MY WORK Architecture by Stefanos Papathanasopoulos
2007-2016
contents
URBAN
RESIDENTIAL
SUSTAINABILITY
COMMERCIAL
Sustainability
P
T in t
PASSIVE Solar HOUSE
This project is about the design of a passive house, which relies only on solar gains and the benefits of building physics, in order to generate comfortable ndoor temperatures for the residents with zero reliance on mechanical cooling and heating. The house is situated in a rural area and the climatic conditions that the buildings is designed for is Washington DC, USA. Modelling and assessment of energy performance was done in IES.
FORM FOLLOWS ENERGY
The main idea behind the design process, was that the bui ing degree days. That is why the south facade was titled by from excessive gains during the summer, the south facad to completely cut solar gains during summer, but utilise th Master Bedroom Annual Solar gain 1.8 1.6
Solar Gain (KW)
1.4 1.2 1
External Faรงade Shading
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
Months
74o
60o 54o 30o
ilding should be optimised in order to maximise solar gains during heat30o , utilising the power of the sun during winter. To protect the building de was covered in a second skin of louvers that were designed in order hem during winter.
Summer solstice 74o
Winter solstice 27o
Summer
Winter
-10
PROVI -15
In-20order to January Fe series of pa aspect of th south facad Greenhouse
40 35 30
Temperature (°C)
25
Trombe Wall
20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10
Chimneys
Summer cooling strategy
-15 -20 January
40 35
Ventilation Grills
30 25
Temperature (°C)
20
External Shading
15 10 5 0 -5
-10 -15 -20 January
Green Roof
Winter heating strategy
Fe
-10
IDING COMFORT
-15
achieve the desirable results for a comfortable indoor environment during the whole year, a ebruary March April May June July August September October November December assive cooling and heating technologies were used, as presented on the left of this page. One Month he design that helped significantly was the implementation of a fully glazed buffer room on the Outdoor Air Temperature Indoor Operative Temperature Limit Lower Limit de that acted as greenhouse, providing adequate heat during Upper winter.
-20 January
February
March
April
May
June
July
A
Month
Outdoor Air Temperature
Indoor Operative Temperature
Living Room - Operative Temperature and Comfort Zone
Living Room Winter Heating (Trombe vents + greenhouse) open if; ttrombe > troom & troom < 23 oC
Summer Cooling (Cross vents + Chimney outlet) CROSS VENTS DAY, open if; troom > 22 oC & tout < troom CROSS VENTS NIGHT, open if; tout < troom & tout > 7 oC CHIMNEY OUTLET, open only during night ventilation
Midseason (Cross vents) open gradually if; tout < troom & troom > 21 oC
Air quality (trickle vents) open if; CO2 > 1200 ppm
Solar control (electrochromic film, internal blinds) FILM, shade if; troom > 22 oC BLINDS, fully closed during night
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October November December
Month Outdoor Air Temperature
Indoor Operative Temperature
Upper Limit
Lower Limit
Bedroom- Operative Temperature and Comfort Zone
Office - Operative Temperature and
40 35 30
Temperature (°C)
25 20
Bedroom
15
Winter Heating (Chimney-Trombe vents)
10 open if; ttrombe > troom & troom < 23 oC 5 Summer Cooling (Vents + Glazing cross ventilation)
open if; troom > 23 oC & tout < troom 0
Midseason (Vents + Glazing cross ventilation) -5 open if; tout < troom & troom > 23 oC
-10
Air quality (trickle vents)
-15 open if; CO2 > 1200 ppm
ebruary
March
April
May
June
July
August
September October
November December
Month Outdoor Air Temperature
Indoor Operative Temperature
Solar control (electrochromic -20 January February FILM, shade if; t March > 22 oC April room
Upper Limit
Lower Limit
BLINDS, close if; radiation = 0
Outdoor Air Temperature
film, internal blinds) May
June
July
Month
A
Indoor Operative Temperature
NATURALLY VENTILATEDv naturally
This project new is about designing a naturally andthe passively building. Thisisaproposalthatwasmadeforacompetition,thatposedthequestion ofdesigning andalternative spaces forwork.ventilated Theideabehind design,iscooled/heated tomanufacturesmall prefabrM ment be Gardens. Duringtogether the whole design what wasmodules, kept in mindand was that buildi wherever around the globe. These boxes can joined and process, form bigger be thedisass levels by implementing a plenum and a solar chimney which helped cool/heat the intake air
D THEATRE venti lated theatre
More specifically it isthat a small (occupancy 70 and people) which also contains a cafe and a small bar. It is situated in London, inside the Victoria Embankbricated modularboxes, canbetheatre shippedin smallpackages assembled ing had to rely only on natural ventilation no help from mechanical sources. Indoor temperatures and relative humidity levels were kept at acceptable sembled again and shipped to withanother location. r.
SUBMERGED
The main idea was to design a building that would disturb as less as possible the surrounding landscape. In order to achieve that result, the building was subm efit, since the building is one with the surrounding environment, but also takes advantage of the ground steady temperature. The intent of submerging the bu with some basic sustainable design features. One more thing that was clear during the design was to facilitate the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s roof as an extension of the park the users with some overlooking views of the park and the river Thames.
merged into the groud. This has double benuilding into the ground is clearly visible, along k and make it accessible to anyone, providing
ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY The main environmental concept is that the building can take fresh air from all directions and through an underfloor plenum to provide cool air to occupied spaces, which are then exhausted by chimney stacks. There are intakes for the plenum on each face of the building and also operable windows on the front façade. There is one large chimney stack for the auditorium and smaller exhaust for the cafÊ/reception area. All of the results were calculated through simulation made through IES.
SU
This project evolve tions and reviews the urban station is also being evalu
USTAINABLE BUS STATION
es around the creation of an urban bus station, which will be designed according to sustainability principles. The process is backed up by a series of evaluaof the design based on results from computer-based programs such as Autodesk Project Vasari, Autodesk Ecotect and Parasol. The whole site surrounding is being analyzed and climate factors are being considered in order to propose a station which will be adapted to its surrounding area. The final outcome uated in order to compare the results.
SITE ANALYSIS
The area is an being consid
The area in which the station is placed, is the parking lot of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s buses. There is an analysis of the prevailing winds, the orientation of the area and a general overview of the available space and the existing bus station
summer solstice 820 Wh/m2
410 Wh/m2
0 Wh/m2 winter solstice 64 Wh/m2
32 Wh/m2
0 Wh/m2
SUN AND WIND ANALYSIS
nalyzed in detail, in order to extract information useful for the design process. Sun position, shadows that are generated, and temperatures generated are dered along with the behaviour of the wind and the situation it creates in the surrounding area.
BUS STATION DESIGN The final design of the station features 5 basic features. Tubes are incorporated inside the station’s roof, which are heated during sunny winter days, resulting in the heating of the air inside them, which is distributed inside the station. Air also travels in tubes buried in the ground, cooling it during summer or heating it during winter as the ground’s temperature is stable all year long. Shaders are being placed, which allow sun during winter but block it in the summer. Panels are being strategically placed in order to protect the public from strong winter winds. Finally, solar panels are being placed in order to generate the adequant power that the station is in need of.
heating from the su
distribution th solar panels insulation 2cm wooden panels 2 cm metal tubes 5x10 cm
tube with diameter 20 cm
ROOF SECTION A-A’
cooling/heating through ground travel wind turbine air intake
ROOF SECTION B-B’
un
summer shading
hrough grills
winter shading
facade optimisation This proposal is based on a base case UCL building, and it focuses on developing a parametric facade, optimised towards securing low annual system loads and maximising the daylight factor inside the building. The model was entirely developed in Rhinoceros, parameterised in Grasshopper, DIVA was the energy simulation engine and Octopus the plugin used for optimising the design.
20%
40%
60%
0
Daylight autonomy ]%[
20%
Daylight Factor ]%[
80%
40%
60%
91
80%
0
81
29
200
Solar Irradiation [kWh/m2]
INITIAL ANALYSIS The first step was to analyse the facade, by producing the solar irradiation plot that is generated over the summer period. Daylight factor and daylight autonomy plots relative to different glazing ratios were also produced to help determine the interior conditions. These two steps were essential because the information provided can significantly help the designer identify the best strategy that is needed in order to tackle the objectives efficiently.
Monthly Heating and Cooling loads per glazing ratio
12.00 10.00
MWh
8.00 6.00 4.00 2.00 0.00
20% Heating loads
20% Cooling loads
40% Heating loads
40% Cooling loads
60% Heating loads
60% Cooling loads
80% Heating loads
80% Cooling loads
PARAMETRIC DESIGN AND MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMISATION
This part of the project focused on parameterising the module that would be spread throughout the facade. The parameters of the module were compiled values of glazing area, wall area and the shadingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overhang depth. A set of dimensions were assigned as a pool of data, so that the software could run iterativ and determine which are the three optimum solutions for the designer, considering annual system loads and daylight factor.
Overhang / South protection
Side Shading / West protection Glazing Wall
by the ve runs
Y axis / Daylight Factor (%) Optimum solution for system loads
Solutions populations Optimum solution for daylight and loads
Optimum solution for daylight factor X axis / Annual total loads (kWh/m2)
Urban
REDESI
This project tackles the problem of the cit structured by recognizing the area and its out the proposal, there is a generation of s auditorium, library and exposition spaces centre â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with tennis and basketball courts to achieve, is to rejuvenate and construct
IGNING THE WATERFRONT
ty’s waterfront, which was occupied by the main port. Now that the port gets relocated, this project’s main goal is to make a realistic proposal, which will be s current situation, in order to establish all the uses that the area is in need of, and that will lead to an increased visiting rate of the city’s waterfront. Throughspacious green areas containing trees and planting, and also resting spaces designed for the public. Construction of buildings include a cultural center – with s – an administrative center – with offices and meeting rooms – a commercial center – with bar, café, restaurant and an info point for the city – a sporting s, a gym and locker room – and finally an open air food market that is established in one of the old warehouses of the port. All in all, what this proposal aims t a strong relationship between the city and the sea, as every seaside city ought to have.
URBAN DESIGN The urban design process is based on 4 key elements. Generation of green spaces, generation of places for people to rest and socialise, enabling a more direct relationship between the sea and the city, and lastly create a safe and unobstructed connection between the city and the waterfront. Green spaces with trees are created along with urban benches, while throughout the waterfront there are â&#x20AC;&#x153;sea-stepsâ&#x20AC;? serving as walking areas near the sea, while underground passages are being placed in 3 places, in order to mestablish a safe connection between the city and the waterfront
CULTURAL CENTER
The cultural center, as all the rest of the buildings, are designed in a way to give the essence of a building emerging from the ground. This particular building, shelters uses of auditorium (360 seats), library(2.400m2), expo space(2.100m2), complete with offices, bar and parking with 105 spaces.
OFFICES This particular building functions as an administrative hub, housing offices that are in charge of the waterfront but also offices for the general public and interest of the municipality.
SPORT CENTRE
The sport centre contains 3 basketball courts, 2 tennis courts, and a building which houses a small gym and a changing room fully equipped with showers, in order for the general public to use it. Its use is directly connected with the exterior courts.
SHOPS On this side of the pier, shops, restaurants, cafe and an info-point for the tourists of the city, are being placed under a massive roof, which functions also as a place for people to walk and observe the sea from a different height.
FOOD CENTRE
The food centre is placed in the harbourâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s old warehouse, and functions as an open-air food market, which everyone can buy food and even eat it there.
URBAN DEVELOPMENT This project is about rejuvenating an old part of the city, where agriculture was the main use. The demands concerning the redesign process were that 60% will be filled with housing uses, and the rest of it could be filled with uses that could benefit the surrounding area and attract the public. What has been finally decided, is to include, other than housing facilities, an office tower that will host the TV and media companies of the town, agriculture uses with open food markets and a big sporting centre including all kind of courts.
STRIPING UP
In order to include the surrounding area within the design process, the lines deriving from the city, where embedded inside the area of the project. Deriving from that, following these lines and the desire of creating building that would arise from the ground, all the buildings in the area were designed according to the lines that were proposed. The whole area is divided into lines measuring a width of 10meters and everything was designed and organized according to this scale.
OFFICES TOWER AGRICULTURE GREEN SPACE HOUSES SPORTING CENTRE
HOUSING USE
There are totally 18 buildings in the area that are directly associated with housing facilities. The buildings are covered by a roof that has been given a form, in order to look like a stripe coming out off the ground. All the appartments feature openings on both sides, ensuring that air and natural light enters every room. Also, every appartment has a balcony and an exterior shared corridor. Both the corridor and balconies are protected by shaders.
House typologies
Louvers detail
Commercial
PUBLIC LIBRARY This project is about a public library situated in the city of Volos, Greece. The requirements included a library, two auditoriums, housing available for visiting professors/scientists, offices and a shop/restaurant. The building is designed in a way that it is sheltered and protected from the city, providing a silent and distraction-free environment for the visitors to focus, read and study. Under the building there is a structure containing the housing spaces and one of the two auditoriums available.
SHELTERED BLOCK As stated before, the building is designed in a way, that it provides an interior space, sheltered from the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s noise and images. A big block hovering above the ground, with cuts that let in the appropriate amount of light needed. While sheltered from the outside, the building has a big atrium which ensures adequate light and that the building can also be ventilated and provided with fresh air ensuring air quality and correct temperatures are reached on the inside. The library contains 7 housing facilities for visiting personnel and two auditoriums. The library, auditoriums and housing facilities can all work together or separately, all having their own entrance.
INNER OPENING As stated above, the building features an atrium, serving as an inner opening. It provides light and ventilation up until the heart of the building, reaching all the way iinto the reception. The same thing happens in the housing areas, where light is provided through cuts that are made in the ground. All of these openings and cuts serve as light sources for the city during the night, making it somekind of contemporary night sculpture.
Cladding detail
Window detail
OFFICE BUILDING This is a proposal for a building that will host offices. The structure is based on steel columns, and there is a clear zoning of the building. Ground floor is filled with stores, and all the other levels are filled with open space floors ready to house the offices. The building also features an inside atrium which helps the natural light and ventilation of the interior of the building. Also, there are 3 subground levels that contain the parking facilities and storage rooms for all the necessary equipment.
ZONING The building is divided into 3 zones. Parking and utility rooms are located in the 3 sub-level floors, on the ground level there is an open area which is connecting the road with the public square behind the building and also works as an entrance for the offices. Above the ground, four floors contain the space needed for the offices. The space for the offices is organised in an open-air style which means that it can be styled according to the offices needs.
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Ημι-υπαίθριος χώρος 3.30
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Οδός Ιωλκού (πλ.13 μ.)
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Υποσταθμός Δ.Ε.Η 5.00
Βοηθητικό κλιμα/σιο 2.00
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0.50
7.50
5.00
Parking 12 θέσεων
7.50
5.50
4.35
-3.325
19.00 Α
Α 21.00 Είσοδος - 'Εξοδος Ασανσερ
4.30 3.50
5.51 αρμός διαστολής
αρμός διαστολής Μηχανοστάσιο ανελκυστήρα
8
9
11
10
5.80
12 Ανελκυστήρας αυτοκινήτων
Α
Β 26.00
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Οδός Μακεδονομάχων (πλ. 4,30 μ.)
Σ6 Κάτοψη Α' Υπογείου | Κλίμακα 1:100
Τ1 50/200 Π1
Π4
Τ2 50/200 Π2
20
Π3
20
Κ1 50/50
Δ1 50/30
Δ3 50/30
Δ6 50/30
Κ2 50/50
20
Δ7 50/30 20
Δ4 50/30
Δ2 50/30
Π16
Δ5 50/30
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Π17 20
Τ3 50/75 Τ4 20/395
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Διαφραγματικός τοίχος 1μ.
Τ15 30/70 Δ8 50/30
Δ10 50/30
Δ12 50/30
Δ14 50/30
Π9
Τ5 50/440
20
Π10 20
Τ11 20/30
Τ8 20/200
Τ6 50/480 Π12
20
Δ16 50/30
Τ12 20/130
Π11 20
Τ7 20/30
Τ10 20/200 Π14 20
κενό ανελκυστήρα
Δ13 50/30 Π15 20
Τ14 30/550
Τ9 20/190 Π13 20
Τ13 20/150 κενό ανελκυστήρα αυτοκινήτων
Σ14 Ξυλότυπος οροφής Α' Υπογείου | Κλίμακα 1:100
Οδός Ιωλκού (πλ.13 μ.) Β 28.00 Δ
Γ
3.00
+0.00
Στοά
8.70
5.80
7.50
5.75
13.90
Βιτρίνα καταστήματος
Κατάστημα Α
(65 τ.μ)
5.80
Είσοδος
Βοηθητικό κλιμα/σιο
9.80
wc
+0.00 wc 6.00 7.00
0.20
19.00
Είσοδος
wc
Α
Στοά Α 21.00
Κατάστημα Γ
(καφετέρια 40 τ.μ)
Κατάστημα Β
(85 τ.μ)
Βασικό Κλιμακοστάσιο
6.70
4.30 3.50
Βιτρίνα καταστήματος αρμός διαστολής 5.80
+0.00
2.20
Ανελκυστήρας αυτοκινήτων 1.50
Α
Β 26.00
Οδός Μακεδονομάχων (πλ. 4,30 μ.)
Σ1 Κάτοψη Ισογείου | Κλίμακα 1:100
Β
INSIDE OUT The building seeks to make a connection with its surroundings. It has an atrium which helps deliver natural light and ventilation throughout its interior. Also, there are balconies inside the atrium and at the back side of the building, ensuring that people working inside can go outside regenerating themselves by getting fresh air .
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ς
Σ10 Τομή Β-Β'| Κλίμακα 1:100
Residential
2 STOREY HOUSE This is a building designed for residential use. It is situated in a residential urban area, among other similar height buildings. The main idea was to create two blocks, that would specify the zoning of the house. Demands of the house are for a 4 person family, and other than rooms, the house also features a pool and a parking space.
CHOICE OF PRIVACY A great feature of this house, is that it gives the residents the choice of selecting the level of privacy they desire. This is available due to the installment of shaders in front of the building, that are operated by the user. The shaders are comprised by metal plates that can rotate around an axis, thus giving the choice to the user to create a fully protected interior, semi-protected or fully open to the city. These shaders provide privacy to the ground level as this level is used for most of the time. The first floor is open to the city, absorbing the natural light and privacy is reached through the installment of curtains.
CLOSED
OPEN Louvers detail
Fence foundation
LAYERS
The house is organized in two different layers, which is made clear by using different materials. Ground floor contains the kitchen, the living room and storage spaces, while a staircase leads to the upper floor which contains a master bedroom, two single bedrooms and a bathroom. All of the rooms lead to a shared balcony, which overlooks to the city. As stated above, the ground floor which contains also the swimming pool is protected by shaders whereas the upper floor is open to the city.
BLOCK HOUSING This project is about a proposal of housing development. The requirements of the program were other than housing, to provide commercial space and a shared open space for the residents. The main idea that was adopted throughout the design process, was the idea of â&#x20AC;&#x153;cuttingâ&#x20AC;?, meaning that large pieces out of the block were extracted vertically and horizontally. A large horizontal cut defines the shared open-air space for the residents which divides the housing area from the commercial area. The vertical cuts divide the whole building into 4 blocks which are interconnected with bridges and that also provide light and air to most of the appartments.
IDEA OF INTERMEDIATE As stated above, the main idea of this project, is cutting and extracting pieces of the block. Deriving from that idea, a shared open space is created on the floor above the stores. It is designed as an urban square, placed inside the building. Everybody can use it, and it works like a gathering space for the residents of the building, promoting the social connection between them. It is a safe place for children to play, a place for residents to walk their dogs, providing protection from cars, and heavy environmental conditions. Also it can host small counters that can work as part-time little shops, providing food or other services.
CONNECTED BUILDINGS There are four independent buildings which all together form the housing facility. During the design process, it was clear that bridges should be intergrated in order to connect these buildings. By doing this, the stairs and elevators were consuming less space in total as they were reduced to two, instead of four. Also, they bring light inside the corridor, making it a more comfortable place.
Window detail
Bridge detail