Digital Design - Module 02 Semester 1, 2019 Olivia Loh
Student Number - 996079 Tony Yu - Studio 3
Critical Reading: Kolerevic B. 2003. Architecture in the Digital Age
Kolerevic described three fundamental types of fabrication techniques in the reading. Outline the three techniques and discuss the potential of Computer Numeric Controlled fabrication with parametric modelling. (150 words max)
Kolervic gives 3 types of fabrication techniques; additive, subtractive, and formative. Subtractive fabrication removes volumes from solids, this can include 2D fabrication techniques such as laser cutting and water jets. Additive fabrication incrementally adds materials in layers to create forms, such as 3D printing using filament. Lastly, formative fabrication creates forms by reshaping the material, this can be using pressure, heat, etc. The potential of Computer Numeric Controlled fabrication allows for the design to have greater control over every step of the process. This also allows for mass customisation, and is not limited to the creation of one product.
2
SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE
Visual Scripting of Surface & Paneling
The process of creating the script for the surfaces, panels and waffle was challenging in terms of mixing panels. Through the grasshopper script, I explored various surfaces before deciding on a symmetrical one which was a bit dramatic with its twisting movement.
Paneling
Box Generation
Pts Along Curves + Surface Creation
Surface Grid
3
Weaved Paneling
In paneling this surface, I found trying to parametrically mix panels very challenging. Through my experimentation, I managed to get ‘Weave’ to work, however, it only appeared to work fully on certain modules, and not with others. This was frustrating and overly time consuming to figure out. Thus, eventually to resolve the problem, I decided to manually choose the panels, however, I was still able to parametrically adjust the height and number of modules on a surface.
Visual Scripting of Waffle
X Contours
Surface Input & Division
Z Contours
X Fins Generation
Joined Z Contours
Brep I Brep Intersection
Curve Offset
Solid Generator
Unrolled Fins
Trimmed Fins
In creating the waffle, I was focused on it having enough support, especially at the top end to support the heavier 3D paneling. It also took some trial and error to work out the trimming of the fins so that they would fit, due to the extreme curve of the surfaces. It was also important that the edges of the surfaces at the top was connected to the fins directly in order to support the paneling. This, however, in the physical model, didn’t turn out exactly as planned. While the physical waffle does stand, it is still overall a bit weak in holding the paneling, thus maybe more could have been done to ensure the structure’s strength.
4
SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE
Surface Creation
These images capture the various stages of my design, from the weave (1), to various pattern variations in the designs. They capture the different stages of paneling, as well as the few panel types that I gravitated towards, thus experimented with the most.
1
2
In the process of baking the panels, the script should have triangulated the panels, as it went through a ‘mesh brep’ component. The final panels, however, were not all properly triangulated, thus I had to manually triangulate those panels for the model to be developable. 1) Weaved paneling 2) Checkered board pattern - 4.5 in matrix 3) Mirrored pattern - 4.3 in matrix 4) Progressive pattern - 5.1 in matrix
3
4
5
Isometric View
The paneling of the surfaces shift from 2D to 3D, and from closed to open shapes, to create motion. Initially, it was from open 2D panels to closed 2D panels, to closed 3D panels, finishing with open 3D panels. This was in a 5x5 grid. This however was not as cohesive, as the movement seemed to go in opposite directions, as opposed to continuously.
The waffle has multiple fins, mainly to support the heavy 3D panels at the top of the structure. Given that the openings don’t allow a lot of light to penetrate, the fins were able to go behind those openings to better provide support to the top of the structure, where it is the heaviest and weakest, with the least amount of contact points.
6
SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE
Laser Cutting
Setting up the laser cutting file was rather straight forward. With the first test model I hadn’t etched any lines but rather wanted to determine which lines I should later laser cut or score myself on the other side. I tried to save material by nesting my pieces together on both the ivory card and mountboard and wanted to reuse them for the final model. While this would have worked, however, the material was misplaced by the lab and I ended up using new material. I also learnt about selecting duplicates, which I have to be more mindful of in the future. I initially thought that my file was fine to cut as I found no duplicates, however, I should have exploded my geometry before I tried Seldup.
7
Surfaces
1.1
1.2
{0,0,150}
{0,105,150}
1.3
{0,150,135}
{60,0,150}
{0,60,150}
1.4
1.5
{60,0,150}
1.6
{0,0,150}
1.7
{120,150,0}
{0,105,150}
{150,0,150}
{150,105,150} {150,90,150}
{45,150,150} {150,105,150}
{150,0,150} {0,105,0}
{0,0,45}
{150,30,150}
{0,120,0}
{150,75,150}
{60,150,150}
1.8
{0,135,150}
{150,0,150}
1.9
{0,150,45}
{0,0,0}
{0,0,0}
{60,0,0}
{120,0,0}
{75,150,0}
{0,120,0}
{0,120,0}
{0,135,0}
{0,90,0}
{150,150,75}
{135,150,0}
{0,105,150}
{150,90,150}
{150,0,45} {150,0,60}
{150,0,45}
{90,150,0}
{0,75,150}
{150,45,150} {150,75,150}
{150,60,150}
{0,150,135} {0,0,0}
{150,0,0}
1.10
{0,60,150} {0,90,150}
{15,150,150}
{150,0,105}
{45,0,0}
{150,150,135}
{0,0,0}
{150,150,30}
{0,150,120}
{0,0,0}
{150,0,60} {150,150,105}
{150,90,0}
{0,120,150}
{15,150,150} {150,0,120}
{120,0,150}
{0,150,0}
{0,150,0}
{150,105,0}
{150,120,0}
{150,135,0}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
Single 2D Paneling
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Single 3D Paneling
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
2D & 3D Panel Mix
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Different Panels
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
8
{0,150,0}
{150,0,0}
{150,120,0}
{150,0,0}
{150,150,0} {Index Selection}
4.9
{0,150,0}
{150,150,0} {Index Selection}
4.10
SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE
Matrix and Possibilities
Different Panels
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.5
5.4
The matrix shows the various iterations I tried and played with. There are a variety of surfaces which I tested and thought about. After I had chosen a surface to develop, a range of 2D and 3D panels were paneled.
Flip Version
6.1
6.2
6.3
From these patterns by mixing 2D and 3D panels, were tested. After finding a pattern
6.4
that I felt suited the surface, different iterations of this pattern using different combination of panels were tested.
9
Panels are flipped in movement, creates a sense of continuity whilst allowing for interest in its difference. Creates circular motion around structure.
Structure twists to create a sense of movement, mirrored in shrinking of waffle moving up. Creates a sense of distance and length from inside, almost vault-like
3D on both surfaces at the same corner to create drama through asymetrical paneling, breaking the symmetry of the surfaces. Mirrored in the bottom corner with the 2D panels
Panels shift from 2D panels to 3D panels, mirroring the movement of the surfaces
Multiple fins and wide base to ensure stablity of the structure
Paneling moves from closed panels to open panels, mirroring the movement of the surfaces
10
SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE
Exploded Isometric
The structure has a sense of grandeur and drama with the 3D panels at the top of the structure. Through the paneling I have tried to create movement that mirrors that of the surfaces, which are symmetrical, without having identical paneling on both sides. This was to create visual interest. The panels have been developed to create a sense of progression which instill a sense of motion. Through the development of the panels, the structure explores height as well as light, to some degree. Light penetration is not key to the design, as the openings are largely angled horizontally, thus not allowing light to penetrate the interior space. Rather, they would provide air circulation, especially being at the top of the structure. The wide base of the structure with its narrow top, emphasises the height, giving the interior space a vaulted feel, further highlighting the grandness of the structure.
11
12
SURFACE AND WAFFLE STRUCTURE
Photography of Model
The model creates a dramatic effect with the panels as the surface twists. It transitions from closed, flat panels to taller, open ones. Which create a movement across the model, similar to the movement of the surfaces. Maintaining this sense of movement intrigued me, as well as creating visual interest, whilst keeping a sense of continuity. Thus, to contrast the symmetrical surfaces, the paneling is not symmetrical, rather, it creates an up then down movement, a circular effect, as opposed to a spiral created by the surfaces. The openings creates small spotlights, though are not strongly emphasized as the curve of the surface limits the amount of light entering the openings.
13
Visual Scripting of Parametric Model
Grid Centroids
Adjusted Centroids from Attractor Points
Grid Points
Adjusted Grid from Attractor Points
Box Generation
Attractor Points
Geometry
Rotated Geometry
Developing the scripting for the boolean form was challenging, as I had to be very careful to know which elements were changed and adjusted. Elements in blue were the areas which changed using number sliders, this was in addition to the changes in geometry which is on the right side of the script. A challenge that was faced was accidentally reassigning the attractor points, which created a lot of problems as the majority of my forms were fixed to these points, meaning I was unable to go back to these designs. This is something to be more mindful of in the future. I also struggled to rotate the geometry, eventually using the ‘rotate’ component and rotating the geometry 3 times in each plane to get rotated geometry which was I was able to adjust the angle of, at each plane.
14
SOLID AND VOID
Surface Creation
These iterations show the process of my experimentation from larger geometry, all in the same direction, to more clustering of geometry to create more ‘textured’ spaces, with the addition of rotating the geometry. These also show some different study areas I tried to explore, as opposed to having an internal space in the study area, such as having one side that was open/having ‘texture’, or having all sides open/having ‘texture’.
15
Small openings create windows for spotlights and frames
Intersecting geometry create interesting multifaceted
for different spaces
interior spaces
Different angles and slants to surfaces creates interesting shadows with how it intereacts with light
Sharp angles and corners disrupting movement through the space, creates a sense of the unknown around every corner
Height differences between different planes encourage vertial movement and exploration Hidden interior spaces allowing exploration and curiority, obscured from the outside
Different shaped and sized thresholds to envoke a sense of curiosity and exploration
16
SOLID AND VOID
Isometric view
Intersecting geometry allowing for play with light and shadow
The iteration that was developed has multiple different faces, which create multiple different spatial qualities and microclimates.
Openings that frame views, either interior or exterior
Through its multifaceted surfaces, it allows for the play of light and shadow, as well as the creation of microclimates. There are various thresholds of different shapes and sizes, which creates different experiences, whether they are doorways, skylights, windows, etc. The inside also has multiple hidden spaces which can’t be seen from the outside, but rather creates a sense of exploration within, drawn in through the intrigue of the entrances.
Blurred ground plane through the intersecting geometries Various levels encouraging climbing and exploration though vertical movement as well as horizontal
17
The walls are largely not porous, however, with the large amount of openings and faces, it allows for the permeability of light, which in turn ‘opens up’ the spaces.
Attractor Points {-20,131,101} {92,-36,57}
{105,164,54} {195,99,48}
Adjusted Grid Points Geometry
A.1
B.1
C.1
Booleaned Geometry
A.2
B.2
Area of Study 1
A.3
E.1
D.1
F.1
G.1
H.1
C.2
F.2
G.2
H.2
C.3
F.3
G.3
H.3
18
SOLID AND VOID
Matrix and Possibilities
{76,4,102}
{182,-161,67}
{116,36,68}
H.1
I.1
J.1
{101,101,89}
K.1
L.1
Through this process, I wanted to try and play with different geometries to create different interior spaces. Initially I began with large geometry to create bigger spaces, however, through my experimentation, I also ventured into using smaller shapes, as well as, taking multiple geometries, baking and rotating them before booleaning them from the same solid. The geometries I chose to develop were because I wanted to explore the framing of views, which I think these study spaces did.
H.2
I.2
J.2
K.2
L.2
H.3
I.3
J.3
K.3
L3
19
Attractor Points {76,4,102}
{182,-161,67}
{116,36,68}
{101,101,89}
{105,164,54} {195,99,48}
Adjusted Grid Points
Attractor Points
{76,4,102}
{182,-161,67}
{-20,131,101}
{
{182,-161,67}
{92,-36,57} {116,36,68}
{101,101,89}
{116,36,68}
{105,164,54} {195,99,48}
C.2
Booleaned Geometry
A.2
C.3
Area of Study 1
A.3
E.1
C.2
C.3
A.2
Area of Study 1
Geometry
A.1
A.1
Booleaned Geometry
C.1
D.1
Geometry
Adjusted Grid Points
C.1
{-20,131,101} {92,-36,57}
A.3
D.1
B.1
D.1
E.1
B.1
F.1
E.1
B.2 F.2
C.1
E.1
F.1
C.1
G.1
F.1
C.2 G.2
D.1
F.1
G.1
D.1
H.1 F.2
G.1
E.1
I.1
H.2
1st 3D Print
B.2
F.2 F.3
F.3
E.1
G.1
H.1
G.2
H.1
I.2
F.1
H.1
I.1
F.1
J.1
H.2
I.1
F.2 J.2
G.1
I.1
J.1
G.1
K.1 I.2
J.1
G.2 K.2
2nd 3D Print
C.2
G.2
C.3
G.3
F.2
F.3
C.3 G.3
H.2 F.3
H.3
G.2
20 G.3
I.2 H.3
I.3
G.3
H.2
H.3
H.1
J.1
K.1
H.1
L.1
J.2
K.1
H.2
J.3
K.2
H.3
Final 3D Print
I.3
F.2
J.2
F.3
J.3
H.3
I.2
I.3
F.3 J.3
G.2
K.2 I.3
J.2
G.3
K.3
J.3
G.3 K.3
H.2
L.2
H.3
L3
K.3
SOLID AND VOID
Photography of Model
Through these 3D prints, I found that I was interested in framing views and space. Thus, the first two prints both have an interior space with a ‘frame’, through which the outside can be seen. In the third iteration, I wanted to still keep this framing of views, but to have more variation. There are openings of different sizes within the third one, giving different views. Additionally, through the iterative process, I found the intersection of the different geometry to create multifaceted spaces also interested, thus I worked to incorporate that as well in the 3D print. Through these different faces, interested shadows are created, giving an impression of texture.
21
22
Appendix Process
Additional Surface Variations: 1) Failed weave attempt 2) Pattern 4.1 in matrix 3) Pattern 4.9 in matrix 4) Pattern 4.10 in matrix 5) Pattern 5.4 in matrix 6) Pattern 5.2 in matrix 7) Final design - Pattern 6.4 in matrix
1
2
3
4
5
6
23
7
Process
Surfaces
Appendix
1.1
1.2
{0,0,150}
{0,105,150}
1.3
{0,150,135}
{60,0,150}
{0,60,150}
1.5
{60,0,150}
{150,105,150}
{150,0,150} {0,105,0}
{0,0,45}
1.7
{120,150,0}
{150,90,0}
{0,150,120}
{150,75,150}
{60,150,150}
1.8
{0,135,150}
{150,0,150}
1.9
{150,0,60} {0,150,45}
{90,150,0}
{60,0,0}
{120,0,0}
{75,150,0}
{0,120,0}
{0,120,0}
{0,135,0}
{0,150,0}
{0,150,0}
{150,105,0}
{150,135,0}
{150,120,0}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
{Index Selection}
Single 2D Paneling
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Single 3D Paneling
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
2D & 3D Panel Mix
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Different Panels
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Flip Version
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Elements boardered in red are influencial to the development of the final design. Both surfaces are shown, as they were panelled differently, though they were on one structure. Surfaces are joined by dotted line to show which surfaces are connected.
{0,150,0}
{150,0,0}
{150,120,0}
{Index Selection}
24
{0,0,0}
{0,0,0}
{0,90,0}
{135,150,0}
{0,105,150}
{150,90,150}
{150,0,45}
{150,150,135} {150,0,45}
{150,150,75}
{150,0,0}
{0,75,150}
{150,45,150} {150,75,150}
{150,60,150}
{45,0,0}
{0,0,0}
{150,0,60}
1.10
{0,60,150} {0,90,150}
{15,150,150}
{150,0,105}
{0,150,135} {0,0,0}
{0,0,0}
{150,150,30}
{0,120,150}
{15,150,150} {150,0,120}
{150,30,150}
{150,150,105}
{0,120,0}
Note: Only 5.4 is 4x4, which is the final design
1.6
{0,0,150}
{120,0,150} {150,105,150} {150,90,150}
{45,150,150}
Complete arrangment of paneling matrix:
1.4
{0,105,150}
{150,0,150}
{150,0,0}
{150,150,0} {Index Selection}
4.9
{0,150,0}
{150,150,0} {Index Selection}
4.10
Appendix Process
1
4
Model Making Process: 1) Unrolling process of test model paneling colour-coded 2) Unrolled pieces of test model
2
3) Laser cut nesting of test model
5
4) Unrolling process of final model paneling colour-coded 5) Unrolled pieces of final model 6) Assembly process of models
3
*Note: Remaining Ivory card from test model was used for final model
6
25
Appendix Process
1
2
Photos of Test Model + Waffle Structure: 1+2) Initial test model in 5x5 grid 3) Waffle structure 4) Close up of paneling of test model 5) Bottom-up view of waffle showing twisting and dramatic verticality created in the internal space
3
4
5
26
Appendix Process
1
2
3
4 Additional Photos of Final Model: 1) Close up of final paneling 2) Shadows created from paneling 3) Interation of waffle and paneling 4) Alternate photo to show model scale 5) Bottom-up lighting, showing shadows of the paneling 6) Imagined person height view of structure, close-up 7)Imagined person height view of structure, whole structure
5
6
7
27
Appendix Process 1
2
3 MakerBot + 3D Print photos: 1) MakerBot interface for 1st 3D print - combined with other student works, model on left 2 + 3) Photos of the 1st 3D print
28
Appendix Process
Additional Photos of 3D Prints: 1, 2 + 3) Photos of 2nd 3D print, showing different angles and differnet orientations of structure 4 + 5) Photos of final 3D print in different orientations, showing play of shadow 6 + 7) Photos of final 3D print at different angles, showing final orientation
1
2
3
4
5
6
29
7
Appendix Process
Attractor Points
2
Attractor Points
1
{-20,131,101}
{-20,131,101}
{92,-36,57}
{92,-36,57}
{105,164,54} {105,164,54}
{195,99,48} {195,99,48}
Adjusted Grid Points
Adjusted Grid Points
6.3
7.3
1.4
3.4
6.4
7.4
Area of Study 2
1.5
3.5
6.5
7.5
1.6
7.6
7.7
7.8
1.7
Area of Study 6
30
13.1
14.1
8.2
9.2
10.2
11.2
12.2
13.2
14.2
8.3
9.3
10.3
11.3
12.3
2.2
14.3
9.4
10.4
11.4
12.4
3.2
14.4
1.7
9.5
1.3
11.5
12.5
1.2
1.3
1.8
2.8
2.3
2.4
12.6
2.2
2.3
3.2
3.3
3.4
12.7
3.2
3.3
Area of Study 6
3.3
12.1
Area of Study 5
1.3
11.1
Area of Study 4
7.2
10.1
Area of Study 3
6.2
9.1
Area of Study 1
3.2
8.1
Booleaned Geometry
1.2
Geometry
7.1
Area of Study 5
6.1
Area of Study 4
5.1
Area of Study 3
2.2
4.1
Area of Study 2
3.1
Area of Study 1
2.1
Booleaned Geometry
Geometry
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
12.8
1.2
1.3
1.6
Appendix Process
Attractor Points
3
{76,4,102}
{182,-161,67}
{-20,131,101}
{-20,131,101}
{92,-36,57}
{92,-36,57} {116,36,68}
{101,101,89}
{105,164,54}
{105,164,54}
{195,99,48}
{195,99,48}
Adjusted Grid Points Geometry
15.1
16.1
17.1
18.1
19.1
20.1
21.1
Booleaned Geometry
15.2
16.2
17.2
18.2
19.2
20.2
21.2
Complete matrix of the solid and void process: 1) First Matrix set - testing different geometries 17.3
18.3
19.3
20.3
21.3
17.4
18.4
19.4
20.4
21.4
Area of Study35
17.5
18.5
19.5
20.5
21.5
Area of Study 4
16.3
Area of Study 2
Area of Study 1
15.3
17.6
Area of Study 5
19.6
21.6
19.7
21.7
2) Second Matrix set - testing geometry rotation and increasing the number of elements for more ‘texture’ 3) Third Matrix set - testing combining and rotating geometry and different attractor points
Area of Study 6
21.8
31
32