The (In)visible Brunswick - Master of Architecture Thesis

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK

1

2

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK

University of Melbourne Melbourne School of Design Steve Qingchen Meng 531549 Submitted in partial fulfilment to the requirements of the degree Master of Architecture 2019 Studio leaders: Katherine Sundermann & Clare Easterbrook-Lamb of MGS Architects, Manton Ln, Melbourne.

Class: Annie Hui, Astha Garg, Audrey Lopez, Bhuvnesh Mundhra, Fadhil Sadewo, Kyle Nguyen, Marney Passalaqua, Raymon Kaur, Rilun Li, Shalini Shanmugam, Siobhan Hudson, Valerie Wong, Vincent Hii

3

4

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK

I acknowledge the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation who are the traditional custodians of the land upon which this research and my entire postgraduate studies were undertaken.

5

6

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK

7

8

MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK

CONTENT 目 录

PREFACE 10 PART 1. INTRODUCTION 14

1.1 Studio Propositions

1.2 Personal Agenda PART 2. HYPOTHESIS 33 2.1 Hypothesis

2.2 Context

2.3 Relevancy of Inquiry

2.4 Brunswick 3056 (Site Analysis) PART 3. RESEARCH 55

3.1 Key Literatures

3.2 Precedent Projects

3.3 Interview with Uniting Church PART 4. CONCEPT AND SKETCH DESIGN

4.1 Mid-semester

4.2 Interim

83

PART 5. FINAL OUTCOME 105

5.1 Precinct and Catalyst Project Design

5.2 Conclusion APPENDICES 133

i. Brunswick Intensive

ii. Literature Reviews

iii. Precedent Precinct

ix. Bibliography

x. List of Images

9

10 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 11

PREFACE

12 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

With the fast growth of the Australian cities and population, there has been an increasing interest in the nature of cities and how they function, and how our cities are shaping our culture. Unfortunately, there is no lack of critiques on our cities' failures in addressing key problems such as housing affordability, traffic, environmental sustainability and safety.

Although having been crowned as the 'World's Most Liveable City' for seven years in a row, on many respects, Melbourne does not exemplify good city planning for people, and has much to learn from other countries. Urban sprawling, oversupply of poor housing stock, congestion, homelessness are just some of the problems that leave architects and urban designers head-scratching. This burdensome task of fixing our city cannot be carried out by any single entity. City design is a collaborative effort.

To quote from British architect Abigail Batchelor, "the future for housing and the sustainable regeneration of our towns and cities requires not only architects, but community enablers, planners and urban designers to work together and think differently."

I undertook this thesis studio under this conviction that it is imperative, now more than

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 13

ever, for architects to understand how urban spaces work, what makes good or bad cities, and to collaborate with other professions to approach any design working through different scales.

For the completion of this thesis, I'm indebted to the wonderful studio leaders Katherine and Clare for passionately sharing their expertise and diligently offering advices and helps.

Many of our discussions became key turning points for this project.

Finally, my deepest thanks and affections to Tiffany and Esther who endured much with me throughout these two years of study, without your loving support and encouragement my completion of this degree would not be possible.

Soli Deo Gloria November 2019

14 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 15

16 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 17

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

18 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

1.1 STUDIO PROPOSITION

This thesis studio is titled "MGS Place Lab: Co-creating Brunswick." The term "co-creating" is a key element throughout the semester, as the studio emphasises on design as a collective activity and rails against the idea of a "lonesome creative genius." The phrase 'Place Lab' is also an important wording, as the intention of the studio is to 'make places,' rather than creating a singular architectural entity.

The mix of both architecture and urban design students created an interesting dynamic, as both disciplines tend to approach a design problem with different priorities. When working collaboratively, I learnt a lot from the urban designers, and could really see how the two disciplines should work more closely.

Some of the key concepts of the studio include the 'Dutch Layer Approach' (see diagram opposite page) as a way of prioritisation in a reversed sequence (people first).

The studio also recognises the complex nature of cities, and how they have evolved - from the dense and chaotic medieval cities to the modernistic machine-like cities. It is critical to see both versions of cities have their strengths and problems. The aim of this studio is to design cities that are balanced between the

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 19

The six layers are, from top to bottom, People, Metabolism, Buildings, Public Space, Infrastructure, Subsurface. (Image source: Deltares.nl)

two extremes.

There are six key ingredients that the studio introduced as basis for our individual theses. Eventually, my chosen topic has something to do with each of the ingredients, namely, Future of Work, Alternative Housing Models, Citizen-led Spaces, and Climate & Transition. The key recipes that guide our strategies are 'Form follow finance', 'Frameworks for Diversity', and 'Authentic Places.'

TWO VISIONS FO 20 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE MEDIEVAL C THE MODERNIST

OR CITIES

CITY VS T CITY

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 21

22 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

INGREDIENTS

Future of Work

Alternative Housing Models

Citizen-led Spaces

Climate & Transition

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 23

RECIPES

Form Follows Finance

Frameworks for Diversity

Authentic Places

24 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

1.2 PERSONAL AGENDA

What is the role of architecture and architects in addressing urgent social needs of our time?

How can architecture become the agent of change in the ordinary lives rather than a topic of luxury and taste?

Growing up in the coastal city of Tianjin, China, I experienced the cultural shock when I landed in Brisbane more than a decade ago. I have also noticed the differences between a fast-developing, densely packed Asian city, and a developed, forever spreading-out Australian city.

Throughout five years of architectural education, my interests have remained on the creation of beautiful spaces - which is what attracted me to architecture in the first place.

However, my definition for what constitutes a "beautiful space" has totally transformed. I no longer aspire to create stunning sculptural formed buildings that defy gravity and straight

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 25

lines, nor do I search in the lasted catalogue to create the perfect Instagrammable trendy interior pallet. Those things have their values, but I've been taught to look for the deeper, often hidden values behind architectural creation.

The utmost value of architecture lies in its ability to bring happiness to people.

As we know, happiness is the singular common pursuit among all human beings regardless of time, culture or beliefs. I believe that architects (and other design professions) are in a peculiar position to bring people happiness that no other profession can.

Therefore in this final thesis of my postgraduate programme, I've chosen to investigate who can this project bring happiness to? Who can be enabled and empowered if this project came to realisation?

"Better Shelter" is a portable shelter developed by IKEA aimed at providing crisis accommodation for displaced people. (Image source: Dezeen, 2016.)

26 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

I've always been interested in the role that architecture plays in activism. I think that some architects tend to distance themselves from the public forum, instead of using their voice and expertise to address some main social issues.

Bryan Bell, in his introduction to the book 'Expanding Architecture', summarises the prospect of design activism:

"To make design more relevant is to reconsider what 'design' issues are. Rejecting the limits we have defined for ourselves, we should instead assume that design can play a positive role in seeking answers to many different kinds of challenges. We have limited our potential by seeing most major human concerns as unrelated to our work."

We live in a time of heated debates about climate change, waste accumulating, refugees, gender inequality and so on. There are plenty of issue for the design professionals to work on, and I remain optimistic about architecture for the public good as more and more people become part of the change that needs to happen.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 27

Architecture Without Architects.

In this book, American architect and professor Rudofsky surveyed many vernacular architecture in remote areas of the world and found many sophisticated designs without the so-called 'architects.'

Expanding Architecture is a book about a new generation of designers working for the greater public good. The diversity of architectural activism and how they transformed people lives are very exciting to read about.

28 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

ARCHITECTURE CHITECTS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 29

WITHOUT AR-

30 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

CITIES WITHOUT NERS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 31

T URBAN PLAN-

32 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 33

PART 2 HYPOTHESIS

34 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

2.1 HYPOTHESIS

Thesis Statement The causes of Australia’s homelessness crisis are multifaceted: housing affordability, lack of social housing provision, family violence, health issues and so on. The problem is only aggravated by the lack of political reform as well as the struggling of not-for-profit organisations and social enterprise sector.

How can our cities become more benevolent towards those who are disadvantaged, those who are living on the periphery and almost invisible amongst the hustle and bustle of urban life? What if the amplification of social enterprise and a new urban typology can make our cities more inclusive and equitable?

Working within the context of Brunswick, this thesis project looks at the complexities of homelessness, and proposes a possible city future that challenges typical market housing typologies and moves towards a socially conscious agenda.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 35

2.2 CONTEXT

The homelessness crisis of Australia has been under much spotlight, revealing many deeper social issues and injustices. In Victoria alone, there are more than 24,000 homeless people1 – a 5% increase within five years2. The ambitious goal of “halving homelessness by 20203” is now unrealistic. As an inner-city suburb, Brunswick has also been affected by the rising number, of particular concerns are the increasing homelessness among youth4.

Homelessness has become a chronic problem of our cities and received growing attention, such as the violent confrontations of Flinders Street Station and Bendigo Street Squatters. Public stigmatisation only sharpens the desolation of the homeless and their excommunication from the larger community.

1. "Homelessness" here follows the definition set out by Australian Bureau of Statistics.

2. “Census reveals a rise in the rate of homelessness in Australia,” Australian Bureau of Statistics, published 14 March 2018, https://www.abs. gov.au/ 3. Australian Government, “The Road Home: A National Approach to Reducing Homelessness,” 2008.

4. Moreland City Council. Health and Wellbeing Profile 2017.

36 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

The 2016 Bendigo Street squatters housing dispute drew public and media attention to the State's incapability of public housing supply. (Image source: Australian Museum of Squatting, 2016.)

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 37

Apart from government organisations, the private social enterprise sector has the important role for contributing to the public good and resolving social inequalities. Social enterprise, as defined by Business Victoria, is a business that “trades to intentionally tackle social problems, improve communities, provide people access to employment and training, or help the environment.1” Building upon the strong networks of existing social services, Brunswick has the potential to be the testing ground for fostering stronger and inter-supported social enterprises, philanthropic and not-for-profit organisations.

1. “Social enterprise: what is a social enterprise and what support is available to further your social mission?”

Business Victoria, published 10 January 2019, https://www.business. vic.gov.au/setting-up-abusiness/business-structure/social-enterprise

38 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

The issue of homelessness cannot be approached only by providing housing. It is equally crucial to support the psychological need for community and dignity, also to explore means to help them return to a normal and self-motivated life.

Recognising the complexity of cities, this thesis proposes a type of mixitĂŠ that combines different building typologies to work interdependently.

Building upon the new planning zone Commercial 3 (C3Z), the thesis investigates the combination of social housing, social services and enterprises, by creating urban frameworks and strategically placing catalyst buildings.

Steve Qingchen Meng / Master of Architecture / Civic and Cultural Precinct

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 39

Homelessness and rough sleeping is becoming a more visible problem in the inner north suburbs. (Image source: Author)

Steve Qingchen Meng / Master of Architecture / Civic and Cultural Precinct

40 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

2.3 RELEVANCY OF INQUIRY

Homelessness is a breach of human rights. Access to adequate and safe housing for every person is a right protected by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)1. Homelessness is not just about housing, as it impedes other areas of a person’s well-being, such as the right to health, privacy, education, work, equity, social interactions and many more. Consideration and care to the underprivileged is a definite goal for any sustainable urban development.

The cultural and industrial diversity has given Brunswick its unique vibrancy for creativity, niche businesses and social initiatives. Its existing network of social services and not-for-profit organisations have also attracted many who are reaching out for help. These are the key ingredients of Brunswick that can foster a testing ground for the social industry sector. However, this industry is facing challenges in the area, such as lack of funding and investment interests, lack of affordable spaces and community support.

1.“Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” United Nations, original text published December 1948, https://www.un.org / en/universal-declaration-human-rights/

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 41

Therefore, by addressing this opportunity through research and design interventions, this thesis proposes architectural design and urban planning strategies that move our cities towards greater social consciousness.

42 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

2.3 BRUNSWICK 3056 (SITE ANALYSIS) Brief history of Brunswick Brunswick is located 4 kilometres north of Melbourne city centre. Before British settlements from the 1830s, the land (known as Iramoo) was occupied by the Wurrundjeri people who spoke the Woiwurrung dialect.

The first land sale occurred in 1840, and the owner Thomas Wilkinson named their property "Brunswick." It remained a rural community until gold was discovered in 1851. Brunswick quickly became the thoroughfare to the gold fields in Ballarat and Bendigo.

Clay and bluestone quarries, together with brick manufacturing later became the most important industry in Brunswick.

After World War II, many European migrants settled in Brunswick, primarily from Italy, Greece and Malta. More recently, the area has also seen migrants arriving from Lebanon and Turkey.

Today, Brunswick is undergoing fast gentrification, many small businesses and shops have moved out due to increasing pressure of land values.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 43

Sarah Sands Hotel, ca 1900.

(Corner of Brunswick Road and Sydney Road)(Image source: Author)

Moreland Road, the Land of Promise, 1888.(Image source: State Library of Victoria)

44 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 45

46 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 47

SCALE 1 : 50000

Key attractions

9 minutes to North Melbourne Station 13 minutes to Southern Cross

Landscape features

12 minutes to Uni Melb

Central City

19 minutes to CBD Major Train Stations

17 minutes to CBD 10 minutes to M2 Tollway 20 minutes to Melbourne Central

48 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

MAP 4 : PLANNING AND L

The precinct allocated for this project is named by the Moreland Council "Civic & Cultural Precinct." Bounded by Albert St to the north and the Upfield railway to the west, the precinct stops roughly at Union St to the south and Blair St to the east. With Brunswick's main arterial route Sydney Road running through the middle, the precinct has many important civic and community buildings (see pages 44-45).

Moreland Council's future plan for this precinct (shown opposite page) is to be developed into a "community hub." Although the term is not further explained, we can see it is distinguished from other mixed use development to the north and south.

Proposed future land uses

Retail focus to be strengthe

Large format retail, showro Mixed use development Health services precinct

Core industry and employm

Other industry and employm Education focus

Police garage site redevelop Future investigation area Key planning elements Albert and Victoria Axis

Neighbourhood activity cen Proposed community hub Existing conditions Tram line Rail line Train station Study area Open space

Opposite page: Excerpt from Brunswick Structure Plan, Volume 2 Part 1. (Source: Moreland City Council website)

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 49 VOLUME 2, PART 1 : SYDNEY ROAD

LAND USE

Moreland

MORELAND ROAD

ened

oom or office at ground level focus

ment precinct

Warr Park

ment precinct

ALBION STREET

Anstey

pment STEWART STREET HOPE STREET

ntre

VICTORIA STREET

Brunswick SYDNEY ROAD

Clifton Park

DAWSON STREET

ALBERT STREET

GLENLYON ROAD

UNION STREET

Temple Park

Jewell

Barkly St Park BRUNSWICK ROAD

BRUNSWICK STRUCTURE PLAN — 15

50 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 51

Residential Office & Industry Commercial & Retail Civic & Community

52 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 53

54 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 55

PART 3 RESEARCH

56 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

3.1 KEY LITERATURES Innovation of Social Housing in Europe

Social Housing: Definitions & Design Exemplars is my primary source of information and reference for this thesis. The authors surveys recent innovations in the social housing sectors in Europe and challenges design industry to rethink about the stigma surrounding this sector. The book approaches the topic from both design and strategic points of view. The precedents from the book helped me to frame the

project with realistic limitations.

Most importantly, the authors call for more architects to work for the public sector to deliver more meaningful social projects.

Social Housing in Europe analyses 12 European countries and their housing provision from a political standpoint. It argues the important role of policies that can lead to successful social housing culture.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 57

Urban Design Principles

58 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 59

60 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 61

62 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 63

64 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

Australian Context

Building Mixity! is a result out of research and design studios at Monash University looking at the suburb of Cremorne in transformation. Cremorne and Brunswick share many similarities.

Both are inner suburbs that are transitioning from industries to vibrant living and working areas.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 65

Housing Strategies & Social Mixing Rumpfhuber, Andreas, Michael Klein and Georg Kolmayr. “Almost All Right: Vienna’s Social Housing Provision.” Architectural Design 82, no.4 (Jul-Aug 2012): 88-93.

Moss, Sarah. “Two (different) peas in a pod: the opportunities of bringing Viennese Social Housing to Melbourne,” Planning News 45, no.1 (Feb 2019): 20-21.

Weizierl, Carla, Florian Wukovitsch and Andreas Novy. “Housing First in Vienna: a socially innovative initiative to foster social cohesion,” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 31, no.3 (Sep 2016): 409-422.

Graham, Elspeth, David Manley, Rosemary Hiscock, Paul Boyle and Joe Doherty. "Mixing Housing Tenures: Is it Good for Social Well-being?" Urban Studies 46, no.1 (Jan 2009): 139-165.

Morris, Alan, Michelle Jamieson and Roger Patulny. "Is social mixing of tenures a solution for public housing estates?" Evidence Base issue 1, 2012: 1-21.

66 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 67

68 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 69

70 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 71

72 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

3.2 PRECEDENT PROJECTS

Orsdorp mixed use centre and housing

Lourmel mixed use housing

Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands Architect: Mecanoo Mixed Uses: Primary School, daycare, sports

hall, healthcare centre Tenures: 100% Social Housing Units: 51 apartments

21 single-family homes

Location: Paris, France Architect: TVK Mixed Uses: Retirement home, day care, commercial offices, creche,

women’s shelter Tenures: 100% Social Housing Units: 54 social housing

24 housing shelter

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 73

Hillington Square Location: King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK Architect: Mae Mixed Uses: Community cafe,

health centre, housing Tenures: 261 affordable rented

58 private lease Funding: Local authority and Freebridge Community Housing

VincentCare Homeless Resource Centre and Housing Project Location: North Melbourne, VIC Architect: MGS Mixed Uses: Health services, case

management, consulting, communal facilities Tenures: 100% Social Housing Units: 160 apartments, including:

60 short-term stays,

40 medium stays,

30 long-term stays.

74 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

3.3 INTERVIEW WITH BRUNSWICK UNITING CHURCH (BUC)

In order to learn more about not-for-profit organisations in Brunswick, I got in touch with Brunswick Uniting Church (who run several social justice ministries) and asked for a brief interview. Reverend Ian Ferguson kindly agreed to be interviewed.

Below is an edited transcript of the interview.

SM Thank you very much Ian for taking your time for this interview. Could you talk a bit about the history of the church and the history of your role here?

IF Sure. Uniting Church is a protestant denomination of Christianity. The buildings have been here since 1860s. About 15 years ago, the congregation combined with another church.

I've been the minister here for 6 years. We renovated the property about 10 years ago, so the church now has modern facilities and amenities.

The community that's meeting here now has quite a diverse age and background. We are quite an active community in terms of social justice. We run a drop-in centre called 'Olive Way', which is a place for anyone to get hospitality and to get something to eat. The Asylum Seekers' Welcome Centre is also a drop-in

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 75

The two spires of the Uniting Church ( formerly Presbyterian) are the most iconic sights on Sydney Road. The lower bluestone church was first built in 1865, the taller red brick one was built in 1885. (Image source: Orderinchaos, 2016)

centre that runs programmes for asylum seekers. So our church is quite an activists congregation in the areas of refugees, asylum seekers and climate justice. We want it to be a place of community, where people can feel welcome and sense of belonging.

SM Absolutely. During your six years of being here, how have you seen Brunswick changed?

IF In those 6 years I feel how Brunswick is a very diversed area. In my role I have quite a lot of contact with people that are living on the fringes. I know there are quite a lot of poor people, people living on the streets, people with

76 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

particular needs... This is also quite a multicultural area, a lot of Muslims, Greek, Italians, they are not part of our church community, they each have their own communities. It is also very diverse in a socio-economic sense. The property prices here are quite expensive. There are many rental properties, as well as students living in the area. There are lot of families, and professional people who can afford to purchase, there are also social housing, boarding house. There was a guy who came to the drop-in centre who lived in a tent for years.

SM Yes, this is definitely something I've noticed even on my first visit to Brunswick.

On one hand there are people rough-sleeping, on the other hand expensive apartments are going up everywhere.

IF You can see it in the businesses too. There are still a lot of Turkish and Lebanese food businesses that are here for a long time. There are also a lot of trendy cafes next door to them.

SM You mentioned that BUC is very active in social causes. Could you give me an overview of some of the things that you do?

IF We have the Asylum Seekers Welcome Centre, the Olive Way drop-in centre. We also run an accommodation service for students.

We own a property on Brunswick Road where there's a team.

We have strong involvement in activism in the areas of asylum seekers. Some church

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 77

members are part of an organisation called 'Love Makes A Way', which is an ecumenical Christian group (Christians from different churches).

They participate in non-violent direct actions to seek changes to asylum seekers policies. This involves in sittings in government offices, various kinds of protests...

Another significant area [that we do] is climate change and climate justice. We try to use our property in a way that is sustainable, we have solar panels on roofs and green gardens. We run a Food Co-op once a month where we sell plastic-free unpackaged foods. That is booming at the moment, so there's clearly a need for this.

SM Why do you think it is important for churches to get involved in social justices?

IF Because it is an expression of our faith in Jesus. We see that Jesus came to teach a radical inclusiveness and radical equality that we seek to live it out ourselves. We see that in Jesus sought justice for the poorest members of the community. He built a community for people who were marginalised in his world. As a result, we as his followers we do the same.

We also see that climate justice is important because it affects the poorest people first.

As well as our understanding that the world is God's creation and the importance of us honouring that.

78 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

SM Does the government contribute to your asylum seekers programme?

IF Yes, the Asylum Seekers Welcome Centre is run by a Uniting Church agency called Uniting, used to be called UnitingCare. Uniting employs the workers here, and they get some of the funding from government. But we fund the Olive Way through donations and fundraising.

SM One project that came up in my research is VincentCare Homeless Centre in North Melbourne. It is an example of faithbased organisations taking the initiative for social goods development. Is this something you would like to do, if money is not a problem?

IF Sure. As it happens, this building next to us is part of our property. At the moment it is on the private rental market, it needs a lot of work and it's not a good use for us. We are currently in the process of planning how to redevelop this property - we haven't made any decisions yet. But the type of project that you mentioned is definitely something that we would consider.

But the moment we just focus our attention on hospitality. The reason we don't do homeless accommodations and food vouchers is that Salvation Army (just up the road) do those works.

They have social workers, financial counselling, food bank, as well as the [St Ambrose] catholic church here. So we refer people to them, [because] we see that we don't need to do the things that other churches do, but we work together

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 79

with them. We decided that the best thing for us to put energy in is hospitality and activities for people that help them to find sense of community. We also have arts programme and we are actually planning for an exhibition.

SM You mentioned about the Salvation Army and St Ambrose Catholic Church. Do you work together sometimes? Even with other non-religious organisations?

IF We certainly do co-operate with other churches, and we worship together as Christians. Before you came I actually just received an email from the Salvation Army about how we are going to care for people during the Christmas period. The Savols are bascially saying it's a bit much for us, can we co-operate together to provide services to people. So that's one example of the ways we work together.

Another example is that the Jesuits Social Services came to us recently and said they had a community garden, and sometimes they had food they can't give away. So they started to bring food to our Olive Way, which we make it into meals, which is fantastic. Also we are working with St Ambrose at the moment, as they have a food bank. One of our volunteers is a cooking teacher, together we are organising cooking classes. So that people who get food from the food bank can turn it into meals. So that's quite an exciting project.

80 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

SM What do you think are the biggest challenges for social service providers in the area?

IF One of the challenges is that there's so much need and we can't do enough. The need is greater than what we can meet. So it is important for us to say this is what we can do. There are people with really complex needs. We want to help them, but we just don't have the resources. So we need to know what's around us so that we can refer them.

The food Co-op is challenged by its success at the moment, so that's a good problem to have (laugh).

Also, the people that come are often challenging people. The poor are often hard to care for. Toxicated people, drug issues, sexual abuse etc that marginalised people [need to deal with] are very challenging themselves.

SM I see. And that's all of my questions.

Thank you very much again for your time.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 81

82 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 83

PART 4 CONCEPT AND SKETCH DESIGN

84 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

4.1 Mid-semester

At mid-semester, I've established an idea of the site on which the project can be tested out. I've chosen Saxon Street primarily because of the opportunities for the underutilised land. As well as being hidden away from Sydney Road and a non-thoroughfare,

Saxon Street has the potential to build a vibrant community that also has generous public spaces.

In a densely packed suburb, Saxon Street can become an urban sanctuary.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 85

86 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 87

88 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 89

90 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 91

92 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 93

94 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

4.2 Interim

As the design progressed to Interim, I did a series of diagrams to illustrate different scenarios of what may happen to Brunswick in the next 20 years.

I also developed a project briefing, who are the targeted users, as well as the financial model

and how the cross-subsidisation works.

There are some early stages sketches, plans, sections and diagrams indicating the direction of an architectural solution, although they are far from being resolved.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 95

Scenario 1: Business As Usual

Scenario 2: Commercial 3 Zone

Scenario 3: Social Assistance Zone

96 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

SOCIAL SERVICES IN CIVIC & CULTURAL PRECINCT

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 97

3

98 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 99

100 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

PROJECT BRIEF USERS TARGETED COMMERCIAL TENANTS

Discounted Rent

Full Market Rent

Charity & Social Services

Advocacy Groups

Social Enterprises

Government-owned Organisations

Ethically Minded Businesses

Regular Businesses

e.g. Salvation Army, St Vincent de Paul, Cerebral Palsy Alliance

e.g. Launch Housing, Homelessness Australia, RUOK?

e.g. Thankyou, Home.One, STREAT, Lentil as Anything

e.g. Department of Social Services, Centrelink, NDIS

e.g. Bank Australia Ethical Investments

e.g. Woolworths, Commonwealth Bank, Qantas

Full Market Rent

Discounted Rent

No Income

Low Income

and some Certified B Corporations

Medium Income

High Income

FINANCIAL STRUCTURE

9

CROSS SUBSIDISATION

FUNDING

10

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 101

102 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 103

104 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 105

PART 5 FINAL OUTCOME

106 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 107

108 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

Social Services and Social Enterprises in Brunswick

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 109

No Income

e.g. Launch Housing, Homelessness Australia, RUOK?

e.g. Salvation Army, St Vincent de Paul, Cerebral Palsy Alliance

Low Income

Discounted Rent

Advocacy Groups

Charity & Social Services

Discounted Rent

Medium Income

e.g. Thankyou, Home.One, STREAT, Lentil as Anything

Social Enterprises

TARGETED COMMERCIAL TENANTS

Targeted Users Spectrum

Full Market Rent

e.g. Department of Social Services, Centrelink, NDIS

Government-owned Organisations

e.g. Woolworths, Commonwealth Bank, Qantas

Regular Businesses

High Income

and some Certified B Corporations

e.g. Bank Australia Ethical Investments

Ethically Minded Businesses

Full Market Rent

110 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 111

Financial Structure

112 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

Scenarios for the future of Civic & Cultural Precinct

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 113

114 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 115

116 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

Stages of Development

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 117

118 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 119

120 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 121

122 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 123

124 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 125

126 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 127

128 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 129

130 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

5.2 Conclusion

It is necessary to admit that this short thesis has many limitations. Due to time constraint, I feel many of the research strands have not reached to a satisfactory end before I must draw conclusions from them. It would have also been beneficial to conduct more interviews with people working in the social industry, as well as collecting some empirical data. The hypothesis is merely tested by designing, it has not been tested by prototypes. Therefore to that end, this project remains highly hypothetical and speculative.

In my previous studio journals, I have always added a concluding part at the end that sums up the key lessons from a semester's work.

As I believe that the purpose of a design studio, or any design exercise, is not to end up with a perfect solution (albeit one should aim to perfect their design skills over time), but to learn through the design process - what worked, what didn't - and to carry that onto the next design.

As I type these contents into the booklet, I think this is a perfect time to reflect on not just this thesis studio, but the whole postgraduate study.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 131

Architecture does not exist alone. We don't live in a vacuum, design is a very complex activity and buildings interact with many other actors, both tangible and intangible. Now it is more important than ever for architects to zoom out of their building, and fully acknowledge and respond to the urban context.

Design for humans, not magazine covers. The study of architecture should be more about the study of humans, for most of the time, humans are the primary occupier of our designs.

Design is a collaborative activity. Always bounce ideas off others, and be ready to criticise your own designs.

And lastly, Design like you give a damn. Designing without the intention to make the world a better place for people to live in is utterly pointless. We should direct our works to those who need it the most. As I mentioned earlier in Part 1, the value of architecture lies in its ability to bring happiness to people.

132 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 133

APPENDICES i. Brunswick Intensive ii. Literature Review iii. Precinct Precedent ix. Bibliography x. List of Images

134 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 135

APPENDIX. i BRUNSWICK INTENSIVE In Week 3 of this semester, the studio class spent two days at Brunswick (mainly based at Siteworks), running a series of workshops, talks and design exercises to help inform our individual agenda, as well as being immersed in the neighbourhood.

Working in groups consisting both architecture and urban design students, the discussions between two disciplines are often quite refreshing. And I discovered different methodologies when we both approach the same design problem.

Another benefit of this intensive weekend is that we have all got to know each other a bit better, and got to talk about other things in our lives. After all, not all life is architecture right?

136 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

BUSINESS OWNERS INTERVIEWS

One of the most rewarding exercises I find is the interviews with local business owners. It is a very practical and tangible way to exercise the "bottom-up" design approach that has become such a buzzword. Due to the short notice period, I've managed to interview three businesses: Harper & Blohm cheese shop, Brunswick Bound bookshop, and Melbourne Artists' Supplies.

Olivia moved her business to Brunswick 5 years ago after the shop's success and need for expansion in Essendon. She likes that the location on Sydney Road is convenient and more accessible by different groups of people, although she would like to have more trees along the streets. Her regular patrons tend to be on two ends of the age scale - young working adults who just start having some disposable income, and the older retired who have the money and time to taste some fabulous cheese. She has also got involved in Council organised business events and received helps.

Rob on the other hand, has been a local resident of Brunswick for 12 years. Brunswick Bound is the only independent bookshop in Brunswick. Although he also likes the convenience of being in Brunswick, Rob hopes there

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 137

would be less crowd or traffic, and that Brunswick should become cleaner.

Gina, who works at Melbourne Artists' Supplies told us that their City store is not doing too well due to all the construction works. Although the parking lot in front of the shop helps to bring some customers, ticket inspections are very often. Her biggest concern is constructions nearby, as they usually appear without notice and affect the business negatively.

Later in the semester, I also got in contact with Uniting Church, as their involvement in social causes more relevant to my individual thesis. My interview with Reverend Ian Ferguson can be found in Part 3.4 of this book, on page 60.

Left: Olivia Sutton, the owner the popular specialty cheese shop Harper & Blohm on Sydney Road.

Right: Rob is the owner of the independent bookshop Brunswick Bound, the only shop of its kind in Brunswick.

(Image source: Author)

138 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

BRUNSWICK: BATTLING WITH FICATION

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 139

FAST GENTRI-

2.1%

36.4%

23.4%

CIVIC & CULTURAL

0.4%

6.8%

0.7%

3.1%

NOT APPLICABLE

INFO MEDIA

ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICES

MANUFACTURING

WHOLESALE TRADE

RETAIL/ TRADE

HEALTHCARE/ SOCIAL ASSISTANCE

EDUCATION AND TRAINING

ARTS AND RECREATION

PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES

WORK CATEGORIES

WORK

2.1%

2.3%

2.6%

20.3%

15.3%

34.7%

18.8%

7.6%

SECONDARY SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS

4.3%

1%

WORK/ EDUCATION

38%

12.0%

BRUNSWICK MELBOURNE

49.3%

8.7%

UNIVERSITY QUALIFICATION

1%

4.3%

1%

4.1%

1.7%

52.8% 1.7%

52.8%

5.6%

4.1% 4.8%

MELBOURNE

4.8%

3.6% 1%

3.1% 3.6%

3.1%

5.6%

not applicable

info media

CIVIC & CULTURAL

VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

1.5%

8.5%

2.6%

7.9%

8.5%

40.9%

2.3% 2.1%1.5%

5.5%

7.9% 4.8%

40.9%

6.8%

4.8%

BRUNSWICK

6.8%

5.5%

1.5%

10.4%

EDUCATION

3.1%1.5%

2.3%

140 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

MELBOURNE

BRUNSWICK

CIVIC & CULTURAL

36%

30%

33.3%

20.5%

19.3%

30.4%

46.1%

PRIVATE RENTAL

26.2%

OWNED ON MORTGAGE

16.7%

OWNED OUTRIGHT

TENURE

4.4%

7%

RENTED NOT IN SAME HOUSEHOLD

0.37%

0.25%

HOUSING COOPERATIVE

HOUSING

2%

2%

0.4%

SOCIAL HOUSING

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 141

reek: 3.4%

ITALIAN

GREEK

Chart Title

BRITISH/ IRISH

other

CIVIC & CULTURAL

ANCESTRY

bri�sh irish Arab ARAB

South Asian 8.8% Italian: 9.6% 20.4% Arab Chinese 29.5%

bri�sh irish

MELBOURNE

ABOROGINAL

OTHER

17%Arab

16.5%

6.5%

other

31%

51%

South Asian

Greek: 3.4%

Chinese

41%

51%

Italian: 9.6%

20-39 YEARS OLD

AGE Chart Title

Greek: 3.4%

SOCIAL DIVERSITY

51%

Italian: 9.6%

MELBOURNE

57%

bri�sh irish

Chart Title

4.3%

20% other

14.7%

25.5% Greek: 3.4%

23.2%

GROUP HOUSEHOLD

29.3%

LONE PERSON HOUSEHOLD

Bri�sh 9.6% Irish Arab Chineseother South Asian Chinese South Asian Italian: Greek: 3.4% 57% CHINESE SOUTH ASIAN

BRUNSWICK

Chart Title

4.8%

15.3%

23.2%

BRUNSWICK

1.7%

11.5%

27.8%

SINGLE PARENT

COUPLES WITH KIDS

CIVIC & CULTURAL

COUPLES WITH NO KIDS

Chart Title

HOUSEHOLD STRUCTURE 142 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

ot

Axonometric Site

CIVIC & CULTURAL PRECINCT

Since Brunswick used to be an industrial and manufacture neighborhood, all the buildings are relatively at with a range of 1 - 3 storeys. Open spaces are for car parkings with less greeneries. It also consists of a variety of urban typologies. Most of the council buildings are located in Civil and Culture Precinct.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 143

293,297,305 Sydney Rd, Brunswick Retails shops with traditional Victoria facade are located along the main street or trams line. Ground floor are normally for commercial uses while the second floor is storage or owners living area.

Brosnan Centre, 10 Daeson St, Brunswick

The heritage buildings are usually one or two storey high with pitch roof adjacent to some open spaces.

Typologies

CIVIC & CULTURAL PRECINCT

Industrial warehouses currently accommodate offices, studio, small scale manufacture or bars etc. They are mostly placed along the train line or secondary streets with a large parking area.

18-20 Michael St, Brunswick

144 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 145

146 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 147

148 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 149

APPENDIX. ii LITERATURE REVIEW

150 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

This literature review was undertaken as part of class exercises to familiarise with the four ingredients of the studio. This assigned reading is on the topic of climate & transition. Although later my hypothesis question does not specifically respond to place and climate, this article provides valuable insights on the current planning visions for old industrial suburb renewal projects as Arden Macaulay. Similar to Arden, Brunswick is also undergoing renewing works from its dusty industrial past. Both sites share similar challenges and opportunities.

The challenges unique to Arden is the underground swamp that existed before land reclamation which would likely to be problematic once the place is used for residential and commercial activities. Sea level rises due to climate change is only going to aggravate the issue.

From planning authorities' point of view, there isn't any definitive answer.

The question remains whether Arden will become another Docklands, especially for a financially lucrative project like this. The article links to an MPavilion Talk, and the panel discusses about "Deliberative Development" and "Speculative Development". Deliberative Development is, "a development model in which the designer or owner-occupiers take on the role that's traditionally led by a speculative developer." The motivations are different, one is motivated primarily by risks and profits, whereas the other more concerned about social and environmental agendas. The deliberative model is gaining more momentum but it's still not the norm in Australia. I think the difficulty is political as well as financial.

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 151

Proposal 1: Deep Town Structure

Proposal 2: Islands of Intensity

Proposal 3: Dynamic Water Systems

Nigel Bertram, Catherine Murphy & Rutger Pasman, Arden Macaulay in Transition, 2017.

Above left: Official document from VPA outlining the visions for Arden.

Above right: A recent publication from Monash University on the future planning of Arden Macaulay.

Below: Proposals put forth by Monash University students.

Proposal 4: New Industry Neighbourhoods

152 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

"Until we have a planning system that truly supports the non-speculative model and sustainability over car parking or the person who can afford to pay the most, we're never going to move forward."

Brighid Sammon, Hansen Partners

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 153

154 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

NEU OERLIKON, ZÃœRICH, SWITZERLAND

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 155

APPENDIX. iii PRECINCT PRECEDENT

156 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

O3// PRECEDENT PROJECTS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 157

0

10

20

40

Neu-Oerlikon From Industries to New Living & Offices Location

Zürich, Switzerland

Project

Masterplan

Use mix

Commercial, residential, recreation

GFA (m²)

550,000m²

Plot ratio Stakeholders

Stadt Zürich (City of Zurich), ABB Schweiz, Oerlikon Bührle, SBB, etc.

CO-CREATING BRUNSWICK 2019

3

158 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

For precinct projects: A function and uses plan at either 1:500,1:1000 or 1:2000 that shows the relationship/s between uses within the project and the surrounding context. The area your project takes up should be roughly half to two thirds of the total image. Your uses should be divided into live, work, visit and open/green space. You should show street names, trees, buildings etc and include a legend, scale bar and north arrow with colours and formatting like the one provided.

0

LIVE WORK

VISIT OPEN SPACE

10

20

40

CAR PARK

Project role & description Once the biggest inner-city industrial precinct of Zurich, Neu-Oerlikon underwent re-planning since 1988, and has been transformed into a new district with residential buildings, commercial offices and public spaces. There are about 5,000 local residents and 12,000 who work in the area.

The urban renewal plan and guidelines were established by City of Zurich and key industry owers. Neu-Oerlikon is characterised by five parks: Oerlikerpark, MFO-Park, Louis-HäfligerPark, Wahlenpark and Gustav-Ammann-Park.

4

CO-CREATING BRUNSWICK 2019

These parks were purposefully built to serve as public open spaces, softening the street scape from its existing modernist buildings.

Although key industries still have a major presence in the area, the neighbourhood is livened by the diversity of offices, parks, attractions and residential buildings around.

The building Noerd serves as offices for many small businesses and creative industries. New construction is still ongoing in the precinct.

O3// PRECEDENT PROJECTS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 159

Funding The project was funded by both government and private investors. A local area development fund was created to develop social, cultural and creative events in the precinct, with the inputs from local residents.

Photo 1 of your precinct that describes the design and spatial and material qualities of the project

Planning framework Planning for the precinct started in 1988 as a urban design competition. The development regulations and framework was agreed upon by city authorities and key landowners, and came into effect from 1998. Ten key projects to revamp the area include parks, school, a market, train station, residential buildings and Noerd - a commercial building for creative enterprises.

Design & spatial qualities Whilst many new buildings and parks have been constructed, the overall characteristics of the neighbourhood still reflects its industrial past. Many built structures remind people of the former use of the site. The spiral tower in Oerlikerpark (pictured left) resembles a factory chimney and acts as a viewing tower. The MFO-Park was constructed using steel frames, covered with plants. It reflect the site’s former occupier both in its size and tectonics.

Oerlikerpark

Evaluation & key lessons The purposeful introduction of green, open spaces inside the industrial park helps to create central meeting spaces for civic activities. They also soften the streetscape and draw visitors who may only know the area as an industrial site. New residential buildings also liven the daytime activities of the precinct. They are well considered and are serviced with parks.

However, this is a noticeable lack of street furniture in some parks and open squares which could have helped to soften the large scale buildings and encouraged pedestrian activities.

There is also a missed opportunity for the new park designs to be little more disruptive to the overall orthogonal planning of other buildings.

MFO-Park

Overall this project is a successful urban renewal, it exemplifies the theme of “citizen-led spaces” and “authentic places”. The new and existing buildings form a coherent response to the changing urban space and the history of place.

CO-CREATING BRUNSWICK 2019

5

160 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

APPENDIX. ix BIBLIOGRAPHY

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 161

Bell, Bryan and Katie Wakeford, ed. Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism. New York: Metropolis Books, 2008.

Cassaignau, Maud, Markus Jung and Matthew Xue. Building Mixity! Clayton: Monash University Publishing, 2018.

Chamberlain, Chris, Guy Johnson and Catherine Robinson, ed. Homelessness in Australia: an Introduction. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing (UNSW), 2014.

Gehl, Jan. Cities for People. Washington: Island Press, 2010.

Foreground. "Reimagining Australia's 'temperate Kakadu'." Foreground. Published January 25, 2018. https://www. foreground.com.au/planning/reimagining-australias-temperate-kakadu/ Graham, Elspeth, David Manley, Rosemary Hiscock, Paul Boyle and Joe Doherty.

"Mixing Housing Tenures: Is it Good for Social Well-being?" Urban Studies 46, no.1 (Jan 2009): 139-165.

Karakusevic, Paul and Abigail Batchelor.

Social Housing: Definitions & Design Examplars. New Castle, UK: RIBA Publishing, 2017.

Morris, Alan, Michelle Jamieson and Roger Patulny. "Is social mixing of tenures a solution for public housing estates?" Evidence Base issue 1, 2012: 1-21.

Moss, Sarah. “Two (different) peas in a pod: the opportunities of bringing Viennese Social Housing to Melbourne,” Planning News 45, no.1 (Feb 2019): 20-21.

Rudofsky, Bernard. Architecture without Architects: an introduction to nonpedigreed architecture. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1964.

Rumpfhuber, Andreas, Michael Klein and Georg Kolmayr. “Almost All Right: Vienna’s Social Housing Provision.” Architectural Design 82, no.4 (Jul-Aug 2012): 8893.

Urhahn Urban Design. The Spontaneous

City. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, 2010.

Weizierl, Carla, Florian Wukovitsch and Andreas Novy. “Housing First in Vienna: a socially innovative initiative to foster social cohesion,” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 31, no.3 (Sep 2016): 409-422.

162 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

APPENDIX. x LIST OF IMAGES

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 163

P.6-7 Redfearn, David. Sydney Road Street Party, 2016, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/ EVReZD P.14-15 Young, David. We Have Moved, 2014, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 5, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/k5hMwi P.23. Frearson, Amy. Untitled image, 2016, photograph. Dezeen. Accessed November 5, 2019. https://www.dezeen. com/2016/10/24/interview-ikea-foundation-ceo-per-heggenes-better-shelter-refugee-temporary-architecture-modular/ P.30. Unknown photographer. Untitled image, 2016, photograph. Australian Museum of Squatting. Accessed November 4, 2019. http://www.australianmuseumofsquatting.org/?p=869 P.37. Unknown photographer. Sarah Sands Hotel, ca 1900, photograph. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. Accessed November 4, 2019. http://handle.slv.vic.gov. au/10381/334025 P.37. Unknown artist. Moreland Road, The Land of Promise, West Brunswick, close to Essendon, 1888, cartographic material. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. Accessed November 5, 2019. http://handle.slv.vic. gov.au/10381/132000 P.81. Greenstone Girl. Golden Steeple, 2017, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/Sah2P9 P.102-103. Young, David. Redouble, 2014, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/kmWVMK P.132-133. Young, David. Untitled, 2013, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8,

2019. https://flic.kr/p/idWx1Y P.140-144. Works by Valerie Wong & Rilun Li. P.152-153. MPavilion. Untitled, 2017, photograph. Foreground. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://www.foreground.com. au/private-domain/deliberative-development-suburbs/ P.166-167. Young, David. I'm Missing You, 2014, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/jgQyCw

164 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 165

166 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

THE (IN)VISIBLE BRUNSWICK 167

168 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS

Master of Architecture Thesis The (In)visible Brunswick: Towards a City of Social Consciousness University of Melbourne Melbourne School of Design Steve Qingchen Meng 531549 Studio leaders: Katherine Sundermann & Clare Easterbrook-Lamb of MGS Architects, Manton Ln, Melbourne