The Undulance Booklet_Yi Wang (Steve)

THE UNDULANCE

Claiming back initiatives and autonomous rights in urban public spaces for framing our self-governing future and contributing ourselves to the creation and maintenance of urban landscapes.

Student: Steve Yi Wang Tutor: Alistair Kirkpatrick

RESEARCH QUESTION How to use the idea of ‘embodied cognition’ as a primary driver and landscape languages as elements for an intervention at Edgars Creek?

Can ‘organism-environment’ interaction function not only as a main programme, but also as a catalyst point to initiate an iterative process of users modifying landscape autonomously?

How does user-created landscape modification enhance social connection and influence personal and cultural transformation? Additionally, what impact does this process have on local culture in a broader sense, having created a landscape maintenance regime that is between autonomy and traditional management structures?

1

ABSTRACT The Covid-19 pandemic has changed the

We are trying to find those residual spaces

ways. Apart from numerous changes of

to take a walk or just get some fresh air as we

world and our society dramatically in many daily life and strict travelling restriction were implemented in grater Melbourne area,

we have more and more valued the using

of greenspace and started detecting those

unnoticed, ‘invisible’ residual landscapes in our city.

that near our home, or within a 5km radius,

all have been stayed at home for so long. We are more and more care about our feelings, sensations, insideness and the connection

with the external environment. This is a time for us to explore a new experimental way of using and feeling the public space.

CONTENTS PART ONE:

About the phenomenology

1

Embrace the ‘messiness’: Site conditions and observations

PART TWO:

Path typologies research

4

Path typologies classification Concept generalization

PART THERE: Site mapping

9

Initiative site analysis

PART FOUR:

22

PART FIVE:

14

Iterative design testings and feedbacks

Overall site reprogramming

Design strategy for indepth interventions

PART SIX:

Bottom-up design interventions

18

The design of catalyst points A collaborative public space

Part SEVEN:

The undulance

22

The bunker

The corrugation

Entering the undulance An ecological catalyst

Part EIGHT:

A feasible self-governing future

32

BIBLIOGRAPHY

35

PART ONE

’The key issue in any Phenomenological approach is the manner in which people experience and understand the world. Phenomenology involves the understanding and description of things as they are experienced by a subject. It is about the relationship between being and being-in-the-world.‘ Christopher Tilley

ABOUT THE PHENOMENOLOGY

Being in the world resides in a process of

Our spiritual world is also affected by the

world by setting themselves apart from it.

we can obtain experiences and feelings as

objectification in which people objectify the There would always be a gap between the

individual and space. We are trying to bridge this distance through perception (seeing, hearing and touching), body actions and

movements, and intentionality, emotion and awareness residing in systems of belief.

The phenomenology to the landscape is it is

a subject that researching on the relationship between human spiritual world and our

physical world or external environment.

physical world and our backgrounds; also, feedback from the physical world to our

spirits, and furthermore continue to affect

our actions and movements, and thoughts.

It is like a back and forth transmitting and receiving process.

Researching in phenomenology could help us to understand how we experience and feel the external environment, what is the mechanism of this process. Then we reverse this process, creating scenarios and mechanisms in the

process of shaping immersive environment

for users. To help understand the environment we built, and better illustrate our concepts

and visions in a more implicit and immersive way.

1

EMBRACING THE 'MESSINESS': SITE CONDITIONS AND OBSERVATIONS

The Situation The Motion

2

The Amplification

The Coaction

3

PART TWO

'It is true that many of the cognitions of which we are consciously aware are indeed linguistically framed, including that ongoing monologue inside our heads. But now we know that many, many more of our cognitions are not verbal. And sometimes they even precede the words we conjure up to describe them.'

Sarah Williams Goldhagen

PATH TYPOLPGIES RESEARCH Comparing with plants, facilities or other

On the eastern and western banks of Edgars

element that can be easily neglected by users

users rather than intentionally designed or

landscape objects, path is like a landscape

when we are enjoying the built environment.

We can also experience diverse types of

paths: dry or wet, wide or narrow, earthen or muddy‌People might wonder how a path

looks like this and why it is like this, however,

people might have not aware that the using of the path is significant landscape component

Creek, the majority of paths was formed by

constructed. This part is going to explore why the path typologies on the site are the way

they are. A path typologies category would

also be presented to unfold the story behind those paths with diverse forms and edge conditions.

and it could remarkably influence users’

experiences and activities in public spaces.

4

-Path type: A desire path on a generally flat lawn area Phenomenon: generally clear boundary, narrow, newly created, fresh grass on it Why:The left side path is recently flooded and the pedestrian chose to make a detour on its right side.

-Path type: A desire path on a gentle sloped, lawn area at the creek bank.

Phenomenon: very clear boundary, narrow, moderate moisture, compact soil.

Why: Water level measuring stick at the distance, this area could be seasonally flooded, but the flood water is possibly not overflow the path.

-Path type: A path goes through a woodland with a smaller desire path that accesses to the creek.

Phenomenon: compact soil with moderate moisture Why: The smaller desire path indicates that where the visitors want to go and play.

-Path type: Stepping stones and river cliff at the sides of creek.

Phenomenon: shallow soil, exposed tree roots, serious erosion fuzzy boundary Why: Erosion at the river cliff due to the rise of water level in flooding time.

Also, it receives the erosion from passing pedestrian.

-Path type: Grassy path on a river cliff Phenomenon: Compact soil, medium width, clear boundary Why: Because of the aspect and the traffic.

Heavy traffics make the soil on the path more and more compacted. Direct sunlight evaporates the moisture on the path surface,

-Path type: Path on a slope near the bank Phenomenon: Narrow, gentle slope, very clear boundary Why: Visitors access the creek via this path.

The portion where the path located is a relatively gentle-slope area, which allow pedestrians to pass.

-Path type: Path on a gentle slope in woodland, with different shapes and textures.

Phenomenon: Soil is dry with light yellow colour, slowly getting darker at the shadowing portion. narrow, very clear boundary, bike tyre marks, Why: The surrounding conditions vary along the path. Changing conditions lead to different shapes and soil types on different portions of the path. The dry parts of the path tend to keep a clear boundary and narrow width; the damp parts are more wide, and the boundary got blurred,because pedestrians are more willing to walk on the dry path, in avoid of getting their shoes dirty and wet.Then they chose to walk on those dry areas on the sides of original path.

-Path type: A path in a woodland.

Phenomenon: generous shadowing, wet soil, fuzzy boundary, temporary pavement, fresh grass.

Why: Someone used branches to pave a damp muddy area of the path. It could be an essential desire path and people have to take this path to access

5

-Path type: A path across a grassland.

Phenomenon: Compact soil, narrow, very clear boundary.

Why: Dense vegetation stop the pedestrians to go other areas. Good photo spot on this path to get an overall view of the creek.

-Path type: Path on a steep slope Phenomenon: fuzzy boundary, serious erosion on its surface, wet soil, scouring signs can be seen, high evaporation rates Why: This path has been experiencing regular scouring, which has caused serious erosion on its surface. Sparse vegetation gave less protection to the soil from erosion.

-Path type: A path across a grassland.

Phenomenon: Compact soil, narrow, very clear boundary.

Why: Dense vegetation stop the pedestrians to go other areas. Good photo spot on this path to get an overall view of the creek.

-Path type: Earthen path on an up-going area Phenomenon: dry, yellowish and compact soil, clear boundary, wide width.

Why: A house can be seen at the distance, showing it is one of the main paths.

The wide width is because of the dense traffic and erosion on both sides.

Notes -Topography: landform, slope steepness, -Soil condition: wet or dry? Muddy or compact?

-Vegetation: Surrounding vegetation types: ground-covers? Shrublands? Forests?

-Environmental experiences: High point? Low point? Opened or closed area? Different moods and feeling will be obtaining in different environments, thus different movements and activities would be implemented by users in those various places Environmental factors: -topography: landform, slope steepness, -Soil condition: wet or dry? Muddy or compact?

-Vegetation: Surrounding vegetation types: ground-covers? Shrubs? Or Forests -Environmental experiences: High point? Low point? Open or closed areas? Different moods and feeling people will have in different environments, thus different movements and activities would be implemented by users in those various places Eg: On a small piece of area at hight point, RATHER THAN walking around dramatically, you will be moving constrainedly; However, at an open, flat area, you will feel more chill, relax and safe to walk around, more path would be created and fuzzier the boundary is.

Social factors: -Programmes, activities: a valued landscape objects would attract people to visit and paths would be created consequently.

-Social distancing: people are obeying social distancing in the park, thus more paths are created during the locked time in those open areas because people are avoiding walking on the same path with each other.

-Draw in advantages and avoid disadvantages: Avoiding damp, muddy, and dangerous areas.

-Shortcuts -Conformity -Personal invests and pragmatic purposes -Humanity: randomness, disorderliness, chaos, messiness.. are embedded in our humanity.

6

PATH TYPOLOGIES CLASSFICATION Programmes Follow and explore During the usage of Programme Paths, the individual plays the role of a a receiver, follower, tracer and customer, as they are the consumers of these the landscapes.

55%

The Programme Paths vary from medium to narrow in width with a relatively clear boundary.

Programme is a critical reason that causes the formation of many informal paths.

Pro g ra m m e s a re re l at e d t o a c t i v i t i e s , purposes, exploration, and incidents.

Programme Paths’ functions include passing, arrival, connecting‌.

Environmental experiences Express feelings & emotions

The function of Environmental Paths is not just about transits. The path itself could extend unlimitedly until its extent is intersected with other spaces.

45%

The Environmental Paths have various widths may have clear to fuzzy boundaries, depending on the surrounding topography and vegetation types.

Environmental Paths affect the individuals to shape paths directly or indirectly.

Initiatives Create your own path

It is also a reflection of how people try their best to seek connections and interactions with the external environment.

Individuals start to manipulate the path for both pragmatic and aesthetic purposes.

5%

Users are not just satisfied of simply being a receiver, or converter, at a higher level, individuals subconsciously get themselves involved in the remolding process of landscape objects, they are acting as a contributor or an architect.

Users are acting as a converter, they process those feelings that they gained from the external environment, and convert feelings to their movements, actions, and behaviors, which are the causes of the creation and expansion of Environmental Paths.

A more positive aspect for Initiative paths is that users connect with the path physically and emotionally, which is something people are actively seeking on the virtual world, such as via social apps and online games, the same reason in which people love to post the photos of landscapes on social apps, is that they want people to feel how they feet, they want a sense of connection.

The Initiative Paths differ from the surrounding environment and its materials could be various depending on adjacent resources.

7

CONCEPT GENERALIZATION People have started to invest and change landscapes initiatively, beyond the control of schemers, which can be seen as an expression of ‘embodied cognition’ or an attempt to seek connections.

Through the research of phenomenology and

The initiative path is such a strong evidence that

‘mechanism’ where people receive ‘sensation’

initiatives in public realm and express it through

path topologies, it can be found that there is a from landscapes, then forming the ‘embodied

is showing many people have awakened toward the common knowledge of life and astonishing

cognition’ in our brain and expressing it through individual creativity. ‘movements’ as feedback.

However, how an individual’s sensation is affected by the external environ-ment?

It is the time to rethink the relationship between how we frame the landscape in our mind and what we act and expect to experience in an

environment, which could be a catalyst point

What is the relationship between ‘sensation’ and that we can utilize to organize an organism‘embodied cognition’?

environment interaction in our public spaces.

If allowing the ‘embodied cognition’ to become a critical element to shape the landscape and the site conditions will no longer be the only driven factor in place for processes to occur,

how dynamic can that landscape be? What patterns can be shaped in the future?

8

PART THREE ’Wildness, like the 'primitive area', was invented for people to enjoy. It was grounded in a selfish idea. As social psychologist Donald Michael says,' we choose our social causes in terms of our own psychological needs‘ Tim Low

SITE MAPPING Through hand drawn mapping of the site, a

remote site visit has been taken to understand

the abundant site conditions and existing path network sprawling over the site.

9

INITIATIVE SITE ANALYSIS

Shadowing

Vegetation Density

Flooding Zone

Aspect

Soil Moisture

Soil Depth

10

PART FOUR “Paths are human; they are traces of our relationships.”

Robert MacFarlane

Wool Thread Experiments by Frei Otto, 1988.

ITERATIVE DESIGN TESTINGS AND FEEDBACKS Architect Frei Otto did the Wool Thread

By using the Rhino modelling and a number

threads connecting points around a circle and

has been designed to massively calculate and

Experiments in 1988: taking a network of

dipping it in water. This causes the threads

to stick together at certain points, eventually

these threads will become bundled together to form optimized paths which minimize

detours from one point to another. Frei Otto and his team used this experiment to study what they called ‘optimized path systems’

of Grasshopper plug-ins, a simulation system present various possible path networks that have been shaped or will be shaped in the

future. These results would be used to analysis the path network morphology over the site, to guide and optimize the subsequent design of new path network.

for urban planning and city layouts. The path 12 testing of the Edgars Creek was inspired by the Frei Otto’s experiment and I would like

to use certain algorithm to accomplish this iterative testing process.

11

Optimization Process

12

Results

Composition

13

PART FIVE ‘My body is truly the navel of my world, not in the sense of the viewing point of the central perspective, but as the very locus of reference, memory, imagination and integration.’ Juhani Pallasmaa

OVERALL SITE REPROGRAMMING There are a certain amount of transformations

After researching of site conditions and

and the performances for themselves are

reprogramming the site in order to reorganise

are essentially complex and intricate,

recessive and implicit. The complexity of our landscape system and those sophistications

within it are sometimes beyond our scope of

understanding. Moreover, it is the complexity

its sophistications, it is the stage for

a new path network to address the theoretical framework and build a foundation for subsequent bottom-up interventions.

make us restrictedly focus on the superficial phenomenons rather than giving a whole picture of authentic connections and

circumstances of our landscape systems.

Iterative design testings and feedbacks

that was obtained from this process have laid a foundation for a more profound

understanding of Edgars Creek and justified the legitimacy of further interventions.

14

Drafting

15

DESIGN STRATEGY FOR INDEPTH INTERVENTIONS

There are two path generation modes have

The second is Sequential mode. The

with the embodied cognition.

or patches and areas linked together by the

been generated as two strategies to design The first one is Nested mode.

Sequential mode is an idea abutting zones path.

It starts with Orienting view point, allowing

It combines obstructed views, unobstructed

them to explore the Disorienting zones

movements include enter, move in then out,

users to discern the path shape first, to invite further. Through the curving, wrapping and winding paths in Disorienting zone, users

views and Spectator views, through different move in again, across then finally access openings. It is a sequences of finding,

could obtain illusion of distance and sensation exploring then the reveal of the full view, of motion.Then set unexpected landform at

users are getting orientation and lose it back

of the sensation of the landscape.

a variety of landscape features can be seen in

the way out to evoke an immediate response

It is suitable for flat or gentle rolling areas, to help to create a ‘rhythm of flatness’.

and forth, different events could happen and this journey.

It is suitable for sequential landscapes with

diverse landforms, to help to evoke a dynamic motion description for a sequence of static

16

Masterplan

17

PART SIX

'A cognitive view of art requires that art evoke responses of some kind.'

Merlin Donald

BOTTOM-UP DESIGN INTERVENTIONS As the path typologies research mentioned

with an object with dynamic evolution process

shown that people have started to invest and

architecture is mainly focusing on static and

previously, a number of evidences have

change landscapes initiatively, for meeting

their expectations, or achieving a different way of use or experience. These user’s actions are more spontaneous and subconscious, it is an

and a number of contingencies, while the concrete objects.

That does not mean that architects are not

pursuing the dynamicity and changing in their

expression of ‘embodied cognition’ or an attempt design, however, the variation in architecture to seek connections. It is hard to copy and restore design is somehow limitedly happening on people’s feelings, actions and reasons for doing

its appendant events or spaces rather than

results are almost unpredictable, which is also

process of landscape architecture could be

that at a specific moment, the motivations and

the architecture itself. Contrarily, the evolution

why the mechanism behind this phenomenon is fundamental, which involves the transformation of so delicate and thought-provoking.

the whole landscape object and it could change

Landscape architects are dedicated to the

This is an unique advantage that can be reflected

the way of using or its appearance completely.

creation of iterative design as we are so obsessed on landscape design and a number of design with pursuing a certain of dynamicity in our

design. That is also one of the main differences

between landscape architecture and architecture discipline: the landscape architecture is dealing

ideas could be raised when designing an evolutionary landscape.

18

THE DESIGN OF CATALYST POINTS Interruption

complete the path.

The 'Interruption' gives Interrupted paved paths to visitors, to stimulate their desire to complete the whole path by using their imagination and available materials.

1:200 @A1

19

Commonplace Cognition can i jump across the creek?

The ' Commonplace Cognition' is to offer missing stepping stones to visitors, and this will be used to those parts with 2.5 to 3 meters width over the creek.

Because, people can do a long jump with 2.5 meters length. If larger than

that length, either they are really good at sports, or users will think whether they can jump to the other side of the bank, or they just get started to find something to complete the stepping stones.

1:200 @A1

19

Expectation what is that?

The ‘Expectation’ is using people’s curiosity to the unfamiliar objects. To use

unexpected landscape objects to attract people’s attention and encourage them to explore further.

1:200 @A1

20

A COLLABORATIVE PUBLIC SPACE thank you for your lovely, well-paved path.

Rather than simply using and viewing the

landscape, people are more willing to seek

connections with each other and the environment.

It is worth to design the site as a ‘catalyst’ to allow and encourage these connections to happen.

Furthermore, it is critical to encourage people

how to ‘read’ and understand the landscape, and help people to communicate with each other

with landscape languages rather than linguistic languages.

21

PART SEVEN

'By approaching a cognitive model of landscape architecture, it is possible to hack into conceptual structure by exploiting physical environments such that landscapes evoke a response that mimics spatial remoteness. This process renders landscape architectures as conceptually relevant to human cognition and our sensory-emotional systems.'

Ryan Dewey

THE UNDULANCE The undulance is the core element in this

design and it is also the main programme of the new Edgars Creek Park. The idea of the creation of the undulance is to

design it not just as a main programme

for people using and experiencing in this

park, but also an ecological catalyst point to accelerate the ecological succession process by taking advantage of the

extremely diverse conditions within the undulance.

22

The Zoom in Plan of The Undulance 1. The Bunker 2. The Raise 3. Catalyst Points 4. Puddles 5. Hummocks 6. The Corrugation 7. Muck Heaps 7

5

4 6 Mucks 3 2

Creek Exisisting Paths Primary Paths Secondary Paths

1

Sand Paved Paths

0

5

25

Stepping Stones 23

THE BUNKER Before users get into the undulance,

We can imagine what movements

sand bunker, which is designed as the

are climbing, stumbling, walking on it.

visitors will firstly go through a sunken

people could make at the Bunker, people

entrance of the undulance.

Different experiences and moods can be obtained through these motions.

This is to help to gradually unfold the undulance views for visitors through

their physical movement.At the Bunker,

visitors need to go down first, then there is an slightly raised area ahead of them.

The Bunker

B

A

C

C

B

A

Mucks Creek Exisisting Paths Primary Paths Secondary Paths Trails 1:250 @A1 24

Design With Motions

These four drawings give sequential

pictures of the experience of walking from point 1-4, visitors can get different views of the undulance, from a glimpse at the

beginning, then the view would be blocked, then half-view, and finally visitors will get

the full view and then they will start a further exploration later on.

25

Sections

Section AA

Section BB

Section CC

1:800 @A2

A Perspective From The Bunker

26

THE CORRUGATION

The Corrugation is design to be a land art that

The corrugation would give an intense visual

The idea originates from the form of crumpled

their curiosity, encouraging them to explore

is positioned at the opposite of the undulance. impact to visitors and suddenly capture papers, which is a striking contrast if amplify

this form to a larger scale and make it as a land

further.

art setting near the undulance.

Form Generation Process

27

Form Result

Viewing The Corrugation From The Undulance

28

ENTERING THE UNDULANCE

The undulance includes a number of raised

Users would obtain abundant sensations and

the bottom of it.

this landform, or they can combine and try

hummocks on its slope, and sunken pools at

The undulance also brings diverse conditions to the Edgars Creek. Those northwest facing slopes would have dryer soils and wind

cognition through walking on either route on

different combinations of paths, up and down, back and forth, to obtain a composition of

sensation to enrich their emotional encounters.

exposed environment, robust plants which have a number of tolerances could thrive there.

Down to the creek, the conditions are

getting more and more wet, less sun and

wind exposed, it will become a heaven for a number of species that include weeds. It is

worthy to examine what kind of balance these different species could reach after years of establishment of the undulance.

29

Conditions are abundant and changing rapidly here.

This render is showing the details of the bottom of the undulance, we can see how the path conditions and

surrounding atmosphere are changing with the time, the weather, and different users.

30

AN ECOLOGICAL CATALYST Our city is not the opposite to the ‘nature’.

Humanised environment would give

complex habitats to sustain a number of fauna and flora in urbanized areas.

The problem is those biases and cultural backgrounds in our mind to judge

what is good or bad and put them into

practice. If we design the landscape to be a static object, that is basically manually

disconnecting a piece of ecological patch from the matrix, subsequent events are 2020

just about how hard we are trying to

maintain a dead system. It is acceptable to dump, to vandalise, to destroy in our environment, but it is unacceptable to

stop the evolutionary process, making

landscapes become a static toy for our

own entertaining and hedonism purposes Hence, rather than designing totally

controlled landscapes with our eager

expectations, we should design with the 2025

ecological succession and evolutionary

process. To design a catalyst with lesser

interventions to start everything later on.

Keep testing and reviewing as a iterative design process to examine and modify

our methodology to accomplish a better outcome for urban ecosystems.

The design of the undulance is going to

trigger an ecological boom for the Edgars Creek by offering abundant conditions 2035

and micro-ecosystems over the site. it

would be an ecological refugia that allows local fauna and flora to thrive in this dynamic environment.

31

PART EIGHT

'...stand up against the anguished aggression of technological reason, telematic universalism, cybernetic totalitarianism, and egalitarian and homogenizing terror.'

Ignasi de SolĂ -Morales

A FEASIBLE SELF-GOVERNING FUTURE The majority of urban and suburban parks

The critical fact is it is hard to maintain a

a few of scattered trees have been planted

of normative landscapes with limited human

are look the same or similar, as they all have at the edge and a huge lawn area in the

centre. Outwardly, these normative parks

look neat and beautiful, they satisfied basic

civics demands of public spaces: a piece of

space for walking, jogging, or playing balls‌ However, even though these public spaces

look good or meet the demand of people, it does not mean that they are ecologically or socially make sense .

designated outcome for such large amount and financial resources. A number of urban

parks look like they have been deserted for years. The weeds are taking back the lawn,

the facilities have been neglected, untrimmed vegetations are growing excessively‌ all

these scenes are happening in urban public

spaces. Will people could still use these parks with same expectations in normal times? Will

these parks could offer the same services and

qualities as they have previously programmed and shown on those splendid masterplans and harmonious renders?

32

A Lesson We Have Learnt Please don't cry For the ghost and the storm outside Will not invade this sacred shrine Nor infiltrate your mind My life down I shall lie If the bogey-man should try

A lesson we have learnt from the 2020

We need to have a certain of biases to

Covid-19 pandemic is our current landscapes

state and understand what position we are

without just a few months of lacking decent

controlled and totally top-down designed

cannot last long or satisfy our expectations maintenance. More seriously, with the

subsequent economic depression is going

on in our society and we might need years to recover. It is time to think about how to shift

the current strategies of urban public space design and maintenance regimes to meet challenges from an uncertain future.

The landscape spectrum has shown what different landscape design positions we

are struggling and working with. Just like

politics, we also have ‘leftists’ and ‘rightists’ in landscape architecture realm, which

standing for. For the public space, strictly public spaces are monstrous defects in

our city. As living organisms, public space

users could prove and justify themselves for

reaching a balance between the environment and human interventions by reasonably

giving back the control to individuals. It will change the way of using and experiencing the urban landscape through crafting,

modifying and creating landscape initiatively.

Identically, the fundamental urban landscapes will be changing with numerous bottom-up interventions and modifications over time.

resulting in the current different landscape methodologies and outcomes.

33

Claiming Back Our Initiatives and Autonomous Rights In Urban Public Spaces To play tricks on your sacred mind To tease, torment, and tantalize Wavering shadows loom A piano plays in an empty room‌

The Landscape Specturm

AUTHORITY

State-owned land

Ecologism

Urbanism Inaccessible deserted space

Programmatic

Non-programme

LEFT

Inaction

Public space Bottom-up

Neutral

Top-down

Methods

RIGHT

Totally control

Under the post-pandemic era, it is

legitimate to stand out for claiming Naturism

Accessible deserted space

Modernism

back civic initiatives and autonomous rights in urban public spaces, for

framing our self-governing future Private space

AUTONOMY

Land Ownership

and contributing ourselves to the

creation and maintenance of urban landscapes.

34

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Clement, G. (2003). The Third Landscape. Retrieved from http://www.gillesclement.com/art-454tit-The-Third-Landscape

Downs, R., & Stea, D. (1973). Image and the environment: cognitive mapping and spatial behavior. Chicago: Aldrine.

Dewey, R. (2014). Hacking remoteness through viewpoint and cognition. Kerb: Journal of Landscape Architecture, 22, 26–33.

Farina, A. (2010). Ecology, cognition and landscape : linking natural and social systems.

Dordrecht: Springer.

Goldhagen, S. W. (2017). Welcome to your world : how the built environment shapes our lives.

New York: Harpe.

Hart, R. A., & Moore, G. T. (1973). The development of spatial cognition: a review. In R. Downs & D. Stea (Eds.), Image and environment (pp. 246-295). Chicago: Aldine.

Ignasi de Solà-Morales Rubió, ‘Terrain vague’, in Anyplace, ed. Cynthia C. Davidson, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1995, pp, 118–123.

Kara, B. (2013). Landscape Design and Cognitive Psychology. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013 (82), 288–291. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.26 Low, T. (2002). The new nature. Camberwell, Victoria: Penguin.

Merlin Donald. (2005). The Psychology of Art and the Evolution of the Conscious Brain.

Cambridge (Massachusetts): MIT Press

Nichols, L. (2014). Social desire paths: a new theoretical concept to increase the usability of social science research in society. Theory and Society, 43(6), 647.

Pallasmaa, J. (2012). The eyes of the skin: architecture and the senses. West Sussex: Wiley.

Prominski, M., Stokman, A., Stimberg, D., Voermanek, H., & Zeller, S.(2012). River.Space.Design: Planning Strategies, Methods and Projects for Urban Rivers. Berlin: De Gruyrer

Tilley, C. Y. (1994). A phenomenology of landscape: Places, paths, and monuments. Oxford, U.K: Berg.

35