Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou

CONNECTIVITY as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou Shekou port, Shenzhen, China

Stefanie Verhoeyen

CONNECTIVITY as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou Shekou port, Shenzhen, China

Stefanie Verhoeyen Master Dissertation Project

Academic promoter: Arch. Martine De Maeseneer International Master of Science in Architecture, Campus Ghent Academic year: 2013-2014

1

2

PREFACE “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

For my Master Dissertation I chose for ‘The Adaptive City – Architecture as Risk’ situated in the Shekou industrial area in Shenzhen, directed by Arch. Martine de Maeseneer. The reason why I chose this project was because I was attracted by the character of the city Shenzhen itself. I was not familiar with Asian lifestyles, habits, environments and materials before and I wanted to know more about this. As soon as I started researching I discovered that Asian cities are growing incredibly fast and Shenzhen is one of the cities with the most remarkable numbers. Shenzhen is a city of transition and it has a lot of opportunities to get developed in a smart way. We didn’t have a masterplan on such a big scale before and I wanted to take this unique chance to broad my knowledge about this.

First of all I want to thank my academic promoter, Martine de Maeseneer, to guide our design studio through the whole research and design process. She gave interesting input, that made my project to this result. Also she gave us the opportunity to attend workshops on the Shekou port site itself. In the workshops we worked together with the Chinese students, that were working on the same project. Exchanging our knowledge and new ideas gave the research work a boost.

The first five weeks we did the research and we created urban strategies for the masterplan in team. I want to thank the members of my team, Laure Decaigny, Inse Vanneuville and Martijn Verfaillie for the good collaboration and the interesting discussions we had.

Finally I would like to thank my parents and my friend Andrés for their constant support and patience during the time I studied.

June 2014, Stefanie Verhoeyen

3 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4

INDEX “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

Preface.............................................................................................................................................................................................p.2 Index...................................................................................................................................................................................................p.4 Concept note...................................................................................................................................................................................p.6 1. RAPID URBANIZATION.............................................................................................................................................................p.8 1.1. China’s rapid urbanization.................................................................................................................................................p.9 2. SHENZHEN...................................................................................................................................................................................p.10 2.1. Location.....................................................................................................................................................................................p.11 2.2. Fastest growing city in the world...............................................................................................................................p.12 2.3. Typologies...............................................................................................................................................................................p.16 2.4. Urban villages.......................................................................................................................................................................p.18 2.5. Political and economic framework.................................................................................................................................p.24 2.6. What is community?............................................................................................................................................................p.26 3. BLOCK ATTACK........................................................................................................................................................................p.36 3.1. The block attack in Asian cities...................................................................................................................................p.37 4. THE SKEKOU PORT SITE......................................................................................................................................................p.44 4.1. Location....................................................................................................................................................................................p.45 4.2. History of the Shekou port...........................................................................................................................................p.46 4.3. Identity of the site: borders and connections.......................................................................................................p.50

4.3.1. Water.....................................................................................................................................................................p.51

4.3.2. Mountains.............................................................................................................................................................p.52

4.3.3. Industrial heritage...........................................................................................................................................p.53 4.4.

4.5.

4.6.

4.7.

4.8.

Masterplan principle I : reconnecting the three elements...............................................................................p.56 Theory of the urban web...............................................................................................................................................p.58 Masterplan principle II : applying the daily routine-circles on the Shekou port site.........................p.65 The design of the path...................................................................................................................................................p.68 Zoom in: living within a structure...............................................................................................................................p.76 4.8.1. Flexibility..............................................................................................................................................................p.78 4.8.2. Plans......................................................................................................................................................................p.80 4.8.3. collectivity...........................................................................................................................................................p.88

5. Figure list..................................................................................................................................................................................p.96 6. References................................................................................................................................................................................p.100

5 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

CONCEPT NOTE

Through time, East Asian cities became a victim of a big urban attack. For centuries the fabric and the grid of these cities were defined by urban villages. These are villages built up in a small scale with a high density and where the community spirit is still present. They are socially connected and they have their own identity. Because this land is cheap, they are mostly occupied by the poor.

But since the start of the second millennium they are starting to disappear, caused by demographic and economic forces. They are demolished in order to put high-rise anonymous blocks with no identity and not even the same density as the urban villages had, while they are reaching more height. It are massive towers, slabs and blocks where people are living in their own box and where there is no social connection. These housing units are mostly occupied by the rich because of the comfort.

Because of this ‘block attack’ Asian cities are developing a segregated society.

When we zoom in on Shenzhen we see that this city underwent an enormous metamorphosis last decades. Shenzhen is known as one of the fastest growing cities in the world. The city changed from a little fishing village into a modern metropolis. With an original population of 300 000 inhabitants, they reached 12 million inhabitants in 2005, with 75 % of migrants.

By analyzing those numbers we can conclude that density is necessary in Shenzhen, since the population is still growing.

But I'm asking myself the question if demolishing urban villages and building high-rise apartments instead, is the good solution.

Social interconnection is lost and the need of density is not solved.

6 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

Is there a possibility to design a system of living that is a medium between the system of the urban villages –with the social interaction and density- and the system of the urban blocks –with the comfort and hygiene- in a self-sufficient way?

The Shekou port site, where the project is situated, is an industrial site with a lack of connection. The mountains and the water are acting like boundaries between the site itself and the other part of the city. The industry will move soon to another place in Shenzhen because there were no possibilities to grow anymore. What will be left is an empty area that needs to be revitalized.

Connectivity and the application of the daily routine-circles are the two principles that I use in the masterplan. Connecting important points within the site by visual and physical axes will make the Shekou port site a homogenous and readable place again. Providing all the basic needs of a human life within one daily routine circle will stimulate locomotion and brings movement back to the site.

I worked out one of the axes between the mountains. The mountains provide an incredible view to the city, the industrial part and the sea in the same time. This visual connection makes a break with the visual boundary. Within a path that connects the two mountains I created a system of living that is in line with the system of the urban villages. A community-based way of living for everyone, that makes a break with the segregation.

7 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

8

1. RAPID URBANIZATION “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

1.1. CHINA’S RAPID URBANIZATION

Cities are an attraction for opportunities, wealth generation and economic development. This the reason why there is a rush of people to these cities. ‘Megacities’ are developing: urban areas with a population of 10 million or more. Currently there are 19 megacities in the world and there are 27 megacities expected for 2020. More than the half will be in Asia. This rapid growth causes problems on social, ecological and economic level.

It’s hard to manage this growth in a sustainable way.

Last decades China is undergoing a huge transformation. The density is becoming more and more and the cities need to adapt to the growth of the population. Cities are growing and absorb the surrounding villages. Huge towers get built even faster than the pen of the architect.

fig.1 : Population China

9 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

10

2. SHENZHEN “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

2.1. LOCATION

CHINA

fig. 2 : Location of Shenzhen: it is a major city in the south of Southern China’s Guangdong Province, situated immediately north of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.

11 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

2.2. FASTEST GROWING CITY IN THE WORLD

Last decades Shenzhen underwent an incredible metamorphosis. The city has the title of ‘the fastest growing city of the world’, changed from a little fishing village into a modern metropolis. Shenzhen, historically called “Bao’on”, was a territory of treasured peace known for its tranquil beauty. In 1979, Deng Xiaoping established Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in the Pearl River Delta region, with Shenzhen being one of the zones.

Soon Shenzhen stood out among the SEZs, not only because of its growth in its population and economy, but also because of the amount of constructed landscape that totally changed the geography of the region. The original number of population was 300 000, while the number now is 14 million, with 75% of migrants. The population is never static or consistently calculated in official documents, which makes it not easy to capture the correct number.

The overwhelming demand for housing gave rise to “villages in the city” built by farmers using small plots of land given to them as compensation for foregoing their farmland. These villages are highly organized like farmland, pixilated as seen from aerial photos. Farmers reap their harvests through renting these small apartment blocks to the many migrant workers.

Considering how 50 percent of the Shenzhen population lives in these urban villages, built on only 10% of Shenzhen’s total area, the density and the natural co-existence of history and cultures in these urban villages in Shenzhen are astonishing.

12 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

SHENZEN CITY GROWTH In two decades, the urban built up area has been tripled.

12 462 km² in 1989 38107 km² in 2009

fig. 3 : Growth from 1980 - 1990

fig. 4 : Growth from 1990 - 2000

fig. 5 : Growth from 2000 - 2010

fig. 6 : Growth from 2010 - 2020

fig. 7 : The distibution of urban villages in Shenzhen, 2005

13 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 8 : Small fishing village

fig. 9 : People and factories showed up

fig. 10 : The first urban blocks

fig. 11 : Preparing for a new avenue

fig. 12 : Avenue complete

fig. 13 : Developiment of a small town

fig. 14 : Buildings become higher

fig. 15 : The city is getting crowded

fig. 16 : Skycrapers

fig. 17 : The population is growing

fig. 18 : Shenzhen, a city of construction

14 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

1980

2011

fig. 19 : The city had a enormous transformation during the last 30 years

15 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

2.3. TYPOLOGIES

The typology of Shenzhen is characterized by a patchwork of all kinds of patterns. A certain structure is missing in the urban context and building typologies vary from high-rise buildings to urban villages. These urban villages along with urban slums give a clear idea of the social and spatial problems in China. How do they handle with the huge population and the high dense cities?

fig. 20 : zoom in on a part in the South-West of Shenzhen, including the Shekou port site: different typologies in Shenzhen

16 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

A

B

C

D

fig. 21 : Different typologies

A. HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS:

There is a lot of open public space, but the identity of the place is lost.

People don’t use the space, it turns into a nomansland.

Floor >25 . Density 18500 pp/km² . Coverage 8%

B. URBAN VILLAGES:

There is no rigid grid, but buildings are built randomly next to each other.

Beause of this, small public spaces turn into more private intimate places.

Floor 6-7 . Density 21300 pp/km² . Coverage 81%

C. VILLA DISTRICT:

There is a low density, a lot of private space, but a low social interaction.

Floor 2-3 . Density 1500 pp/km² . Coverage 15%

D. MID-RISE BUILDINGS:

There is a high density with a small amount of public space. There is a lack of private and intimate spaces.

Floor 3-8 . Density 9250 pp/km² . Coverage 29%

High-rise buildings

Urban villages

fig. 22 : High-rise buildings vs. urban villages: amount of floors, density and coverage

17 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

2.4. URBAN VILLAGES

For centuries the fabric and the grid of these cities were defined by urban villages. These are villages built up in a small scale with a high density and where the community spirit is still present. They are socially connected and they have their own identity. Because this land is cheap, they are mostly occupied by the poor.

In the nineteenth century there was a rapid expansion in Asian cities because of the migration of rural area around the city.

Shenzhen expanded and swallowed up the surrounding agriculture land. They started to subdivide the large houses into smaller parts to live in it. It was an effectual strategy to handle with the urban densification. These cities were able to retain their traditional villages. Most of the inhabitants in the urban villages were migrants. The process of industrialization in many Asian cities has been encouraged by cheap labor.

Because there was a lack of mobility, workers came to live temporarily close to their job. Over time these settlements have developed into urban villages and slums. The inhabitants formed informal societies. A community was born. Because of the expansion of the city, existing rural villages at the countryside get absorbed into the city. But many of these villages are trying to keep their community-based lifestyle. The villages are acting like islands within the city. Local villagers themselves retained control and they developed independently from the city itself. They are autonomous and many provide homes to political and cultural refugees.

Because of the rise of the tourism, nowadays disneyfication of those villages is happening. Preserved Asian villages are sometimes an imitation of the true former live. Governments and locals are taking profit out of their romantic appearance.

However, there is also a positive side about it: some of the villages become protected as cultural heritage and in this way they have more chance to survive.

18 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 23 : Development of the urban village and its land use diversity

fig. 24 : Spatial transformation from rural village to urban village

19 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 25 : Urban villages acting like islands within the city

fig. 26 : Urban villages acting like islands within the city

20 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 27 : The different layers of the urban villages grid

21 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

Every house is rebuilt or renovated without even planning or designing. It are affordable, low-income houses for rural migrants. It are high density buildings with narrow streets.

In these areas there are problems with physical and social infrastructure. There is a poor ventilation and lighting system. The quality and the structure of the houses depend on the economic capacity of the local villagers. The height of the buildings depends between 2 to 8 floors. This is the maximum because there are no elevators. Buildings higher than 4 floors are mostly considered as illegal construction by the government. Mostly a ground floor with a good location is used for commercial activities.

In the urban villages, the inner streets are packed with shops, grocery stores and other services outlets. There are only a few elderly clubs or temples but these are exceptions. There is no public space. Pipelines and drainage systems are poorly constructed. Garbage can be seen everywhere and wastewater just flows over the ground. All of these resulted in an unhealthy living environment.

fig. 28 : 75% of the inhabitants of Shenzhen are migrants

22 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 29 : Images that represent the atmosphere in the urban villages. People are claiming the streets “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

23

2.5. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC FRAMEWORK

The modern machinery has become a threat for the older farmers. After losing their farmland, these people are not offered a reasonable compensation to maintain their lives in the city.

They are not offered employment opportunities and there is no social security. This is a threat for the future lives of these people, especially the elderly people. Because of the rapid urbanization and the expansion, millions of farmers get pushed into fierce market competition. But they are not ready for this.

They didn’t have a high education level and skills. They are a victim of the lack of support and the lack of a social security system.

24 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 30 : Transferring status

fig. 31 : Village in the city diagram showing the landtransferral mechanism and urban expansion.

25 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

2.6. WHAT IS COMMUNITY? com-mu-ni-ty

[kuh-myoo-ni-tee]

1.

a social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share government, and often have a common cultural and historical heritage.

2.

a locality inhabited by such a group.

3.

a social, religious, occupational or other group sharing common characteristics or interest and perceived or perceiving itself as distinct in some respect from the larger society within which it exists. Usually preceded by: the business community, the community of scholars.

4.

a group of associated nations sharing common interests or a common heritage: the community of Western Europe.

5.

Ecclesiastical: a group of men or women leading a common life according to a rule.

26 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

Even though urban villages are considered as unhealthy living environments, the inhabitants live in a social and healthy community. They are resilient and grow in an evolutionary way.

But why are these urban villages working so well? To make this clear for myself I tried to understand the life in a community with the use of key words that characterize a community or urban village. These key words will be the basis of the development of my design.

1. IDENTITY The characteristics that mirrors a community the most is the identity. A community is a reflection of the lifestyle and culture of each inhabitant. It has a visual coherence and this collective identity creates a social pride.

‘A healthy social life is found only, when in the mirror of each soul the whole community finds its reflection, and when in the whole community the virtue of each one is living.’

Rudolf Steiner

27 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

2. DIVERSITY They embrace eccentricities and plurality. They have respect for each other’s cultures and traditions. There are a lot of different programs, styles and building scales in one area.

fig. 32 : Aerial View of Fuxin Village, Shenzhen,

28

2011 © John Joseph Burns “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 33 : Street Life in Shui Wei Village, Shenzhen, 2011 © John Joseph Burn

fig. 34 : A path is created before the houses. Different formations of paths have different development of houses

When a path is first created, the houses will follow the path. This is a stimulation for diversity.

Buildings of different styles and different scales will appear in a spontaneous way.

29 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

3. DENSITY AND CRITICAL MASS Living in a dense space doesn’t always bring negative aspects but it also provides a lot of opportunities. A small area with a large amount of programs and a compression of people, creates a certain vibrancy, liveliness and intensity. communities have a critical mass, they have enough people to have a self-sustaining system.

‘Space through its organization can have an attracting effect and bring or hold people together like a kind of electromagnetic field, by creating the conditions that best focus their attention on each other and keep it there.’

Herman Hertzberger, ‘Collective Space, Social Use’ in Articulations, 2002

fig. 35 : Axonometric of Shui Wei Village

30 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4. HUMAN-SCALED Spaces and buildings are low in height. They are in proportion and you feel a certain spatial intimacy. Human scaled buildings are a basic for a healthy civic sphere.

fig. 36 : Diagram of human-scaled housing units

fig. 37 : The one- and two-storey dwellings of 44 SOuth Village in Taipei provide a distincly human-scaled experience ideally suited for walking.

31 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

5. FLEXIBILITY AND EVOLUTIONARY GROWTH These villages are highly connected communities, with the most flexible and multi-functional use of space that no urban planner could have made up. A basketball court by day will turn into a night market packed with food stalls, abandoned multi-storey parking garages get turned into elementary schools for unregistered children of migrant workers. Communities accept that there are needs and wishes for change over time. Flexible communities can be extended and they are adaptable. They are responsive to immediate needs and they use their resources as prototypes for future possibilities. They optimize the local conditions. Their development is organic and there is a continuous investment or growth in an area.

fig. 38a : Self-built settlements on roofs of high-rised buildings in Hong Kong

32 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

6. INDIVIDUALITY Communities allow spaces which can be personal and unique.

People are free to express their selves in their living space and they see this as a counterpoint to the constant collective life.

7. INFORMALITY Communities accept spontaneous and improvised adaptations and additions that are made by the inhabitants. These modifications are individual. Mostly they are small-scaled.

fig. 38b : Self-built settlements on roofs of high-rised buildings in Hong Kong

33 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

8. COLLECTIVITY Communities offer a feeling of being part of a safe and mutual supportive group. They have semi-public spaces with shared facilities and recourses. The people have shared ways of living, ambitions, characters and qualities.

‘The urban, architectural and civil wealth of a city is that of its collective spaces, that of all the places where collective life develops, is represented and remembered.’

Manuel de Sola Morales, ‘Public space, collective spaces’ in Architectural positions: Architecture, Modernity and the Public Sphere.

fig. 39 : Courtyard of the Longchang apartment community in Shanghai. The courtyard is used as a laundry place, parking, a storage for bicycles

34

and motorcycles.

“Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

Urban farming

Reusing water

fig. 40 : Collectivity diagram

Urban farming and reusing water are collective elements where organisation and contribution of every inhabitant is needed. It’s a boost to collaboration.

35 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

36

3. BLOCK ATTACK “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

3.1. THE BLOCK ATTACK IN ASIAN CITIES

Through time, East Asian cities became the victim of a big urban attack. Since the start of the second millennium, urban villages are starting to disappear, caused by demographic and economic forces.

They are demolished in order to put high-rise anonymous blocks with no identity and not even the same density as the urban villages had, while they are reaching more height. It are massive towers, slabs and blocks where people are living in their own box and where there is no social connection. These housing units are mostly occupied by the rich because of the comfort. By these activities, Asian cities are developing a segregated society.

fig. 41 : The western section of Gangxia urban village in Shenzhen,

fig. 42 : The demolition of the western section of Gangxia urban

2009

village in Shenzhen, 2011

37 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 43 : Urban village redevelopment from 2005 to 2010, units 10.000 m²

The redevelopment plan shows that 8.9 million m² of urban village land, which is covered by a total 11.5 million m² of housing floor space, will be cleared during the period 2005-2010 to make place for new buildngs with at least 25.9 million m² of floor area. When the urban villages are replaced by formal housing and office units, the living density of these areas will incredibly decline.

Beijing 2001

Beijing 2002

a 38 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

Beijing 2006

Beijing 2009

Shanghai 2000

Shanghai 2002

Shanghai 2004

Shanghai 2005

Seoul 2006

Seoul 2008

Seoul 2009

b Seoul 2002

c

fig. 44 a,b,c : Block attack: urban villages get scraped away and replaced by urban blocks in (a) Beijing, (b) Shanghai and (c) Seoul

39 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

Shanghai

Singapore

Seoul

40 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

URBAN VILLAGES BLOCK ATTACK

Hong kong

Beijing

Tokyo

fig. 45 : Maps that illustrate that urban villages have to make place for urban blocks, in several cities through Asia “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

41

fig. 46 : Because of the block attack cities become ‘cities under construction’ with skyscrapers, with a lack of social interaction.

42 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 47 : The interplay between the main actors in urban villages redevelopment

43 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

44

4. THE SHEKOU PORT SITE “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4.1. LOCATION

500m 1000m fig. 48 : Location of the site: it’s situated in the south-west of Shenzhen

45 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4.2. HISTORY OF THE SHEKOU PORT

Shekou was a small fishing village with an old port in the early 80s, located in Baoan County.

This was the situation before the founding of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone in 1979. The rights to develop Shekou were given to The China Merchants Company. China Merchants initially created the Shekou Industrial Zone which attracted many factories, including makers of everything from toys, paint, garments, heavy industrial equipment and household appliances.

China Merchants also developed Shekou Port which plays an important role for the transportation between Hong Kong and Shenzhen.

46 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

1988

1991

fig. 49 : Pictures of the Shekou port in the past and now

47 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

NOWADAYS

48 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

CHARACTER

fig. 50 : Pictures that illustrate the character of the Skekou port site

49 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

4.3. IDENTITY OF THE SITE: borders and connections

Nowadays the industrial buildings of the site are getting more and more empty. Because there are no grow possibilities anymore, the industry is moving to places where they can expand, where it is cheaper and where they get more opportunities.

Almost nowhere in the site there are housing facilities provided, except for the dormitories for the workers of the factories. The dormitories are there because a lot of workers come from cities which are far away in the country. They come to live temporarily close to their job. The only reason why there is still activity in that site, is because the workers need to go to their job.

After the industry will have moved, the only thing that will be left is an abandoned area. The site is surrounded by borders and it acts like an island. People don’t need to pass the place. The site is isolated from the rest of the city. It is situated between the sea and the mountains and acts like a part next to the city centre. As it happens often in China, Chinese contractors see money-making opportunities in those empty areas. Mostly they just demolish everything and put skyscrapers on it, huge parks and squares and they build highways and bridges without no respect for the landscape and the topography.

I think the isolation is not a negative item, it has a specific and intimate character. Can the site be revitalized without losing the intimate identity and with respect for its history and nature?

50 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

4.3.1. WATER

The site is situated next to the sea which gives a feeling of ‘being on the edge of Shenzhen’. The water is a border but a connection in the same time. It’s a border because it makes the site acting like an island. But the water is an important connection between Shenzhen and Hong Kong. There are many transportation ways for people between those two cities and nowadays the industry uses the sea as a transportation way for their materials and goods.

The shape of the site has two long ends that creates a cove.

The distances between the two long ends are narrow so that social and recreational opportunities are created to revitalise the area around the cove and sea.

725 m 210 m

527 m

38

0

fig. 51 : Key element water

m

fig. 52 : In the cove there are small distances between the two long ends

51 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4.3.2. MOUNTAINS

When you walk through the site you can really feel the heavy presence of the mountains. They form a certain border but in the same time they can act as a connection. They are the line between ‘industry’ and ‘city’. The mountains can be important points in the urban web.

The two biggest mountains in the north of the Shekou site are not accessible except for a few hiking paths for experienced walkers. In the north-west the Xiaonan mountain with a height of 270 m is situated and in the north-east the Danan mountain with a height 336 m is situated. People call this mountain often the ‘stairmaster mountain’. It has a popular hiking trip that takes 1,5 h to the top.

Xiaonan mountain Danan mountain

fig. 53 : Key element mountains

52 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 54 : Hiking paths

4.3.3. INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE

Once the companies will be moved, there will an area full of abandoned factories, silo’s, water treatment plants and containers left. These buildings have a certain charm and they reflect the history of the site. It’s more interesting to reuse some of the industrial heritages instead of demolishing them all. The industrial heritage can be reintegrated in the environment en they can act as meeting places for the future local residents. These little interventions will stimulate the growth of a community.

fig. 55 : Key element industrial heritage

53 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

EXISTING SITUATION

Most of the industrial heritage will dissapear because it are containers that are movable. Together with the masterplan team, we picked out the most interesting buildings to keep and to reuse.

fig. 56 : Remaining industrial heritage

54 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

REMAINING BUILDINGS

55 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4.4. MASTERPLAN PRINCIPLE I : reconnecting the three elements

fig. 58 : Connecting points

fig. 59 : Physical axes

fig. 57 : scenarios of the axes

56 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 60: Visual axes

CONNECTIVITY is the first principle in the master plan. The only three layers that will be left (water-mountains-industrial heritage) will be connected with axes and connecting points.

Together, they form an urban web. Some axes will be only a visual connection, some axes will be physical.

It’s important to make the distinction between physical and visual connections. Visual connections are necessary to orientate ourselves in the urban setting and to identify the area.

We can see these connections as attraction points that can provoke the longing to reach a certain destination. Physical axes have to be developed on different scale levels with a hierarchy. Through the concept of space syntax we can see that an urban web needs to be connected and organized. Even though it’s important to provide discontinuities in the urban web in function of privacy and intimate spaces.

fig. 61 : General plan with all the axes and connecting points together

57 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4.5. THEORY OF THE URBAN WEB

Every urban setting can be decomposed into human activity nodes and it is the most successful when it establishes a certain number of connections between those activity nodes. The urban web is a complex organizing structure that exists in the space between the buildings. Each building acts like a shelter that covers one or more human activities. We can call this building a human activity node which determines the urban web.

It are the interconnections between those activities that make up the web.

There exists a range of different types of nodes: home, work, park, store, restaurant, church etc. It can be natural or architectural elements, but they are not completely defined by structures or buildings. They have to reinforce the human activity and their connective paths and attract people. A building or monument only marks a node when there is a well-defined activity there as well. Sites without those activities are mostly unsuccessful and isolating.

This can be projected on our site in Shenzhen, where there is only industry and nothing else provided for the workers. People go to that place to work and go back to their dormitory at the end of the day. There is no leisure, stores or restaurants.

There is only one connective path between work and “home” but there is nothing more that stimulates the human activity. For more activity they have to go to the city centre of Shenzhen, which is behind the mountains. That’s why there is a need to give the masterplan a reboost.

A city or a masterplan needs an organized complexity. If there is no complexity, a city will be dead. But if there is complexity without structured organization, a city will be chaotic and not liveable.

58 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 62 : Feynman’s path which is used in quantum mechanics. The interaction between two objects is equal to the sum of the interactions over all possible paths.

fig. 63 : When a person walks from point A to B, the shortest path will be taken. Obstacles or distractions in the urban space will lead people in other directions. They take different routes and they discover new places.

59 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 64 : A walk through a fictive grid of urban villages, placed on the Shekou port site, showing that a non-rigid grid provides obstacles and distractions that lead a person through the grid

60 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

61 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

LA VILLE RADIEUSE La Ville Radieuse is an unrealized urban masterplan, designed by Le Corbusier. It was first presented in 1924 and published in a book in 1933. The cities of the future according to Le Corbusier would not only provide a better lifestyle but also a better society.

The plan underwent the notion of zoning. There was a strict division between commercial business, entertainment and residential areas.

There cannot be insisted on straight connections in a straight Cartesian grid. I criticize the rigidity of its most common application. There is a limited number of connections.

fig. 65 : Plan of la Ville Radieuse

fig. 66 : The office buildings are connected by an overloaded chanel to high-rise buildings and apartment blocks.

fig. 67 : The factory is connected to the residential suburb

fig. 68 : The connections are equivalent to parallel non interacting strands that do not form a web

62 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

THE TOWN OF APT

fig. 69 : The town of Apt, with the space structure shown in black, and the buildings shown in white.

The French town of Apt is an example of a typical traditional urban pattern. From the air, plans of Apt seems to have a lack of intelligibility and the town seems to appear disordered. But on the ground it has a natural intelligibility. We don’t even need signs to tell us where we are. The area of this plan - and also of a great majority of plans of historical townsare deformed grids. The grid is made up of a series of islands of outward-facing buildings.

The isovists show that any space can be seen from any space in the square. The shapes join into a continious structure.

Within this plan the number and types of connections between human activity is incredible large. It’s a complex process of organization that works much better.

fig. 70 : The convex isovists of Apt showing how locally enclosed “squares” are related to the global pattern of space.

fig. 71 : The nodes are distributed with connections that work better

63 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

DAILY ROUTINES

fig. 72 : the walkable catchment area to local facilities

So many well-meaning urban planners draw in footpaths in their design that are never used in practice. They conclude that people no longer wish to walk. Older cities/suburbs and regions that are not destroyed by intensive planning people do prefer to walk, not for recreation and exercises, but for daily routines. The need of humanity’s basic means locomotion. The urban web is created by the need to go from home to school, to the store, to the office, to the park etc.

Pedestrians require a certain limited range of scale.

They will not walk further than a maximum distance between nodes. People should be able to walk in 2-3 minutes (250 m) to the post box or telephone box. Newsagents should be within 5 min (400m). Local shops, bus stops, health centres and perhaps a primary school should be in a walking distance of 10 min (800m).

fig. 73 : These two node groups cannot be connected

fig. 74 : Introducing two new nodes allows a pedestrian connection

fig. 75 : If there is a path provided, there will be a fusion of

fig. 76 : How connections are established by having a store 2

connections into that path.

and park 3 nearby.

64 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4.6. MASTERPLAN PRINCIPLE II : applying the daily routine-circles on the Shekou port site DAILY ROUTINE-CIRCLES Within a daily need-circle the maximum distance of the radius is a straight 15 min walk. Daily needs should be provided within this circle. You can find back this principle in the urban villages. Each village has its own school, hospital, village holding company, office, school, local history museum, etc. The residents have everything they need within the walking distance, including employment. On first sight people see this density as a problem. But this is the key to make them a succes living environment. This principle is applied on the masterplan, which provides locomotion.

fig. 77 : Daily need circles

65 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 78 : Daily need circles represented on the scale of the Shekou port site

66 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

I worked out one of the axes. I made the decision to build in between the mountains and I have several arguments for it.

First of all the mountains provide an incredible view to the city, the industrial part and the sea in the same time. When people would live on the mountain there is a visual connection created that makes a break with the visual border but in the same time the physical border is maintained. The mountain is the link between the city - the industrial site- the sea.

The other reason is because they are not accessible except for a few hiking trips which are only for experienced hikers. That’s why I believe in connecting them and making them accessible for everyone. I think it’s more intelligent to create a system to make living on the mountain possible instead of demolishing something existing and building something new on it. The path that I create between the two mountains makes this accessibility possible and it provides a more homogenous connection of the whole site.

The topography of a mountain is interesting to work with. Building on a slope makes a more social connection between housing units possible. People are living next to, above and under each other: the spirit of community is stimulated by this and an urban vibrancy is created.

fig. 79 : General plan with the daily need circles

fig. 80 : General plan of the axes

(15min walk distance )from the center)

67 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4.7. THE DESIGN OF THE PATH 0

fig. 81 : Existing situation

fig. 82 : Design of the path with housing in between

68 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

100

200

300

400

N

fig. 83 : Path is a physically connection between the two mountains

69 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 84a : Daily routine circles applied on the path

70 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 84b : Functions within the daily routine circle

71 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

The path acts like a visual and physical connection. The path is provided for pedestrians or cyclists and people can go from one mountain to the other one, which represents the physical axis. From the path people can see the city, the industry and the sea from one point. This visual axis brings the three elements together.

fig. 85 : Diagram connections

Accessibility for cars is realized by providing parking plots. People can go till there by car. As the mountains are within the daily needcircle, the houses are from walking distance from the parking plots.

72

fig. 86 : Diagram accessibility cars “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

The two mountains are provided for housing, it’s the living space for the inhabitants. In the middle, the two communities can come together. Exchange of goods, shop and entertainment can happen there.

fig. 87 : Diagram program

Existing hiking routes for experienced walkers and the pathways for normal level walkers are are physically connected.

fig. 88: Diagram connection with hiking routes

73 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

The path connects the mountains. In between the path, structures are located.

Those structure consist of different functions like residences, stores, schools, community offices and religious buildings. I developed one of the structures which is indicated by the black spot in the physical model.

74 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 89 : Photographs of the physical model, scale 1/2500

75 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

4.8. ZOOM IN: living within a structure

fig. 90 : The location of one of the structures that I worked out

76 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

The building is located inside the mountain. I moved on the connectivity of the outer path inside the building by providing little inner paths on each level. As the outer path is following the shape of the mountain it’s not always a straight way, but there are also parts with stairs and parts that are in a slope.

In this way the inner path inside the building is connected on every level with the outer path, on different locations. There are many different options to reach a certain point.

fig. 91 : Connection of the inner path with the outer path on different levels

77 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

4.8.1. FLEXIBILITY

fig. 92 : Location of the inner paths inside the structure

fig. 93 : Location of the housing units inside the structure

78 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

The key elements of a community that I described in Chapter 1 (p.26) are applied in the design.

The structure represents FLEXIBILITY. It’s a steel structure with a grid of 5m by 5m, horizontally attached into the mountains. As the living area of a person in Shenzhen is 20m² per person, these measurements are easy to construct in it. New housing units can be built within the structure by the users itself. They don’t need to be engineers or architects to make difficult calculations because the fixed basis is already provided.

Fixed basis: - Steel structure 5m x 5m - Lighting shafts: to avoid that people will just build anywhere without taking into account the daylight of their neighbors, nine fixed lighting shafts are created.

- Inner paths and stairs: the inner paths are placed into the structure. Horizontal circulation is provided through the inner paths. Vertically the paths are connected with each other by stairs.

- First housing units to attract people, varying in scale for 1 to 4 persons. The houses will follow the paths, which stimulates diversity.

fig. 94 : Location of the lighting shafts inside the structure

79 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

4.8.2. PLANS 0

Level 0

Level 1

fig. 95 : Plans

80 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

10

20

30

40

Level 2

Level 3

81 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 56 : section CC’

fig. 96 : Section CC’

82 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

83 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 97 : Section AA’

84 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

VIBRANCY

85 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 98 : Interaction on the inner paths inside the building

86 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

There is no clear boundary between interior and exterior. The residents need to have the feeling that they have their own place where they can have their privacy and comfort, but that they are only a few steps away from the collective life. The inner path acts like a street and corridor in the same time.

87 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

4.8.3. COLLECTIVITY

Meeting points

Water bassin

Collective storages

Urban farming fig. 99 : Locations of collective space inside the building

88 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

Because of the location inside the mountain, rain water can naturally flow into a bassin, where it gets filtered through different layers. The water can be reused by the people and it can provide water for the plants in the urban farm.

fig. 100 : Diagram reusing water

fig. 101 : Irrigation

89 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 102 : Urban farming as collective space

90 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

Urban farming is a place where collective life develops. People motivate each other for collaboration. Labor get rewarded and it works contagious. It are the places that are the heart of a community.

91 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

fig. 103 : View to the industrial site and the sea

92 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

VISUAL CONNECTION water- industrial heritage - mountains

93 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

fig. 104 : Photographs of the physical model, scale 1/200

94 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

95 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou�, Shenzhen

5. FIGURE LIST Fig. 1: Facts about China: URBANIZATION, MEGA-CITIES & MIGRANT WORKERS,” last modified May 25, 2014, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/facts-urbanization-cities/ Fig. 2: ‘Location of Shenzhen’, self-made document Fig. 3: “Maps over time,” last modified April 28, 2014, http://www.6under60.com/category/city_growth/ maps_over_time_development/ Fig. 4: “Maps over time.”

Fig. 5: “Maps over time.”

Fig. 6: “Maps over time.”

96

Fig. 7: Stan Geertman, Pu Hao and Richard Sliuzas, “The development and redevelopment of urban villages

in Shenzhen,” Habitat international 35 (2011): 214, accessed March 27, 2014 Fig. 8: “Shenzhen city growth,” last modified May 20, 2014, http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread. php?t=371989 Fig. 9: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 10: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 11: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 12: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 13: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 14: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 15: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 16: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 17: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 18: “Shenzhen city growth.”

Fig. 19: google images Fig. 20: ‘Patchwork of pattern in Shenzhen’, self-made document Fig. 21: ‘Different typologies’, self-made document Fig. 22: ‘High-rise buildings vs. urban vilages: amount of floors, density and coverage’, self-made document Fig. 23: Pu Hao, “Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzhen” (PhD diss., University of Geosciences at

Utrecht, 2012) Fig. 24: Hao, “Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzhen.”

Fig. 25: google images Fig. 26: google images Fig. 27: ‘The different layers of the urban villages grid’, self-made document Fig. 28: Document of The Berlage Center for Advanced Studies in Architecture and Urban Design Fig. 29: ‘Images that represent the atmosphere in the urban villages. People are claiming the streets’, own photographs “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

Fig. 30: Yushi Uehara, “Unknown urbanity: Towards the village and the city,” Architectural Design, Septem

ber/October, 2008, Vol 78 No 5 Fig. 31: Uehara, “unknown urbanity: Toward the village and the city.”

Fig. 32: “The Chenzhongcun Urban traces of the Villages,” last modified May 25, 2014, http://www.mascon text.com/tag/shenzhen/ Fig. 33: “The Chenzhongcun Urban traces of the Villages.”

Fig. 34: ‘A path is created before the houses. Different formations of paths have different development of

houses’, self-made document Fig. 35: “The Chenzhongcun Urban traces of the Villages.” Fig. 36: diagram of human-scaled housing units

self-made document Fig. 37: “An old village in a posh area”, last modified May 1, 2014, http://blog.rti.org.tw/english/2013/06/27/ an-old-village-in-a-posh-area/ Fig. 38 a,b: Stefan Canham, “Portraits from above: Hong Kong’s Informal Rooftop Communities” (Peperoni

Books Jan 2009) Fig. 39: “Coliseum housing,” last modified May 5, 2014, http://www.deconcrete.org/2010/10/19/coliseum-hous ing/ Fig. 40: ‘collectivity diagram’, self-made document Fig. 41: Hao, “Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzhen.”

Fig. 42: Hao, “Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzhen.”

Fig. 43: Hao, “Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzhen.”

Fig. 44 a,b,c: Jennifer Sigler, MVRDR and The Why factory, “The Vertical Village: individual, Informal, In

tense” (Nai Publishers, 2012) Fig. 45: Sigler, MVRDV and the Why factory, “The Vertical Village.”

Fig. 46: Sigler, MVRDV and the Why factory, “The Vertical Village.”

Fig. 47: Hao, “Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzhen.”

Fig. 48: ‘Location of the site: it’s situated in the south-west of Shenzhen’, self-made document Fig. 49: ‘Pictures of the Shekou pot in the past and now’, own photographs, made from a poster Fig. 50: ‘Pictures that illustrate the character of the Skekou port site’, own photographs Fig. 51: ‘Key element water’, self-made document Fig. 52: ‘In the cove there are small distances between the two long ends’, self-made document Fig. 53: ‘Key element mountains’, self-made document Fig. 54: ‘Hiking paths’, self-made document Fig. 55: ‘Key element industrial heritage’, self-made document Fig. 56: ‘remaining industrial heritage’, self-made document Fig. 57: ‘scenarios of the axes’, sketches made by Inse Vanneuville 97

“Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.

Fig.

98

58: ‘connecting points’, self-made document 59: ‘physical axes’, self-made document 60: ‘visual axes’, self-made document 61: ‘general plan with all the axes and connecting points together’, self-made document 62: ‘Feynman’s path which is used in quantum mechanics. The interaction between two objects is equal to the sum of the interactions over all possible paths’, self-made document 63: ‘When a person walks from point A to B, the shortest path will be taken. Obstacles or distractions in the urban space will lead people in other directions. They take different routes and they discov

er new places’, self-made document Fig. 64: ‘A walk through a fictive grid of urban villages, placed on the Shekou port site, showing that a

non-rigid grid provides obstacles and distractions that lead a person through the grid’, self-made document Fig. 65: google images Fig. 66: Nikos A. Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web” (PhD diss., University of Texas at san Antonio, 2000) Fig. 67: Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web.”

Fig. 68: Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web.”

Fig. 69: Bill Hillier, “Against Enclosure” (Unit for Architectural Studies of Environmental Studies, University

College London, London, England, August 10, 1976) Fig. 70: Hillier, “Against Enclosure.”

Fig. 71: Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web.”

Fig. 72: Llewelyn Davies Yeang, “Urban design compendium: homes and communities agency” (English Partner

ships & The Housing Copporation, U.K., 2000) Fig. 73: Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web.”

Fig. 74: Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web.”

Fig. 75: Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web.”

Fig. 76: Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web.”

Fig. 77: ‘Daily need circles’, self-made document Fig. 78: ‘Daily need circles represented on the scale of the Shekou port site’, self-made document Fig. 79: ’General plan with the daily need circles ( 15min walk distance )from the center)’, self-made docu ment Fig. 80: ‘General plan of the axes’, self-made document Fig. 81: ‘Existing situation of the masterplan’, self-made document Fig. 82: ‘Design of the path with housing in between’, self-made document Fig. 83: ‘Path is a physically connection between the two mountains’, self-made document “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig.

84a: ‘Daily routine circles applied on the path’, self-made document 84b: ‘Functions within the daily routine circles’, self-made document 85: ‘Diagram connections path’, self-made document 86: ‘Diagram accessibility cars to the path’, self-made document 87: ‘Diagram program of the path’, self-made document 88: ‘Diagram connection with hiking routes and the path’, self-made document 89: ‘Photographs of the physical model, scale 1/2500’, self-made document 90: ‘The location of one of the structures that I worked out’, self-made document 91: ‘Connection of the inner path with the outer path on different levels’, self-made document 92: ‘Location of the inner paths inside the structure’, self-made document 93: ‘Location of the housing units inside the structure’, self-made document 94: ‘Location of the lighting shafts inside the structure’, self-made document 95: ‘Plans’, self-made document 96: ‘Section CC’’, self-made document 97: ‘Section AA’’, self-made document 98: ‘Interaction on the inner paths inside the building’, self-made document 99: ‘Locations of collective space inside the building’, self-made document 100: ‘Diagram reusing water’, self-made document 101: ‘Irrigation’, self-made document 102: ‘urban farming as collective space’, self-made document 103: ‘View to the industrial site and the sea’, self-made document 104: ‘Photographs of the physical model, scale 1/200’, self-made document

99 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

6. REFERENCES

WEBSITES 1. “The Chenzhongcun Urban traces of the Villages,” last modified May 25, 2014, http://www.mascontext.com/tag/shenzhen/ 2. “Connections in Architecture and Urban Design,” last modified March 30, 2014, http://www.rudi.net/ books/4701 3. ”A Short Modern History of Shekou and the Shekou Hash,” last modified April 14, 2014, http:// www.shekouhash.com/history_of_shekou_and_the_sh3.html 4. “Shenzhen city growth,” last modified May 20, 2014, http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread. php?t=371989 5. “Maps over time,” last modified April 28, 2014, http://www.6under60.com/category/city_growth/ maps_over_time_development/ 6. “Coliseum housing,” last modified May 5, 2014, http://www.deconcrete.org/2010/10/19/coliseum-housing/ 7. “An old village in a posh area”, last modified May 1, 2014, http://blog.rti.org.tw/english/2013/06/27/an-old-village-in-a-posh-area/ 8. “Facts about China: URBANIZATION, MEGA-CITIES & MIGRANT WORKERS,” last modified May 25, 2014, http://www.china-mike.com/facts-about-china/facts-urbanization-cities/

100 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

BOOKS 9. Stefan Canham, “Portraits from above: Hong Kong’s Informal Rooftop Communities” (Peperoni Books Jan 2009) 10. Jennifer Sigler, MVRDR and The Why factory, “The Vertical Village: individual, Informal, Intense” (Nai Publishers, 2012) 11. Llewelyn Davies Yeang, “Urban design compendium: homes and communities agency” (English Partnerships & The Housing Copporation, U.K., 2000) OTHER REFERENCES 12. Zhang Jie, “Urbanisation in China in the Age of Reform,” Architectural Design, September/October, 2008, Vol 78 No 5 13. Wang Jun, “The ‘People’s City’,” Architectural Design, September/October, 2008, Vol 78 No 5 14. Meng Yan, “Urban Villages,” Architectural Design, September/October, 2008, Vol 78 No 5 15. Nikos A. Salingaros, “Theory of the urban web” (PhD diss., University of Texas at san Antonio, 2000) 16. Stan Geertman, Pu Hao and Richard Sliuzas, “The development and redevelopment of urban villages in Shenzhen,” Habitat international 35 (2011): 214, accessed March 27, 2014 17. Pu Hao, “Spatial Evolution of Urban Villages in Shenzhen” (PhD diss., University of Geosciences at Utrecht, 2012) 18. Bill Hillier, “Against enclosure”(Unit for Architectural Studies of Environmental Studies, University College London, London, England, August 10, 1976)

101 “Connectivity as an incentive for revitalizing Shekou”, Shenzhen

June 2014