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LISBON AGENDA BAROMETER: Measuring the Lisbon Agenda Goals
Introduction In keeping with our core mission of promoting market-oriented reform in Europe, the Stockholm Network has been keeping a close eye on the EU’s Lisbon Agenda with a series of publications aimed at giving these goals a closer look to see if they are having any success in improving Europe’s prosperity. The first paper in the Lisbon series was published in autumn 2007. Beyond Lisbon: Reviewing EU policies on IP, Competition and Innovation evaluated the EU’s intellectual property, competition and innovation policies by looking at four broad mechanisms the EU either used or wished to develop to set policy in the following four areas: the Lisbon Agenda’s broad policy goals; the creation of a European Research Area; competition and anti-trust policy under Article 82 of the EC Treaty; and,
statistical categories – some used by the European Commission itself and some picked to supplement the Commission’s measures – covering both standard and less traditional areas of innovation and competition, the Barometer monitors and ranks the progress of nine EU countries towards meeting the specific and general goals of the original Lisbon Agenda of 2000 and the more recent Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs.
intellectual and industrial property. Beyond Lisbon provided a holistic assessment of the EU’s achievements within these policy areas and made recommendations on how it could improve its performance and reach its stated goals. One of its key conclusions was that the Lisbon Agenda could only ever hope to succeed if it focused on a narrower, more targeted set of goals. With both the UK and eurozone entering a recession, the moment could hardly be more timely to examine how much progress has been made since our last report. In this new project - the Lisbon Barometer - the Stockholm Network sets out to statistically measure the specific effects of the Lisbon Agenda reform effort and to outline policy recommendations based on these measures. By using nineteen
paper provide a platform from which the Lisbon Agenda can take the final steps away from its origins as a grand political project, to one of practical public policy with real results.
The Lisbon Agenda Barometer is combined with a discussion paper – Explaining the Lisbon Barometer which analyses the successes and failures of the EU in meeting its Lisbon Agenda objectives, according to the Barometer’s findings. It also makes policy recommendations aimed at achieving the goals of the Lisbon Agenda. Both the Barometer and the accompanying discussion
PAGE 1
Fuelling Ideas
e
Th
m
an y
s
US
an
0.46
0.37
1.59
1.41
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.83
2.68
2.65**
2.51
2.45
3.13
3.02**
Lisbon Agenda Target
Jap
27
an ia
m
EU
Ro
Slo ve nia
UK
1.1***
1.05
1.72
1.82
2
Ita ly
rla nd
1.16
2.12
2.15
3.82
4
et he
N
er
Sw ed en
G
0.91
1
ain
an ce
3
Sp
Fr
4.25*
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as % of GDP
Fuelling Ideas
Big Spenders
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D as % of GDP, 2000 & 2006
KEY 2000
2006
*Data from 2001 **Data from 1999 ***Data from 2005 Source: Eurostat
5
0
PAGE 3
Fuelling Ideas Knowledge Seekers Percentage of Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D by Public and Private Sources, 2004
KEY Other
Public
Private
*Data from 2003 Source: Eurostat
100
10.7
11
37.6
41
2.8 30.4
12
23
12.3
7
11.5
10.5
23
23
17.7
30.4
34.6
30
36.2
8.2
80 32.8 74.5 66.8
65 61.4
60 58.5 54.9 51.7
51.1 48 44.2
44
40
20
S* U
* Jap an
27 EU
m an ia Ro
Slo ve nia
K U
s* he rla nd et N e
Th
m er G
Sw ed en *
an y
ain Sp
an ce
0
Fr
% of gross domestic expenditure on R&D
49
7.8
PAGE 4
Fuelling Ideas R&D Champions Number of Companies in the Global Top 50 by Total R&D Investment, 2006
Source: Department for Trade and Industry, The R&D Scoreboard, 2006
20 18
10
10
6
5
4 3 2
N
S U
Jap an
an y m er
Fr
an ce
G
et
he
Sw ed
en
rla nd s
0
K
1
U
1
Ita ly
No. of Companies
15
PAGE 5
Innovation and Exploitation
Innovation and Exploitation Innovation Nation: Patent Intensity Percentage Share of Total Triadic Patent Families*, 2005
1.8
5
38
rm an y1
Spa in 0 .
8
Ge
5.4
r1 he Ot
France 4.66
*Data refers to patents applied for at the EPO, USPTO and JPO Source: OECD Patent Database, 2007
3
2 en 1.
Swed
ther The Ne
4
.2 lands 2
Italy 1.35 UK 3
Slovenia 0.018 Roma nia 0. 006
.96
0 S3
U
Jap an .83
28
Percentage Share of Total Triadic Patent families
PAGE 7
Innovation and Exploitation Innovation Nation: Patent Activity Increase In Patenting Activity*, 2000–2005
*Data refer to applications filed directly under the European Patent Convention or to applications filed under the Patent Co-operation Treaty and designated to the EPO (Euro-PCT). Patent applications are counted according to the year in which they were filed at the EPO and are broken down according to the International Patent Classification (IPC). They are also broken down according to the inventor’s place of residence, using fractional counting if multiple inventors or IPC classes are provided to avoid double counting. Source: Eurostat
400
Romania
350 300 Slovenia
200
150 Spain
100
Italy The Netherlands United States France Japan EU 27 Germany UK Sweden
Year 2000 Figure
Year
20 04
03 20
02 20
20 01
0
50
20 0
% Increase in patenting activity
250
PAGE 8
Innovation and Exploitation Reaping the Rewards of Innovation Receipts from Royalties and Licence Fees* as a Percentage of GDP, 2006
0.97
*Refers to all payments and receipts between residents and non-residents for the authorised use of intangible, non-produced, non-financial assets and proprietary rights (patents, copyrights, trademarks, franchises, industrial processes) and for the use, through licensing agreements, of produced originals of prototypes (films, manuscripts).
0.67
0.8
0.42
0.55
0.6
0.18
0.24
0.35
0.4
0.008
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.2
S U
an Jap
ia m an Ro
Slo ve nia
K U
ly Ita
lan ds er et h N e
Th
m er G
Sw ed en
an y
ain Sp
an ce
0.0
Fr
Receipts from royalties and licence fees as a % of GDP
1.0
PAGE 9
Innovation and Exploitation Protecting Knowledge Creators Software Piracy Rates*, 2004
Software Piracy Rate (%)
*Data refers to the number of pirated software units divided by the total number of units put into use Source: Business Software Alliance, 2006 Global Software Piracy Study
PAGE 10
Innovation and Exploitation Exporting Ideas Exports of High Technology Products* as a % Share of Total Exports, 2006
*High technology products are defined as the sum of the following products: Aerospace, computers, office machinery, electronics, instruments, pharmaceuticals, electrical machinery and armaments. The total exports for the EU do not include intra-EU trade. Source: Eurostat
26.13 16.67
18.27
15
12.77
13.62
20
17.84
20.04
25
S U
Jap an
EU
27
3.85
ia m an Ro
Slo ve n
K U
lan et he r N
Ita ly
ds
n e Th
m er G
Sw ed e
an y
ain Sp
0
an ce
5
ia
4.48
4.72
6.42
10
Fr
High-tech exports as % share of total exports
26.48
30
PAGE 11
Business Environment
Business Environment Who wants to be an Entrepreneur? How long will it take? Time required to set up a business
Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2006
France
8
Netherlands
11
Romania
11
Italy
13
Sweden
16
UK
18
Germany
24
Spain
47
Slovenia
60
US Japan
Number of days required to set up a business
5 31
PAGE 13
Business Environment Who wants to be an Entrepreneur? How much red tape will I encounter? Number of procedures required for starting a business
*Data refers to the number of procedures required to start a business, including interactions required to obtain necessary permits and licenses and to complete all inscriptions, verifications, and notifications to start operations. Data are for businesses with specific characteristics of ownership, size, and type of production. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2006
Sweden
3
Romania
5
UK
6
France
7
The Netherlands
7
Germany
9
Italy
9
Slovenia
9
Spain US Japan Number of procedures required for starting a business
10 5 11
PAGE 14
Business Environment Business-Friendly Destinations Business Freedom Rating*
95
94.3
94.5
U
100
an
*Business freedom is a measure of how free entrepreneurs are to start businesses, how easy it is to obtain licenses, and how easy it is to close a business. Source: Kane, T., Holmes, K.R. And O’Grady, M.O., Index of Economic Freedom, Heritage Foundation 2007
92.1 88.3
88.2
77.1
80
74.2
73.7
70.9
60
Jap
S
ia m an Ro
ia Slo ve n
K
ly
U
lan er et h N
Ita
ds
n e Th
m er G
Sw ed e
an y
ain Sp
an ce
40 Fr
Business Freedom Rating
86.1
PAGE 15
Business Environment Clean or Corrupt? Corruption Perception Rating*
U S
*Corruption perception relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts, and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt). Source: Corruption Perception Index, Transparency International, 2006
Jap an
7.2
ia
Ro
m
3.7
U K
Slo ve n
6.6
ly
8.4
nd s
Ita
5.2
9.3
Sw ed
e
en
N
et
he
rla
9
er
m
an y
7.8
G Sp
ain
6.7
Fr an ce
Th
Corruption Perception Rating
an ia
7.5
7.3
0
1
Highly Corrupt
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Highly Clean PAGE 16
Small is Beautiful
Small is Beautiful It’s a Small World Number of Small and Medium Enterprises* (SMEs) per 1000 Population, 2004
*SMEs are businesses that may be defined by the number of employees. There is no standard international definition. In this instance the definition varies. i.e. 1–499 employees in the US, 1–199 employees in Sweden, 0 –249 employees in all other EU countries and 1– 299 employees in Japan **Data from 2005 ***Data from 2003 Source: Kozek, M., Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: A Collection of Published Data, International Finance Corporation, Jan. 26 2007
99.6**
100
77.8***
80
73.8
60
45.6***
45**
43.3
44.7
38.3**
40
20
18.1
20
S U
an Jap
ia m an Ro
ia
K U
Slo ve n
he et N
Ita ly
r la nd s
en e Th
m er G
Sw ed
an y
ain Sp
an c
e
0 Fr
SMEs per 1000 population
73**
PAGE 18
Small is Beautiful Size Matters Employment by SMEs*, 2000-2004
*Data from the most recent year available. In this instance SME refers to all businesses with 0-249 employees Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2006
58.5
62.7
64.1
70.4
73
80
39.3
39.5
50.1
60
40
20
S U
an Jap
K U
Slo ve nia
he Th
e
N
et
Ita ly
s r la nd
en Sw ed
G
er
an c
m an y
e
0 Fr
Employment by SMEs as a % of total employment*
88
100
PAGE 19
Small is Beautiful Acorns vs Oaks Value Added* to the Economy by SMEs**, 2004
*Value added represents the difference between the value of what is produced and intermediate consumption entering the production, less subsidies on production and costs, taxes and levies **In this instance SME refers to all businesses with 0–249 employees Source: Eurostat
80 70.3 68.1
70
60.4
60
56.5 53.7
44.5
40
30
20
10
ia m an
U
ly
K
Ro
et h Th
e
N
Ita
s er lan d
n Sw ed e
ain Sp
an ce
0
Fr
Value Added by SMEs
50.7
50
PAGE 20
Our Information Society
Our Information Society The World at Your Fingertips Internet users* per 1000 population, 2004
KEY 50 people
*Internet users are defined as people with access to the worldwide network Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2006
U
S
630
Jap
an
587
Ro
m an
ia
208
Slo ve n
ia
476
U
K
628
Ita
ly
501
N et he Sw rla ed nd en s
682
Th
e
756
G
er m
an y
500
Sp
ain
336
Fr
an
ce
414
0
100
200
300
400
500
Internet users per 1000 population
600
700
800 PAGE 22
Our Information Society Life in the Fast Lane Broadband subscribers* per 1000 population, 2004
*Broadband subscribers refers to the total number of broadband subscribers with a digital subscriber line, cable modem, or other high-speed technologies. Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2006
189.4
145.8
152.6
102.5
108.1
129
150
59.1
81.7
80.9
83.7
100
0.7
50
S U
Ja p an
Ro m an ia
K U
Slo ve nia
he et N
Ita ly
s rla nd
en e Th
m er G
Sw ed
an y
ain Sp
an c
e
0 Fr
Broadband subscribers per 1000 population
200
PAGE 23
Our Information Society Democracy: A Mouse Click Away? Use of E-Government*, 2004–2007
*Data refers to the percentage of individuals aged 16 to 74 who have used the Internet, in the last 3 months, for interaction with public authorities (i.e. having used the Internet for one or more of the following activities: obtaining information from public authorities web sites, downloading official forms, sending filled in forms). **Data from 2005 ***Data from 2006 Source: Eurostat
53
55
60
46** 43
22
26
25
30
26***
30
33
38
39
41
40
13
17
14**
20
3***
5
10
04
07
an ia
07
m
04
Ro
07
Slo ve nia
he r et
04
N
07
UK
04
Ita ly
07
lan ds
04
Th e
m er G
07
en
04
Sw ed
07
an y
04
ain
07
Sp
e
04
an c
0
Fr
% of population using e-government
50
PAGE 24
Our Information Society Net Productivity Percentage of individuals displaying internet skills*
*Internet skills refer to the ability to carry out one or more of the following computer related activities: using a mouse to launch programs such as an Internet browser or word processor; copying or moving a file or folder; using copy or cut and paste tools to duplicate or move information on screen; using basic arithmetic formulae to add, subtract, multiply or divide figures in a spreadsheet; compress files; write a computer program using a specialised programming language. Source: Eurostat
32
35
28 27
28
28 27
26
25
19
20
15
10
5
5
ia m an Ro
UK
ly
Slo ve nia
he r et N
Ita
ds lan
en Th e
m er G
Sw ed
an y
ain Sp
an ce
0
Fr
% of individuals displaying internet skills
30
PAGE 25
The Climate for Innovation
The Climate for Innovation*
*Calculation based on an overall ranking using a sample of the tables.
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All Rights Reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the publisher of this book. Š Published by the Stockholm Network, 2008.
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