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k/d]Zj/ Ps clt c;n k/d]Zj/ x'gx' G' 5, h;n] tkfO{sf] Wofg cfkm"lt/ lv Rg rfxg' x'G5 . ; Zffob oL slt s' / fx?n] Tof] k|]dsf] ;DaGwdf afwf lbPsf xf]nfg\====

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o:tf] cfÎgf] ljifox?df tkfO{ 8'Ag' ePsf] sf/0fn] k/d]Zj/sf] af/]df ;f]Rg g} kfpg' ePg xf]nf . ha tkfO{n] of] krf{ k9\gx' g' 5] k/d]Zj/n] tkfO{nfO{ s]xL eGg ;Sg'xg' 5] . 1

lgZro tkfO{n] k/d]Zj/sf af/]df slt s'/f hfGg'ePsf] xf]nf t/ oxf tLg clt dxTjk'0f{ ;Totfx? 5g\, h;af/] tkfO{n] clxNo] ljrf/ ug'k{ 5{ . ====pxf ;j{1fgL x'gx' G' 5, clg tkfO{sf] hLjgsf] nflu s'g s'/f] pQd 5 ;f] hfGg'xG' 5 . ====pxf kljq x'gx' G' 5, kfknfO{ 7Ls} 5 egL pxf n] eGg ;Sg'xG' g / kfksf] Gofo ug'x{ G' 5 . ====pxf s[kfn' x'gx' G' 5 / qm";df ePsf] v|Li6sf] d[To'sf] sf/0f GofonfO{ /2 u/L tkfO{nfO{ dfkm lbg ;Sg'xG' 5 . ætkfO{h:tf] k/d]Zj/ sf] 5 / h;n] kfk Ifdf ug'x{ G' 5====ÆdLsf &M!* -afOan_ . o]z' v|Li6 dfq k/d]Zj/ sxf k'Ug] af6f] x'gx' G' 5 lsgls pxf n] eGg'eof]=====æaf6f], ;To / hLjg d g} x' . dåf/f afx]s sf]xL klg lktf sxf cfpg ;Sb}gÆ o"xGgf !$M^ . tkfO{n] slxNo} ljrf/ ug'{ ePsf] 5==== ælhpg'sf] pRr p2]Zo s] xf] < Æ sf]lx eG5g\ kl/jf/sf] nflu, v';L/xg, c;n hLjg lhpg / ;DkGg aGg OToflb . oL ;a} /fd|} s'/f x'g\ t/ afOann] xfdLnfO{ atfp 5 ls o]z" v|Li64f/f k/d]Zj/nfO{ lrGg, cg'ej ug'{ g} ;a}eGbf pRr p2]Zo xf] . o;af/] ljrf/ ug'x{ f];\ tkfO{n] k/d]Zj/nfO{ s'g} Ps ;fyLnfO{ h:t} lrGg ;Sg'xg' 5] . æcgGt hLjg oxL xf] ls ltgLx?n] tkfO{ Psdfq ;To k/d]Zj/nfO{ lrg"g\ / tkfO{n] k7fpg'ePsf] o]z' v|Li6nfO{ lrg"gÆ\ o"xGgf !&M# . 2

log} pb]ssf k/d]Zj/n] tkfO{sf] lglDt sltko OR5f /fVg'ePsf] 5 . q tkfO{sf] ;a} kfkx? Ifdf ug'{x'g]5 . q tkfO{sf] hLjgnfO{ clxn] g} cy{k"0f{ agfpg] pxf sf] OR5f 5 . q d[To'kl5 tkfO{nfO{ :ju{df n}hfg'x'g]5 . ha tkfO{n] cfkm}nfO{ k|e' o]z' v|Li6df ;dk{0f ug'x{ G' 5 clg oL ;a} clwsf/ tkfO{s} x'g5 ] . olb tkfO{n] of] bof / k]d| sf] pkxf/nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'e{ of] eg], tkfO{n] cfkm}nfO{ k/d]Zj/ eGbf dfly t'Nofpg'xG' 5 / pxf sf] Gofodf kg'x{ g' 5 ] -o"xGg #M#^_ . o; ljifodf tkfO{n] cfkm}nfO{ tkfO{dfly cfOkg]{ s'/fsf] nflu k"0f{?kn] clGtd lhDd]jf/ agfO{ /xg'ePsf] 5 . o;}sf/0f, tkfO{n] ;fdgf ug'k{ g]{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgrflx ====

tkfO{sf] hLjg s;n] ;~rfng u5{ <

tkfO{n] ls o]z' v|Li6n] < ca cfpg] kfgfx?df tkfO{n] of] k|Zgsf] pQ/ kfpg'xg' 5 ] . 3

k|To]s dflg; tnsf oL kf r v'8l\ snf]x? dWo] Pp6f dfly plePs} x'G5 . tkfO{sf] Xbosf] cfr/0fn] tkfO{ k/d]Zj/b]lv slt glhs jf 6f9f x'gx' G' 5 eGg] s'/fsf] lg0f{o u5{ . k|To]s æv'8l\ snf]Æ n] k/d]Zj/k|ltsf] tkfO{sf] x[bosf] cfr/0f b]vfp 5 / tkfO{ k/d]Zj/b]lv slt 6f9f cyjf glhs x'gx' G' 5 eGg] s'/f hgfp 5 . Pshgf dflg;n] ;To hfGg vf]lh/x]sf] lyof], k|e' o]zn' ] p;nfO{ eGg'eof], æltdL k/d]Zk/sf] /fHo b]lv 6f9f 5}gf}Æ+ ds';{ !@M#$ . p4f/ kfpg] ljZjf; kZrfQfksf] dg jf:tf

bf]ifsf] 1fg

a]jf:tf oL dWo] s'grflx v'8\lsnf]dfly tkfO{ x'g'x'G5 < 4

a]jf:tf

o]z' v|Li6 / d'lQmsf] af/]df tkfO{n] w]/} hfGg'ePsf] xf]nf jf yf]/} hfGg' ePsf] xf]n. t/ dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s] xf] eg] tkfO{nfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ afgL ePsf] 5 . a]jf:tf ug]{ tkfO{sf] Jojxf/n] ubf{ tkfO{n] k/d]Zj/nfO{ lrGg ;Sg'x'Gg t/ tkfO{n] a]jf:tf u¥of] eGb}df k/d]Zj/n] klg a]jf:tf u/]/ tkfO{k|lt lrGtf lkmqmL TofUg'x'Gg . afOandf n]lvPsf] 5, æ====t/ k/d]Zj/n] xfd|f lglDt pxf sf] k|]d o;/L b]vfpg'x'G5 ls xfdL kfkL 5 b} v|Li6 xfd|f lglDt dg'{eof]Æ /f]dL %M* .

a]jf:tf

5

s] tkfO{ of] v'8\lsnf]df x'g'x'G5 <

jf:tf

tkfO{ cfÎgf] leqL clg cflTds vf rf]x? k|lt ;r]t x'gx' G' 5 / tL s'/fx?sf] ;dfwfg rfxg'xG' 5 . x'g ;S5 s;}sf] d[To', 5f]8kq, a]/f]huf/, hflu/ u'dfPsf] cj:yf, /f]u ljdf/, cefj tyf ldqsf] k|efjn] cfkm"leqsf] l/Qf]kg jf cflTds vf rf]sf] dx;'; ul//xg'ePsf] 5 . Tof] l/Qf]kg jf cflTds vf rf]rflx o]z' v|Li6l;t tkfO{sf] JolQmut ;DaGw geP/ xf] . k|e' eGg'xG' 5, æha ltdLx?n] cfÎgf ;f/f Xbon] dnfO{ vf]Hg]5f}, ta ltdLx?n] dnfO{ vf]h/] kfpg]5f}Æ old{of @(M!# .

jf:tf s] tkfO{ of] v'8\lsnf]df x'g'x'G5 < ;f rf] jf:tfn] tkfO{nfO{ lgDg s'/fdf k'¥ofp 5==== 6

bf]ifsf] 1fg

cfkm" slt c;n 5' yfxf kfpg k/d]Zj/sf enf]kgsf oL b; k|dv ' cf1fx?nfO{ x]//] cfkm}nfO{ hf Rg'xf]; k/d]Zj/n] eGg'x'G5=====

Ps æc;n JolQmÆ ePsf] sf/0fn] :ju{ hfg]5' egL tkfO{n] cfzf ug'{ePsf] 5 ls < cyjf ;s];Dd c;n sfdsfh u/]/ :ju{ hfG5' egL ;f]Rg' ePsf] 5 ls < tkfO{n] cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ ;f]Wg'kg]{ k|Zgx? oL g} x'g\ æs] d ;f Rr} Ps c;n JolQm x' < s] d}n] ljrf/, Jojxf/ / af]nLdf k/d]Zj/sf cf1fx?nfO{ ztk|ltzt kfng u/]sf] 5' <Æ olb tkfO{ ztk|ltzt c;n x'g'x'G5 eg] tkfO{sf] c;n hLjgsf] sf/0f :ju{ hfg ;Sg' x ' G 5 . -x] g ' { x f] ; \ dQL !(M!& !(_ . /f]dL #M@) df n]lvPsf] 5 ls æ====lsgls Joj:yfåf/f g} kfksf] r] t gf x' G 5 .Æ

ltdLn] d]/f]cl3 c? s'g} b]jL b]jtf gdfGg" . vf]k]/ ltdLn] cfÎgf] lglDt s'g} lsl;dsf] d"lt{ gagfpg" . ltdLn] cfÎgf] k/d]Zj/sf] gfd Joy{df glng" . lj>fdsf] lbgnfO{ kljq /fVg'k5{ egL ofb /fVg' . cfÎgf] afa' cfdfnfO{ cfb/ / cf1fkfng ug"{ . ltdLn] Jolerf/ gug"{ . ltdLn] rf]/L gug"{ . ltdLn] cfÎgf] l5d]sLsf] lj?4 em"6f] ujfxL glbg' . ltdLn] s;}sf] s'g} s'/f]sf] nf]e gug"{ . k|:yfg @)M! !&

k/d]Zj/sf] kljq cfTdfn] tkfO{nfO{ tkfO{sf] kfk / l/Qf]kg b]vfO{lbg' ePsf] 5 kmn:j?k tkfO{n] cfÎgf] cfTdfdf Pp6f c;lhnf]kg / bf] i fk" 0 f{ ljj] s dx;' ; ug' { e Psf] 5 .

7

tkfO{sf] hf r s:tf] eof < kf; x'gsf] nflu tkfO{n] !)) c+s Nofpg'k5{ . k/d]Zj/n] s;}nfO{ olt c+s, s;}nfO{ plt c+s lbg'xG' g . afOandf ofs"a @M!) n] elg;s]sf] 5 ls xfdLn] k/d]Zj/sf] Pp6f cf1f Ps k6s klg pn+3g u¥of}+ eg] xfdL km]n x'G5f}+ / c;kmn x'G5f}+ . k/d]Zj/sf] Joj:yfsf] kfng t Pp6f a]ng' h:t} xf] . Pp6f ;fgf] Kjfn k¥of] eg] vQd eOxfN5 .

bf]ifsf] 1fg s] tkfO{ of] v'8\lsnf]df x'g'x'G5 < ;f rf] jf:tfn] tkfO{nfO{ lgDg s'/fdf k'¥ofp 5=====

csf]{ oL dxTjk"0f{ s'/fx?dfly ljrf/ ug'x{ f];\ M != s] tkfO{n] k/d]Zj/sf] s'g} cf1f eË u/]/ kfk ug'e{ Psf] 5 < q5 q5}gdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . @= tkfO{n] u/sf] kfkn] tkfO{nfO{ leqleq} lk/f]N5 < qlk/f]N5 qlk/f]nb}gdf lrGx nufpg'xf];\ . #= slQsf] lk/f]N5 < qyf]/} q w]/} olt ;fx|f] ls o;sf] nflu s]xL ug{ rfxg'xG' 5 . 8

kZrfQfk

tkfO{sf] dg / Xbodf Pp6f ulx/f] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . cfkm"nfO{ yfxf ePsf ;a} kfkx?nfO{ TofUg] / Îo fSg] tkfO{df OR5f hfU5 ;fy} k/d]Zj/b]lv :jtgq eO{ af Rg] OR5f klg d5{ . kZrfQfk==== eg]sf] cfkm}nfO{ cfÎgf] hljgsf] l;+xf;gaf6 x6fP/ o]z' v|Li6nfO{ pxf sf] clwsf/k"0f{ Tof] :yfgdf a;fNg' xf] . kZrfQfk====eg]sf] ljZjf; ug'{ cl3 tkfO{n] cfÎgf] hLjgnfO{ uO/x]sf] af6f]af6 kmgSs kmsf{pg' xf] . kZrfQfk====eg]sf] cfÎgf kfkx?sf nflu b' MvL x'g' dfq xf]Og . xf] kZrfQfk ubf{ b'Mv nfU5 . t/ b' Mv nfUb}df kZrfQfk u/]sf] 7xb{g} . w]/} dflg;x? kfkn] NofPsf] kl/0ffdn] b' MvL aG5g\ t/ kfks} nflu eg] b' MvL aGb}gg\ . lsgeg] æO{Zj/Lo zf]sn] d'lQmsf] lglDt kZrfQfk pTkGg u5{, / o;df k5'tf] x'b g} t/ ;+;fl/s zf]sn] eg] d[To' Nofp 5Æ @ sf]l/GyL &M!) . kZrfQfk===== eg]sf] kfk ug{ 5f]8g\ ' dfq xf]Og . slt dflg;x?n] AolQmut sf/0fn] -h:t} AolQmut :jf:Yo, abgfdL x6fpg, kl/jf/sf] sf/0f Jofkf/ OToflb_ kfk ug{ 5f]85\ g\ / ;'wf/ u5{g\ t/ kfksf] sf/0fn] k/d]Zj/ ck|;Gg x'ge' Psf] 5 eg]/ rflx xf]Og . 9

kZrfQfksf] af/]df gof s/f/df %% eGbf a9L 7fp df atfOPsf] 5 .

o]z' cfkm}n] eGg'eof], æ====ltdLx?n] kZrfQfk u/]gf} eg] ltdLx? ;a} To;/L g} gfz x'g5] f}Æ n"sf !#M# .

o;f] eP kZrfQfk ug{ slt dxTjk"0f{ 5 t < kZrQfksf] dg

s] tkfO{ of] v'8\lsnf]df x'g'x'G5 < kZrfQfkn] tkfO{nfO{ lgDg s'/fdf k'¥ofp 5====== 10

k|e' o]z'df p4f/ kfpg] ljZjf; o; v'8l\ snf]df tkfO{ h] hlt x'gx' G' 5 Tof] ;a} k|e' o]zd' f ;dk{0f u/L tkfO{sf] hLjgnfO{ k|e' o]z' v|Li6n] k"0f{?kdf clwg u/f];\ egL tof/ x'ge' Psf] 5 . of] rflx tkfO{sf] Xbodf :jzf;g b]lv kl/jt{g eP/ k|e' o]z' v|Li6sf] gof zf;g Joj:yf cfPsf] xf] . o]z' v|Li6g} k/d]Zj/ x'gx' G' 5 clg pxf n] cfÎgf] hLjg g} tkfO{sf] lglDt lbg'eof] . o;} sf/0f pxf rflx tkfO{sf] hflu/, kl/jf/, ?kof , k};f, efjL of]hgf dfq xf]Og tkfO{sf] hLjg eGbf dxfg / dxTjk"0f{ x'gx' G' 5 . dQL !)M#& #( n"sf (M%& ^@ n"sf !$M@^ df o]zn' ] eGg'eof] olb s'g} JolQm pxf sf] r]nf aGg rfxG5 eg] To; JolQmn] v|Li6nfO{ cfÎgf] a'af cfdf, >LdtL, 5f]/f5f]/L, efO{ alxgL clg cfÎg} hLjgnfO{ eGbf klg a9\tf k|d] ug'k{ 5{, xf]Og eg] Tof] JolQm pxf sf] r]nf aGg ;Sb}g . o; k|sf/n] ha tkfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf cfkm}nfO{ pxf df ;dk{0f ug'x{ G' 5, ta k/d]Zj/n] pxf sf] cfTdf tkfO{leq /fVg'xG' 5 clg tkfO{ k/d]Zj/sf] kl/jf/df hGdg'xg' 5] ' . pxf ca tkfO{sf] k|e' x'gx' G' 5 / pxf n] tkfO{sf] hLjgdf s'g} klg a]nf, s'g} klg 7fp df pxf sf] cfÎgf] OR5fcg';f/sf] kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg'xG' 5 .

æ====k|e' o]z' v|Li6df ljZjf; ug'{xf];\ / tkfO{n] p4f/ kfpg'x'g]5====Æ k|]l/t !^M#! 11

xfd|f] hLjgdf o]z' v|Li6sf] k|eT' j hLjgsf] kl/jt{g; u} z'? x'G5, clg ljZjf;df a9\b} uPkl5 Tof] k|eT' jsf] dxTj xfd|f] hLjgdf cem a9]/ hfG5 .

p4f/ kfpg] ljZjf;

k/d]Zj/n] tkfO{nfO{ of] v'8\lsnf];Dd NofO{k'¥ofpg' ePsf] 5, cfh} tkfO{ cfkm'nfO{ v|Li6df ;dk{0f ug'{xf];\ ===== 12

tkfO{ cfÎg} zAbdf k/d]Zj/; u aftrLt ug'{xf];\====

cfÎgf kfkx? :jLsfg'{xf];\ Ps Ps u/L kfknfO{ gfd sf9]/ :jLsf/ ug'{xf];\, h:t}M 3d08, 7uL, em"6, cg}ltstf, nf]e, dfkm lbg g;Sg] dg cflb . k/d]Zj/nfO{ eGg'xf];\ tkfO{ kZrfQfk ub]{x'g'x'G5 pxf nfO{ atfpg'xf];\ ls cfkm'n] ;Dem]hlt kfknfO{ TofUg tkfO{ tof/ x'g'x'G5 / kfksf] h/f]sf] ?kdf a;]sf] :jfyL{kgnfO{ klg TofUg rfxg'x'G5 . k/d]Zj/dfly ljZjf; /fVg rfxG5' egL pxf nfO{ eGg'xf];\ cfkm}nfO{ pxf df ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] ;dk{0f u/]/ o]z' v|Li6nfO{ cfÎgf] hLjgdf k|e' clg d'lQmbftf egL u|x0f ug'{xf];\ . pxf n] cfÎgf] jrg /fVg'xG' 5, dfkm lbg'xG' 5 clg tkfO{sf] hLjgdf cfP/ tkfO{nfO{ gof agfpg'xG' 5 . tkfO{n] of] ;dk{0fsf] sfd ulx/f] efjgf;lxt cyjf efjgfljgf u/] klg x'G5 . tkfO{sf] k|ltlqmof s:tf] x'gk' g]{ Tof] rflx tkfO{sf] :jefj, k[i7e"ld clg k/d]Zj/n] tkfO{nfO{ s;/L e]6g\ e ' f] To;df e/ kg]{5 . k|e'nfO{ v';L t'Nofpg]5' egL tkfO{n] cfÎgf] OR5f, zlQmnfO{ pxf df ca ck{0f ug'e { Psf] 5 clg of] clt h?/L s'/f xf] . efjgfx? cfp 5g\ / hfG5g\ t/ xfdLn] x[bodf lglZrt u/]sf] s'/frflx l:y/ /xG5 .

clxNo] g} tkfO{leq ePsf] pxf sf] gof hLjgsf] nflu clg pxf n] tkfO{nfO{ cfÎgf] ;Gtfg agfpg' ePsf] nflu k|e' k/d]Zj/nfO{ wGojfb lbg'xf];\ . 13

tkfO{n] p4f/ kfpg'eof] eGg] rf/ lglZrt cfwf/x?M

!=

kZrfQfk / ljZjf; ug{ tkfO{n] k/d]Zj/sf] cf1f kfng ug'{ ePsf] 5, pxf cfÎgf] jrg /fVg ljZjf;of]Uo x'gx' G' 5 . æltdLx?n] cgGt hLjg kfPsf 5f} eGg] x]tn ' ] k/d]Zj/sf k'qsf] gfp df ljZjf; ug{ ltdLx?nfO{ of] kq n]Vb}5'Æ ! o"xGgf %M!# .

@=

v|Li6n] qm';df jufpg'ePsf] /utdfly tkfO{nfO{ e/f];f 5 . æpxf sf] ckf/ cg'u|x cg';f/ v|Li6sf] /ut4f/f xfdL pxf df p4f/, xfd|f kfksf] Ifdf kfp 5f}+===Æ Plkm;L !M& .

#=

ca cfÎgf] hLjg cfkm} rnfpg] lhDd]jf/L Tofu]/ o]z' v|Li6nfO{ cfÎgf] hLjg dflysf] ;f/f clwsf/ ;'Dkg'ePsf] 5 . æo;sf/0f h;/L v|Li6nfO{ ltdLx?n] u|x0f u¥of} To;/L g} pxf df hLjg latfcf]Æ sn:;L @M^ .

$= k/d]Zj/n] pxf sf] kljq cfTdf tkfO{sf] cfTdfdf xflnlbg' ePsf] 5 / cab]lv

tkfO{ pxf s} x'g'x'G5 egL tkfO{nfO{ lgZrotf lbg'ePsf] 5 .æTof]rflx xfdL k/d]Zj/sf ;Gtfg xf}+ egL kljq cfTdfn] xfd|f cfTdf; u ujfxL lbg'ePsf] xf]Æ /f]dL *M!^ . 14

o]z' v|Li6df gof hLjg kfpg]x?df z'?sf oL kl/jt{gx? b]vf kg]5 { g\===== != afOan hfGg] OR5f . ægof hGd]sf afnsx? h:t} z'4 cflTds b"wsf] t[i0ff u/ / To;af6 ltdLx? cfÎgf] d'lQmdf a9\bh} fg ;Sg]5f}Æ ! kq'; @M@ . @= o]z' v|Li6sf] cf1fkfng ug]{ OR5f . æltdLx?n] dnfO{ k|d] u5f}{ eg] d]/f cf1fx? kfng ug]5{ f}Æ o"xGgf !$ M!% . #= kfksf] sf/0f sli6t x'g] dg . xfdL ca kfk ubf{ /dfpg ;Sb}gf} . æk|en' ] cfÎgf] hfltnfO{ lrGg'xG' 5,Æ / æk|es ' f] gfp lng]hlt x/]s cw{daf6 6f9} /xf];Æ\ @ ltdf]yL @ M!( . $= p4f/ gkfO{ x/fPsfx?sf] jf:tf h;n] clxn] ;Dd kZrfQfk u/]sf 5}gg\ / k/d]Zj/nfO{ JolQmut ?kdf lrg]sf 5}gg\ pgLx?k|lt tkfO{nfO{ jf:tf / lkmqmL x'g5] . æcfÎgf] k|lt1fsf] af/]df k|e' l9nf] ug'x{ G' 5 eGg] s;} s;}sf] egfO ePtf klg pxf l9nf] ug'x{ G' g t/ sf]xL klg gi6 gxf];,\ t/ ;a} hgfn] kZrfQfk u?g\ eGg] OR5f u/]/ k|e' ltdLx?k|lt w}oj{ fg\ x'gx' G' 5Æ @ kq'; # M( . c? hfgsf/Lsf] nflu ;Dks{ ug'{xf]';\

hLjg;Dd k'¥ofpg] v'8\lsnf] hL=kL=cf]= *(&%, O=kL=;L &@^, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn

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