(% -ย ' +"&"'(%ย " ( Instituto andaluz interuniversitario de Criminologรญa
Artรญculo 1/2013, enero-febrero (n.ยบ 141). VERSIร N DIGITAL
Extranjeros y espaรฑoles en prisiรณn: comparaciรณn de tipologรญas delictivas y factores de riesgo Karin Arbach-Lucioni1, Santiago Redondo1, Jay P. Singh2, y Antonio Andrรฉs-Pueyo1 (1 Grupo de Estudios Avanzados en Violencia, Universidad de Barcelona. 2 Department of Mental Health Law and Policy, University of South Florida) Resumen: Espaรฑa es uno de los paรญses europeos con mayor proporciรณn de extranjeros en sus prisiones. Este estudio compara diversas tipologรญas delictivas y distintos factores de riesgo, evaluados a partir del protocolo RisCanvi Screening, en una muestra de 5.999 internos en prisiรณn, agrupados segรบn ocho regiones geogrรกficas de procedencia. Se obtuvieron modelos predictivos para la delincuencia violenta en cada grupo analizado. Una conclusiรณn importante de este estudio es que las intervenciones rehabilitadoras que se llevan a cabo con los internos en prisiรณn deberรญan contemplar la especificidad de los factores de riesgo asociados a la conducta criminal en cada grupo. Palabras clave: extranjero, prisiรณn, factor de riesgo, tipologรญa delictiva Title: Foreigners and Spaniards in prison: Comparing crime typologies and risk factors. Abstract: Spain is one of the European countries with a higher proportion of foreign nationals in prisons. This study compares crime typologies and risk factors in a sample of 5,999 offenders, grouped according to eight geographic regions of origin. Risk factors were assessed by means of the RisCanvi Screening, and predictive models were obtained for violent crimes in each group separately. A relevant implication of this study is that rehabilitative interventions should consider the variations across groups of the risk factors associated with criminal behavior. Keywords: foreigner, prison, risk factor, crime typology
Recepciรณn del original: 26 julio 2012 Fecha de aceptaciรณn: 12 diciembre 2012
Sumario: 1. Introducciรณn. 1.1. Los factores de riesgo en poblaciรณn penitenciaria nativa y extranjera. 1.2. El presente estudio. 2. Mรฉtodo. 2.1. Muestra. 2.2. Medidas. 2.3. Procedimiento y anรกlisis. 3. Resultados. 4. Discusiรณn. 5. Bibliografรญa *OUSPEVDDJร O &M FTUVEJP FNQยฝSJDP EF MB SFMBDJร O FOUSF JONJHSBDJร O NBTJWB Z EFMJUP UJFOF VOB FYUFOTB USBEJDJร O FO TPDJPMPHยฝB Z DSJNJOPMPHยฝB -PT BOยฒMJTJT TPCSF MPT GBDUPSFT EF SJFTHP EF MJDUJWP FO FYUSBOKFSPT NBZPSJUBSJBNFOUF MMFWBEPT B DBCP FO &TUBEPT 6OJEPT Z 3FJOP 6OJEP TPO DPOUSBEJDUPSJPT FO TVT SFTVMUBEPT .JFOUSBT RVF BMHVOBT QFSTQFDUJWBT DSJNJOPMร HJDBT FTQFDJBMNFOUF MBT SFMBDJPOBEBT DPO MB UFPSยฝB EF MB EFTPSHBOJ[BDJร O TPDJBM 4IBX Z .D,BZ < > JOEJDBO RVF MB QPCSF[B Z PUSBT DPOEJDJPOFT TPDJPFDPOร NJDBT BEWFSTBT VCJDBO B MPT FYUSBOKFSPT BOUF VO QBSUJDVMBS SJFTHP EFMJD UJWP PUSPT FTUVEJPT UBOUP EF NBDSP OJWFM .BSUJOF[ .BSUJOF[ 4UPXFMM Z -FF 0VTFZ Z ,VCSJO 3VNCBVU Z &XJOH 4BNQTPO .PSFOPGG Z 3BVEFOCVTI 4UPXFMM DPNP EF OJWFM JOEJWJEVBM 8SJHIU Z :PVOUT IBO FODPOUSBEP RVF MPT NJFNCSPT EF MBT DPNVOJEBEFT FYUSBOKFSBT DPOUBSยฝBO DPO NยฒT GBDUPSFT QSPUFDUPSFT MP DVBM EJTNJOVJSยฝB TV SJFTHP EFMJDUJWP 4BNQTPO IBMMร RVF MPT FYUSBOKFSPT SFDJยนO MMFHBEPT B &TUBEPT 6OJEPT Z QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF MPT MBUJOPT QSFTFOUBCBO NFOPSFT UBTBT EF EFMJUPT RVF MPT OPSUFBNFSJDBOPT OBUJWPT B MB WF[ RVF TVT TVDFTJWBT HFOFSBDJPOFT UFOEยฝBO B BQSPYJNBSTF FO NBZPS HSBEP B MBT NยฒT FMFWBEBT UBTBT EFMJDUJWBT EF MPT BVUร DUPOPT 4BNQTPO -BT BOUFSJPSFT QFSTQFDUJWBT GVFSPO SFTVNJEBT Z DPOUSBTUBEBT FO VO SFMFWBOUF FTUVEJP EF 0VTFZ Z ,VCSJO RVF BOBMJ[ร MB QPUFODJB FYQMJDBUJWB RVF MB JONJHSBDJร O QPESยฝB UFOFS TPCSF MPT DBNCJPT QSPEVDJEPT FO MBT UBTBT EF EFMJUPT HSBWFT FOUSF Z FO DJVEBEFT EF &TUBEPT 6OJEPT &&66 4VT SFTVMUBEPT TVTUFOUBSPO FM BSHVNFOUP EF RVF FO SFBMJEBE MB JONJHSBDJร O SFEVDJSยฝB MB UBTB EF EFMJUPT WJPMFOUPT QSPCBCMFNFO UF DPNP SFTVMUBEP EF SFGPS[BS FO FM QBยฝT EF BDPHJEB MB FTUSVDUVSB GBNJMJBS CJQBSFOUBM 0VTFZ Z ,VCSJO "VORVF MB PQJOJร O Qร CMJDB TVFMF DPOTJEFSBS RVF MBT UBTBT EF JONJHSBOUFT Z EF EFMJUPT FTQFDJBMNFOUF EF EFMJUPT WJPMFOUPT FTUยฒO QPTJUJWBNFOUF BTPDJB EBT FOUSF Tยฝ MPT EBUPT EJTQPOJCMFT JOEJDBO RVF MPT EFMJUPT OP TPO iFOEยนNJDPT B VO HSVQP SBDJBM P ยนUOJDPw QBSUJDVMBS )PSUPO QยฒH TJOP RVF FO DBEB QBยฝT UBOUP OBUJWPT DPNP FYUSBOKFSPT DPOUSJCVZFO DPOKVOUBNFOUF Z DPO DJFSUB QSPQPSDJPOBMJEBE B MB NBH OJUVE HMPCBM EF MB DSJNJOBMJEBE 3FJE 8FJTT "EFMNBO Z +BSFU " QFTBS EF BMHVOPT IBMMB[HPT EF MB JOWFTUJHBDJร O FNQยฝSJDB BDFSDB EF MB NFOPS P TFNFKBOUF EFMJODVFODJB EF MPT FYUSBOKFSPT FM QSJODJQBM JOUFSSPHBOUF DPOUJOร B TJFOEP B RVยน TF EFCF MB TPCSFSSFQSFTFOUBDJร O RVF EVSBOUF EยนDBEBT IBO UFOJEP MPT FYUSBOKFSPT FO MBT FTUBEยฝTUJDBT QPMJDJBMFT KVEJDJBMFT Z QFOJUFODJBSJBT EF MB NBZPSยฝB EF QBยฝTFT EF &VSPQB Z FO &&66 &MMJT #FBWFS Z 8SJHIU .D(PWFSO %FNVUI Z +BDPCZ -B JOUFSQSFUBDJร O NยฒT TJNQMF DPOTJEFSBSยฝB DPNP TF IB TFร BMBEP RVF FMMP FT EFCJEP B RVF IBZ VOB NBZPS QBSUJDJQBDJร O EF MPT JONJHSBOUFT FO MB DSJNJOBMJEBE 4JO FNCBSHP FYJTUF JOGPSNBDJร O CBTUBOUF QBSB FTUJNBS RVF EJDIB TPCSFSSFQSFTFOUBDJร O QPESยฝB FTUBS QSFGF SFOUFNFOUF BTPDJBEB DPO DJFSUPT TFTHPT EFM GVODJPOBNJFOUP EF MPT TJTUFNBT EF KVTUJDJB DSJNJOBM DPNP MPT TJHVJFOUFT #BOLT %VSOFTDV )PSUPO MBT QFOBT NยฒT EVSBT BTJHOBEBT B EFUFSNJOBEPT UJQPT EF EFMJUPT FM JODSFNFOUP EF MBT EFUFODJPOFT BENJOJTUSBUJWBT MBT SFTUSJDDJPOFT FO QPMยฝUJDB NJHSBUPSJB MPT NFDBOJTNPT JOFGFDUJWPT EF EFQPSUBDJPOFT Z VOB GBMUB QFSDJCJEB QPS QBSUF EFM TJTUFNB EF KVTUJDJB DSJNJOBM EF
Directora: Deborah Garcรญa Magna. Coordinadora: Marta Fernรกndez Cabrera. Editado por la Secciรณn de Mรกlaga del IAIC Edificio Institutos de Investigaciรณn, Universidad de Mรกlaga. Campus de Teatinos, 29071- Mรกlaga www.boletincriminologico.uma.es Correo electrรณnico: boletincrimi@uma.es Tel: (+34) 95 213 23 25 Fax: (+34) 95 213 22 42 Dep. Legal: MA-857/1996 ISSN versiรณn impresa: 1137-2427 ISSN versiรณn electrรณnica: 2254-2043 Imprime: Grรกficas Mahave S.L.
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(% - ' +"&"'(% " ( Artículo 1/2013, enero-febrero (n.º 141)
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Tabla 1. Distribuciรณn de frecuencias de tipologรญas delictivas segรบn regiรณn geogrรกfica de procedencia Regiรณn
N
Salud pรบblica %
Propiedad %
Sexual %
Violento %
Otros %
Espaรฑa
3456
11,1
21,1
8,3
45,5
14,0
ร frica magrebรญ
954
26,3
13,3
7,7
43,9
8,8
Latinoamรฉrica
829
33,3
5,5
8,3
43,9
8,9
Europa oriental
292
11,3
33,2
4,8
41,4
9,2
ร frica subsahariana
218
58,3
4,6
4,6
20,2
12,4
Resto de Europa
141
33,3
5,8
5,8
42,8
12,3
Asia
77
31,2
10,4
9,1
37,7
11,7
Oriente medio/extremo
32
6,3
25,0
3,1
62,5
3,1
Tabla 2. Comparaciรณn de factores de riesgo socio-demogrรกficos entre los grupos de diferente procedencia geogrรกfica Regiรณn
Edad Media (dt)
Sin pareja %
Bajos recursos econรณmicos %
Falta de apoyo social %
Espaรฑa
40,7 (11,4)
82,6
20,6
13,6
ร frica magrebรญ
33,3 (8,7)
71,2
37,5
27,3
Latinoamรฉrica
35,9 (10,0)
71,4
26,7
18,7
Europa oriental
34,3 (8,4)
70,2
39,4
37,3
ร frica subsahariana
35,6 (7,5)
61,9
39,9
36,2
Resto de Europa
40,0 (11,4)
85,1
29,1
28,4
Asia
37,0 (8,3)
54,5
32,5
29,9
Oriente medio/extremo
33,8 (9,1)
81,3
56,3
65,5
PĂĄg. 4
(% -Â&#x2122;' +"&"'(%Â&#x17E; " ( ArtĂculo 1/2013, enero-febrero (n.Âş 141)
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Tabla 3. ComparaciĂłn de factores de riesgo criminales entre los grupos de diferente procedencia geogrĂĄfica RegiĂłn
Inicio temprano en delito/violencia %
Historia de violencia %
Actitudes procriminales %
EspaĂąa
12
63,9
24,5
Ă frica magrebĂ
9,5
56,2
21,5
LatinoamĂŠrica
4,9
54,5
19,2
Europa oriental
3,8
52,4
26,7
Ă frica subsahariana
1,4
26,6
16,1
Resto de Europa
6,4
53,9
20,6
Asia
1,3
50,6
22,1
Oriente medio/extremo
3,1
59,4
50
Tabla 4. ComparaciĂłn de factores de riesgo relacionados con la estancia en prisiĂłn entre los grupos de diferente procedencia geogrĂĄfica RegiĂłn
Desajuste en prisiĂłn %
Fallos en la supervisiĂłn %
Problemas drogas/alcohol %
Pobre rta. tratamiento %
Historia de autolesiones %
EspaĂąa
44
39,7
34,4
37,1
18,1
Ă frica magrebĂ
50,2
24,8
22,7
26,1
10,9
LatinoamĂŠrica
35,2
21,7
19,3
24
4
Europa oriental
36,3
23,3
16,4
21,6
8,9
Ă frica subsahariana
32,1
14,2
11,9
13,8
2,3
Resto de Europa
42,6
22
20,6
30,5
14,2
Asia
28,6
16,9
7,8
27,3
1,3
Oriente medio/extremo
68,8
21,9
28,1
28,1
21,9
Tabla 5. Factores de riesgo de delitos violentos en internos de diferentes regiones geogrĂĄficas EspaĂąa
Ă frica magrebĂ
LatinoamĂŠrica
Europa oriental
Ă frica subsahariana
Resto de Europa
Menor edad (.99)***
Sin pareja (1.44)*
Menor edad (.96)***
Desajuste en prisiĂłn Sin pareja (1.63)** (1.44)** Fallos en la Fallos en la supervisiĂłn (1.81)** supervisiĂłn (.66)** Problemas drogas/
Actitudes procriminales (2.40)**
Falta de soporte social (2.94)*
Menor edad (.95)*
Bajos recursos econĂłmicos (.74)*** Falta de apoyo social (1.34)***
alcohol (2.59)*** Actitudes procriminales (2.50)***
Actitudes procriminales (10.19)***
Desajuste en prisiĂłn (2.41)* Pobre rta. tratamiento (2.83)* Actitudes procriminales (7.00)**
Nota: Los valores en parĂŠntesis indican el OR obtenido en el anĂĄlisis de regresiĂłn logĂstica multivariante. Un OR < 1.00 y significativo indica una relaciĂłn inversa con la violencia. Los asteriscos indican el nivel de significancia del valor de Ă&#x; (* p< .05; ** < .01; *** < .001).
(% - ' +"&"'(% " ( Artículo 1/2013, enero-febrero (n.º 141)
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Esta investigaciรณn contรณ con la financiaciรณn del Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaciรณn de Espaรฑa (PSI2009-13265) y la colaboraciรณn del Departamento de Justicia de la Generalitat de Catalunya (Proyecto RisCanvi). Contacto con los autores: karinarbach@ub.edu Cรณmo citar este artรญculo: ARBACH-LUCIONI, Karin, REDONDO, Santiago, SINGH, Jay P., ANDRร S-PUEYO, Antonio, โ Extranjeros y espaรฑoles en prisiรณn: comparaciรณn de tipologรญas delictivas y factores de riesgoโ , en Boletรญn Criminolรณgico, artรญculo 1/2013, enero-febrero (n.ยบ 141). Versiรณn electrรณnica disponible en http://www.boletincriminologico.uma.es/boletines/141.pdf [Fecha de consulta:]