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University of Melbourne Melbourne School of Design Steve Qingchen Meng 531549 Submitted in partial fulfilment to the requirements of the degree Master of Architecture 2019 Studio leaders: Katherine Sundermann & Clare Easterbrook-Lamb of MGS Architects, Manton Ln, Melbourne. Class: Annie Hui, Astha Garg, Audrey Lopez, Bhuvnesh Mundhra, Fadhil Sadewo, Kyle Nguyen, Marney Passalaqua, Raymon Kaur, Rilun Li, Shalini Shanmugam, Siobhan Hudson, Valerie Wong, Vincent Hii
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I acknowledge the Wurundjeri people of the Kulin nation who are the traditional custodians of the land upon which this research and my entire postgraduate studies were undertaken.
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CONTENT 目 录
PREFACE 10 PART 1. INTRODUCTION 14 1.1 Studio Propositions 1.2 Personal Agenda PART 2. HYPOTHESIS 33 2.1 Hypothesis 2.2 Context 2.3 Relevancy of Inquiry 2.4 Brunswick 3056 (Site Analysis) PART 3. RESEARCH 55 3.1 Key Literatures 3.2 Precedent Projects 3.3 Interview with Uniting Church PART 4. CONCEPT AND SKETCH DESIGN 4.1 Mid-semester 4.2 Interim
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PART 5. FINAL OUTCOME 105 5.1 Precinct and Catalyst Project Design 5.2 Conclusion APPENDICES 133 i. Brunswick Intensive ii. Literature Reviews iii. Precedent Precinct ix. Bibliography x. List of Images
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PREFACE
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With the fast growth of the Australian cities and population, there has been an increasing interest in the nature of cities and how they function, and how our cities are shaping our culture. Unfortunately, there is no lack of critiques on our cities' failures in addressing key problems such as housing affordability, traffic, environmental sustainability and safety. Although having been crowned as the 'World's Most Liveable City' for seven years in a row, on many respects, Melbourne does not exemplify good city planning for people, and has much to learn from other countries. Urban sprawling, oversupply of poor housing stock, congestion, homelessness are just some of the problems that leave architects and urban designers head-scratching. This burdensome task of fixing our city cannot be carried out by any single entity. City design is a collaborative effort. To quote from British architect Abigail Batchelor, "the future for housing and the sustainable regeneration of our towns and cities requires not only architects, but community enablers, planners and urban designers to work together and think differently." I undertook this thesis studio under this conviction that it is imperative, now more than
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ever, for architects to understand how urban spaces work, what makes good or bad cities, and to collaborate with other professions to approach any design working through different scales. For the completion of this thesis, I'm indebted to the wonderful studio leaders Katherine and Clare for passionately sharing their expertise and diligently offering advices and helps. Many of our discussions became key turning points for this project. Finally, my deepest thanks and affections to Tiffany and Esther who endured much with me throughout these two years of study, without your loving support and encouragement my completion of this degree would not be possible. Soli Deo Gloria November 2019
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PART 1 INTRODUCTION
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1.1 STUDIO PROPOSITION
This thesis studio is titled "MGS Place Lab: Co-creating Brunswick." The term "co-creating" is a key element throughout the semester, as the studio emphasises on design as a collective activity and rails against the idea of a "lonesome creative genius." The phrase 'Place Lab' is also an important wording, as the intention of the studio is to 'make places,' rather than creating a singular architectural entity. The mix of both architecture and urban design students created an interesting dynamic, as both disciplines tend to approach a design problem with different priorities. When working collaboratively, I learnt a lot from the urban designers, and could really see how the two disciplines should work more closely. Some of the key concepts of the studio include the 'Dutch Layer Approach' (see diagram opposite page) as a way of prioritisation in a reversed sequence (people first). The studio also recognises the complex nature of cities, and how they have evolved - from the dense and chaotic medieval cities to the modernistic machine-like cities. It is critical to see both versions of cities have their strengths and problems. The aim of this studio is to design cities that are balanced between the
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The six layers are, from top to bottom, People, Metabolism, Buildings, Public Space, Infrastructure, Subsurface. (Image source: Deltares.nl)
two extremes. There are six key ingredients that the studio introduced as basis for our individual theses. Eventually, my chosen topic has something to do with each of the ingredients, namely, Future of Work, Alternative Housing Models, Citizen-led Spaces, and Climate & Transition. The key recipes that guide our strategies are 'Form follow finance', 'Frameworks for Diversity', and 'Authentic Places.'
TWO VISIONS FO 20 MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS
THE MEDIEVAL C THE MODERNIST
OR CITIES
CITY VS T CITY
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INGREDIENTS
Future of Work
Alternative Housing Models
Citizen-led Spaces
Climate & Transition
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RECIPES
Form Follows Finance
Frameworks for Diversity
Authentic Places
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1.2 PERSONAL AGENDA
What is the role of architecture and architects in addressing urgent social needs of our time? How can architecture become the agent of change in the ordinary lives rather than a topic of luxury and taste? Growing up in the coastal city of Tianjin, China, I experienced the cultural shock when I landed in Brisbane more than a decade ago. I have also noticed the differences between a fast-developing, densely packed Asian city, and a developed, forever spreading-out Australian city. Throughout five years of architectural education, my interests have remained on the creation of beautiful spaces - which is what attracted me to architecture in the first place. However, my definition for what constitutes a "beautiful space" has totally transformed. I no longer aspire to create stunning sculptural formed buildings that defy gravity and straight
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lines, nor do I search in the lasted catalogue to create the perfect Instagrammable trendy interior pallet. Those things have their values, but I've been taught to look for the deeper, often hidden values behind architectural creation. The utmost value of architecture lies in its ability to bring happiness to people. As we know, happiness is the singular common pursuit among all human beings regardless of time, culture or beliefs. I believe that architects (and other design professions) are in a peculiar position to bring people happiness that no other profession can. Therefore in this final thesis of my postgraduate programme, I've chosen to investigate who can this project bring happiness to? Who can be enabled and empowered if this project came to realisation?
"Better Shelter" is a portable shelter developed by IKEA aimed at providing crisis accommodation for displaced people. (Image source: Dezeen, 2016.)
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I've always been interested in the role that architecture plays in activism. I think that some architects tend to distance themselves from the public forum, instead of using their voice and expertise to address some main social issues. Bryan Bell, in his introduction to the book 'Expanding Architecture', summarises the prospect of design activism: "To make design more relevant is to reconsider what 'design' issues are. Rejecting the limits we have defined for ourselves, we should instead assume that design can play a positive role in seeking answers to many different kinds of challenges. We have limited our potential by seeing most major human concerns as unrelated to our work." We live in a time of heated debates about climate change, waste accumulating, refugees, gender inequality and so on. There are plenty of issue for the design professionals to work on, and I remain optimistic about architecture for the public good as more and more people become part of the change that needs to happen.
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Architecture Without Architects. In this book, American architect and professor Rudofsky surveyed many vernacular architecture in remote areas of the world and found many sophisticated designs without the so-called 'architects.'
Expanding Architecture is a book about a new generation of designers working for the greater public good. The diversity of architectural activism and how they transformed people lives are very exciting to read about.
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ARCHITECTURE CHITECTS
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WITHOUT AR-
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CITIES WITHOUT NERS
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T URBAN PLAN-
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PART 2 HYPOTHESIS
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2.1 HYPOTHESIS
Thesis Statement The causes of Australia’s homelessness crisis are multifaceted: housing affordability, lack of social housing provision, family violence, health issues and so on. The problem is only aggravated by the lack of political reform as well as the struggling of not-for-profit organisations and social enterprise sector. How can our cities become more benevolent towards those who are disadvantaged, those who are living on the periphery and almost invisible amongst the hustle and bustle of urban life? What if the amplification of social enterprise and a new urban typology can make our cities more inclusive and equitable? Working within the context of Brunswick, this thesis project looks at the complexities of homelessness, and proposes a possible city future that challenges typical market housing typologies and moves towards a socially conscious agenda.
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2.2 CONTEXT
The homelessness crisis of Australia has been under much spotlight, revealing many deeper social issues and injustices. In Victoria alone, there are more than 24,000 homeless people1 – a 5% increase within five years2. The ambitious goal of “halving homelessness by 20203” is now unrealistic. As an inner-city suburb, Brunswick has also been affected by the rising number, of particular concerns are the increasing homelessness among youth4. Homelessness has become a chronic problem of our cities and received growing attention, such as the violent confrontations of Flinders Street Station and Bendigo Street Squatters. Public stigmatisation only sharpens the desolation of the homeless and their excommunication from the larger community.
1. "Homelessness" here follows the definition set out by Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2. “Census reveals a rise in the rate of homelessness in Australia,” Australian Bureau of Statistics, published 14 March 2018, https://www.abs. gov.au/ 3. Australian Government, “The Road Home: A National Approach to Reducing Homelessness,” 2008. 4. Moreland City Council. Health and Wellbeing Profile 2017.
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The 2016 Bendigo Street squatters housing dispute drew public and media attention to the State's incapability of public housing supply. (Image source: Australian Museum of Squatting, 2016.)
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Apart from government organisations, the private social enterprise sector has the important role for contributing to the public good and resolving social inequalities. Social enterprise, as defined by Business Victoria, is a business that “trades to intentionally tackle social problems, improve communities, provide people access to employment and training, or help the environment.1” Building upon the strong networks of existing social services, Brunswick has the potential to be the testing ground for fostering stronger and inter-supported social enterprises, philanthropic and not-for-profit organisations.
1. “Social enterprise: what is a social enterprise and what support is available to further your social mission?” Business Victoria, published 10 January 2019, https://www.business. vic.gov.au/setting-up-abusiness/business-structure/social-enterprise
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The issue of homelessness cannot be approached only by providing housing. It is equally crucial to support the psychological need for community and dignity, also to explore means to help them return to a normal and self-motivated life. Recognising the complexity of cities, this thesis proposes a type of mixitĂŠ that combines different building typologies to work interdependently. Building upon the new planning zone Commercial 3 (C3Z), the thesis investigates the combination of social housing, social services and enterprises, by creating urban frameworks and strategically placing catalyst buildings.
Steve Qingchen Meng / Master of Architecture / Civic and Cultural Precinct
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Homelessness and rough sleeping is becoming a more visible problem in the inner north suburbs. (Image source: Author)
Steve Qingchen Meng / Master of Architecture / Civic and Cultural Precinct
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2.3 RELEVANCY OF INQUIRY
Homelessness is a breach of human rights. Access to adequate and safe housing for every person is a right protected by the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)1. Homelessness is not just about housing, as it impedes other areas of a person’s well-being, such as the right to health, privacy, education, work, equity, social interactions and many more. Consideration and care to the underprivileged is a definite goal for any sustainable urban development. The cultural and industrial diversity has given Brunswick its unique vibrancy for creativity, niche businesses and social initiatives. Its existing network of social services and not-for-profit organisations have also attracted many who are reaching out for help. These are the key ingredients of Brunswick that can foster a testing ground for the social industry sector. However, this industry is facing challenges in the area, such as lack of funding and investment interests, lack of affordable spaces and community support.
1.“Universal Declaration of Human Rights,” United Nations, original text published December 1948, https://www.un.org / en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
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Therefore, by addressing this opportunity through research and design interventions, this thesis proposes architectural design and urban planning strategies that move our cities towards greater social consciousness.
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2.3 BRUNSWICK 3056 (SITE ANALYSIS) Brief history of Brunswick Brunswick is located 4 kilometres north of Melbourne city centre. Before British settlements from the 1830s, the land (known as Iramoo) was occupied by the Wurrundjeri people who spoke the Woiwurrung dialect. The first land sale occurred in 1840, and the owner Thomas Wilkinson named their property "Brunswick." It remained a rural community until gold was discovered in 1851. Brunswick quickly became the thoroughfare to the gold fields in Ballarat and Bendigo. Clay and bluestone quarries, together with brick manufacturing later became the most important industry in Brunswick. After World War II, many European migrants settled in Brunswick, primarily from Italy, Greece and Malta. More recently, the area has also seen migrants arriving from Lebanon and Turkey. Today, Brunswick is undergoing fast gentrification, many small businesses and shops have moved out due to increasing pressure of land values.
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Sarah Sands Hotel, ca 1900. (Corner of Brunswick Road and Sydney Road)(Image source: Author)
Moreland Road, the Land of Promise, 1888.(Image source: State Library of Victoria)
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SCALE 1 : 50000
Key attractions
9 minutes to North Melbourne Station 13 minutes to Southern Cross
Landscape features
12 minutes to Uni Melb
Central City
19 minutes to CBD Major Train Stations
17 minutes to CBD 10 minutes to M2 Tollway 20 minutes to Melbourne Central
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MAP 4 : PLANNING AND L
The precinct allocated for this project is named by the Moreland Council "Civic & Cultural Precinct." Bounded by Albert St to the north and the Upfield railway to the west, the precinct stops roughly at Union St to the south and Blair St to the east. With Brunswick's main arterial route Sydney Road running through the middle, the precinct has many important civic and community buildings (see pages 44-45). Moreland Council's future plan for this precinct (shown opposite page) is to be developed into a "community hub." Although the term is not further explained, we can see it is distinguished from other mixed use development to the north and south.
Proposed future land uses
Retail focus to be strengthe
Large format retail, showro Mixed use development Health services precinct
Core industry and employm
Other industry and employm Education focus
Police garage site redevelop Future investigation area Key planning elements Albert and Victoria Axis
Neighbourhood activity cen Proposed community hub Existing conditions Tram line Rail line Train station Study area Open space
Opposite page: Excerpt from Brunswick Structure Plan, Volume 2 Part 1. (Source: Moreland City Council website)
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LAND USE
Moreland
MORELAND ROAD
ened
oom or office at ground level focus
ment precinct
Warr Park
ment precinct
ALBION STREET
Anstey
pment STEWART STREET HOPE STREET
ntre
VICTORIA STREET
Brunswick SYDNEY ROAD
Clifton Park
DAWSON STREET
ALBERT STREET
GLENLYON ROAD
UNION STREET
Temple Park
Jewell
Barkly St Park BRUNSWICK ROAD
BRUNSWICK STRUCTURE PLAN — 15
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Residential Office & Industry Commercial & Retail Civic & Community
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PART 3 RESEARCH
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3.1 KEY LITERATURES Innovation of Social Housing in Europe
Social Housing: Definitions & Design Exemplars is my primary source of information and reference for this thesis. The authors surveys recent innovations in the social housing sectors in Europe and challenges design industry to rethink about the stigma surrounding this sector. The book approaches the topic from both design and strategic points of view. The precedents from the book helped me to frame the
project with realistic limitations. Most importantly, the authors call for more architects to work for the public sector to deliver more meaningful social projects. Social Housing in Europe analyses 12 European countries and their housing provision from a political standpoint. It argues the important role of policies that can lead to successful social housing culture.
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Urban Design Principles
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Australian Context
Building Mixity! is a result out of research and design studios at Monash University looking at the suburb of Cremorne in transformation. Cremorne and Brunswick share many similarities. Both are inner suburbs that are transitioning from industries to vibrant living and working areas.
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Housing Strategies & Social Mixing Rumpfhuber, Andreas, Michael Klein and Georg Kolmayr. “Almost All Right: Vienna’s Social Housing Provision.” Architectural Design 82, no.4 (Jul-Aug 2012): 88-93. Moss, Sarah. “Two (different) peas in a pod: the opportunities of bringing Viennese Social Housing to Melbourne,” Planning News 45, no.1 (Feb 2019): 20-21. Weizierl, Carla, Florian Wukovitsch and Andreas Novy. “Housing First in Vienna: a socially innovative initiative to foster social cohesion,” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 31, no.3 (Sep 2016): 409-422. Graham, Elspeth, David Manley, Rosemary Hiscock, Paul Boyle and Joe Doherty. "Mixing Housing Tenures: Is it Good for Social Well-being?" Urban Studies 46, no.1 (Jan 2009): 139-165. Morris, Alan, Michelle Jamieson and Roger Patulny. "Is social mixing of tenures a solution for public housing estates?" Evidence Base issue 1, 2012: 1-21.
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3.2 PRECEDENT PROJECTS
Orsdorp mixed use centre and housing
Lourmel mixed use housing
Location: Amsterdam, Netherlands Architect: Mecanoo Mixed Uses: Primary School, daycare, sports hall, healthcare centre Tenures: 100% Social Housing Units: 51 apartments 21 single-family homes
Location: Paris, France Architect: TVK Mixed Uses: Retirement home, day care, commercial offices, creche, women’s shelter Tenures: 100% Social Housing Units: 54 social housing 24 housing shelter
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Hillington Square Location: King's Lynn, Norfolk, UK Architect: Mae Mixed Uses: Community cafe, health centre, housing Tenures: 261 affordable rented 58 private lease Funding: Local authority and Freebridge Community Housing
VincentCare Homeless Resource Centre and Housing Project Location: North Melbourne, VIC Architect: MGS Mixed Uses: Health services, case management, consulting, communal facilities Tenures: 100% Social Housing Units: 160 apartments, including: 60 short-term stays, 40 medium stays, 30 long-term stays.
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3.3 INTERVIEW WITH BRUNSWICK UNITING CHURCH (BUC)
In order to learn more about not-for-profit organisations in Brunswick, I got in touch with Brunswick Uniting Church (who run several social justice ministries) and asked for a brief interview. Reverend Ian Ferguson kindly agreed to be interviewed. Below is an edited transcript of the interview. SM Thank you very much Ian for taking your time for this interview. Could you talk a bit about the history of the church and the history of your role here? IF Sure. Uniting Church is a protestant denomination of Christianity. The buildings have been here since 1860s. About 15 years ago, the congregation combined with another church. I've been the minister here for 6 years. We renovated the property about 10 years ago, so the church now has modern facilities and amenities. The community that's meeting here now has quite a diverse age and background. We are quite an active community in terms of social justice. We run a drop-in centre called 'Olive Way', which is a place for anyone to get hospitality and to get something to eat. The Asylum Seekers' Welcome Centre is also a drop-in
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The two spires of the Uniting Church ( formerly Presbyterian) are the most iconic sights on Sydney Road. The lower bluestone church was first built in 1865, the taller red brick one was built in 1885. (Image source: Orderinchaos, 2016)
centre that runs programmes for asylum seekers. So our church is quite an activists congregation in the areas of refugees, asylum seekers and climate justice. We want it to be a place of community, where people can feel welcome and sense of belonging. SM Absolutely. During your six years of being here, how have you seen Brunswick changed? IF In those 6 years I feel how Brunswick is a very diversed area. In my role I have quite a lot of contact with people that are living on the fringes. I know there are quite a lot of poor people, people living on the streets, people with
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particular needs... This is also quite a multicultural area, a lot of Muslims, Greek, Italians, they are not part of our church community, they each have their own communities. It is also very diverse in a socio-economic sense. The property prices here are quite expensive. There are many rental properties, as well as students living in the area. There are lot of families, and professional people who can afford to purchase, there are also social housing, boarding house. There was a guy who came to the drop-in centre who lived in a tent for years. SM Yes, this is definitely something I've noticed even on my first visit to Brunswick. On one hand there are people rough-sleeping, on the other hand expensive apartments are going up everywhere. IF You can see it in the businesses too. There are still a lot of Turkish and Lebanese food businesses that are here for a long time. There are also a lot of trendy cafes next door to them. SM You mentioned that BUC is very active in social causes. Could you give me an overview of some of the things that you do? IF We have the Asylum Seekers Welcome Centre, the Olive Way drop-in centre. We also run an accommodation service for students. We own a property on Brunswick Road where there's a team. We have strong involvement in activism in the areas of asylum seekers. Some church
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members are part of an organisation called 'Love Makes A Way', which is an ecumenical Christian group (Christians from different churches). They participate in non-violent direct actions to seek changes to asylum seekers policies. This involves in sittings in government offices, various kinds of protests... Another significant area [that we do] is climate change and climate justice. We try to use our property in a way that is sustainable, we have solar panels on roofs and green gardens. We run a Food Co-op once a month where we sell plastic-free unpackaged foods. That is booming at the moment, so there's clearly a need for this. SM Why do you think it is important for churches to get involved in social justices? IF Because it is an expression of our faith in Jesus. We see that Jesus came to teach a radical inclusiveness and radical equality that we seek to live it out ourselves. We see that in Jesus sought justice for the poorest members of the community. He built a community for people who were marginalised in his world. As a result, we as his followers we do the same. We also see that climate justice is important because it affects the poorest people first. As well as our understanding that the world is God's creation and the importance of us honouring that.
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SM Does the government contribute to your asylum seekers programme? IF Yes, the Asylum Seekers Welcome Centre is run by a Uniting Church agency called Uniting, used to be called UnitingCare. Uniting employs the workers here, and they get some of the funding from government. But we fund the Olive Way through donations and fundraising. SM One project that came up in my research is VincentCare Homeless Centre in North Melbourne. It is an example of faithbased organisations taking the initiative for social goods development. Is this something you would like to do, if money is not a problem? IF Sure. As it happens, this building next to us is part of our property. At the moment it is on the private rental market, it needs a lot of work and it's not a good use for us. We are currently in the process of planning how to redevelop this property - we haven't made any decisions yet. But the type of project that you mentioned is definitely something that we would consider. But the moment we just focus our attention on hospitality. The reason we don't do homeless accommodations and food vouchers is that Salvation Army (just up the road) do those works. They have social workers, financial counselling, food bank, as well as the [St Ambrose] catholic church here. So we refer people to them, [because] we see that we don't need to do the things that other churches do, but we work together
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with them. We decided that the best thing for us to put energy in is hospitality and activities for people that help them to find sense of community. We also have arts programme and we are actually planning for an exhibition. SM You mentioned about the Salvation Army and St Ambrose Catholic Church. Do you work together sometimes? Even with other non-religious organisations? IF We certainly do co-operate with other churches, and we worship together as Christians. Before you came I actually just received an email from the Salvation Army about how we are going to care for people during the Christmas period. The Savols are bascially saying it's a bit much for us, can we co-operate together to provide services to people. So that's one example of the ways we work together. Another example is that the Jesuits Social Services came to us recently and said they had a community garden, and sometimes they had food they can't give away. So they started to bring food to our Olive Way, which we make it into meals, which is fantastic. Also we are working with St Ambrose at the moment, as they have a food bank. One of our volunteers is a cooking teacher, together we are organising cooking classes. So that people who get food from the food bank can turn it into meals. So that's quite an exciting project.
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SM What do you think are the biggest challenges for social service providers in the area? IF One of the challenges is that there's so much need and we can't do enough. The need is greater than what we can meet. So it is important for us to say this is what we can do. There are people with really complex needs. We want to help them, but we just don't have the resources. So we need to know what's around us so that we can refer them. The food Co-op is challenged by its success at the moment, so that's a good problem to have (laugh). Also, the people that come are often challenging people. The poor are often hard to care for. Toxicated people, drug issues, sexual abuse etc that marginalised people [need to deal with] are very challenging themselves. SM I see. And that's all of my questions. Thank you very much again for your time.
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PART 4 CONCEPT AND SKETCH DESIGN
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4.1 Mid-semester
At mid-semester, I've established an idea of the site on which the project can be tested out. I've chosen Saxon Street primarily because of the opportunities for the underutilised land. As well as being hidden away from Sydney Road and a non-thoroughfare,
Saxon Street has the potential to build a vibrant community that also has generous public spaces. In a densely packed suburb, Saxon Street can become an urban sanctuary.
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4.2 Interim
As the design progressed to Interim, I did a series of diagrams to illustrate different scenarios of what may happen to Brunswick in the next 20 years. I also developed a project briefing, who are the targeted users, as well as the financial model
and how the cross-subsidisation works. There are some early stages sketches, plans, sections and diagrams indicating the direction of an architectural solution, although they are far from being resolved.
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Scenario 1: Business As Usual
Scenario 2: Commercial 3 Zone
Scenario 3: Social Assistance Zone
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SOCIAL SERVICES IN CIVIC & CULTURAL PRECINCT
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PROJECT BRIEF USERS TARGETED COMMERCIAL TENANTS
Discounted Rent
Full Market Rent
Charity & Social Services
Advocacy Groups
Social Enterprises
Government-owned Organisations
Ethically Minded Businesses
Regular Businesses
e.g. Salvation Army, St Vincent de Paul, Cerebral Palsy Alliance
e.g. Launch Housing, Homelessness Australia, RUOK?
e.g. Thankyou, Home.One, STREAT, Lentil as Anything
e.g. Department of Social Services, Centrelink, NDIS
e.g. Bank Australia Ethical Investments
e.g. Woolworths, Commonwealth Bank, Qantas
Full Market Rent
Discounted Rent
No Income
Low Income
and some Certified B Corporations
Medium Income
High Income
FINANCIAL STRUCTURE
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CROSS SUBSIDISATION
FUNDING
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PART 5 FINAL OUTCOME
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Social Services and Social Enterprises in Brunswick
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No Income
e.g. Launch Housing, Homelessness Australia, RUOK?
e.g. Salvation Army, St Vincent de Paul, Cerebral Palsy Alliance
Low Income
Discounted Rent
Advocacy Groups
Charity & Social Services
Discounted Rent
Medium Income
e.g. Thankyou, Home.One, STREAT, Lentil as Anything
Social Enterprises
TARGETED COMMERCIAL TENANTS
Targeted Users Spectrum
Full Market Rent
e.g. Department of Social Services, Centrelink, NDIS
Government-owned Organisations
e.g. Woolworths, Commonwealth Bank, Qantas
Regular Businesses
High Income
and some Certified B Corporations
e.g. Bank Australia Ethical Investments
Ethically Minded Businesses
Full Market Rent
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Financial Structure
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Scenarios for the future of Civic & Cultural Precinct
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Stages of Development
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5.2 Conclusion
It is necessary to admit that this short thesis has many limitations. Due to time constraint, I feel many of the research strands have not reached to a satisfactory end before I must draw conclusions from them. It would have also been beneficial to conduct more interviews with people working in the social industry, as well as collecting some empirical data. The hypothesis is merely tested by designing, it has not been tested by prototypes. Therefore to that end, this project remains highly hypothetical and speculative. In my previous studio journals, I have always added a concluding part at the end that sums up the key lessons from a semester's work. As I believe that the purpose of a design studio, or any design exercise, is not to end up with a perfect solution (albeit one should aim to perfect their design skills over time), but to learn through the design process - what worked, what didn't - and to carry that onto the next design. As I type these contents into the booklet, I think this is a perfect time to reflect on not just this thesis studio, but the whole postgraduate study.
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Architecture does not exist alone. We don't live in a vacuum, design is a very complex activity and buildings interact with many other actors, both tangible and intangible. Now it is more important than ever for architects to zoom out of their building, and fully acknowledge and respond to the urban context. Design for humans, not magazine covers. The study of architecture should be more about the study of humans, for most of the time, humans are the primary occupier of our designs. Design is a collaborative activity. Always bounce ideas off others, and be ready to criticise your own designs. And lastly, Design like you give a damn. Designing without the intention to make the world a better place for people to live in is utterly pointless. We should direct our works to those who need it the most. As I mentioned earlier in Part 1, the value of architecture lies in its ability to bring happiness to people.
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APPENDICES i. Brunswick Intensive ii. Literature Review iii. Precinct Precedent ix. Bibliography x. List of Images
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APPENDIX. i BRUNSWICK INTENSIVE In Week 3 of this semester, the studio class spent two days at Brunswick (mainly based at Siteworks), running a series of workshops, talks and design exercises to help inform our individual agenda, as well as being immersed in the neighbourhood. Working in groups consisting both architecture and urban design students, the discussions between two disciplines are often quite refreshing. And I discovered different methodologies when we both approach the same design problem. Another benefit of this intensive weekend is that we have all got to know each other a bit better, and got to talk about other things in our lives. After all, not all life is architecture right?
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BUSINESS OWNERS INTERVIEWS
One of the most rewarding exercises I find is the interviews with local business owners. It is a very practical and tangible way to exercise the "bottom-up" design approach that has become such a buzzword. Due to the short notice period, I've managed to interview three businesses: Harper & Blohm cheese shop, Brunswick Bound bookshop, and Melbourne Artists' Supplies. Olivia moved her business to Brunswick 5 years ago after the shop's success and need for expansion in Essendon. She likes that the location on Sydney Road is convenient and more accessible by different groups of people, although she would like to have more trees along the streets. Her regular patrons tend to be on two ends of the age scale - young working adults who just start having some disposable income, and the older retired who have the money and time to taste some fabulous cheese. She has also got involved in Council organised business events and received helps. Rob on the other hand, has been a local resident of Brunswick for 12 years. Brunswick Bound is the only independent bookshop in Brunswick. Although he also likes the convenience of being in Brunswick, Rob hopes there
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would be less crowd or traffic, and that Brunswick should become cleaner. Gina, who works at Melbourne Artists' Supplies told us that their City store is not doing too well due to all the construction works. Although the parking lot in front of the shop helps to bring some customers, ticket inspections are very often. Her biggest concern is constructions nearby, as they usually appear without notice and affect the business negatively. Later in the semester, I also got in contact with Uniting Church, as their involvement in social causes more relevant to my individual thesis. My interview with Reverend Ian Ferguson can be found in Part 3.4 of this book, on page 60.
Left: Olivia Sutton, the owner the popular specialty cheese shop Harper & Blohm on Sydney Road. Right: Rob is the owner of the independent bookshop Brunswick Bound, the only shop of its kind in Brunswick. (Image source: Author)
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BRUNSWICK: BATTLING WITH FICATION
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FAST GENTRI-
2.1%
36.4%
23.4%
CIVIC & CULTURAL
0.4%
6.8%
0.7%
3.1%
NOT APPLICABLE
INFO MEDIA
ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICES
MANUFACTURING
WHOLESALE TRADE
RETAIL/ TRADE
HEALTHCARE/ SOCIAL ASSISTANCE
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
ARTS AND RECREATION
PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SERVICES
WORK CATEGORIES
WORK
2.1%
2.3%
2.6%
20.3%
15.3%
34.7%
18.8%
7.6%
SECONDARY SCHOOL QUALIFICATIONS
4.3%
1%
WORK/ EDUCATION
38%
12.0%
BRUNSWICK MELBOURNE
49.3%
8.7%
UNIVERSITY QUALIFICATION
1%
4.3%
1%
4.1%
1.7%
52.8% 1.7%
52.8%
5.6%
4.1% 4.8%
MELBOURNE
4.8%
3.6% 1%
3.1% 3.6%
3.1%
5.6%
not applicable
info media
CIVIC & CULTURAL
VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
1.5%
8.5%
2.6%
7.9%
8.5%
40.9%
2.3% 2.1%1.5%
5.5%
7.9% 4.8%
40.9%
6.8%
4.8%
BRUNSWICK
6.8%
5.5%
1.5%
10.4%
EDUCATION
3.1%1.5%
2.3%
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MELBOURNE
BRUNSWICK
CIVIC & CULTURAL
36%
30%
33.3%
20.5%
19.3%
30.4%
46.1%
PRIVATE RENTAL
26.2%
OWNED ON MORTGAGE
16.7%
OWNED OUTRIGHT
TENURE
4.4%
7%
RENTED NOT IN SAME HOUSEHOLD
0.37%
0.25%
HOUSING COOPERATIVE
HOUSING
2%
2%
0.4%
SOCIAL HOUSING
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reek: 3.4%
ITALIAN
GREEK
Chart Title
BRITISH/ IRISH
other
CIVIC & CULTURAL
ANCESTRY
bri�sh irish Arab ARAB
South Asian 8.8% Italian: 9.6% 20.4% Arab Chinese 29.5%
bri�sh irish
MELBOURNE
ABOROGINAL
OTHER
17%Arab
16.5%
6.5%
other
31%
51%
South Asian
Greek: 3.4%
Chinese
41%
51%
Italian: 9.6%
20-39 YEARS OLD
AGE Chart Title
Greek: 3.4%
SOCIAL DIVERSITY
51%
Italian: 9.6%
MELBOURNE
57%
bri�sh irish
Chart Title
4.3%
20% other
14.7%
25.5% Greek: 3.4%
23.2%
GROUP HOUSEHOLD
29.3%
LONE PERSON HOUSEHOLD
Bri�sh 9.6% Irish Arab Chineseother South Asian Chinese South Asian Italian: Greek: 3.4% 57% CHINESE SOUTH ASIAN
BRUNSWICK
Chart Title
4.8%
15.3%
23.2%
BRUNSWICK
1.7%
11.5%
27.8%
SINGLE PARENT
COUPLES WITH KIDS
CIVIC & CULTURAL
COUPLES WITH NO KIDS
Chart Title
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ot
Axonometric Site
CIVIC & CULTURAL PRECINCT
Since Brunswick used to be an industrial and manufacture neighborhood, all the buildings are relatively at with a range of 1 - 3 storeys. Open spaces are for car parkings with less greeneries. It also consists of a variety of urban typologies. Most of the council buildings are located in Civil and Culture Precinct.
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293,297,305 Sydney Rd, Brunswick Retails shops with traditional Victoria facade are located along the main street or trams line. Ground floor are normally for commercial uses while the second floor is storage or owners living area.
Brosnan Centre, 10 Daeson St, Brunswick
The heritage buildings are usually one or two storey high with pitch roof adjacent to some open spaces.
Typologies
CIVIC & CULTURAL PRECINCT
Industrial warehouses currently accommodate offices, studio, small scale manufacture or bars etc. They are mostly placed along the train line or secondary streets with a large parking area.
18-20 Michael St, Brunswick
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APPENDIX. ii LITERATURE REVIEW
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This literature review was undertaken as part of class exercises to familiarise with the four ingredients of the studio. This assigned reading is on the topic of climate & transition. Although later my hypothesis question does not specifically respond to place and climate, this article provides valuable insights on the current planning visions for old industrial suburb renewal projects as Arden Macaulay. Similar to Arden, Brunswick is also undergoing renewing works from its dusty industrial past. Both sites share similar challenges and opportunities. The challenges unique to Arden is the underground swamp that existed before land reclamation which would likely to be problematic once the place is used for residential and commercial activities. Sea level rises due to climate change is only going to aggravate the issue. From planning authorities' point of view, there isn't any definitive answer. The question remains whether Arden will become another Docklands, especially for a financially lucrative project like this. The article links to an MPavilion Talk, and the panel discusses about "Deliberative Development" and "Speculative Development". Deliberative Development is, "a development model in which the designer or owner-occupiers take on the role that's traditionally led by a speculative developer." The motivations are different, one is motivated primarily by risks and profits, whereas the other more concerned about social and environmental agendas. The deliberative model is gaining more momentum but it's still not the norm in Australia. I think the difficulty is political as well as financial.
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Proposal 1: Deep Town Structure
Proposal 2: Islands of Intensity
Proposal 3: Dynamic Water Systems
Nigel Bertram, Catherine Murphy & Rutger Pasman, Arden Macaulay in Transition, 2017.
Above left: Official document from VPA outlining the visions for Arden. Above right: A recent publication from Monash University on the future planning of Arden Macaulay. Below: Proposals put forth by Monash University students.
Proposal 4: New Industry Neighbourhoods
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"Until we have a planning system that truly supports the non-speculative model and sustainability over car parking or the person who can afford to pay the most, we're never going to move forward." Brighid Sammon, Hansen Partners
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NEU OERLIKON, ZÃœRICH, SWITZERLAND
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APPENDIX. iii PRECINCT PRECEDENT
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O3// PRECEDENT PROJECTS
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0
10
20
40
Neu-Oerlikon From Industries to New Living & Offices Location
Zürich, Switzerland
Project
Masterplan
Use mix
Commercial, residential, recreation
GFA (m²)
550,000m²
Plot ratio Stakeholders
Stadt Zürich (City of Zurich), ABB Schweiz, Oerlikon Bührle, SBB, etc.
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3
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For precinct projects: A function and uses plan at either 1:500,1:1000 or 1:2000 that shows the relationship/s between uses within the project and the surrounding context. The area your project takes up should be roughly half to two thirds of the total image. Your uses should be divided into live, work, visit and open/green space. You should show street names, trees, buildings etc and include a legend, scale bar and north arrow with colours and formatting like the one provided.
0
LIVE WORK
VISIT OPEN SPACE
10
20
40
CAR PARK
Project role & description Once the biggest inner-city industrial precinct of Zurich, Neu-Oerlikon underwent re-planning since 1988, and has been transformed into a new district with residential buildings, commercial offices and public spaces. There are about 5,000 local residents and 12,000 who work in the area. The urban renewal plan and guidelines were established by City of Zurich and key industry owers. Neu-Oerlikon is characterised by five parks: Oerlikerpark, MFO-Park, Louis-HäfligerPark, Wahlenpark and Gustav-Ammann-Park.
4
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These parks were purposefully built to serve as public open spaces, softening the street scape from its existing modernist buildings. Although key industries still have a major presence in the area, the neighbourhood is livened by the diversity of offices, parks, attractions and residential buildings around. The building Noerd serves as offices for many small businesses and creative industries. New construction is still ongoing in the precinct.
O3// PRECEDENT PROJECTS
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Funding The project was funded by both government and private investors. A local area development fund was created to develop social, cultural and creative events in the precinct, with the inputs from local residents.
Photo 1 of your precinct that describes the design and spatial and material qualities of the project
Planning framework Planning for the precinct started in 1988 as a urban design competition. The development regulations and framework was agreed upon by city authorities and key landowners, and came into effect from 1998. Ten key projects to revamp the area include parks, school, a market, train station, residential buildings and Noerd - a commercial building for creative enterprises.
Design & spatial qualities Whilst many new buildings and parks have been constructed, the overall characteristics of the neighbourhood still reflects its industrial past. Many built structures remind people of the former use of the site. The spiral tower in Oerlikerpark (pictured left) resembles a factory chimney and acts as a viewing tower. The MFO-Park was constructed using steel frames, covered with plants. It reflect the site’s former occupier both in its size and tectonics.
Oerlikerpark
Evaluation & key lessons The purposeful introduction of green, open spaces inside the industrial park helps to create central meeting spaces for civic activities. They also soften the streetscape and draw visitors who may only know the area as an industrial site. New residential buildings also liven the daytime activities of the precinct. They are well considered and are serviced with parks. However, this is a noticeable lack of street furniture in some parks and open squares which could have helped to soften the large scale buildings and encouraged pedestrian activities. There is also a missed opportunity for the new park designs to be little more disruptive to the overall orthogonal planning of other buildings.
MFO-Park
Overall this project is a successful urban renewal, it exemplifies the theme of “citizen-led spaces” and “authentic places”. The new and existing buildings form a coherent response to the changing urban space and the history of place. CO-CREATING BRUNSWICK 2019
5
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APPENDIX. ix BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Bell, Bryan and Katie Wakeford, ed. Expanding Architecture: Design as Activism. New York: Metropolis Books, 2008. Cassaignau, Maud, Markus Jung and Matthew Xue. Building Mixity! Clayton: Monash University Publishing, 2018. Chamberlain, Chris, Guy Johnson and Catherine Robinson, ed. Homelessness in Australia: an Introduction. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing (UNSW), 2014. Gehl, Jan. Cities for People. Washington: Island Press, 2010. Foreground. "Reimagining Australia's 'temperate Kakadu'." Foreground. Published January 25, 2018. https://www. foreground.com.au/planning/reimagining-australias-temperate-kakadu/ Graham, Elspeth, David Manley, Rosemary Hiscock, Paul Boyle and Joe Doherty. "Mixing Housing Tenures: Is it Good for Social Well-being?" Urban Studies 46, no.1 (Jan 2009): 139-165. Karakusevic, Paul and Abigail Batchelor. Social Housing: Definitions & Design Examplars. New Castle, UK: RIBA Publishing, 2017. Morris, Alan, Michelle Jamieson and Roger Patulny. "Is social mixing of tenures a solution for public housing estates?" Evidence Base issue 1, 2012: 1-21. Moss, Sarah. “Two (different) peas in a pod: the opportunities of bringing Viennese Social Housing to Melbourne,” Planning News 45, no.1 (Feb 2019): 20-21. Rudofsky, Bernard. Architecture without Architects: an introduction to nonpedigreed architecture. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 1964. Rumpfhuber, Andreas, Michael Klein and Georg Kolmayr. “Almost All Right: Vienna’s Social Housing Provision.” Architectural Design 82, no.4 (Jul-Aug 2012): 8893. Urhahn Urban Design. The Spontaneous
City. Amsterdam: BIS Publishers, 2010. Weizierl, Carla, Florian Wukovitsch and Andreas Novy. “Housing First in Vienna: a socially innovative initiative to foster social cohesion,” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 31, no.3 (Sep 2016): 409-422.
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APPENDIX. x LIST OF IMAGES
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P.6-7 Redfearn, David. Sydney Road Street Party, 2016, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/ EVReZD P.14-15 Young, David. We Have Moved, 2014, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 5, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/k5hMwi P.23. Frearson, Amy. Untitled image, 2016, photograph. Dezeen. Accessed November 5, 2019. https://www.dezeen. com/2016/10/24/interview-ikea-foundation-ceo-per-heggenes-better-shelter-refugee-temporary-architecture-modular/ P.30. Unknown photographer. Untitled image, 2016, photograph. Australian Museum of Squatting. Accessed November 4, 2019. http://www.australianmuseumofsquatting.org/?p=869 P.37. Unknown photographer. Sarah Sands Hotel, ca 1900, photograph. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. Accessed November 4, 2019. http://handle.slv.vic.gov. au/10381/334025 P.37. Unknown artist. Moreland Road, The Land of Promise, West Brunswick, close to Essendon, 1888, cartographic material. State Library of Victoria, Melbourne. Accessed November 5, 2019. http://handle.slv.vic. gov.au/10381/132000 P.81. Greenstone Girl. Golden Steeple, 2017, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/Sah2P9 P.102-103. Young, David. Redouble, 2014, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/kmWVMK P.132-133. Young, David. Untitled, 2013, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8,
2019. https://flic.kr/p/idWx1Y P.140-144. Works by Valerie Wong & Rilun Li. P.152-153. MPavilion. Untitled, 2017, photograph. Foreground. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://www.foreground.com. au/private-domain/deliberative-development-suburbs/ P.166-167. Young, David. I'm Missing You, 2014, photograph. Flickr. Accessed November 8, 2019. https://flic.kr/p/jgQyCw
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Master of Architecture Thesis The (In)visible Brunswick: Towards a City of Social Consciousness University of Melbourne Melbourne School of Design Steve Qingchen Meng 531549 Studio leaders: Katherine Sundermann & Clare Easterbrook-Lamb of MGS Architects, Manton Ln, Melbourne