin g Balliol in the first round of the Cup-Tie, but a fortnight's intensive Âˇ training and a delightful friendly game with Bras eno~se, the favourit es , improved our morale considerably. With a surfeit of thretJ-quarters and a much heavier pack than the previous season, we decided to play seven forwards again, but this time the extra back was to be for attack rather than d efence. This and the skill, determination and cleverly prepared movements of the backs brought three tries , two of them converted, within the first quarter of an hour. Admiration was surpassed only by asto nishment on the touch-line, but Balli~! showed m ag nifice nt spirit in refusing to be in the least daunted , took a . man out of the pack, and by dash ing and d etermined if somewhat unpolished play produced .t wo further tries before half-time and converted one of them. In the second half both teams scored once, and amid the exhausted enthusiasm of the spectators we left the field winners 16-13. There were some tense mom ents in the second half, when Balliol had some brilliant and only narrowly unsuccessful attempts at penalty goals. Their forwards played with ferocity, but the backs were unable to defea t o urs, who were as resolute in defence as they h ad been brilliant in attack. In the interval before the next match, against Mag dalen, two three-quarters and the inside-h alf injured themselves, but _the two first, although unfit, played. Thus the disadvantage of being a small commun ity came home to us. After a brilli an t . try by C. F. Cardale in the first few minutes , we were never really on top of Magdalen, who equalised soon after. The for wa rds, who had been sound against Balliol, had the advantage of weight and height over their opponents, but although superior in the line-out a nd both loose a nd set serums, neve r really subdued the Magdalen pack. The backs we re disconcerted by the extra three-quarte r

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE whom Magdalen used for defence, and they tended to bunch and run across . In the last few minutes a converted try by Magdalen gave them a well-deserved victory, for they made good use of fewer opportunities. After defeating Balliol, this was a decided disappointm ent, but our initial success made the term one to ~hich we look back wtih pride. N.G.F. MICHAELMAS TE.RM. Secretary- E. L. PHILLIPS . Captain-J. C. NIELD. A defeat by Queen's in the first match of the season, when the team was particularly weak owing to the absence of players who had been selected for the Freshmen's and Seniors' Trials, by no means disheartened the First XV, for it has gone on to win every Âˇ subsequ ent College game. The wins (thirteen in number) were not so decisive as in the corresponding term of last year (a mere 300 points were scored, as against the 66 points of our opponents) . This may be explained partly by the fact that fixtures were arranged with stronger Colleges t his year, partly by the fact that we ha d more players out through injuries and calls to higher service , and partly by the fact that the side always seemed to prefer to keep a little in reserve. Again we have found it possible, owing to the size of the Club, to run a Second XV. It has on occasions b een a little difficult to raise a t eam, but the integrity of the side has been maintained on all occasions, and a game of Rug by has been provided for all those members of the Hall who desired it . The results achieved by the Second XV have not been as satisfactory as those of the First, but they have won half the games played and are showing greatly improved form as compared with last year. We secured" what I feel must be a quite unprecedented contribution, from the point of view of numbers, from the Freshmen. As well as showing real talent, they have been commendably keen. The m embers of the Senior and Jun ior Common Rooms are to be thanked for the keenness w ith which they ha ve supported the team on the touch-line. Colours have been awarded to E. J. R. Burrough, A. Monkman and H. E. Packer. Results :-v. Queen's, r2-I6; v . Lincoln, 49-o; v. Exeter, 26-o; v. Trinity, II-3; v. Worcester, 40-3; v. Wadham , 14-3; v . Jesus, 14-8; 'A' XVv. St. Catherine's, 24-rr; v. New College, r6-3; v. Pembroke, I7-3; v. B.N.C., 23-3i v. Balliol, s-3; v. Magdalen, 2o--ro; v. H ertford, 29- o. J.C.N.

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THE ASSOCIATION FOOTBALLL CLUB . HILARY TERM,

Captain-R . WAYE.

193L

Secretary-G. S.

BESSEY.

The Association Football Club may confidently claim to have had one of the most suc,cessful seasons since its inception, if not the most successful. As in every game in which team spirit enters, its success was primarily due to the keenness of each individual member, and it would be difficult to select any particular player for special mention. vVe must, however, co ndole with the Secretary, G. S. Bessey, on . his unfortunate mishap, which kept him out of the team at a time when the services of such a capable player mig ht very well have completely altered our fortunes. At this juncture C. F . Cardale came in to fill a vacancy at outside-right and inspired the whole forw a rd line by his vigorous example .. Among the forwards, w h o were apt to become life less at times, M. Healey played consistently well and was absolutely indispensable. R. B. I. Pates was very steady at half, and C . Broadhead was a tower of strength at back, while J. Bradley developed int9 a reliable goalkeeper. The greatest triumph of the Club, however, was to secure promotion to the First Division for the first time , a position which I sincerely hope it will maintain for many seasons to come. In the Hilary Term only one match was lost, the semi-final of the Cup-tie v. Balliol, w hile nine were won and two drawn . At a m eeting of Colours, G. S. Bessey was elected Captain and R . B. I. Pates Secretary for the season 1931-32. R. W. MrcHAELMAS TERM .

Captain~G.

S. BESSEY. Secretary-R . B. I. PATES. Most of the games have been very enjoyable and satisfactory. In Inter-College matches we have only suffered one defeat and have more than maintained our success of previous seasons. For the first time for many years the Hall boasts a Soccer Blue : vV. Charlton has the congratulations of the Club . As newcomers to the First Division of the Leag ue, we were rather doubtful of our ability to maintain our position . Three of last year's Colours had gone down, and the necessity of reconstructing the defence was apparent. That only .two goals have been conceded during the four ·League Matches played this term shows that the three new members of the back division have

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proved most efficient recruits. The ability of G. C. R. Barker m goal has given confidence to those playing in front of him. He is to be congratulated on obtaining a Centaur and playing for the Corinthians so early in his Oxford career. The full-backs show an improved sense of positional play every match. R. B. I. Pates has played consistently well, and if E. E. Hughes could develop a sliding tackle for use in emergencies he would be able to overcome his disadvantage in height and weight. M. F. Jerrom has continued his enthusiastic progress as a lefthalf, and his keenness and fearless tackling have been a great inspiration to the side. E. E. Lowe, who has developed into an efficient counterpart at right-half, gets through a huge amount of work. In constructive work both the halves show too great a tendency to hold the ball when long passes to their wings or insides would open up the game more satisfactorily. It is to be hoped that next term their passing will have improved. The forwards have missed W. Charlton this term. P. J. Britton has been the best of them, but an inability to find a satisfactory, hard-working combination has hampered their development as a line. Next term they should meet with greater success, since as individuals they show an ability greater than has been apparent in Hall forward lines during the last few years. Results :-v. New College, o-o; v. Hertford, 4-r; v. St. Catherine's, 2 - 2 ; v·. Oriel,* 4-0; v. Reading University, 3-3; v. Keble,* s-r; v. Lincoln, 2 - I ; v. Merton, 2 - I ; v. Jesus, r-r; v. Jesus,* 4-o; v·. Perpbroke, 6-r; v. B.N.C.,* o-r; v. l\.lleyn's School, s-o; v. Old Oxford Citizens, I-3· *League Matches. G.S.B.

THE HOCKEY CLUB. HILARY TERM, 193!.

Captain- C. G.

LAWRENCE.

Secretary-H. K. PusEY.

After the excellent results of the Michaelmas Term, it was expected that the Club would do well in the Inter-College Cup-Ties held in the Hilary Term. By the draw made the previous term, we had to play Worcester in the first round. From the beginning of term the team went into training and won all matches before the first round, but even the most ardent supporters of the Club were agreeably surprised at the ease with which Worcester were beaten, and the score of 14-0 in our favour must be nearly a record. The team must be congTatulated on the good performance. It was recognised that the next opponents were a much more difficult side

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to beat, as they contained three Blues, two of whom were Internationals . The match against B.N .C. was played on the O.U.H.C. pitch in the Parks, and resulted in a win for the Hall by 3- r. After this match the Hall were expected to w in the Cup, but unfortunately the first loss of the season occurred in the semi-final round, when we were beaten by Pembroke by 3-r. This match was played on the Keble ground, which was very hard and showed up the weakness of the team as a whole- its slowness . Particularly did' thi s apply to the defence , but the forwards also showed a lamentable lack of initiative when opposed by a moderately good defence. I should like to congratulatethe players on the way they turned out for ' squashes, ' and this does not appl y only to the XI chosen to represent the H all, but also to those w ho had the more unmspiring task of keeping fit in case a n injury happ ened to those whom they were 'understudying..' A . W. Keith-Steele , in goai, improved considerably during t he season, showing greater disc retion in rushing out. C. C . Shaw and A . D. Brow neÂˇ were very safe at back, but the latter could get rid of the ball more quickly with adva ntage, and it is hoped that during the coming season he wi ll develop a stronger hit and not rely so consistently on the ' fl ick.' The tendency on the part of a ful l-back to ' flick ' keeps the game too much with t he in side-forwards. E. L. H . Kentfield played as co nsistently well as ever and was invaluable in the CupTies . T. G . C. Woodfor d was the fastest member of the defence, and used his speed to cover the backs ve ry successfully. C. W. Boothroyd, as left-w ing, possesses stickwork which is exceptiona l, an d scored many g oals by well-judged 'cuts-in. ' H. K. Pusey u sed his speed and dash to great advan tage. M. P. VidalHall kept th e forwa rds together well, but should learn to distribute his passes with greater discretion. G. A. D. Calderwood and H. S. 0. Wood were a very successful w ing , the former making openings for his wing and consistently finishing off the movement by scoring. Colours were awarded to A. D. Browne, M . P. Vidal-Hall and T. G. C . Woodford. At a meeting of Colours, H . K. Pusey was elected Capta in and A. D. Browne Secretary for the coming season . C .G.L. MICHAELMAS TERM.

Captain- H. K. PusEY. Secretary- A. D . BROWNE. We h ave 1ost only two of last year's team, C. C. Shaw and E. L. H. Kentfield, but we have received correspondingly little s upport from the Freshmen this year. Further, owing to injuries,

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T. G. C. Woodford has not been playing this term, a nd we have not always had the support of C. G . Lawrence owing· to pressure of work, or of ·G. A. D. Calderwood, who has on occasion been p laying for the U niversity and the County. Consequently , it has not been easy to form any opinion of t he team's chances next term. On •the few occasions when the team has been at full strength we have done very well by beating Lloyds Bank (London Branches) 7-3 and King's College , London, 5-4. We _have played only eleven First XI matches this term, of which we have won six, lost fo ur and drawn one; and four 'A' Team m atches , of which we have won two and lost two . We have foun d it impossible to run a Second XI owing to want of support. If we find no talent this year, we shall have to rely entirely on next year's Freshmen t o fill the four or five vacancies which will occur in the team. This term the whole team has b een slow in getting rid of the ball , and the standard of shooting among the forwar d s has o n the whole dropped since last year. The old tendency to overwork the right wing at the expense of the left w ing still persists, largely due to the left-in side's habit of poaching passes and hitting the ball across to the right, and to the fact that we have had no regular left-half. The halves tend to bring the ball too far up the field before passing, and this cramps the fo rwards , who then find it difficult to keep on side ; this especially applies on our own smallsized ground, the team always playing better on a larger g round. A. W. Keith-Steele has been much more certain in goal this term, and his kicking has improved. P. C. Palmer and A. D . Browne are both rather slow at clearing the ball and are clumsy with their feet, bu t Browne is excellent at keep ing the ball when tackled. J. F. Cooke, at right-l)alf, h as improved continuall y throughout the term; he is now a very hard-working and useful half. He should back up the forwards a little more in attack. C. G. L awrence, when he has been able to play, has been a tremendous help to the team. He is quite tireless and is seldom beaten, in spite of the fact that he has been playing b etween in experienced wing-halves. J. Bradley has impmved considerably . H e uses one hand too rrmch and is somewhat clumsy, but his centres to the back of the wing are excellent a nd he hits a g·ood corner. The inside fo rwards, M. P. Vidal-H a ll, G. A. D. Calderwood and H. K. Pusey, do not a lways work together very smoothly, and their passes are usually not forward nor freq uent e nough. However, Calderwood has been the making of the forward line,

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and his shooting, especially from corners, has been splendid. C . W. Boothroyd at left-w ing is usua lly n eglected , but when h e does r eceive a pass he generally m a nages to p ut it in the centre; yet I feel that he should turn and hit t he ba ll more often rather tha n try and flick it into the centre. H. S. 0. W ood, when h e h as played, has been steady a nd hard-working, though his passes are usually n ot hard enoug-h . We have draw n P embroke in the Cup-Tie. They beat u s last year in t h e semi-fina l. C. G. Law r ence , G. A. D. Calderwood a nd I:lÂˇ K. Pusey r eceived S enio rs ' and Final T ri als, and H. K . Pusey (once) and G. A. D. Calderwood (several times) have played for the Un iversity . Calderwood h as also played fo r Oxfordshire. R es ults :-v. Oriel, 6-r; v. University, 8-2; v. New College, o-3 ; v . Queen's, 3-4; v. B.N. C ., 2-4; v . Gradua tes, 4-o; v . Christ Church , 5-4; vÂˇ. . Lloyd s Bank, 7-3; v . Exete r, 3-3; v. Car diff U ni v . , 2-3; v. King's College, 5-4. H. K. PuSEY. THE ATHLETIC CLUB . HILARY TERM, 1931 .

President-C. G.

MABE Y.

Secreta-ry-D . K.

D. Drx EY.

Probably the m0st successful term Hall Athletics has ever known. 'vVe fo llowed up o ur outstanding success in the College R elays by w innin g a way quite easily to t he finals of the Co lleg e Sports. So far during the w hole of Michaelmas T erm and till the Inter-Colleg e finals ot]-ler Hall club s had given unstinting ly of their support . N ow , on the very day of days for the Athletic Clubprobably the on ly d a y it has ever h ad a real chance to leave behind th e mediocrity of the Second Division-'-we h ear of the importance of Cup Ties to the Rugby Club, a nd o ur cha nce is lost. Athletics at Oxford suffers immen sely frorri the prejudicial effect of the Public School attitude tow ards it. At school, a thletics is looked upon as the c ast o r oil of sport- a dmin istered in large quantities to the pleasure of everyone except the participants. At O xford m ost people have h ad enough m edicine-they do not want any more, how ever good it may be for them. This is where the duty of the College Athletic Ca ptain and Secretary com es in. It is their duty to show tha t a thletics is not really like castor oil, but more like beer. Who has ever liked beer at the first taste? N o 1 one; but the more one has the m ore one wants, a nd this is certainly so w ith scien tific athletiq. In short, I should say fro m my own experience tha t the success of Coll eg e Athletic Clubs depends almost entirely on its officers.

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To all future Captains and Secretaries of Athletics one might then quote: ' Thy heart must overflow if thou Another's heart wouldst reach.' D. K . D. Dixey has been elected Captain and J. C. Nield Secretary for the forthcoming year. C.J.M. MICHAELMAS TERM. President-D. K. D. DrxEY. Secretary--:-J. C. N IEW. There were two competitions in which the Athletic Club entered this term, the Inter-College Cross-Country and the Inter-College Relays. In both cases we were unfortunate in that .our best men were unable to take part through indisposition. A . Robinson and A. G. Hopewell ran well in the Cross-Country, in which we did well, under the circumstances, to finish tenth out of nineteen colleges. In the Relays we received little support from m embers of other clubs. This, and the fact that three Athletic Club stalwarts were not competing, explains how we scored only minus two points in this competition. L. P . Mosdell is to be congratulated on his performance in the Freshmen' s roo and 440. C.J.M. THE SWIMMING CLUB. TRINITY TERM, 1931. Captain-M. F. JERROM. The activities of the Swimming Club seem to have been greater during 1931 than for several years . 'It was decided to compete in the O.U. S . C. Inter-College Relays and Water-Polo Competition in June, and the attendance at practice squashes was keen and encouraging. In the former event the Relay t eam failed by a touch to win their heat. The W a ter-Polo team defeated Balliol, the Cup-holders, by z goals to r, but were beaten by P embroke in the semi-final by 4-I. Water-Polo Tearn.-E. P . Carter, R. B. I. P ates , L . Thorpe, E . M . Thwaites and A. D. Browne. Relay Tearn. -P. Carter, L. Thorpe, E. M . Thwaites and M.P. Vidal-Hall. The race for the Matthews Cup was held on June 13th over the usual course from the Gasworks to the Barge. The current was running very strongly. There were fiv e competitors, the race

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being won by M. P. Vidal-Hall in fast time, with A. D. Browne second and L. Thorpe third. E. M. Thwaites was elected Captain for the ensuing year. M.F.J. THE LAWN TENNIS CLUB. 1931. Secretary--C. W.

TRINITY TERM,

Captain-E. L. H.

KENTFIELD.

BooTHROYD.

The o utstanding feature, if one may call it so, of this term's tennis, was the weather. At the beginning of the term the Club had every reason to look forward to a successful season, not only for the First and Second VI, but also for all members of the Club. Apart from the fact that four of last year's First VI were still up, the courts were in better condition than last year-or rather, one should perhaps say that Mr. Barratt, w ith his usual consummate skill, had made them look less like the touch-line of the 0. U. R. F. C . gro und-and we had also secured an additional court. But the weather decided otherwise. Statistics are the meat and drink of the present age, and we give the results for hwat they are worth. They will at any rate g ive a fair indication of the extent to which rain interfered with play. Of thirty matches arranged, eighteen were cancelled (on practically every occasion owing to unfit courts), eight were won and four lost. We can at .least point o ut Âˇ that we won more than we lost. In'the Cup-Ties we w er e, however, less fortunate. The First VI, drawn against Hertford, was defeated 8-4. In the Singles we held our own, the score being 3-3, but after tea we only gained one victory in the Doubles before the match was lost. It was in the Doubles that the great weakness of the VI lay ; and if excuse be required, it can be fo und partly in the great difficulty experienced in getting practice, partly in the frequent changes necessitated by Schools. For the first time we entered a Second VI for the Cup-Tie. It was extremely unfortunate that they should have drawn so strong a team as Balliol in the preliminary round, before whom they went down nobly, though without securing a s ing le victory. vVe wish them better luck next year. C. F. Cardale is to be congratulated on winning the Open Singles Tournament, for which there was the usual large entry. At the end of the term the American Doubles Handicap was arranged to take place on June r6. This event, to judge by the record entry, is one o.f increasing popularity; and in view of this it was extremely unfortunate, though perhaps not an unfitting con-

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elusion to such a season, that after less than an hour's play it had to b e a bandoned owing to rain. At a Colours' meeting at the end of t erm, C. W. Boothroyd was elected Capt a in a nd W. A. Holt Secretary for the ensuing yea r. E.L.H.K . THE CHESS CLUB. Secretary-A. K. BARTON. Owing to the great diffic ulty in arranging the individual match es necessitated by. the present system, a nd the time involved, the H a ll did not enter a team in the Inter-College Chess Tournament . It is, however, hoped that there will be a H all tournament a t the beginning of the Hilary Term and matches held with oth er Colleges. A.K.B.

THE OLDEST PORTRAIT OF A PRINCIPAL OF THE HALL. HEN I was st aying at Sibford F erris in the north oJ Oxfordshire during the Easter vacation, I happened in the course of a day's ramble to visit the v illage of H orley , which lies four miles to the north-west of Banbury . As I explor ed the interior of the parish church, I was a ttracted by one feature of interest after anothe r -a fine large fr esco of St. Christopher in excellent preservation, the rema ins of a painted figure of St. Frideswide on a column in the n ave. At length I caught sig ht of the fi g ures of two ecclesiastics in m edieval p a inted glass in the upper part of two of the side windows iri the north aisle. Cards identifying these two figures h ad been placed on the cills below the two windows. On one of these cards it was stated that the fig-ure portrayed in the window above represented ' H enry Rowworthe,' Archdeacon of Canterbury, and Prebendary of . King's Sutton, who died in 1420 . The date and description at once convinced me that this archdeacon must be Henry Romworth e (not Rowworthe), Principal of the Hall at the close of the fourteenth century. My visit to Horley ha d been unex pectedly rewarded by the di scovery of the earliest representation of a Principal of the Hall that has yet come to light. H enry Romworthe (or Cirenc;ester, as h e was called earlier in his career) first appears as Principa l in 1395 : the exact year in which he became Principal is not known. In 1399 he is found leasing White Hall, which stood on the site of N os . 46 and 47 High Street, as an a nnexe to St. Edmund H a ll. This annexation

1-H :'\ RY ROM\V O RTJ-IE, RD.

Prin c ipal, c. ' 395- C· 1405 . Arc hdeacon o f C arlle r·bury , qr 6- 2o . (Fr o 111 the pa11d of pai11l ed g lass i11 1-for/ ~y C hu rch, Oxon .)

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1s in itself testimony to the success of his tenure of the principalship. In 1402 or ther:eabouts he was elected a Fellow of the Queen's College. By 1407 his ability had obtained recognition outside the Universit)r, as is evidenced by his appointment to be rector of Olney on the King's presentation. Thereafter promotion came rapidly. In 1408, as a royal chaplain, he was appointed Dean of the King's Free Chapel of Hastings. In 14II he vacated this deanery for the prebend of St. Martin in Lincoln Cathedral, and a year later he exchanged this prebend for that of King's Sutton in the same cathedral. To the prebend of King's Sutton there were attached two chapelries, that of Buckingham and that of Horley-with-Hornton- hence this memorial of him in Harley Church. He is one of four royal c]:laplains to whom Henry V made legacies in the will that he made in 1415 before leaving for the campaign in France that was to end in the victory of Agincourt. In 1416 Romworthe was appointed to the premier archdeaconry of Canterbury, which office he held until his death in 1420. It is probable that after he became prebendary of King's Sutton Romworthe lived in the prebendal house there. The village of Sutton stands on rising ground overlooking the valley of the Cherwell, to the south-east of Banbury. Its pride for more than five centuries has been the fine spire that crowns its church. Horley is distant about eight miles, Banbury lying about half-way between. \Vhether Romworthe bestowed other gifts upon his chapelry of Horley besides the window in which his effigy appears does not seem to be known. To his other chapelry of Buckingham he bequeathed a volume containing the works of two DominicansRobert Holcot on the Book of Wisdom, and the Sunday sermons of Jacopo de Voragine, Archbishop of Genoa, author of the Legenda. A urea. But there is no mention of Horley in his will, which he made in 1417 at Porchester on the eve of his departure for the French war. It seems likely, ther~fore, that the window in which he is commemorated at Horley was erected in his lifetime; and it may be presumed from the inscription, bcnntuf5 ~om\tlortuc a:rcbibiaconuf5 cantuatte, that he gave the window at some date behveen 1416, the year of his appointment to the archdeaconry of Canterbury, and 1420, the year in which he died. All that remains of the glass with which he filled this window is the section in which his effigy is preserved and two narrow ribbons of glass, bearing a conventional pattern in yellow stain, which fit into the tracery on either side of it. Whether the rest of the window was destroyed at the Reformation or later is not known. When Dr. Richard Rawlinson, the Non-juring antiquary

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(r6go-I7SS), visited the church he noted only in the window 'a monk with a legend so high as not to be read ' [Parochial Collections for Oxfords hire (Oxford shire Record S\;)ciety), p. 181]. The panel containing the figure of Romworthe measures 22t in. by IJt in . The Rev. Dr. Brightman, Fellow of Magdalen, who has made a special study of medieval ecclesiastical dress, has very kindly helped me to make out the habit that the archdeacon is wearing . . Romworthe is represented in a kneeling posture. He is garbed in a black gown which is belted by an ornamented girdle, on which hangs a wallet with tasselled corners . Over his gown he is wearing a black cloak, or armilausa, lined with white material : it is buttoned on the right shoulder and the front is thrown over his left arm and falls in folds by his left side, giving him an appearance of stoutness . Above his right arm there is a triangular piece of red ~lass with a narrow border of white at its base : this represents ilis tippet, or cape, with its fur edging, while about his neck can be seen the white fur lining round the face-hole of his hood, which has been turned back and allowed to rest on his shoulders after the armilausa has been put on. The armilausa adds interest to this portrait. In his statutes for New College, William of W ykeham forbade the use of this garment ' except when the exigencies of the weather required, as in times of rain, hail or snow.' But Archbishop Chichele authorised its use in his statutes for All Souls, for, as it was a garment favoured by the legal profession, it was fitting that its use should be approved in a foundation where the legists were well represented. This same garment buttoned on the right shoulder formed part of the official dress of all judges up to the end of the 17th century, after which time it was made to fasten in front. It may be conjectured that Romworthe wears an armilausa as part of the proper dress of an archdeacon, and that this garment had been assumed by archdeacons, as judicial officers of the church, whose duties, like those of the judges, obliged them to spend much of their time in large draughty buildings. The panel of glass in which Romworthe is portrayed has been patched in several places, as will be seen from the illustration of it here given. The scroll behind the archdeacon, bearing an inscription, is incomplete : doubtless the full inscription should be : misetete mei 'beus. The borders and other decorated portions of the panel are rendered in yellow stain of varying tones. The face, hands, girdle and wallet are similarly treated. There is one puzzle in the representation of the archdeacon which I have nqt been able

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to solve, and that is the significance of the small strip of red glass that appears on the right side of the pendent end of his girdle, between that and the folds of the armilausa . I am indebted to the Vicar of Horley, the Rev. E. M. Young, for the facilities which h e read ily gave for a photograph of the panel to be taken, and to the photographer sent out to Horley by the Printer to the University for the skill with which he has secured so good a photograph of a difficult subject.

A.B. E.

HYMNUS DE SANCTO EDMUNDO. Haec est dies quam nobili Christus sacravit gaudio Edmunde te fortissimum Donans corona militem. Tu sorte natus diviti Pauper bearis spiritu : Tu supplicanti porrigis Dextram sinistra nescia. Tu parvulos contemnere Caves amore sedulo : Quibus ministrans frigidae Potum minister fis Deo. D octor sapis caelestia Sanctae columbae numine : Praesul gubernas Israel Saccum tegente purpura. Pacem tyranno dicere Pax nulla cum sit abnuis : Ad Sempiternum cor !evans Mali sagittas negligi,s. Das exsul ossa Franciae, Aulam paras Oxoniae : Quae te patrono gaudeat Virtute tl.orens perpeti. Praestet Pater piissimus Patrique Compar Unicus Cum Spiritu Paraclito Regnans in omne saeculum. A. M.

FARRER.

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A JOHN OLDHAM MANUSCRIPT. j\MONG the Rawlinson collection iil ~he Bodleia n, catalogued as No. 123 of the Poetry SectiOn, IS a manuscnpt, of some three hundred pages in quarto of special interest to ' the Hall. It consists of a miscellaneous and disorderly collection ·of papers . m ostly in John Oldham 's own handwriting: There are transcriptions of s uch of his fri end s' poems as he had admired when they circ ula ted in manuscript; his own poems in fair copy; interlined and troubled rough drafts of his poems in t)le)a bour of c reation (th ese las t have frequ ently b een written on whatever paper was nearest his hand at the moment) ; a cavalier love letter written on the sudden of a whim to his lady; a Latin epistle laboriously composed. He has usee\ for scribbling-paper letters from friends of his at St. Edmund Hall; blood-curdling recipes, after the manner of Isaac Walton, of the dressing of a carp ,; potched Latin proses in the careful writing of his pupils at Whitgift School ; villainously rh ym ed and patriotic verse from the sap1e source on ' The Gunpowder Plot' ; ' all the live murmur ' of a poet and schoolmaster's seventeenth century day. The whole is probabl y as it was found at the Earl of Kingston :s house (where Oldham had the honour of dy ing) and put together subsequently in eighteenth century binding. There is little of litera ry m e rit that is' entirely n ew in the volume: of John Oldham's , the First Canto of ' The D esk: An Heroique Poem,' tran slating ' L e Lutrin ' . of Boileau; a cheerful ' Rant to his Mistress ' ; frag·ments of a satir.e on Poetry ; part of a Pindaric ode ·' I n Praise of Po~try' ; th~ beginning of a·nother satire probably designed for the sequence .of the ' Satires upon t he J es uits .' There is a lso (it is new at any rate to me) a series of pleasantly rh ymed octosylla bles, headed 'The Epicure' a nd subscribed ' Philomusus,' the style of which precludes the possibility of Oldha m's authorship, and which mu st be listed w ith the poems h e admired and transcribed. There are, further (these are not in Oldham's handwriting), a series of poetical satires on the war with Holland and the corruption of the Court, h eaded 'To the Kin g ,' and a letter in h eroic couplets from his friend Spencer. Oldham in his translation of ' L e· Lutrin ;: follows very closely his original. He is frequently more discursive th a n Boileau, being forced through his sea rch after rhymes tb create a couplet out of a single line of . the Frenc h . There is also an occasional s tra ining after satiric point and conceit which Boileau in his bland classicism would not have permitted himself. But these reservations made,

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Oldham, best of all Boileau's English imitators, knows how to put off his own impetuous nature a nd invest himself w ith his author's quiet bonhon&ie. Compared w ith hi s, the much m ore adventurous version ' made E nglish by N. 0.' in r68z is vulga r , strident and Go thic ; its author is too distressingly under the influence of ' Hudibras' a nd its multiple rhymes to do justice to the urbani ty a nd quiet Ho ratia n "Yit of the origina l. His ' Rant to his Mistress' is quite a pleasantly conceited trifle in too m uch the hyperbolic a nd hectoring· style of the ' Dithyrambick' on Drinking to b e taken for a serious love poem. Of g 1·eater interest as illuminating Oldh a m's character are the twin f ragments on Poetry: one a Pindaric in Its praise, full of sound a nd poetic fur y : the other a satire o n ·the folly of practising so unp rofitable an art. Like the ' L etter o ut of the Country ' and t he ' Satyr concerning Poetry,' thes.e fragments reflect th e attraction which bound Oldha m t o 'that worst of jilts a Muse ' and the dissatisfaction he felt in the empty g lories of he r service. His fr iend has chosen the better part, in reading Law, and ' can sell h is Breath more dea r Than Wind is by some L a pland Conjurer.' There is left of Oldham's own and unpublished work 111 this volume sixt y-five lines of a n unfi nis hed satire, of which h e has made no fewer than four drafts. This is written in th e sombre a nd p assio\late s tyle of t h e ' Satyrs upon the Jesuits ' and prob-ably was m eant to fo rm a fifth of that sequence . It is entitled 'The Vision' and begins w ith a descent into H ell. To do justice to that k ingdom the manner has b een elevated to som ething of a Miltonic strain, the influence of 'Paradise Lost' b ei.n g obvious. It seems as though it would have shared w ith the other f ou r satires on the J es uits their merit of being constructed ro und one point or situation, and of h aving each a d efinite a nd picturesque stage-setting. It is lack of such centralized construction w hich makes Marvell's satires so obviously inferior to Oldham' s . The writing in this fragment is equa l, if not superior, to any similar number of lines elsewhere in Oldham's early satires. There are t w o versions in typical Oldham hyperbole of t h e beginning of a ' Satyr on the Tow n a nd T~mes' ; a verse on the execution of Charles I, presumably of Oldha m's own m an ufacture and intended for th e. middle of some Pindaric Ode; the indication s that Oldham was thin ki ng o f adding yet another ' Advice to a Painter ' to those a lread y given by D enh a m and M arv ell; the beginning of a verse letter consolatory ' to Mrs . Kingscot on the Death of hec .Da ughter '-a subject which is celebrated once more

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in the publi shed eleg y , fa shioned in the style of Crash a w , 'On the D eath of Mrs . K atherine King s court ' ; the first four lines of a ' Sa tyr on Wit' ; the fir st six lines of a n imitation of ' Horace , B.4, Ode 13'; the fir st four lines fr om the beginning of 'Juven a l's roth Sa t yr Imitated.' There is in ad dition a n 'Adver tisem ent,' o bv iou sly desig ned fo r the first edition of ' The S aty r s upon th e Jesu it s, ' in w hich fo r the firs t time he makes the complaint, which is to r ecur incessantly, of pieces printed w ithout his a uthoriza tio n. O f the truth of this commonplace a ccu satio n it is n ot here t o speak ; one hears nothing, however, of the discovery of the edi tions of these pirated and m a ng led p oem s of Oldha m ' s, no r does it seem possible to t r ace the Rhym er who ' foisted good part' of one of the Satires upon th e J esuits ' a m ong so m e dogg rel of h is ow n. ' The sentence ' T o prev ent t he spreading of these [unaut ho ri zed edi tions ] h e is fain hasten out this true edition, wherein h e had added a nother Sa t yr upon the same s ubj ect,' seem s to m ean, not tha t h e has added another sa t ire to t he one a lready pira t ed (for he has in fact added three), but that h e w ould have added a fifth satire h ad he n ot been forced to h as t en unduly t he publication of the true ed ition. And it . see m s a pro bable deduction tha t somewhat of this fifth sa tire is preserved to us in the fr agm ent alrea d y referred to , entitled ' The Vi sio n.' N o t infrequen tly this collection of ma nusc ripts hardens and defin es O ldha m 's r ela tions w it h t he poets , his contempora ries . The inclusion, for in st a nce , of a la rge po rtion of Dryden' s ' Mac Flecknoe,' a nd the date 1678 w ith w hich Oldh a m heads hi s transcription, prove t ha t h e h ad come under the influence o f this most novel and potent of Dryden's satires fo ur yea rs before its. a ppearance in public , and diminish cons iderably the orig in a lity of Oldham ' s sat iric m ethods . Lines such as ' P ray tha t ki nd H eaven would o n their hearts d ispen se A bo unteou s a nd ab unda nt ignora nce, Tha t they m ay n eve r swe rve , n o r turn away From sound a nd o rthodox stupidity ,' from the third Sa tire upo n the J esuits first published in r68 r , and th e general res emblance w h ich B ell no tices b e tween Oldha m and Dryd en, can . no longer b e considered as ' exempt fr om a suspicion of imitation.' This early da te for 'Mac Fleckh oe,' fi rst discovered by Mr. Thorn Drury, g ives to Dryden the full orig ina lity of the discovery o f that fine a nd flamboyant paradoxical country over w hic h Shadwell was to rule . Of the contiguou s realms of Flecknoe's Nonsens e a nd Garn et ' s E vil it is the second th a t is tribu tary.

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE As interesting is the light which the· manuscript throws on Oldham's relations with Rochester. There are three pieces mcluded which are to be found in the first collected edition of Rochester's poems : ' The Satyr against Mankind,' the ' Letter from Artemisa in the Town to Chloe in the Country,' and the lines ' On the Author of the Play Sodom.' The last of these has always been of doubtful origin, and its ascription to Rochester has usually been contingent on the belief that the play, 'Sodom,' itself was not by that noble author. The fact that there are. several versions of the satiric lines in the manuscript, and that everywhere it is to be seen in the labour of conception, proves beyond discussion that Oldham is responsible for the lines ' On the Author of the Play Sodom.' From this is might be argued that Oldham, who shows his admiration for Rochester's poetical gifts, not only in a superficial but not unpleasantly pastoral elegy ' bewailing' his death, but more · strenuously in the transcription of two of his longest poems, would not have attacked a friend and patron had he known him to be the author of the offending play. But in the manuscript traces may be found of a less respectful attitude towards Rochester which finds expression in the lines ' I envy not our witty Gawdy Peer All the loth'd wretched Fame he dos acquire Whom Hell, Debauches, Cups and Lust inspire.' ' A Dithyrambique on Drinking' in the manuscript version ts headed 'Suppos'd to be spoken by Rochester at the Guinny-Club' - a heading which the more tactful printed version omits. Still it is difficult to suppose that even the habitual extravagance of his satire would have led Oldham to encourage Rochester by telling him ' Thy Industry at length may thee prefer To show thy Parts, describing every year The City-Pageants and my good Lord Mayor.' The lines, which admirably summarize the characteristics of that insipid thing, the play 'Sodom,' ' But covetiJlg to be lewd thou wantst the Might And art all over Devil but in \Nit,' unduly diminishes the potent iniquity of Rochester's character as much as it degrades unjustifiably his Restoration brilliance. It is easy to imagine Oldham clandestinely attacking Rochester, but not attacking him in· such terms. The fact that the lines ' On the Author of the Play Sodom ' were written by Oldham tends to sub~ stantiate Anthony Wood's description of Rochester as a sort of prurient Ossian to which every bawdy bard was prepared to play

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Macpherson, . covering his own little lewdnesses under the legend of the Peer's limitless pornography. Perha ps nothing is more ironically illustrative of this than ' the fact that bot h the obscene play, a nd the a lmost equally obscene lines directed against the a uthor of the play, should both have succumbed to the fa t a l attraction of his reputation a nd been fathered on him. But if both ' Sodom' and the lines o n its author are obscener than need was, and if the ascription of the latter to Oldham increase his already sturdy reputation for lewdness, they do not offend, as does the play, th roug h lack of power or pungency. Couplets like the following, rejected from the final version, are no t wanting in scornful force: ' Go and in gawcly Rhim es some Princess w ee\, Be Gossip to som e Goddess brought to b ed, Drink H ealths t'her Hans in kelder, find no odds Twixt h er and Cyb el , Grannam of t he Gods .' His transcription of those two excellent pieces, ' A L etter from Artemiza' and 'A Sa tyr against Mankind,' shows Oldham's admiration o f an elegance and Congrevian phantasy of which he himself was never m a ster. It is of interest that sever al slight alterations are noted in the margin of the m an usc ript, ,about half of which find inclusion . ii> the editions of these poems printed in 1679 a nd r68o. The conclus ion would seem to be that Oldham was of the co~pany round which Rochester.'s poems circulated, and that the author had sufficient consideration for his advice to act upon it when he thought good. Considerably the pleasantest of the novelties contained is the series of octo sylla bles called 'The Epicure. Wrote the last clay of the year 167 5. ' It is subsc ribed with the nom d e plume ' Philomusus.' In its charm of easy and n at ural a rtificiality it reminds one of Marvell-the Marvell of the fifties, however, not the honest politician of r675. There is also something of the ama teur discoverable in its scans ion which, combined with its sweetness and unpretentiousness , m akes it difficult to hazard a suggestion Âˇas to its authorship . The lines 'To the K[ing ]' are not in Oldham's h andwriting, and it is doubtful whether h e would ever have g iven himself the trouble of copying a sa tire so commonplace, of no more than equal merits with a hundred other contempora ry insipiÂˇd ities on th emes similarly trite. The letterin ve rse from his fri end Spense r is lite'r ally speaking of interest as showing how early the heroic couplet became a medium in which a ny a mateur could write with ease and tolerable

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success. It seems almost certain that Oldham's ' Letter out of the Country ' (in one manuscript version it is given the title ' In . ,Answer to Mr:. Spencer ') is in direct reply to this poetical epistle. Spenser's letter is dated March r8th, 1678, and Oldham's poem July, 1678. But in his answer Oldham complains, and with some elaboration, 'On my weak H ead you heap so many Bays I sink beneath 'em, quite oppress'd with Praise.' This is to put a construction unjustifiably favourable to himself on what contains a severe attack on poets who indulge in lewdness or satire. And that Oldham felt this to refer to himself is shown in such lines from ;m earlier and rejected version of his ' Answer to Mr. Spenser ' as . . to let you know Why m ost my Genius dos to Satyr bow : Its Excellence your very Instance shews When you its Strength so well against it use.' It is probable that Oldham subsequently decided to overlook what in his friend's letter was not to his, t aste and to concentrate upon the sparser and more conventional passages of Restoration flattery. There is, however, the possibility that the' panegyrick,' promised at the end of Spenser's letter in somewhat repentant mood, may have preceded Oldham's answer in its final form. To Spenser a lso is addressed a dra ft of a Latin letter beginning " Mi amicissime ! ' and dated December 1678. This contains referÂˇe nces to the First Sa tire upon the J esuits and to the Ode ' Upon the Works of Ben. Johnson,' which was designed no doubt to stand among the obsequent ' Lines in Memory of the Author ' on the threshold of some pro jected edition of Jon son's works. Another Latin letter beginning ' Colendissime Vir ! ' addresses itself to some unnamed patron with the suggestion that he shall .act as critic to Oldham's earliest poetic efforts. The work referred to, and to which the letter was intended as convoy, must have been some of his earlier poems sent in manuscript since his earliest work, ' The Satyrs upon th e J esuits,' was not published till r68r. And the fact that he writes of London (whither he had removed in 1678) still with the glamour of novelty, and that one sentence, ' Pol ego vivo, et pulch re valeo,' is c ommon both to this letter and to that written to .Spenser in 1678, would seem to show that it is written considerably before the publication of any of his poems. This letter contains information, somewhat idealised, one must believe, of his life in Town in which he protests Âˇhimself content with the present and careless of the future : a soul armed

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against the ma lice of fortune . . His picture of tavern meetings with his friends is more convincing, though still perhaps a trifle expurgate: ' Bis terve quavis h ebdomade lepidi quidam congerrones oenopolio convenimus , ibi modice bibimus, ridemus affatim, fabulis, salibus, facetiis, cantu, omni g-ratiarum festivitate horas perdimus.' There remain those random documents which Oldham's economy of paper has preserved to posterity at haphazard and unawares. One may dismiss the laborious Latin proses of his Whitgift scholars and the life-size portraits of the letters of the a lphabet made for him by his younger pupils, which yet, like tooth-picks from the Pyramids, have about them the fascination of the eternally trivial and remind one that, not only ' the sorrows of our proud and angry dust,' but also our lessons and smaller impositions ' are from eternity and shall not fail.' There is a fragm ent of a letter b eginning ' H onoured Sr,' a nd dated March 2nd, 1678/ g. It is written almost immediately after his arrival a t Rygate , where he was to act as tutor to the grandson of Sir Edward Thurland (the Baron of the letter), and consequently both his departure from the Whitgift school and his first impressions of the ' sober and well-govern'd' household are still quaintly vivid. After this stiltedly styled effusion the elegant emptiness of the letter, dated Rygate , June 3, r679, to someone he addresses ' Dear Soul,' is refreshing. Though perhaps on the short side of perfection for a genuine love letter, it has the ease and ingenuity which make Suckling so charming in these by-products of love and literature. Seven years earlier, dating from the period when Oldham was at St. Edmund Hall, are the letters from John Baker and Richard Hawden. The latter, though obviously a yokel to ~xcess and capable of di sguising his words Âˇ under the strangest of spellings, writes a letter postponing payment of his debt to Oldham with a naif ingenuity which would have made Shylock hesitate to foreclose -especially as, in earnest of more solid payment, he inadvertently gives on the reverse of the letter a fascinatingly indigestible ' Receit to Dress a Carpe.' Taken as a whole, the manuscript explains th e surprise that Oldham expresses in the Preface to his ' Poems and Translations ' at the charge made agai nst his ' Satyrs upon the Jesuits' of harshness. To prove that this rotfghness was due to ' Choice, not want of Judgment,' he has, he says., composed the ' Pastorals out of the Greek ' where point and sense is smoothed almost into non-existence. One who has seen the numerous corrections, the drafts rejected, the emendations and suggested variants, all the signs of

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the honest poetic labour in the manuscript versions of the ' Satyrs upon the Jesuits,' can dispense with this weaker proof. It is evident that, even if Oldham's harshness is not created deliberately to increase the satiric force, it is certainly not the outcome of carelessness or of lack of artistic conscience. This, combined with the frequent references to the spell poetry had laid upon him (references frequent in his published poems, but much more thickly strewn throughout the manuscript), shows Oldham to have been very admirably serious in the business of letters, and to have followed it faithfully in spite of the regrets his ambitiously restless spirit knew for the prestige, though evanescent, of a wealthier life than the Muse has to bestow. J . L. HILL. I.

A RE:CEIT DRESS A CARPE. Take ye 2 Carps & let them blood in the taile stur it wth someÂˇ clarrett wine, els it will quar. A qtr pint of clarret cutt one Nuttmegg into it 2 races of ginger sliced into it 2 or 3 Anchovis 2 great small Onions. Soe stur this uppon coles till its all roosted wasted away then put in 3lb. neear of Butter. but let not yr coles be to hott for feare of burneing it. Then serve it upp & scruze some lemon with it. Stew yr Carps wth Claret wine and watter or vargis and watter just enough to cover them let it Boyle before yu put them Inn wth sweet earbs & anoion. II.

RICHARD HAWDEN To JoHN OLDHAM. LovEING FREIND I am neither dead nor fled nor yet have forgott to whome I am Indebted, to your self, in whose books I have continued longer than I did expect. Have patience wth mee and I will pay you all. Patience is a virtue and in time will bring yu to heaven where it wilbe somewhat straing to see a Cittizen yeat I am soe charitable to beeleeve that one among A Thousand may bee saved, and A thousand to one that yu may bee ye man, But I would desiet yu to deffer that Journey till yu see Your Loveing Frend RrcH HAWDEN. March ye 25th I67I III.

JoHN BAKER ro JoHN OLDHAM. DEARE JACKE. ~fter a toilsome ., journey, I came timely enough to dine at \Yh;te-hall wth ye Principal,'_ upon Tuesday, who is prevented of his JO!-lrney by ye returne of his majestie to London upon Thursday or Fnda,Y. The. play yt was ye king; divertisement at Chambridge was call d ye Mzstak, and was recev d, as I understood, with great

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applause his Majestie honouring them wth a clap towards ye latter end, (I suppose because it was neere ye Epilogue). Everything was gallant (as a gentleman said, as I went up wth, his Landlady was a Gallant). I suppose I shall kisse your hand before this weeke ends. My duty to my Father, and service to all my friends. No news but 3 men kill'd by ye fall of ye ruins of Pauls. Acquaint mother Davis I have deliver'd ye letter, and count me ye faithfullest of thy friends. Yr very humble Servant Octob: 17th. Jo: BAKER? ~ Conclude J o: yt write in hast and I had all most forgott to 1 be rem em bred to B. Fiellding. 3 Desire him to lend you ye key of ye Dr Chambers. 4 You may give your self ye troubel to deliver ye pipes to Tom to burn e. 5 IV.

J OflN OLDHAM TO A FRIEND. From Rygate.

March 2, 78jg. "HoNouR'D SR, I am at length remov'd to my new place of residence: I left Croydon on Saturday with as much concern allmost as ever I left any place. Most of my boys cried at my departure. I can't yet give you an account how I like here. I am not settled yet. I find all ye people mighty civil, courteous & obliging, the family sober & well-govern'd: My business is easy enough, ye care only of one lad. So yt (I thank God) I see nothing yet but a prospect of living to my satisfaction & content. The Baron 6 himself is attending on ye Parliamt. When he comes home, I shall be better able to tell you my mind.

v. SAME

TO . SAME.

Rygate. June 3, r679. DEAR SouL, Now I think on't, promised to write. to thee, & I don't know any better opportunity than ye present, ye humor at this very nick coming upon me. And I'll be as good as my word, here shall not be one Syllable of business : I leave that kind of entertainment to Âˇd amn'd dull cits, & ye keepers of shop-books. I am resolv'd, if possible, to laugh & be merry to ye bottom of this side, & so kiss thy Hands, and be thy humble Servant. 1 Thomas Tullie, D. D., Principal of St. Edumund Hall arid Chaplain to the King. 2 John Baker, son of Thomas Baker of Kingsbury, Somerset, matriculated as a member of St. Edmund HalJ, 29 April, 1670, aged 17: proceeded B.A. 1672, M.A. I676. 3 Basill Feilding, son of BasilJ Feilding of Barnacle, Warwickshire, matriculated as a member of St. Edmund Hall, 5 March, 1671, aged 15: admitted ' .Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple, 1683. 4 The Principal's Lodgings. 5 The usual method of preparing clay pipes for use. 6 Sir Edward Thurl and was a Baron of the Exchequer.

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SOlVIE MAGICAL PRACTICES AMONGST THE DAGOMBA. N the same way as we make 'wishes ' with our first mince-pie of the season, with the breaking of a fowl's 'wish-bone,' or with the eating of a twin-kernelled nut, so the Dagomba native (Northern Territories, Gold Coast) makes his 'wishes' after doing certain things, or at certain seasons. And, being a few stages behind us in civilisation, he takes his ' wishes ' a little more seriously than we. In our superiority we call his ' wishes ' magic. Frazer divides _magic into two classes-sympathetic and imitative. The power of sympathetic magic lies in contact with the desired object, that of imitative magic in the successful imitation of the desired effect. Sympathetic magic amongst the Dagomba may be either harmful or beneficial; more usually it is harmful. Anything which has been in contact with a man may be used to harm him. Indeed a year or two ago, I was asked in court to give judgment against a man who had picked up a handful of dust from the footmark of the complainant, which dust, he explained, if thrown into the fire or roughly treated would m ake him lame for some time. In the Old Testament and elsewhere a man's blood is said to be his ' ipsissima vita,' and the drinking of any blood is tabu; so too amongst the Dagomba a man's breath is a v ery integral part of him. An unscrupulous old wizard can obtain several additional years of life by sucking the breath, and so the life, of his more youthful companions. The wizard turns his mouth into the form of a duck's beak, which he inserts into the mouth of his unsuspecting friend while he is asleep. Some months ago, one of the chiefs of my district was ill several times, but each time he recovered. It so happened that on each occasion, one of his elders died. I was told by natives that he was 'borrowing ' their lives. Whether this was done by sucking their breath I was not told, but it was said that his retinue of eld ers were distinctly nervous, in case the illness attacked .him again, wondering whose life he proposed to borrow next. A man whose farm has a particularly good crop has to be careful of it. For if the passers-by repeatedly remark, ' What a good crop so-and-so has! ' they will drawÂˇinto themselves the goodness of the crop, and the crop itself , robbed of its 'ro rc ?jv,' will wither away. I look forward to the day when writing, having become more

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common, notices will be seen on every farm, 'Admirers will be prosecuted.' Imitative magic is more usually beneficial, and is used by the community at large. A common form of this is rain-making magic. During a drought, a group of families will bring an offering to a noted medicine-man. Realizing that they .expect value for money, the medicine-man will then take the tail of an animal and retire into his sanctum. There he will tie on to the tail various more or less revolting-looking objects (known as ' medicine,' but mercifully not taken internally), which he will then take to the local soothsayer, who will pass judgment upon the effectiveness or otherwise of the medicine. Then the medicine-man will again summon the people, and will collect a large and a small calabash, a number of faggots, and some damp leaves. The large calabash is filled with water, and the small one inverted and placed on the surface of the water, and pushed up and down to imitate the noise of falling rain. At the same time the faggots are lighted, and damp leaves cast upon the fire to produce clouds of smoke as it were rain-clouds. Drums are beaten to imitate thunder, and whilst this miniature storm is in process the victim for sacrifice is killed, and its blood mixed with the dust. The resulting mess may be smeared upon the heads and shoulders of the participants, who will then return home. Thereupon rain should fall, and wash them clean before they reach their houses. In any case, they will wait until the rain has fallen and washed away the m ess . I shudder to imagine what happens when rain refuses to fall for several weeks more. If, on the other hand, the community wants fine weather for a festival, and rain threatens, again the m edicine-man will be approached; and he will then 'tie up the rain ' into the tail with appropriate 'medicine.' To do this he stands up and waves the tail round in a semi-circle from the direction in which the rain threatens. At the same time he exclaims,' Providence, please excuse my taking such liberties with your weather.' The storm will then pass conveniently round the spot where the medicine-man has perform ed this ceremony. Fertility magic is always imitative, and may produce a family in an empty household, or fruitfulness in a poor crop. The rites for the form er purpose are unfortunately unprintable. But a crop, for instance, of yams may be greatly improved by the farmer, if he obtains a properly medicated stick of the requisite length from a medicine-man, and some ' sprinkling medicine.' He then sprinkles the medicine over the field, and takes the stick and plunges it into the ground beside each yam. This is in order to show the yams

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the length which they are expected to reach. If the medicine has been good, the yams, when they mature, will all be as long as the stick. The farm may be protected from thieves by fixing a tall stick in the ground, from which is suspended a large Iomp of 'medicine.' Should any thief be rash enough to steal from that farm, he will develop on his body a lump as large as the lump of medicine. Thus, besides being made very uncomfortable, he should be easily detected. The kinds of magic mentioned so far are everyday magic, uncomfortable enough when directed against oneself, but capable of being dealt with by the ordinary antidotes when the magic is harmful. But there is also black magic, of a much more terrifying order, the rites of which are known only to its initiates, and none will admit to being an initiate of it; indeed, those who are suspected of being such are hunted out, perhaps killed, perhaps dragged to the ' fetish ' and made to drink the fetish-water to make them powerless , perhaps banished to live as solitaries, fed with daily offerings to keep them quiet. The old women are, of course, the suspects in most cases . There is one village which at the census had a population of about two hundred old women, who had drunk the fetish-water, with a few attendant girls. No one else lived there. The were-wolf is a well-known figure in folk-lore; there are various forms o.f animal into which D agomba practitioners of black m agic turn. Most become hyenas, some leopards, and some even lions. At one place where I stayed some teh days in a collection of grass huts, my servants told me that there were many black witches; certainly there were numbers of hyenas. My servants refused to stir outside after dark, and a small boy who once did so assured me that he was met by a large hyena who belched fire at him. These transformed witches are said to wander at night, and devour small children, in order to prolong their own nefarious existence. I have been told too tha t there is a village where a peculiar and grisly dance is held, a t which the men have a medicine which enables them, at midnight, to turn into elephants, to bear children, and to lay egg s. At this dance the women attendants must not utter a sound, or they will die if they do. These are just a few outstanding examples of magic gathered from one tribe in Africa; similar examples m ay be found a ll over the world, and were indeed Âˇto be found in England itself some few centuries ago. H. A. BLAIR.

72 :

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STOCK~ TAKING. HE onlooker at a procession, if Stevenson is to be believed, receives more enjoyment than the bearers of the flags; and, in some respects, an undergraduate's outlook is analogous to that of a bystander. His enjoyment is, however, modified by the knowledge that, sooner or later, he will have to step in time with the rest. For life, he feels, in spite of Walter Pater, is far more than a seat of learning. And when, as at present, the procession of men and nations takes on a more than usually distressed appearance, his enjoyment is -turned to enquiry, in an attempt to justify his own existence. It is in times like these that the relationship of the University to theÂˇ 'outside world' may most profitably be considered. It is a good time to take stock. On the whole, the convergence of University life and what it is . convenient to call ' the world ' seems to be a necessary feature of Oxford's present and of her immediate future. Prejudice against science, commerce and manual labour is slowly breaking down; and it becomes increasingly difficult to conceal the fact that we are mostly specialists. It is true that the Church, the Bar, the Services, and the Teaching Profession have always drawn many of their recruits from the Univers.ties, and still do so. But now, science and commerce offer rival careers; and even the types of m en required to administer and govern are infinitely more varied than before. The open-air m an, with a good eye and a sound judgment, is still invaluable in the Colonial Services : but trained speciali sts in m edicine, agriculture; forestry, are also being called for. In short, specialised training is to a large extent replacing the old conception of a liberal education. 'Culture for culture's sake' was doubtless a far too' popular tag in the past ; and the theory of a classical education, excellent though it was in its own way, has nevertheless been rightly called the strait-waistcoat of the nineteenth century. These and similar theories may well be unknown in the future. The danger of specialisation entirely replacing true education is not perhaps immediate. As yet, Oxford colleges still form a sort of pleasant oasis, or, as an unkind critic has said, a kind of asylum, where young men are kept out of mischief. The ideal of the ' full life ' is still with us, but it is an ideal increasingly difficult of attainment. For better or worse, the system of ed ucation has been rendered more flexible , more practical, more specialised, to fit the needs of dem ocracy, the middle classes, and a m ore mechanical age.

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Whether these changes and prospects represent a definite break with the past, or whether they represent essentially the same theory applied to different needs, is perhaps another question. There are still many utilitarians who remain dissatisfied, and who plead for the substitution ofan even more rigidly vocational training for the present system of education. On the other hand, from the East, comes Tagore's indictment of Western civilization, and its 'unshakable faith in material strength and wealth '~an unconscious if desperate challenge to the Universities, one might say, not to let slip their ideals, even in an age of machinery. In the past, English schools and Universities have prided themselves, above all, on the production of character ; they have looked with some scorn on the too academic creatures who emerge from the French system of education. It is true, as Cyril Bailey has pointed out, that at one time ' character' meant little more than a ' negative morality' and proficiency in playing games-an unthinking acceptance of tradition and platitude. The value of sport has been, perhaps still is, exaggerated in England. But on the other hand, as Dr. Norwood declared a few months ago, mere 'slickness of intellect ' is not enough to meet the present needs. Versatility of intellect, based on soundness of character, is the ideal as he would re-state it. For after all , when economic commissions have presented their reports, it still remains for individuals and nations to make a moral decision. And, in spite of surface changes, this double ideal, rightly or wrongly, probably still lies beneath our present system of education in Oxford. Not only mental or vocational trainingÂˇ, but at least a sense of loyalty, even to-day, are among the usual endowments of a University education. An eye on the future is perhaps more excusable, more necessary, than it was in the past. The bystander is a little closer to the procession, but that is all. In spite of specialisation and mechanical efficiency, there is still a strong plea for the full development of personality. It is clear, however, that this plea, these inherited ideals, though comforting for the time being, are bound to be severely questioned in the future. Oxford may be in a state of equilibrium, but it is a very unstable equilibrium. At present, an undergraduate may hunt philosophies or good causes, or look for rainbows in his spare time, provided he settles cheerfully into a groove in the end. He may enjoy his gam es and tea parties- for three years . All this, thinks the outsider, is very pleasant, but cannot last for ever. Sooner or later Universities and Public Schools will have to grapple with ' facts,' and ' facts,' spoken 'in a certain tone of

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voice, invariably means 'unpleasant facts '-such as delighted Mr. Gradgrind and drove his pupils to despair. Civilisation, we shall be told, does ,not depend on good causes, or ideals, or games, though these may have seemed. valuable in the past : it means each man doing his task, and doing it thoroughly. And what the world expects of individuals, it will demand o.f institutions. Oxford, like other institutions, is a servant, not a master: and when the master's health and habits change, the servant must meet the new demands, or else retire from service. The analogy is imperfect, for a University influences, if it does not contJ,"Ol the destiny of nations: but on the whole, where civilisation sidetracks, particular systems of education will have to sidetrack too. If therefore, as Lord Birkenhead feared, Western civilisation is to become increasingly mechanical, until a few master-minds control a network of machines, while a host of slave-men pull levers, education as we know it to-day will be able to serve no useful purpose. It is true that shorter hours will eventually result from the use of efficient machinery, if whole nations are to be kept in employment : education might therefore be expected to assist the masses in their solution of the problem of leisure. On the other hand, a liberal education would in such circumstances probably do more harm than good. The educated, the intellectuals, would suffer most from even short periods of unintelligent routine work. It would be disheartening to learn, at school and un'i versity, the importance of initiative and a cultured personality, only to find that real life had no use for such things. Better-so the ordinary man would argue-better be a placid and ignorant lever-puller than ,an intellectual misfit, a lost soul in a waste of machinery. Thus, if Universities were to be retained as instructors iri the use of leisure, intelligence and initiative would need to be excluded from their programme. Education would be almost exclusively practical and physical : its ideal would be, not the cultured or intelligent man, but rather the dull and ' t<;Jugh-minded ' creature. Such a speculation, though gloomy, is not perhaps remote from possibility. Alternatively, Universities might admit only the few scientifically trained individuals destined to control governments, administration and commerce: but even so the ideals of culture and democracy would have been irretrievably lost. There would no longer be any real effort or desire to rescue talent or genius from uncongenialÂˇ mediocrity. Already Bertrand Russell has suggested, with that charming obstinacy of his, that our age has moved towards essentially scientific and empirical modes of thought. Facts, not first principles, in

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the near future, are to be the starting-points of thought, and hence the motive forces behind actions. Art, religion, ideals of culture per se, are, it seems, to be regarded at the best as pleasant uncertainties. According to his view-which is not essentially different from Lord Birkenhead's, at least in its attempt to meet new needs with totally different measures-Universities would, in time, adopt an entirely scientific outlook, or else be regarded as out-of-date mental . holiday-resorts,. pleasant places that is, but quite remote from the business of life. It may be, on the other hand, that Lord Birkenhead and others have suffered from a very bad nightmare, and that they have exaggerated the possible menace of machinery. A Catholic writer indeed has suggested that what the world needs, more than anything else, is a revival of Western European culture and religion. If this were so, Oxford! and indeed all Universities might hope to have not a less, but a much greater importance 'n the future. Which way the pendulum will swing first it is a lmost mpossible to say. In short, the existing conception of education, for want of a better, will probably persist for some little time to come: but whilst enjoying the present, we at any rate should be aware of our tendency to nourish lost causes. Besides, it is at least interesting to speculate on two possible forms which a 'New Oxford' might take : the one, a technical or physical training college ; the other, a delightful, old-world, intellectual Spa ! W. A. HoLT.

JOHN THAMYS AND HIS PAWNED BOOKS. 1462-1470. N his learned survey of the medieval books belonging to Merton College, recently published, Professor Powicke draws attention to one volume as having associations which give it a special interest for the Hall. Among the MSS. which were given to Merton College at some date after 1494 by Richard Fitzjames, Warden of the College and Bishop of London, there is a twelfth century MS. of St. Augustine's treatise on the Trinity. Professor Powicke notes thiat there are entries on the verso of the last fly-leaf which show that 'between 1462-70 this book was part of a caucio deposited on eight sepatÂˇate occasions by John Thamys or by Thamys and John Fisher jointly.' Both Thamys and Fisher were members of the Hall. Thamys was Principal for 'o ver twenty years, and

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during that time may be credited with having made the Hall one of the leading Halls in the University. Fisher was a Tutor who had probably been an undergraduate of the Hall. The evidence of the Oseney rent-rolls and of the Chancellor's Register invites the supposition that John Thamys ceased to be Principal after 1459, or at latest 146o, and this supposition is strengthened by the knowledge that in 1458 Thamys was appointed rector of Ross, in Herefordshire. In the Oseney rentals Thamys last appears as Principal in the roll for the year , Michaelmas 1458-Michaelmas 1459. In the rental for the following year his successor, Thomas Lee, takes his place. It was to be expected, therefore, that by 1462, when this caucio was deposited in the names of Thamys and. Fisher, Thamys had left Oxford for Ross. My curiosity therefore being roused by the note of this caucio in Professor Powicke's book, I asked Mr. H. W. Garrod, Fellow and Librarian of Merton, whether I might inspect the entries in question. By the very ready assistance which he gave me I have been able to make a transcript of them. T he entries run as follows:Caucio magistri Iohannis Thamys et Iohannis Fisher exposita in cista Wagan et Hussi, 19 die Maii annodomini 1462; et habet 7 supplementa. Primum est tercium volumen Moralium sancti Gregorii, continens 12 libros, 20 folio primi, male en:im malum dicitur. Secundum est Hugo de Vienna super Pentatheucum, 20 folio, catorum erat quando. Tercium est Crisostimus super Iohannem, 20 folio, tabularurn confecerunt. Quartum est Crisostimus super Matheum cum Egideo de Regimine Principum, 20 folio, libri eius lex quasi. Quintum est communi s exposicio super suptulas (in error for ' epistulas ') Pauli, 20 folio, per ipsum facta sunt. Sextum et septimum sunt duo volumina sancti Ieronimi super Y sa yam, 20 folio primi poterat et si imperitus, 20 folio secundi, et nunc numquid. Et iacet pro iiij li. iij s. Caucio magistri Iohanni s Thamys magistri Iohannis Fisher cum supplementis ut supra exposita in cista Wagan et Hussi anno domini 1463. iij li. xvj s. xiiij die Iunii ; et iacet pro iij li. xvj s. iiij d. C [ aucio J appreciatur sic per stacionarium iiij li. v s. Caucio magistri Iohannis Thamys et magistri Iohannis Fysher cum supplementis ut supra exposita in cista Wagan et Hussi iij die novembris anno domini 1464 et iacet pro iij li. xij s. iiij d. Caucio magistri Iohannis Thamys et magistri Iohannis Fysher exposita in cista Wagan et Hussy iij die novembri s anno domini 1465, et habet supplementa ut supra; et iacet pro iij Zi. viij s. iiij d. Caucio magistri Iohannis Thamys et magistri Iohannis Fisher exposita in cista Wagan et Hussi iij die Decembris anno domini 1466, et habet supplementa ut supra et iacet pro iij li. iiij s. iiij d.

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7:7

Caucio magistri Iohannis Thamys et magistri lohannis Fysher exposita in cista Wagan et Hussy anno domini 1467 J. 19, et habet supplemen~a ut supra et iacet pro iij Zi. iiij d. Caucio magistri Iohannis [' F'ysher' erased] Thamys et magistri Iohannis Fysher exposita in cista cum supplementis ut supra 29 die Aprilis anno domini 1469; et iacet pro liiij s. iiij d. lvj s. iiij d. Caucio magistri Iohannis Fysher magistri Iohannis Thamys exÂˇ' posita in cista Wagan et Hussy cum supplementis ut supra 29 die Junii anno domini 1470; et iacet pro [' lij s. iiij d.' erased] lij s. iiij d. These entries well illustrate the working of the loan-chest system whereby in medieval times members of the University, both graduate and undergraduate, were able to obtain financial assistance in the form of loans of money through the munifi~en.ce of benefactors who endowed the University with chests for this .purpose. By the middle of the fifteenth century there were ~orne . seventeen chests available. The administration of these chests~ was generally governed by conditions laid down in their deeds of foundation. A sum of money having been given for the formation of a chest, the University appointed keepers to be responsible for its administration. The keepers of a chest usually held office for a year and a month. A fixed scale of loans was laid down, varying in amount according to the academic standing of the borrower, and it was the duty of the keepers to accept adequate pledges (caudones) as security for the money lent. Books were a very usual form of caucio. Before a book was- accepted by the keepers of a chest, it was required that it should be valued by one of the official stationers of the University, so as to ensure as far as possible that the loan was sufficiently covered by the caucio that was to be deposited in the chest in consideration of the loan. Periodically the University authorized sales of unredeemed pledges. In 1412, for instance, the University woke up to the fact that a sorry collection of libri et cetere antepestilenciales cauciones were still lying in the various chests owing to the negligence of successive keepers, and oÂˇr dered the disposal of these unclaimed pledges, which dated back to the period before the Black Death and were now found ' to be so far decayed as to be of no value at all unless they be sold very soon.' The chest in which the eight volumes described in the foregoing entries were deposited in the joint names of John Thamys and John Fisher was one that had been founded by Thomas Vaughan and James . Hussey in the fourteenth century (Statuta Antiqtta. Uni7Jersitatis Oxon. , ed. S. Gibson, p. 4; F. M. Powicke, The Medieval

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Books of Merton College,, p. 16o). Loans from the Vaughan and Hussey Chest were subject to the same conditions as governed the Burnell Chest. A Master of Arts, whether a regent or a nonregent, could borrow a sum not exceeding 30s., a bachelor of whatever faculty a sum not exceeding 13s. 4d., and a sophist a sum not exceeding 6s. Sd. In the case of Thamys and Fisher it does not appear from the record of their cauci:o what sum was lent on the strength of the eight volumes deposited in their names. The first entry records that on 19 May, 1462, Mag. John Thamys and John Fisher deposited a caucio consisting of the volume of St. Augustine on the Trinity, now owned by Merton College, and 7 supplementa, or additional volumes, and that 'it lies for £4 3s.' There is a note stating that the University stationer valued this caucio of eight books at £4 ss. From the other entries it appears that the books continued to be held as pledges until 1470, and that they were revalued every year, presumably at the annual visitation of the Vaughan and Hussey Chest by its keepers, and that the valuation decreased by 4s. each time, with the exception of the year 1468, when no visitation seems to have taken place. What happ,e ned to the books after 1470 is not recorded, but I think we must conclude that they were not redeemed by Thamys or Fisher, but sold as superannuated pledges ; and it is likely enough that at the sale the volume containing the record of this caucio was bought by Richard Fitzjames, who subsequently gave it to Merton. As regards the problem of dates, I believe it would be a mistake to conclude on the strength of these entries that John Thamys continued to be in Oxford between the years 1462 and 1470. The entries of the caucio after 1462 may be taken, I think, as incidental to the annual visitation of the chest, when the cauciones deposited in it were checked over and formally revalued. Owners of pledges we re not required to attend on these occasions. I do not think it need even necessarily be concluded that John Thamys was himself present when the caucio was first deposited in 1462 and a loan obtained. The association of Thamys's name with that of his junior, John Fisher, can readily be explained if we may assume that when Thamys ceased to be Principal in 1459 or 1460 he left these books with Fisher, and subsequently allowed him to use them as security for a loan from the Vaughan and Hussey chest on the understanding that his interest in their ownership would be safeguarded by the joint entry of their names in the record of the caucio. And in this connexion it must be pointed out that the caucio is · nowhere entered in the name of Thamys alone, as Pro-

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fessor Powicke indicates in his note on the volume m question (The lvfedievlrz Books of Merton College, p. 228). The books which formed this caucio call for some mention. With the exceptio11 of the De Regimine Principum of Aegidius Colonna (Giles ' of Rome) that was bound up with the copy of St. Chysostom on St. Matthew, all of thein are theological works : St. Augustine on the Trinity ; the 3rd volume of St. Gregory's Moralia, a commentary on the Book of Job; a commentary on the Pentateuch by the 'Dominican, Hugo de Vienna (Hugh of Vienne or St. Cher), who died in 1263; St. Chrysostom on St. John, and St. Chrysostom on St. Matthew; ' a common exposition on the Epistles of Paul'; and two volumes containing St. J erome on Isaiah-a set of biblical commentaries well suited to the studies of any Oxford graduate reading for a higher degree in theology, and one that would have been well approved by the learned Chancellor of the University, Dr. Thomas Gascoigne, whose friend and executor Thamys was. ' I have already referred to John Fisher as being younger than John Thamys; he was' probably some thirty years his junior. He is known to have been a Bachelor of Arts in 1460 and a Master of Arts in 1465. As he is not styled magister in the entry of his caucio for 1462, but is so styled in the entry for 1463, it might be inferred that he had incepted a>1 Master of Arts in the interval. He was left a mazer by the will of a fellow member of the Hall who died in 1465', and he appears to have still been a tutor of the Hall in 1469 ; but after that date I have found no further particulars concerning him. A .B.E.

REVIEWS. Under this heading there are noticed or reÂˇviewed recently published books or articles that possess a special A ularian interest due to their authorship or to their contents. U'e shall be glad to have such books and articles brought to our 1iotice . STATVTA ANTIQVA .VNIVE.RSITATIS ,OXONIE!'/Srs, Edited with an Introduction by Strickland Gibson. Oxford : Clarendon Press, 193!. 36S. Mr. Strickland Gibson has brought together for the first time all extant statutes and ordinances of the University made before 1634, the year in which Archbishop Laud's great revision of the Statutes of the University bore fruit in the issue of a well-ordered

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code . . The laborious task of preparing this edition has been carried out with scholarly thoroughness. Until its appearance anyone studying the medieval history of the University has had to depend upon the collection of statutes edited by the Rev. H. Anstey for theÂˇ Rolls Series under the title Munimenta Academica. Unfortunately Mr. Anstey's edition was not a satisfactory piece or work, as among other criticisms that might he made about it, his transcription of the original MSS. was not sufficiently reliable. The statutes pmmulgated during the period between 1492 and 1634 have never been printed before. The collection of ancient statutes and ordinances contained in Mr. Gibson's volume furnishes the most important source of information we have concerning the constitution of the medieval Halls and their relationship with the University. When I was working on the earlier history of our Hall, Mr. Gibson's edition of the statutes was far enough advanced for me to be able to study the contents of it from his proof-sheets, which he most kindly allowed me to use. In that way it was possible for me to include page references in my footnotes to his forthcoming edition. For the period, therefore, prior to the accession of Elizabeth, which is the period covered by An Oxford HaLl in Medieval Times, Mr. Gibson's edition of the ancient statutes of the University has been already laid under contribution, in so far as it contains matter of Aularian interest. Among the statutes relating to the medieval period which Mr. Gibson has included in his edition are the Statuta Aularia. These had previously been printed by Dr. Rashdall as an appendix to the volume of his History of the Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. I dealt with these Statuta pretty fully in chapter ix of my book. Mr. Gibson has now printed for the first time an undated revised edition of the Statuta A ularia, which he ascribes to the early seventeenth century. This code is closely modelled upon its fifteenth century predecessor, a good deal of the original wording being preserved. In comparing the two codes it is noticeable that some excisions have been made, but as these excisions appear to have been made for no other reason than that of brevity, they do not call for any particular mention. The additions and modifications are few; but such as they are they deserve notice as marking the contribution which those responsible for the revision of the Aularian Statutes thought fit to make. With the changes in the services of the Church consequent upon the Reformation it was necessary to revise the requirements laid down for members of Ha1Is in respect of religious obervances.

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All members of Halls were required, according to the revised statutes, to attend matins and evensong in their parish churches or 'other convenient place' on Sundays and festivals, under a penalty of rd. for absence and td. for unpunctuality. Those who were late for church were to come in if they arrived before the first lesson, but not after. Every member of a Hall was required to attend morning prayers daily between 5 and 6 o'clock in the chapel of his Hall or ' other convenient place prescribed by the Principal.' No mention is made of attendance at the Holy Commumon. There is still provision for a sacra lectio at meal-times in hall. The regulations touching general conduct contain an injunction against wearing long locks- immodestam nutritionem comarum sive capillorum. It is noticeable throughout this revised code that, consequent upon changes in the value of money, the fines are for the most part higher than those fixed in the original code. In many instances farthing fines have been raised to a penny, and penny fines to fourpence; the fine for cutting or spilling liquor on a table-cloth has even been raised from id. to 4d. There is a new regulation to the effect that no one is to ' scale, ascend or pass over the walls of the college or the orchard except for urgent and manifest necessity approved by the Principal, under penalty of one shilling for every offence. ' The occasions that might be approved by the Principal are not specified. There is another new regulation which deserves remark. 'No one after supper is to presume to start any computacunc_ula or "fire" before 7 o'clock, 'whereby students are drawn from their studies,' nor is anyone to prolong any such gathering after 9 o'clock; moreover, when students meet together at computacunculae or 'fires,' they are to do so' soberly, modestly, speaking Latin, without noise or laughter, so that they be not a nuisance to others.' The gathering here referred to as a computancuncula is, I presume, identical with the biberium or bever, of which mention is made in the older co.d e; this was an evening gathering at which small beer was drunk, and at which, we may gather from this regulation in the revised code, a fire had come to be regarded as the particular attraction. In the section of the new statutes dealing with hall servants, a porter finds inclusion. He is required to close the gates of the Hall at 9 o'clock and to deposit the keys with the Principal or his deputy. The gates are not to be opened before 5 o'clock in the morning.

A.B. E.

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THE WAY OF A PILGRIM. Translated from the Russian by the Rev. R. M. French, with a Foreword by the Bishop of Truro. London: 路 Philip Allan. 1930. 4s. 6d. We are very grateful to Mr. French for his translation of these fascinating narratives. The translation must, we imag路ine, be free. The beautiful simplicity of the English, as we read it, suggests a rare penetration into the author's mind. We will not here raise the question as to how far the narratives are historical. There is not sufficient evidence for attempting such an enquiry, and if such is desired it would perhaps be well first to ask a different questionwhich would we rather leave to posterity- Bunyan's ' Pilgrim's Progress,' or his ' Grace Abounding'; 路and in what sense either is or is not history? The scene is Russia. The date the middle of the nineteenth century. The pilgrim is a man of the lowest birth, a penniless cripple with a withered left arm, married at seventeen years of age- a childless widow at twenty. He takes to the roads, with a passport that frees him from public duties, necessary before the Liberation of the Serfs in r86r, and roams from place to place for thirteen years: throug路h the same country, by the same roads the grey battalions trudged to the defence of Sebastopol. But there is no thought of war in the tales he tells, no more than there is in Isaac Walton or Jane Austen. 'My worldly goods are a knapsack; with some dried bread in it on my back, and in my breast pocket a Bible, and that is all.' More than all, because as we catch glimpses of him on his way ' to visit the holy places at Kiev-perhaps to Jerusalem '-we see him now without bread, now without his beloved Book of Devotion, the Philokalia, now without strength to walk. But of unworldly goods he has great store. A single purpose, to find out how to pray, and singleness of heart with which he can accept, as he goes his way, all that can help him to ac~ieve his purpose, and reject all else that the world offers . From the crudest acceptance of the text, 'Pray without ceasing,' he makes a spiritual pilgrimage to high perfection in the Practice of the Presence of God. What life he gives to the stray pilgrims whom you meet in the pages of Tolstoi's 'War and Peace,' or Dostoievski's 'The Brothers Karamazov ' ! It is unlikely that a western Christian with a modern education and a smattering of Biblical criticism and elementary psychqlogy will be anything but critical of this pilgrim's interpretation and practice of the hesychast's method. To support it, it is necessary

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m any case to assume a life free from the worldly ties common to the great majority of Christians. He will no doubt prefer to pursue the simpler example of Brother Lawrence of Lorraine. But the end is one-for Christians of East and West; and the use of the' Jesus prayer,' the Kyrie Eleison, in some form is the priceless heritage of Christians throughout the world. It would be strange if any should read this simple story without discovering in himself a fresh desire to use in his own way the Pilgrim's Prayer. What does the prayer make of the Pilgrim? Apparently a man possessed of deep interior joy, through which he is free from fear of extreme physical pain. He has a spiritual possession which makes him free from fear of man. He .is happy alone in the long stretches of open road by day or night; but enters with great joy, and flood of converse, for a while, with any h e finds who share som ething of his secret. By his keen spiritual insight he is a ble to help many who came his way. These ac ts of service are the fruit and test of his prayer, but at no point the object of his quest. He has found, moreover, the truth of his text-book, ' He who has attained a true prayer and love . . . does not distinguish the righteous man from the sinner, but loves them all equally and judges no man, as God causes His sun to shine and His rain to fall on the just and the unjust.' A clear-cut character, happy in his discovery, yet still a traveller with a quest. He passes out on to the road once more, leaving behind him a sense of the strong hand of Provid ence, and a witness to the words he loved, '0 taste and see how gracious the Lord is.' J. S. BREWIS. THE IMPERIAL THEME. Further Interpretations of Shakespeare 's Tragedies, including the Roman Plays. By G. Wilson Knight. ix + 367 op. Oxford University Press. rzs. 6d. Continuing his study of Shakespeare's development, Professor Wilson ÂˇKnight has, in this volum e , devoted his attention to the creative motives , or, as he chooses to style them, thelife-themes of the tragic plays of Shakespeare's maturity. The struggle between these themes and those of destruction or death are the two truths which swell the imperial th eme. His first chapter on interpretative critici sm disarms any questioningÂˇ of the actual treatment he gives to the plays, but we hope to show later that the narrowness of his approach is the direct reason for his missing some interesting conclusions.

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With his complaints against the character .criticism of a previous generation we have no quarrel, and with his own · claims for a recognition of the value of the unconscious revelation of his mind • which Shakespeare made in his imagery we have even less. It is presuming too much, however, to claim this critical development as a new one. Twenty years ago, at least, Masson's posthumous Shakespeare Personally laid the foundation of the method and produced many interesting discoveries. It had the merit, too, of attempting to assess their significance on the basis of recurrences and fervours. To that extent, at least, it was not necessarily subjective. It is to be freely granted that impressions are the fundamental material of criticism, but they: must be tested. An example may be cited from the essay on Antony and Cleopatra. A quite considerable· importance is attached to the lines, ' The vagabond flag upon the stream lackeying the varying tide.' But this, it must be noted, is a conjectural emendation. The admitted sources of Shakespeare's plays have not been considered, and this omission shifts the emphasis in many ways. In the essays on Julius Caesar, stress is laid on the repeated mention, for example, of Caesar having the falling sickness. In this play Shakespeare followed North's Plutarch with astonishing closeness. That fact too accounts for the remarks about the lean and hungry look of Cassius . . This neglect is nowhere better exemplified than in Enobarbus' famous speech describing Cleopatra in her barge. This, Professor Wilson Knight offers as one of the two pieces which best represent the clustered imagery of the play. That passage, it is notorious, is a close paraphrase of North. The inference, then, must be that it was here that Shakespeare's inspiration was first fired. While we are concerned with Antony and Cleopatr(l), we may remark that a closer acquaintance with Shakespeare would have removed a certain tentativeness in the remark that fishing appears to be a love-metaphor with him. Hamlet's 'fishmonger' applied to Polonius, and, even more, the ' fishing for trout in a peculiar stream ' of ' Measure for Measure ' are significant. The' rose of May,' dealing with Hamlet, is provocative of dissent. When Professor Wilson Knight says that Ophelia (p. I Is) is 'all sweetness, flowery prettiness in her madness,' the St. Valentine's song she sings becomes rather difficult to explain. There is a flowery tone in the book which sometimes carries the author away. For example, p. 204: 'The style of Othello is like a large glowing coal; that of Macbeth like the sparks from an anvil ; Lear, like a rocket ; Timm?A, like phosphorus churned to flame in a twpic ocean.' The excursus, too, on short i's and

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the denial of any sonority in Antony and Cleopatra will not b ear serious examination, si nce ' i ' has two perfectly distinct sounds and had so in Shakespeare's time. But it is not on the blemishes in this book that we must dwell. The general conclusions s upported by massed batteries of quotation are incontestable, though even here we regret that there are not more of them, for there is much more that could u sefull y have been inferred. The note on Richard II is the most interesting passage in the book, though the philosophical jargo n is rather unnecessary, The idea of the propheti c soul in Shakespeare is well substantiated, but there is a stronger piece of evidence in Claren ce's Dream in Richard III, where Shakespeare looks not only forward as far as The Tempest, but, at the same time, back to Marlowe. It contains Professor Wilson Knight's touchstone word 'tempest,' and doubtless his next study--on The Tempest-will deal with this problem. Professor Wilson Knight is gradually mastering the new technique of the study of poetic imagery. We trust that eventuall y h e will be able to use it for something more than its own interest. We wish him every success. In conclusion we must add that beyond a single broken letter, the typography is beyond reproach. ]. L. N. O'LouGHLIN. ARDINCAPLE CASTLE AND ITS LAIRDS . By Edward Randolph W elles. Large 8vo, pp. xvi + 201. Glasgow: Jackson, Wylie & Co . 1930. This book, finel y prod uced and illu strated, is the o utcom e of the author's visit to Ardincaple Castle in the summer of 1928, that is , in the interval between his arrival from the United States and his admission to the H all. Having succumbed to the spell of Ardincaple, he was eager to discover w hat he could about the history of the castles o n this site that have stood sentinel at the junction of Gare Loch and the Clyde during the last eight centuries. But finding no adequate treatment of the subject, he decided to essay the task himself. In this project he happily received full encouragement from his hostess, Mrs. Macaulay-Stromberg, the present chatelaine. While h e was an undergraduate of the Hall, he managed t o find time to carry o ut the necessary researches . Although he has not served a_ny apprenticeship to the historian's craft-for his r eading has been in theology-he h as succeeded remarkably well in his exploration of the difficult field on Scottish history . H e is much to b-e congratulated on his enterprise and its fulfilment. A.B. E .

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE

THE DISINTERMENT oF MILTON's REMAINS. By Allen Walker Read. Contributed to the Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, Vol. XLV, No. 4Âˇ On August 4, 1790, a coffin containing a body that was thought to be Milton's was disinterred in the church of St. Giles', Cripplegate. On that day and the day following the body was preyed upon by relic-hunters. Although the incident caused grave scandal at the time, opinion was by no means unanimous in agreeing that the remains so disgracefully mishandled were indeed those of Milton. Mr. Read has brought his detective skill to bear upon the problem. He has closely investigated t~e case in all its grim particulars, and comes to the conclus}on that ' the body disinterred in 1790 at St. Giles', Cripplegate, was that of the poet Milton.'

A.B. E. The Rev. Duncan Armytage, Warden of St. Anselm's Hall, Manchester, has contributed an important article on the subject of Ministerial Training to the December number of Theology. Mr. A. W. Read's story Rhodes Scholar, which appeared in The American Oxonian in 1930, is included in The Best Short Stor'ies of I9JI, edited by Edward J. O'Brien. American Speech, Vol. VI, No. 5 (June, 1931) contains an article by Mr. Read on one of his favourite topics, American place-names ; it is entitled ' Liberty ' in I ow a. Mr. A. E. Ellis (in conjunction with Mr. D. Aubertin and Mr. G. C. Robson) has contributed a paper on The Natural History and Variation of the Pointed Snail, Cochlicella acuta (Miill) to the Proceedings of the ZooLogical Society of London, 1930. Mr. F. E. Ray has contributed a paper on The a,, ~. y-Trimethylglutaric Acids to The Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 53, 1174 (1931). A letter from Mr. J. L. N, O'Loughlin under the heading The Dream of the Rood appeared in The Times Literary Supplement, August 27th. It contained an interesting suggestion with regard to the inscription on tpe Ruthwell Cross. A.B.K

DEGREES. February 14, 1931.

D.Phil.: H. J. Hunt. B.A.: J. L. Tadman.

March 28. ..

B.A.: T. R. Beatty.

April3o.

M.A.: Rev. \iV. D. Gower-Jones, Rev. A. C. Parr.

...

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE June 6.

June 25 .

July I8 . August

I . ...

October ISÂ·

November 2 I.

M.A.: G. V. Carlin, Rev. F. A. J. Lamb, H. B. Linton, Rev . H. W . Palmer, F. G. Reeves, Rev. P. S. Sprent, W . C. Webber. B .Litt . : L. W. Hanson . B.A. : 0. C. Trimby. M.!A ,. : H. B. Barrett, J . J. G. Walkinton. B.Litt. : E. R. Casady. B.A . : C. F . Cardale. M.A . : Rev. A. J. Foster. B.A.: H . A. Maxwell, A. H . Mead, R. Waye . M.A.: B. Barber, J. Johnson, G. W . Knigh t, J. C. W. Ludlow, Rev. I. F. F . Webb. B.A .: W . W. R . Clotworthy, C. A. Coomb er, E. L. H . Kentfield, E . Rawlinson. B .A.: C. P . R. Clarke , A. F . Colborn , R. G. Cornwell, B. M. Forrest, Prince L. L ieven, G. E . Marfell , J. L. N. O'Loughlin, C. E. Passey, A. P. Rose, C. H. Sutton, S. W. E. Taylor, J. P. Thorp, J. H. Torrens, G. S. Wamsley, H. S. 0 . Wood. B.Litt.: W. V . Reynolds. B.A.: M. du Cooper, D. K . D. Dixey, C. G. Lawrence.

MATRICULATIONS. MrcHAELMAS TERM.

Exhibitioners: Childs, Theodore J ohn (Colfe's Grammar School, Lewisham). Jackson, James Eric (Brentwood School). Meredith, William John (Barrow Grammar School). Serraillier, Ian Lucien (Brighton College) . Com..moners: Appel be, Jack Nesbitt (Imperial Service College, Windsor) . Barker, George Charles Raymond (Peter Symonds School, Winchester) . Belden, Kenneth David (Caterham School). Brett, George Thomas (Durham School). Brown, Martin Rotherford (Rossall School). Calvert, Roger George Robert (Lancing College). Cooke, Frederick (Stretford Grammar School). Evens, Glyn Kinnaird Bramwell (Mill H ill School). Farrer, Francis Myles Allinson (St. J ohn's School, Leatherhead) .

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZINE Gosling,* Glenn Donald (University of Michigan, U.S.A.). Halstead, Ernest Taylor (Kingswood School, Bath). Hughes, Evan Edward (Palmer's School, Grays, Essex). Lawless, J ames (Firth Park Secondary School, Sheffield) . Leech, Jack Noel Wilde (St. Edward's School, Oxford). Lowe, Eric Edward (Adams ' Grammar School, Wem.). Lowe, Raymond John (Magdalen College School, Oxford). Lunt, Rev. Ronald Bryan (Durham University). McDonaugh, James (Royal Grammar School, Worcester). Monkman, Aubrey (Leeds Grammar School). Mortimore, Keith (King Henry VIII School, Coventry). Mosdell, Lionel Patrick (Abing-don School) . Mow11, John Edward (Marlborough College). 011ier, Cecil Rupert (Wallascy Grammar School). Orton, Henry Ralph (Stoc kport Grammar School). Packer , H arold Eustace (Stamford School). Palmer, Peter Clephan (St. Paul's School) . Parsons, Stanley Frederick (Alleyn's School, Dulwich). Poston, Robert Charles (Brentwood School). [Wa lsham). Slaughter, Edgar William (The Paston S chool, North Thoms, Gwyn (Rhondda County School, Glamorganshire). Vaughan, Richard J ohn (Bristol Grammar School). Wallace, William (Mill Hill School). Willson, David H enry (Sherborne School). Witherington , Paul (La ncing College).

*Rhodes Scholar.

THE NEW BUILDING FUND. We very gratefully record below the Sixth List of Subscriptions that have been received for the New Building Fund:£ s. d. Total Subscriptions for years 1927-30, brought forwa;d ' 1759 0 II tRev. R . H. O'Donovan 5 0 j-Sir Mark Hunter 5 0 0 ]-A. E . Ellis 0 0 0 *V. W. Miles 0 I 0 j-Rev. F . J . Fish j- Rev. S. A. Howard 5 0 0

*signifies sth in sta lm e nt . t s ig nifies 6th instalment. · t sig nifi es gth instalment.

ST. EDMUND HALL MAGAZ I NE

LIDDON EX HIBITION FUND. It was explained in the last issue of the Ma.gazine that it was prop osed that this Fund should remain open in the hope that it may be gradually augmented so as to provide further exhibitions for the assistance of members of the Hall who are candidates for ordination. We very gratefully acknowledge the additional contrib utions that have been received :£ s. d. Total brought forward 6o 19 2 . Mrs . T. K. Allen s 0 0 Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Brew is (second 111IO 0 stalment) 0 The Rev. J. S. Brew is (second instalment) IS 0 0 Miss L. C. Giraud 0 0 Dr. H. J. H unt 0 0 3 2 Rev. G. Perry-Gore 0 2 St. Edmund Hall Chapel Offertory (Reunion, 1930) ... 3 5 0 St. Edmund Hall Chapel Offertory (Liddon Society) 17 0 Messrs. Mowbray & Co.: Comm ission on sales of the Liddon Centenary M emoir (second instalment) 8 0 t_:Ior

ORGAN RENOVATION FUND. We record here, with very grateful acknowledgment, the contributions that have been made to the Organ Renovation Fund :£ s. d. Brought forward ... 66 3 0 I 0 Rev. W. G. Boys Johnson E. F. Salmon · 10 0 0 Oxford University Church Musical Society 0 Gift of the Aularian Association (second instalment) s 0 Gift of the St. Edmund Hall Musical 20 0 0 Society Miscellaneous IS 4

ST. EDMUN D HALL MAGAZINE

THE AULARIAN ASSOCIATION. RECEIPTS AN D PAYMENTS ACCOUNTS for th e yea.r ending Jun e 3oth, 193 1. RECEIPTS .

£ Subscriptions pnor to June . 30, 1930: Membership Magazine Activities Fund

s. d.

35 8 21 19 46 5

51 2 13 16 27 18

0 0 12

92 17

1 1

103

Subscriptions June 30, 1930, to June 30, 1931 : Membership Magazine Activities Fund

4 8 II

£196 10

PAYMENTS,

Orga n Fund Holywell Press Postages and Stationery

46 J

s. d. 0

5 8

s. d.

----

Balance to be carried forward

63 l3 132

£196 ro

JOHN

B. ALLAN, Hon. Treasur er.

Audited and found correct, H . c. I NGLE, Hon. Auditor.

July rst, 1931.