Shaar - International Poetry Festival 2010 Hebrew by Ron Zafrir

‫שער‬

‫עשור לשער‬

‫פסטיבל השירה הבינלאומי ‪ 2010‬המשוררים והשירים‬

‫פסטיבל השירה הבינלאומי‬

‫סקס‪ ,‬שקרים ואלוהים‪:‬‬

‫בעקבות עשרת הדיברות‬

‫שער‬

‫פסטיבל השירה הבינלאומי ה‪10-‬‬

‫המשוררים והשירים ‪2010‬‬

‫‪90‬‬ ‫מחיר מומלץ ‪ 55‬ש"ח‬

‫משרד התרבות והספורט‬ ‫משרד החוץ‬

‫شعر ‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫مهرجان دولي للشعر‬

ԇ̻͊ ̵͒͆̕ ̴ ̷͊ ԇ͓͏̤ ̷̳͞ ͇̻ ̶̯͉̻͊̽͒ ̷͑ ԇ̚͠ ̴͆ ԇ͓͏̸̳̰̓͊͒͆ ԇ̴̢̻͇͞ ̶͉̯ ͏̶ ͋ ԇ͆ ԇ̷͐͏̚ ͠ ̳ ̴͆͜ ̸͋͊ԇ̵̦̱̀͆͟͞ԇ̷͐͏̓̐ ͊ ̵ ̸ ̰͒͆ԇ̷̢̯͊͋͊ ͏ԇ̘͏͑̕ ̳ ̸͖̼͆ ̷ ԇ͇ԇ͂ԇ̸̴̼͔͆͒͞ ̷ ̵̼͒̽͊͏̯̳͊͏ԇ̸̢͆ ͒ ԇ̨̚ ̯͐ ̼ ԇ͈ԇԇ͂ԇ͓͏̼̐ ̷̳͉͇̱͘ԇ͠͏̴̢̤̻͇̳͔ԇ͓̳ ͏̕ ̶̯̳͔͜͞ԇ͛ ̵̤͞ ̵̴͔͆ ԇ̢̤ ̷̵̧̯̱̼͐͒̽͊́͘͟͠ ̶ ԇ̸̢͆ ͒ ̼ ԇ͉ԇԇ͂ԇ̶ ͏̖̼ ̷̷͖͚ ̻ ̶̽͒͘ԇ͓͏̴̛̳̕͞ ͍̱͆ԇ͓͏̧̤͊ ̳ ̸ ̰͒͆ ԇ̵̨̀͟͞ ̤ ̶̱̼͆͋ԇ̶̶̠̻͔̳͔͒̓͘ԇ̘͓̳̿͏͔ ̧̢ ̶ ̷̀͟ ̻ ̶̻͇ԇ̵̢̀͟͞ ̣ ̱͆ԇ̷̠͊̓ ͖̻ ̷͔̻̯̯͋̽͒͑͋͠ԇ̵̘͚̿͒͗ ̧̢ ̵ ̤ ̶̱͆͋ԇ̶̷̛͍̻̳͔̐͠͠ԇ͛ ̵̧̕͞ ͆ ̷ ̷̻͇ ԇ͊ԇԇ͂ԇ͛ ̵̖̼͞ ͆ ̷ ̷͒ԇ̶̶̢͍̤̻͔͠͠ ̳ ԇ͓̳̿ ͏̶̶̢̻͔̻͇̕ԇ̵̢̀͟͞ ԇ̷̣̯͊͋͊ ͏ԇ͏̸̝̳͖̼͑͆ ̷ ԇ͏̢̻̳͑ԇ͓̑̐ ̴̷̷͉̯͇͘͠ԇ̸̢̯͆͒͋ԇ̭͓͊̕ ̵ ̷͒ԇ̢̤͊ ̵ ̶̸̯͍̻̯̳̼͋̀̽͆͒͟͠͠ ̶̽͒͘ԇ͓͏̷̶̳͖̻͇̽͒̚͘ԇ̸̷̦͇͆͠ԇ̧͕ ̸̱͋͘ԇ̴̸͉̻͚͝ԇ̷̻͆̓ ̶͖͝ԇ̢͒ ͆ ̴ ԇ̷̘͐͏̵̸̧̰͊͒͆ ̷ ̯ ̸͖̯́͒͟ԇ͓͏̕ ͘ ̳ ̴̶̻͇̽͒͞ ̳ ̯͋͘ԇ͓͏̴̤̳̻̳̀͒̀͟͟ ԇ̵̘͉͍͗ ̧̕ ̵ ԇ͊́ ̵̸̣̤̯͋͘͟ԇ͋ԇԇ͂ԇ͏̼̐ ͆ ԇ̷͆́̚͟ ̻ ̳͠ԇ̸̤͆͒ԇ͌ԇ͂ԇ͏̼ ͠ ̷ ̸̯̳͔͋͜ԇ͏̤ ̴̸̯͔̯̻̀͒͋͟͞ԇ͏̕ ͇ ̶ ̸̱̯͊͆͒ԇ͓͏̓̐ ͚ ̳ ̷̶̱͒͆͒ ̷ ԇ͊̓ ̷ ̯͋͊ ͏ԇ̵̶̘̻͖̯͊͝ ͏ԇ̸̣͆͒ԇ͏̢̻̳͑ԇ̯͆ ̷͋̀͟ ̐ ̻ ̶͒ԇ͐͏̕ ͊ ̵ ̸ ̰͒͆ԇ̷̤̯͊͋͊ ͏͓̼̽̀ ͟ ̴ ̵̽͆͠ ̵̽͆͠ԇ̨͞ ̸̷͋͑͌̚ԇ͍ԇ͂ԇ̯͆ ̷͋̀͟ ̼ ̻ ̶͒ԇ ̸̵͔̯͋̀̽͆̕͟͠ԇ̷̤͆́͟ ̻ ̳ ͏̵̱̽̀͆͟͞ԇ̚͠ ̴͆ ԇ̸̶̭͉͇̱̼̻̓͘͠ ԇ̘͓͏̢ ͔ ̳ ̷ ͏ԇ̵̴̀̀͟͟͠ ̢̣ ԇ͎ԇԇ͂ԇ ̸̖̼̻͋̀͟ ̶̯͉̯͒͝ ԇ̷̶̛̻͇̀̕͟͠ ̻ ̶͊ ԇ͓ ̸̧͋ ̤ ͏ ԇ̷̶̢̻͇̿̀̕͟͠ԇ͏̛̳̓͘͏̳͇̯̀͟ ̻ ̶͊ԇ̘͓ ̸̧͋ ͏̯ ͋ԇ͏ԇԇ͂ԇ̷̵̶̼̻̯̯͔̻̑͐͑͆͒̽͒͠ ̷͑ԇ̷͠͏̢́ ̳͟ ̕ ̷̯͋͘ ԇ̷̶̢̻̿͊͆͠ԇ̷̷̷̛̠̯͔͊͑͆͒̽͒͑ԇ̧͊́ ̵͟ ̢ ̶̸̢̱̽͆͘͠ ͒ ̼ ԇ̷͐͏̖̐ ͊ ̵ ̸ ̰͒͆ԇ̷̢͊͋͊͏̶͒ ̷ ̴̯͞ ͈̯ ͋ ԇ̷̵̵̖̻̯͔̯͇̻͐̓͊͋͠ ԇ̷̘̯͐ ̷ ̶̯͉̯͇͘ ԇ̷̵̢̖̻̳͇̻̼͐͋̽͠ ̷̯͐ ͖̳͇̻͋ ԇ̘̕ ͐ ̛ ̼͔͠ ̷ ̶̱͆͋ ԇ̧̣ ̻͐ ̴ ԇ͏̢̻̳͑ԇ͆͏ԇԇ͂ԇ̷͐͏̼̓ ̵̷̯̻̳͇̀͘͟͞ԇ̵̢̀͟͞ ԇ̛͊ ̷ ̯͋͊ ͏ԇ̷̷̧͊́͘͟ԇ̨͓͏̷̳͔͏̽̀͟͠ ̵ ̼̀ ͟ ̤ ̱͆ ̻̽͒ ̷̵̯͑̽͆͋͠ ԇ̷̘͓̻͏̶̵͊̽͆͠ ԇ͛ ̵̷̷̵̖̯͆͊̽͆͋͞͠ ԇ͓̳ ͏̢͔ ̶ ̷̀͟ ̻ ̶̵͊̽͆͠ ̯ ԇ̷̯͊͋͊̚ ͏ԇ̦͐ ̶̴̻͇͞ԇ̴̶͕̖̻͑̽͒͘ԇ͏̐ ͘ ̳ ͏̳͇̯̀͟ ̻ ̶͊ԇ͓ ̸̢̻͋ ͏̶̻͇ԇ̶͍ ͖̻̕ ̷ ͏̶ ͋ԇ̷̵͓̻͇̱̓̽̀͆͟͞ ԇ̷͐͏̕ ͇ ̳ ̷̵͆̽͆͠ԇ̴̶͉̤̻͇̻͑ԇ͇͏ԇ͂ԇ̻ ̼͋͊̀ ͟ ̴ ̻ ̶̯͉̯͝͏̶̼͋ԇ̷̶̻͇̀̕͟͠ ̻ ̶͊ԇ͓ ̸̤͋ ͏̵̽͆͠ ԇ̷͔͊̓ ̷̷͉̱͆͊ ԇ̶͒͘ ԇ̷͐͏̵̷͔̓͏ ԇ͕̻ ̢̱̳͋͑͞ ̶͆͏ ԇ̶̶̧̘͕͔̯͒͘ ԇ̷̵̵̻͔̳̯͐̐͆̽͆͋͠ ԇ͂ԇ͍̼̕ ͜ ̷ ̯̻̳̾͞͠ԇ̸͆̕ ͒ ̤ ԇ͈͏ԇ͂ԇ̯̼͐ ͒ ̷ ԇ͕̤ ̴̸͖͠ԇ̷͐͏̕ ͊ ̵ ̸ ̰͒͆ԇ̷̤̯͊͋͊ ͏̵̽̀͆͟͞ ̱ ԇ̵̶̸̤͖̱̼͊̽͆͒͘͠ԇ͎͌ԇ͂ԇ̸͇̼͖̯͈̻̳̓̾͠ԇ̸͆̕ ͒ ̢ ԇ͎͋ԇ͂ԇ͙̼̐ ͆ ̷ ̯ ͖̻̳̾͠ԇ̸͆̕ ͒ ̢ ԇ͉͏ ̷ ͘ ̴̯͇͞ ̸̼̽͆͒ԇ̷͐̐ ͘ ̵ ̴͞ԇ͠͏̴̢̻͇ԇ̸̶͉͔̯͍̕͠ԇ̸̤͆͒ԇ͌͏ԇ͂ԇ̵̼̀͟͞͝ ̷ ԇ͉̤ ̴͘ԇ̕ ̱͐ ԇ ̸̸̶͔̱͍͋̓͋͞ԇ ̸̢͋͞ ̸̯͋̀͋͟ԇ̘ ̸̷̶͔̱͋͆͋͠ԇ ̸̶̣̻͉̯͇̯͋͋͘ԇ̷̵̖͐͘ ̴͞ԇ̵̢̀͆͟͠ ̴ ԇ̸͉̝͔̯͍͠ ̶ ͂ԇ̷̼͐ ͘ ̵ ̴̯͒͞ԇ̵̤̱̀͆͟͞ԇ̸̯͒͑͋̕

Z&C&b eFr &^K#\P@ Z&C&b eFr &^K\#P@ GK]CB@ N#T N+jv#^SF]^N xKZ]@X .y\^fB CF+fB K]RBz :ZP#fN^G \fBZ^]N xKZ]@X BeF ,\fKeC^jF# O]K#RK+TF@ \B& ,I#ek]bF# K+T^X]o \B& KeVZ@F@ F&HI@F& \B& :F@ReP<B&a ZP#fN^G .K]RBz \fBZ^]N IZ@^MPA BeF ,C#bF# Z#Ts ^ \B& ,\fTeZôF# \fa#bF# \B& \fn#bF# O]K#RZ^@o]pF# \B& :QfIh@]Câ ZP#fN^G .CF+fB \fBZ^]N C@iI# BeF ,\fYeE^nF# O]K\#@Vu ^ F# \B& ,JePq@F# I#Xl+F# \B& \fE+C^jF# O]KE#@iF# \B& :\eRê#j\^F] xfv ZP#fN^G .K\]fB

ZI[ YIXK U\\[F

.FCGXP

SEZV \BXGFC .OKRG[

WGCKY

C[G\

OKPG\M OKNDTP

KC\MC

GPSZGV

,1973

EKNK

FKDGNG\RBC

GKZK[G

,(2004)

.2010 \R[N QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF \KC ZDGC

90 QGYKNF

/ 136

Zq+r N B` N ,Yt N B` N ,Z+ o# S^ N B` N #^ +#R^ \fI@ o \fEePI N z \fKF ^] C& N& jF aA aF #P +e Ne\I @F &P + ,F@ #P + N^ aP Y IZ#& o \fKF N .IZ#& o \fKF N K] ] ZK] ^] ^]

135 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

ZK] Y IZ#& o Z& V+ S^ a Z@iA XP N@ T N# T Z# oZ^# o fP^ j ^ F& T# Ch V^ a U& S& jF GP NB N eN^ M@K &F # \#m] #-\& @^ # \fKF ^] \KI G N@ a^ N# CI N ]fI^ z \fKF ^] I G \K] VeX^ G \KT # e o\ #^ ]eTr ^ OKZ]E@F Ve F@GT Ve z \I #KZ]^ zr # KI +Z^] KP oF qF B OKT Y ]K]R^ # ZK] # N& ]eN^

KZGI[ FZTK

Nv VP CF a .xZ#F N f TF M^ N \& &A ^ F@ zB #^ @ ,TZ#F @ ,I #+RfgF # O@ @ N@ FZ@Tz#R K+RK+ T fP^ j \fjZ# \fKF N ^] kF G F@RK] C^b fP^ j ,F@ XK+ a fP^ j OI && # Nr & xfvF #^ Q\ a Sl N @fB YK]HI zl #r & KP ] Nr & GKE@@K^ +F ]^ F@ o^ XZ]F N^ a C+HfTr @ C+ & Q\ @fB QKP ]^Hl #r & KP ] Nr & a F@RY+^H FY@@ eZ# \fKF N Tr ^] #v + NK]D^ \fM@ N^ MA NP N^DZ#^ a OK] M@ N^ MA NP a x` ZE^] N ^ O]K# ^F # O]Kl ## .O]Kl B x+ N^ M# N^ N #F # \& GB C` j \B N C#bF T ZK] zF @ E& & Q+mr #^ # N# Y@RT a F@m]b# a z \fYZ^#K OKI ]P ^fX d@ OKB N^ YI N^ a \fjA nP Nr Nv Ve ]@ # K] ] OK] ^^ #r ^P ] \fZ+ a^ XB T` X^ V] N OK]RK] j# nF M^ Ce \fVJ Vh M^ a \fT@ &F @ \B &# # N@ @^ #F # N@ \]K# aF aI TP # \I #v # eB^ ^AK J# ^ E fT OK]R@ V^ N F@Rr T E fT @ OKZ]s ^& o YK]HI N .K \ XeC^ Y Oek] X^ a F& BZ^]R Kv N] a KZ]^ zF #^ ]@ ]^

WGCKYC FNED ,1977 CKCB-N\ .CKCB-N\C ,OKRG[ FBZ

\ZZGD\PG

YVB

KC\MC

GPSZV\F

FKZK[

.(2010

FKVGSGNKVG FPKN[FG

\ZG\C

QG[BZF FZVSG OT)

\GZVSF

\ZDGC

.2002

ECGT

CKCB-N\

\GZVSF \KC

OGKM

URM ,Q[ ,TCXB

KZGI[

\EKNK

\ZG\

ZGB

FEPN

\JKSZCKRGBC

LPSGP

BKF

FR[F

.FZ\K

KEGPKN

\GRKKJXFC

\R[N QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF

JZGJYGE \EGCT \C\GM KZGI[ OGKM FJKSZCKRGBC JYVSBF \MZGT NT

BKF

\C\GM

\KZCT

\GZVSN

,OKN[GZKC

.YKNBKC ,Z\M

DGIC

\KZCTF

\ZK[C

KFPB ]F

\BXGFC

OKZVS

F@ jZ#F kF o \B G Z@ Tu N fP^ j @ KI ]& # OK]R^ &^ +F # \B & x` r^R]

NBNXCC \EPNPG ,\GRPB NTG \GZVS

oF TF ,F@ jZ#F ]K]R^ # Q]K# @ \B & @ ,\KP

.FZGYSCGB FZPBYCG

F@ TK] Ch a I N^ a UeX@ N^ G O` r^R] N \fNfM^K QF ^# #K]br ^#ir & rKB ] K] +

90 QGYKNF

/ 134

CfIZ^-K+MBz^NP# ,OK]MB@^NP # \Y#Fz#N eRI ^#RB z Q f ar Î & OKs ] fT B` N Qfar Î & OKT]E^fK B` N N@N^M]a O` v YZ# ,\fE^Nfv OKT]E^fK B` N N@N^M]a O]KP #r @ KP +Z^#b fP^j \fBJ @P ^]Sâ OK]V^NfI F&H \B& F&H OKB]^XfP O@RKB+ O@NfT^N ,OK]iI #-B` N OKZ]^GI ] U#R^M]a OK]YKt ]P # OK]NKt ]P # \fXfR fP^Me E&D&a#F ,OK]CfJ OKs ] TzP # `HNTz#R K\#P @ E#T OK]NBzfr OE@B@-K+Rô QfkI #â O#kAnP # eRI ^#RB z ] ,CfIZ^-K+MBz^NP OeZI + \B #K]X^K

HGT NBKRE FENGI WGCKYC NEDG ,1978-C ENGR QGGDPC \GSPG FZK[ OSZV .EZTCG

NGIF KKI

QG[BZF GZVSCG \T KC\M

\B DKFRF ,QDRG QKINPM .(2010 Z\M) \GI\VPF"

KNj +F

HB'DF

\KK[KPI

\GRKXZC" CMZFF OGCNB ."\NNGXN B[GRF TJY .2007 \R[C BXK "TDZ QPBF EGEKT SZVC FMH OGCNBFP N[

\KPGBNRKCF

\GZI\C

ZKTXF

USGRC .\KZGYP FZKXKN "QCN FNKN" OT

OKKNYKHGP

FNGTV

KVG\K[

ZXK

FKBP OFKRKC ,OKCZ OKKZCT OKZZG[P QGSYHKB .I QGZKP ,KVNI NIZ ,GRZ'HC \GRKKJXFC OKN[F HGT .FZV[ .[G ZEDP ] KEGPKNG FKVGSGNKVC ZDGC KEGPKN -QC \JKSZCKRGBC \GRPBF \GENG\G KR[ ZBG\ KEGPKN EPGNG ,CDRC QGKZGD .CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGBC FKVGSGNKVC

133 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

QKP N B` N^ G \fBZ^] N ]B zF #^

F` o JY+r @ EfT OfiF# K]Mf\^a \P &&XfT K]RBz ,\eZr @ ^VB &F@ N&V&j \B& Zs @ @a ,Oc@ FP @KT]^Ve \fBZ^]N B` N .Q K P ]BzF#^Ne

K#N@T YI #^X]K O]K\ #Z@I >l @F # K]CK]C^S eMZ^@j]K OK]MZ@t ^r & ^j Oc@ KZ+eY^j K#N@T YI #^X]K B@aF # #TeCt @F # rE@I @P + \fGJ ^]N NKI ]\ ^B #r & ^j NY# NP @@T^a UeYr @ OfNI z K#N@T YI #^X]K F@Rr @ K]XI z E f TF @ K]VeD^a Y` P@T Z` oI ^B #r & ^j CB+^j NE#^C]a \&HI B&R &< Z@XfB F@RKP ]J ^l #r & KP ]^j K#N@T YI #^Xv] FB @@aF # F@Rt @F # K#N@T NI #^H]K EI ##or & ^j C#b N#T FZ@Y@ E@K fP^j

GK\S FZK[ FYNIPC ,CDRC

FXZP

QGKZGD-QC

,\GZVS

\ZYGI

\JKSZCKRGBC

,1971

\KZCT

\EKNK

\GZVSN

\ZDGC ."OKZVS WZBF" USGPC \GZVS \ZYCPG ZVSF \KCC 2001 \KCZT-\KZCT ]F FZK[F \\KM FZK[N

TC J

SZVC

SZVCG

,2007

FNGJPC

.2009

FMZT

SRMPF

F\MH

.QGYKNF

OKZZG[PF

\K\GZVS

\ZGYKCN

NCKJSVC QKKJ[RZC

\GZGBF NM GCM OGB\V

FZK[N

ZVSF

.(2010) FHGZVC Z\B FXZ\ N[ F\ZKXK

,y^N Kv ]Z^P #B @ K\]fB D` ZFz#K reB+i#F B` N .F@G^Yv ]F # B@kB &

90 QGYKNF

/ 132

F@ CfJ Fc N# K @^

"FB@+NP ^ Sfj F&KF^]ir & xKZ]@X OE@B@F@" ZP +fB F@KF@ B@aB # x` or ^ ]N fB ,K]ml &P ] \fvr ^ ]N B` kr & Fl @@N Kv]^Cr #I @ EKP ]v@ K]RB z#G O]KP # YZ# B` N ,rE@I @P + B+kP #^Ne .Zv+^SF&â YZ# .rec]Y Nr & Yf\P @ Q]K#K ,WKP ] ,F&VY@ O#b \&M&Vfr ,\&X&VfY B` N ,F@CfJ Fc@^N#K .Y@HI @ FY@K]HI ^P # .SfjF#P + O]Kl #F # \B & O]Kv#r ^ fB F@oJ ] Zr @ ^VB& \]K#aF# xf\â ,FP #` v^V]N Zr @ ^VB& C@Rr ^ B& O#b @K]Rô I !fFfB { WeI#a N@CB z "eEK]b#K B` kr & " OKE]I z#VP ^ OK]R@NfoF# OK]R+Mt ^F # ."B+NP @ Fv@B#"...r & eEK]b#ir & OKI ]P +s ^ OK]RP @Kv+F# eR+N^XB &^G .ZeD@S .B+NP @ yP ^^X#T Nr & Sfj#a FB@^kP #P ê \&M&Vfr^G F\@fr K]RBz ,\]K#aF# \B& Kv]^C#H@Tr & HB @P + \Z&P ]e\ô \fRfkI #â &fB \fZfBF@ N@M^N ,OKI K]Rv ^ .\fIeZF @ N@M^N

ZHKR FZGB FMGZT\C FV\\[F CKCB-N\ OKRG[

.1949

\JKSZCKRGBC

KC\MC

ZXIC OKYI[P]

,CKCB-N\ \EKNK

\KRKJSNV-\KNBZ[K

GPSZV\F QG[BZF

FKZK[ FKZK[

\XGCYC FZCI ZHKR .(2010 QGYKNF)

.2010 ZVSCG

\KPKRVF

,CKCB-N\C 'FZK[ OKMZGTG OKC\GM OKZZG[P' \R[N QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF \KC \ZDGC BKFG .2009 ,NBZ[K LGRKIF

\GENG\G

NGFKRC

K R[

KMGRKI

ZBG\

WGTKK

KEGPKN

FEPN

FPKN[FG

FYST .B"\ \JKSZCKRGBC \KZCT \GZVSCG OKENKN FZGPMG ,\MRIP FZGPM ,\RRDM LGRKIC KTGDVN

OKNGI

\KCC

OKJGMKSVG

OKJSKJGB

\G[NIGP \GKSGNMGB \GCER\FC FEPKNG ,[VR .\GRG[

131 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

Q]KY# GK@RK+ T^ a OeN^ j F@ BZ@ B` N BeF N& CF XZ@ Q]Kq#r j & \B & I# &^ ZKB C@ N ZfB E# C^ kP ]P ^P # Q@ ] GK] CB V&bF T \# Mr @ Nr & Q& # W+ ^I & KZ+fIB zP + EfTr VZ@F a H` I< B& N \frB n]R & OK] @ QfK@bF ]F # Kr + Z^r @^ @fR F@ f\KT a eNr Nv ]Y@Z^Y#^ ^^ #r ^F ]

ZGP EKGE

VK] N^ XF B I ZKE]v ] OKF ]` N< # eZ @ fa F@ I# XZ&F T f\fB \& VE&fZF Cr M]R GK\ a^ XB @ N# @ F@ @I ^l #F # QP ] eG^ @fT^ & FP @I + ZKF ]P ^ F@KF @ B` N BeF

\GRRGC\F

QG[BZF GZVS

\BXGFC BXK \GRPBN

.1967

EKNK

OKFM OKXVIC FVGY[

F[ZEPC

EPN

.2002

EYT

.\GRPBN LPSGP LKZEP GRKFG NZC \KC

F` N< B Nr S f\I B N+ aY#^ N B` kr & fCeZ+ @^RP ] \& & OK]

.OKENK QDC ECGT

\frfE^ qF B fa] kr # GK \ @fi\ ]fB \& & Fl @EAB zF @ \KI ]ekP ] YI #P @ Y` NE^] N F@ NE^I @ E"fK \fBF @ M^ j \& CY&fR FB kP @^Rs ] rI @ BeF fa] ] eD^Dfo\ ^F ] \fi\ ]fBF @r & N@ FE&u NI N& X Z# SI @F # \Y#^ & NB & S@R BeF O& z ar Nec]bF ZY&` aF a fNeP^ N eCK] YZ^F # \KP ]ePE^B #^ ] eFE+s @^ & OK] # rI N fgF Tt a GK@R@ o eN^ V@R QfD@K Nr V^ a @@R \r # KI ]^ # F@ @# & OI # I #eZ WZ&& Nq+P N eDZ^v C@ XT V] N NI a FE@F zE^F ] #^ @s ^F ] OKJ ]eZl ^F # GK@ zI #` Z^ +F + Oc@F # GKY@Z^fT^ T NeP^ N F@ NF C^ a FP V]R f\ei] Vr N& CF @& @Z^^ ^ & Nr & GK@RK+

90 QGYKNF

/ 130

KS ] B@e P # I ^ e S @R K N T ZCIPFG ZGJYVS-ZNDRB FKP ,KNBZ[K KBRK ,KERN QKKTP :\KCZTP

K]VeSBz KP ] ,r B +F @ \B & ZK]HI z#K KP ]e KP ] ,dY@F>@a \B & \[ &` I^m#N CKr ]@K F&iI & #^K E@iF # U#j \B { QE&B & EZ&&e#N QK]Y\ ^#K ?eF+T^a^X]K

{ #T+bT^#b\ ^B & GK@NB + OI &&kF # eF&HKB + ,F&Vq@F # eF&HKB + { T@bl #F # eF&HKB + ,K l ]B ]^G ,K v ]^Y#R@K ZfBF @ \B &r & HB @P + ?FE@KF ]r @ ,K]RB z NE+@b Nc+#b\ ^P ] \#Tr # T^v #r ^l ]F # K]o#Mâ ,Zemv #F # Z&VB + K]R^H@B^Ce ,FE@eNI z ,F@NfT^G FB @fb rv +^Ml ##a K]NT< \#NekF ] ;\P &Z&T<&R KI ]&kF # \&S&oZ^P ]^Ce Q@C@N-ZfIr @ â I #v +#o\ ^P ] FE@^CB @r & \#T#aJ #â EZ&&G .d@RE^B # \B & FE@âB ]^G

129 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

KS ] B@e P # I ^ e S @R K N T OKZK[

OSZV

.1986

,FKKCZD

FYC

EKNK

.\T KC\MG OKZ\B ,OKRG\KT FPMC OKZPBPG \KC ZDGC BGFG ,Q"B\PC \ZXGK FCK\M EPN G\ZKXK NT \R[N N[

.2005

'Z\GKC

\R[N QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF

CGJF

ZPBPF'

K\GRPB-K\GCZ\F

ZBG\CG

,QEZKC

\KREZKF

FJKSZCKRGBF

ZVSF

\KCC

FFGCD

EPN

EGIKBF

SZVC N[

FNM[FN N[

KSBGP

FMH 2006

FXTGPF

'\KCF

ZZG[P'

.2007

QBPTC

KEGPKN OKN[FG ,FVKIC KCZTF KSYGEG\ZGBF \GCZ\CG

\KCZT

\GZVSG

FV[C

LPSGP

.QBPTC \KREZKF FJKSZCKRGBC ONSKBF

90 QGYKNF

/ 128

Fl K Fl K @I # E@ @I # E@ \# TE N UfS UfS F@ Xf Z #@ FP Sl @ KZ +fIB zP + Zv +v #^ ] FP # KZ ]P ^t @F ] FB a FJ aP ar @Z ^l ## @K] # ZY &` a# & FZ jF VZ DZ N x@ N Qv +v ] B` N @@ # QfK^ ] T# &^ I N x@ N Qv #` jr ^] +v ] B` N x] K# RfrKB a xK B ] xf\^ + C@ TZ N eV^ kA Br C@ N^ j K+ Rr M fa @^ & OK] ^ OK] KZ @F ] ]P ^t d@ \fK< F K] Rv Rv ^v ] NB # K] ^v ] NB # NB N \I N fS +@ ## O] KP oI #t @F # JeI \B & \s && #P ^ d@ \fP \B N & Z` o\ ^]

127 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

KZ]P ^t @ F] KZ]P ^t @F ] \fPfNI z FP @Z^@or & Ft @ B]F@ Qfr^N x+Mf\â d#a^Dv ] B` kr & KB]^Xl @v ] B` kr & B@SZÂj N#T F@Cer^K Z` VB @I #+Z@Kâ F@a]S \&DZ&fS NP #r Î ##N F@RK]HB zP # KZ]P ^t @F ] I #` lF# \&S&oZ^l ]P ] F@VK]Yr ^P # Ft @B ]r & x@a d#a^D\]^G FB &^Dv ] B` N \&VY&Z^q#F# xf\^N FP @^MI @ \#TY#fZ F&VY@ \&D&HfP FP @eRv^F# xfv NB & KZ]P ^t @F ] OKP ]@iF# \fX^Y]a x@N EP +@Tv+ B` N BKF ]r & \fFfC^b O]K#N^DZ# OT] \E&l &ANP ^ F@RfH \#a FB@^R]Y Nr & N+bZ^#S^G FP @KB+ Nr & OKZ]>o]X xr + B` Z NB & F@nr #P ^ x\@fB F@NK]oP # F@NT^P # F@Cr @I ^l ##a F@NT^P # KZ]P ^t @F ] xB@^NP #^N F&gI #\^P ] F@N^K#Nâr & xY+KI + NB& I#Nt @v ] B` N

KYSRKCGN FRE FKZK[ .CKCB-N\C \ZZGD\P ,1979 \EKNK ,"GC[" ,"QGYKNF" \TF KC\MC GPSZV\F ZVSF

\KC

\ZDGC

."GK[MT"G

"OTJP"

ZBG\ \NTC ,2000 \R[N QGYKNF FZK[N \JKSZCKRGBP

\KRKNY

FKDGNGMKSVC

K R[

.\KDGNGMKSVM \ECGTG ,CKCB-N\

90 QGYKNF

/ 126

O e Z @j Q B P K Z B R KCMGM-\KPT FRI :\KCZTP

dE@fS \B& F@k#DP ^ Zfo]pF# B@ N^ Vl N^K# kF a AF # F@ # Nr &^ OK] qI N #Z^l &F # K\ ]fB ee] C+ B^ j N& B xZ&c&# a GKY@@ NI N B^Gt B EKZ]^ VP B z# @F # QfK^HI & \& # Zr &z G\ a \eZE^@ T+ F# F QK+ C^ N fRK+ a QKI CP # @^ ]^ GK\ T Z+b^R# SP F EI B C+ Bfc @fi\ ]fB \eTP @r ^P # N# ^# @& Zr j @ eP BeFr &^ T^ a Kr CP B FZ@@ v K]Rz B OE@@ B \fPfF OKZ]@ ] q@A ^ ZI ## ZJ F JJ FK+k] VZ^# T QK+ a @l @# &Z&^G Q& OKr B@ F \fi] o N& C& F QK+ a ]@Rz a OK] V^ N fIF \fRI z\ #^ # FI B@ F \fZz F^RP @@Rz ]e K]ml \fR B` N Cer Z@ Cc@ &P ] Z# UKT]@ X Z# \fR dZ@B@e# pP ] N& VZ@Tz@ F E#K^ a DeZ@ B ,EKI B ]@K Z` V@ B FP N& T&R^G Zfo] X FZ@P ^@ @^ FI Mfv# F xfv N& B @+ .J@ N^ YP N F@ \^K@ F \eP^ N@ T+ F# F ] ZKT] d@

125 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

O e Z @j Q B P K Z B R FV\K[G FZK[ \C\GM FZGKX[

,QKSBK

GCB

.1987

BBZ\

GRB") \GRPBN

,FPBZ ZVM \EKNK

\KRPBF

FNGTV

dZK[ \B ZB\PF FMGZT\C

DXGF

("FZKZC

QKB

,OKZHGI

FPEBF \[KIN FKZK[ ZVS .ZPKH ZVMC \KSBNY .CGZYC ZGB \GBZN EK\T

90 QGYKNF

/ 124

O]B .Q&C` kF# K+Nerâ T#bB& d#K]a^DB# YZ# OB] #TK]bB# EfT ,d#K]a^DB# YZ# OB] .F@R@C^N F@VKJ ]^Y WZ&B& NB& ZK]GBz@a Or ]eov# @ OK]KeNv^ OK]R@C^N OKI .OP @^X#T OKT]K]pP # \fGZ^P # ,\fTfZ \fR@C^N \fZ@o .Q@C@NI z#a K]VfS^RKB+ eIB@ ,Q@C@N Or @ EZ+fK F@N^K#kF# O#b .Z@Cc@ ZKv]^SP # B` N Q@C@N OKF]` N< B Cr + fK F@R@C^N F@G^N#T N#T Q@C@N xeiI ]â FY&r ^P #e .\fN@p#CI z Kc+#CZ^P # d@N \&N&iJ #P ^ F@NP @^NP #â F@k#M^G KB#Rô Nr & Q#Dâ F@R@C^kF# ,F@jZ#F@ FP @E@BzF@ N#T^G K\]@CFzB# YZ# d@kAj \I ##mP A Fl @EABz

123 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

W M F@R C^ K ]N

\CK\MC \YSGTG ,\KRKNY \KDGNGMKSV ,FVKI \C[G\ .\KDGNGMKSVM F\EGCTN NKCYPC \KJSNV \GRPBCG FZK[ KZ\BCG "FZK[ LZT QKKT"C ,"QGYKNF"C ZGB GBZ FKZK[ \NNMPC \ZXGK FCK\M FEPN .OKK\GZVS JRZJRKB QG[BZ ZBG\ \ZDGC .QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF \KCCG BPNT ,FVKI \JKSZCKRGBC ,FZKXK \GRPBCG FKDGNGMKSVC .CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGBC \KRKNY FKDGNGMKSVC KR[ ZBG\G

T# DZ&

fa T#DZ&F@ \B& Z+i#X^N F&XfZ K]RB z Y+Sfo r#TZ#F @ OKT]@DZ^ U&S` B OF + OK]iI #F # |KeV@X x@j N@jF#~ Ufn#N QKv]P ^P # K]RB z OF &@a K\ B&ir ]fB U` S< & ZP #fN Y@iEAP ^ Z\ +fK fB Q+b#R^N F&XfZ K]RB z KP ]I zZ# YeaI ]^N K]kr & FF @KP ]^jF # \B & Or @B ] fP^j + d@N F@KF@r & K+R^V]N Bl FP @E@B zF @ fP^j ZP #fN Y@iEAP ^ Z\+fK ek]VB z fB Fr @@bZ^F#F# \B& C` v^M]N F&XfZ B` N K]RB z \fYKZ+ OK]kl ]F #r & K+R^oP ] I #eZ \fSfj fP^j

C K R K H T` a \GZVSC .CDRC \B

QGKZGD-QC

C\GM

JYKGZVP .

QG[BZ

ZBG\

ZDGC

,1980

\JKSZCKRGBP

,K\ZCIG YNIM

KJKNGV

"IGZ

\GR[NCG

JSKCKJYB

\GSGM"

www.hahem.co.il\kosot

EKNK

DGNCF

:'\GPK[Z'

\TF C\M KMZGT \[GN[P EIBM QFMP .'FYE'

90 QGYKNF

/ 122

xKB+ Gr @ ^M#T xl +P ] EZ+@oB& xKB+ xI +K]mB# x\@fB Kv]^NI #\^F]r & K+R^V]N^G \fRfrBZ] \fZer \&N&oYAP ^ xKB+ ,x+NTz#a E#K^N J#TP ^]jr & x]K\#@Vs ^ \B& x]K\#fT^a^XB& \fX^Y \B& ,H` Z< BB& F@VesI z KT]fZ^H N#T \fP@bP ^ADP ^ .YKZ] xf\^N OK]NTzB#

\GRZD ZGBKN FKZK[ ZVS .FEGFK-QCB FC[GPC FNEDG 1981-C FENGR

x\@fB I #K]mB# xK+B Ze\@o B` N OfNI z .Ofi#N F@N^K#kF# QK+ar & I#GZ&@a \fRfZc^^Sl ]#a Z` CT<B& xKB+ \fZK]Y KZ#fIBzP + ,\&N&b#T\^P ^]a K#R@V^kP ] ] x+RJ .QE@^CB @ Nr & OK]kP ] KE#E@^pP ] F@VI +^K Nc#^DB& xKB+ ,OKl ]I # J^N#V^SB# K+TeaZ] N#T ,OeY@N O]K#V@R^j I #KP ]^XB# xKB+ ,x]KE#@T^N]a ,xv@B] B` N ,Qv+I #\^B& K\]fB K]N^SZ^#Tv^ B` N xKB+ xKB+ ,x\@fB B` N K]RBz#G x@a Y+ov#^SB& xKB+ ,Jt + #o\^]R B` N ."F@V@K v^B#" :\Z&P & fB 121 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

QGYKNF \BXGFC ZGB FBZ [P[ ,"QGYKNF"

\TF

KC\MC

{ [P[FG

GPSZV\F

FKZK[

QG[BZF .(2010)

."DD"G "OKKRHBP" ,"KGPKE" ,"OTJP" KEGPKNG \GDFR\FF KTEPC ZDGC KEGPKN FPKN[F \GRZD \ZXGK

FCK\MN

NGNSPC

\KZCT

\GZVSC

LPSGP

FCK\M \GBRES FIRP .CDRC QGKZGD-QC \JKSZCKRGBC KEGPKN FPKN[P OGKM .ZTGRNG OKENKN \GK\ZCI \GBRESG YNI FIYN .FVKI \JKSZCKRGBC FKVZ\GKNCKCC LPSGP OKBVGZF KRG[BZ NT { FZ\K FP[R ZVSF \CK\MC ,CDRC QGKZGD-QC \JKSZCKRGB \BXGF) NBZ[KC OKPKEZPF .(2008

\Z&& \fj B` N^ N

.OKP ]ePTz eR\@fB B@XP @ ZY&` aF # ,OK]RfrBZ] OK]NTzfo eETz@X N^XZ^F & N#T .F@a]Sl ^#N Z&M+H ,Fl @EABz F@NP ^s ] â \K]KF @ Z` HI ] ^#R B` N K]j OKT]E^fK ,ZfB@a OKr ]î#a\ ^P .UebF # \E#eT^S]N .rB` Z CeF^CF]^G Qr @ @T ,SeafJfB@a v ^P ^#NT<&R ,ZE&+S B` N^N OK]YeZ^H OKE]@Dâ ,ZE&I ]Z^#HI @ &#N Kv YZ##T Yea^Y#a ,F@TeZ^Y QfN^K#R \#SK]VI z .Fr @ eE^b FZ@+VB zP #e .Du @K]S Oer + F&^N ,QfI@p]R^N QP ,F@NI @\^F#^N fP^X#T O+bZ^\#P ^ B` N ZY&` aF # .\J &&Tfr ,FE@eCBz \&C&jZ# fP^j FB &Z^]R F&H F@XKZ]F@ KE+^D]a \B & Kv ]r ^ #C@N ,I #KZ+F@ \B& K]MfvP ] ZK]bF #^N Q#b^VP ]â O]Kl ##a rP &t & F# FY@^nZ#\^F] \&N&ih #F # xZ&` B^N .OK]RfrKB] erJ z ,OK]CeF^CF ] ^@N UZ&J & K+Ne\I .xeZI @ NfYâ \&N&Tv#r ^P ] ,\&M&aB #\ ^P ] ZKT]F @ ,K]ml &P ] F@i]Y^R ,FE@fCTz@a Z@C^j v ^B # .I #` jr ^ ]N F@NKI ]\ ^P #

DZC Q\RGK ,QKPKRC \T

NCIC[

KC\MC

FHGZVC

\GDSV

OSZVP

OKZGMKC

KZVS

CG[KC

NED

.CKCB-N\C NT

ECGT

,81

EKNK

ZZGD\PG

,OKRG\KTCG

\ZXGK FCK\MN DGIF ZDGC BGF DZC .FZK[CG ZVSF

\K C

ZDGCG

CKCB-N\

KR[ ZBG\ KEGPKN EPGN

.2010

\JKSZCKRGBC QGYKNF FZK[N

.FVKI \JKSZCKRGBC FKVZ\GKNCKCC

90 QGYKNF

120

OK[EI \GNGY

119 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

ENVRZJ[ FYKCX

ZP#<B&R B` kt & FP# ,ZY@@iF NTz# a # K] eRKB N Zfs@ T Kc+P +eu]R^ ] K] Veb \B & FY@Kt ]P # K]RB z .ZI C&b Nr j +B # Z& & fVeb E&D&R^ F ,FZ@fjr B ,Q e m P a N` j# ] K]RK+ ]^ ,KZ]K] q#K ,QfZ@ jt F ]# Q@ jA SP F# BP ^ C+ ^ BeF .K] a T#D@R B` N O@ NfTl +r & ,ZE&I a K]Rz B &# I N E# T# aP # eZ Qfk I ## ] T^G .F@ N^H@b OZ&J Mr Fr & F@ +I z# & U@R@ ,KZ]K] q#K ,Ofi# F OK[ F eRK+ Beu]R OfK ]` Nt ^# FE@fCTz@ a F@ v# B ZKT]@ p# F Q@m#b# F^G X^ N# XP .O]KP C^ N N+ ^ # Sfj rq+#

ENVRZJ[ FYKCX

FXZB FNT .QKNGVC 1955-C ENGR ,DGNGMKSVG ZZG[P \eK\GCZ\-QKC KB[GRC FXZP .FVKIC ZZGD\PG 1957-C OSZV .KDGHG K\IV[P WTGKG \GXGCY FIRP ,FZKDFG { 'D \[ZC OKJY[ OKZK[ OFKRKC ,FZK[ KZVS F[K[ KEK NT NGIPN EaeT[ (1989 QNGD QGZK) OKBGNKP QPGK LBC N[ \GRHIF KYZV ,\KXGCKYF NGIPF \YFN FZK[N C[Y) \KMGMHF ZHVP G ,(1995 OKNTGV \KZVS) FKKCZT F[KBG KEGFK ZCD QKC FCFB ZGVKS NNGDPF ,(2009 FMH EKF C\M .\GKCZT OK[R N[ QPNGTP OKZK[ NNGMG ,\GV[ Z[T ZCGEF ,ENVRZJ[ .2008-C O"GYB SZVC ,\K\VZX ,\KRPZD ,\KNDRBP FZK[ KPGDZ\ OD OSZV .\KZFPBG \KRNGV

90 QGYKNF / 118

FZK[F NT / 'WKCGJSKZ FRB

OKVKH[ O\B OB .OGNM ?ZSI GF[P .FPKTJN G\GB GIY .ZK[F FRFG \GNTCC ONGTP O\KSR\F BN KNGB ,ZSI GF[P[ OKC[GI OKC[GI QKKET O\BG LMC O\KSR\F OB .ZZYP NT \V\G[P OKVKH[ EGT GNMB] ,OKZK[ EGT GBZ]Y { FHF ZK[C FCFB QKB[ GC[ OGYPF NT KNGB ,O\ZGX NT ,OTCX NT ,OFKNT GC[I]G .O\GB GVJY[ OKKEKF NTG FCGZYF O\CKCS NT KNGB ,GNED OT CGIZN \BXGK[ \T\T\P FNG\C F\KF BN ONGTP FZK[F FKGGIC OB OD ;\G\Z[PF ZEIC \BCI\P GB \GTKRX \ZGDI OKP[C YZ BN ,GNGM ONGTC \TDN FNGMK BKF ,ECNC GC[ QJY QGNI LZE KGYKNF \T[C OKBZRF OKCMGMPF YGCYC ;NMF NT FZK[ CG\MN Z[VB .\GRGNKG OKRY\GP GCKCS[ SGDR LKZM ,CTZ \G\V[B NG\I ,JPGYP YKJSNV KRCNN GB OKKZNGNS OKRGVNJN \PGSZV JN[ ,OKRGK \GVVGTP NM { JNVSBF NT QKHRC KP\M ,FYKZ SGCGJGB \RI\ ,OK[R YKVFN OKNGMK OKZZG[P KM .ZK[N B[GR \GKFN OKNGMK FNB .GRCKCSP[ OKRJYF OKZCEFP \GNGED \G\KPBG \GTP[P BN [P[F KRZY \GVY\[P OGKF[ IM[K BN OD ZZG[PF FFGCD \GZKCSCG { OD BNB ,ODBF N[ OKNGNXF GKRVC YZ NN[C \GZC[R OD QF O[ ,JNVSBF NT QKHRCF O\MC {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

117 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

\GPKB\P QRKB[ OKNKP [K OBF ?ZK[N OKCGJ OKZPGI OFP ?FZK[ GKNT CG\MN Z[VB KB[ GF[P [K OBF ?FZK[N KXKZTP GYTXK !ZCE NM NT FZK[ CG\MN Z[VB KB KZF FNBM GKFK EKP\ .\GNGEDF \G\KPBFG \GYFCGPF \GZGVBJPF YZ F&XGZ" ZK[FP OKVKH[C EGBP CG[I GF[P GFHK BN[ Z[VB[ FECGTF \B { (SPBKNKG SGNZY OBKNKG \BP) "ZPGN .'\GNGED OKNKP' OG[ KNC FVFVK FCFB ZK[ CG\MN ZZYPFP OKVKH[F NM \B GNMB] ,OEYGP GPGY :TGXKC \GBZGF :QG[NF GHC Y\V GZKB[FG

ZP#fN YZ# F&XfZ Kv]^N#MB@r & OK]VK]Ht ^ F# \B& ZZ+Y@P^#a eKF@r & O\@fB v^Z^P#r @ O\@^nF# QP] ZY&` aF# \I#eZBz#N K]N KI]^N]S xI+#N OK]CZ+Tz eKF@ O+F x@j N@j OK]Ye\P^ x@j N@j OK]R^RfX (ENV EEGT :\KNDRBP)

FKCZS QXKR NJ ,ZSKNV ENGGB :\KCZSP

'WKCGJSKZ FRB

OK]R@ o NB o & OK]R@ R E f Tr j Nr TP N .\Bs N Qv @] & \eR+ & Fc @P ] Q# #^ +@

:OK] Kec] G^ N OKP K ,\fB@ e# X^ N OKP K ]@ ]@

.E# a KZ R@ o \& B ZKv SP iI j Q# TP N +fIB zP + GK@ ]^ # fRKB +r & J@ # Nr & fRfZr ^] #^

,"K] RB z" Kv ]Z ^P #B @ f ar & QfrBZ ]F @ ZKt ]F #

mr S Nr js SeP Q# TP N OK] Rt a \fBP N] & Zeo] & N+ ^F #F # Z# #^ @# + rI @^

T Zfv^ V# j \Z Vf\^ j OK] kP X& ar KP qF jF && ] \& #P ^ ]E ^] # SK] # N#

:OKP N xeP@ S OK] RY H OKE SI V^ a ]I @ N\ &` M^ +^ ]K] z K]

.\fPeXT K# RK+ T^ a z O] .C+ kF TP pP # N# + rl @P # ,NB` Ps ^ E# ]

a^ XB kB RKB T { OKF B Nr & fRfT^ & B@ & d@ +r & FP @E @B zF @ \fEfB N# ]` N< eR+ CB jP K N# T Q+ DF N fjZ +^ ] fE@ @^ ^c # fH

FZ H FZ V\ a GK@ N@ T \Z RB @KF ]^ @K] ^] &P &fr K] z

.FY NI j @K] ^P # JI #l #F #r &^

j \P R F@ R+ j FZ R# MKF &Y &Z ^ ] @Kt ]r & eFr &^ + K\ ]BZ @Y @ K] x+ a] N \B T# R^ Mr j & \# #P ^ v ^B #r &^ .f\fB v mr ^r ^J #@ &

,r& R` T ,E# TZ CF T OK] kl N eN^ HB ir j # x@ && &^ # ,F@ zB # N# ]F ,Q f I h a I# GZ RfZ^ M] H^ N eYK] RT Cc T ek] VB @] ^P ] x+ <F &r & OKZ ]@ ^F # N# z N Qv R B` kt fZP @] & FP # HB @ ^B @^ .H B G ,ZP K @ YZ #^ +B @+

,K] m& RKB T \eKZ NJ RB +t & FP # N# @I zB # \& &fR K] z OB ]F # .F& KF NeBt T^ G ^B & K# & FP # N# kP j ,J B N \E ] N@ #^ &Z &fK F@ ,J I j #P # Nr & E` I fP^ .C+ kF mF B \s oI # QP ]e ZfTF @ QP ] QfM@ # YI @Z ^l &F # \& && #P ^

90 QGYKNF / 116

115 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

'WKCfJSKZ FRB FPKN[F .FKCZS ,EZDNCC 1972 NKZVBC 5-C FENGR FKDGNGNKVN FJNGYVC \K\BGG[F \GZVSC FKEGPKN \B

OGNI KP+ :FZK[ KZVS F[K[ FPSZV .EZDNCC ,(1997) NGI N[ NCI & ,('WKC'X&KEBZ fYRBZa SZVC FMH fYRBZa SZV ,1999) \KRNXTF N[ FK\GRCN FCKSP NT OKKI ,(fNBDKB N[ OKZVSF EKZK SZVG 'WKCfY^K^NKP OKZK[ { .C.R G (2006) SVBN CKCSP ,(2003) FKGND GPSZV\FG \GV[ T[\N GPDZG\ FKZK[ .(2009) OKZICR

,1994)

OKXCYP ] .FN FXGIPG FKCZSC \T KC\MCG \GKDGNG\RBC \KRCGNSC ,(2001) \KYCGNSC OKZVSC GPSZV\F FKZK[P FZK[ \PDZ\P OD 'WKCfJSKZ .(2007) \KRPZDCG (2005) FZK[ KZVS 14 FKCZSC ZGB GBZ FM ETG ,\KRCGNSP .FPGDZ\C \KVGZKB FZK[N FE @Zea JZa &eF SZVC F\MH 'WKCfJSKZ N[ \K\GZVSF FEGDBC FZCI BKF .2005 \R[C FZKTX KCZSF UKRSCG \KCZSF OKPDZ\PF \EGDBC ,FKCZS KTGZKBC \V\\[P BKF .Q"BV \KPGBNRKCF FEGDBF N[ FVGZKB IZHP-OGZEC K\GZVS FNGTV UG\K[N OHKPF .Word

Express

90 QGYKNF

/ 114

NBZ[K

ZRCKZ FKCGJ ZKr H ] F&

.OK]X+T@a rB + F\ @K]pP # FI @KZ]^gF # .U f m F #^G Q]K#TF @ QK+a OK]N\ ^]R OK]VeYr ^ OK]qc# OK]VKT]^X .QfJ&aP ^ QfrBZ] Y&Z&K ] \fir ] ^VI @ FP @E@B z \fn]o F&n#MP .QeV^KJ # Nr & \eZKF ]P ^]a OK]ReY^KJ # eRI ^P #^XF ] .eRK+i]RTz#N Zfa eRKZ]@j .eR^D#T@N eR^C#g]j eR^N#H@b .OK]CZ@Tz@a eRZ^l ##T\ ^F ] .eRT^#b^V]R^G eRT^#D@o .\KP ]Z^v # K+VekB # .FB @ftF # K+Nfp]R \B & eRE^E#r @ .-B` N^G OKI ]@XZ^]R .OK]NeJ^Y OfK N@j .\&D&DfI F@K^HK]G&Nh &F # .N&V&j eRZ^#XY@ .N&C+S eRT^Z#@H .r&C` T Nr # r+K "OfNr @ " F@kl ]#N & O#TJ .\fCeYZ^ O]K#mr ] Nr & eRK+RK+ar & OK]RfC^mF # OT] \fsTz#k FP # ?OK]R@oF # KZ+KB ]P ^ OT] ,C+kF # K+CfJ OT] .O]KP +F + #t @ #a OK]iI # ekI .\fB@Ce \fM^NfF ,\fM^NfF^G \fB@a ,\fYF @^N \fYF @^N ,OKZ]>o]X \fYF z#N .Z[ @s ^ #oI ]r & Z@Cc@ B+XfP Fv @B # &` B F&H .OKP ]@K N#T OKP ]@K B^Gt @ #N v Cfr@G xfNF @ ,CfIZ^F @ Nr & K]Rt +F # E#p#a N+iJ #P ^ Qfc#CB z ?B` N ?Q+j :fE@K^a NB +fr

113 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

ZRCKZ FKCGJ LZTG N"GICG WZBC \T

KC\MC OKZPBPG \GSP

\GZVS KMZEC :SGBZJ[ N"B DZCENGD FBN KC\M NM OFKRKC

\KRPZDP

GKPGDZ\

,OKCZ

OSZV

\ZDSPC FXZB FNT ,1924 ,DZGC[ZV-FGGNSKJBZC EKNK

OKZVS

.FKCIZP WGCKYN TKDFG 1941-C ZTGRF \KKNT

(1959)

,ND& N[ QGV .V N[ OKJRPDZV ZICP ZB[F QKC OKNNGM .BYVY N[

QGCHKTFP OKC\M

G ,F\D N[ OKC\M ZICP

FZK[

KZVS

,(1957

Z[T-EIBG

\KRPZDC

OFKRKC

\KZVS)

\KRGKXF

GPDZG\ GKZK[ .(2009 FZK[N C[Y)

\JKSZCKRGBC \K\BGG[FG ,SGJKZPB

ZKMC \KZCT

ZGSVGZV

ZRCKZ

FXZPM

EPKN

\GZVSN BGF

QFKM

ZRCKZ

OK[K[F GCG[CG

ZGSVGZVMG .FVKI

\GR[C ,WKGG[C

CKCB-N\

\JKSZCKRGBC

\G\GPT ZCI ,\GZVSNG QG[NN \KRPZDF FKPEYBF ZCI ,BYVY

,ZNK[-ZYSN

FHNB

,NB\SRBPVGF

QGV

GDGF

OSZV

QCBC [BF 1989-1953 :UBG[ GPGYP NBG 2005-1957 OKZK[ ZICP :OKPK \GCYT ZIGBP KVGK

OKNTGV

FZK[N C[Y)

N"MHPM

ZVS

,\KZCTC

,(1990 OKNTGV \KZVS)

.SKDV QEG KPZM .J ,QGRDT KZVSP \KRPZDN \KZCTP ODZ\ FTGR\F

OKZGTR

G (2005

GPSZV\F G\ZK[P OKZVS F[KPIG ,\GV[ FZ[T-[PIN WZBC

OKCZ

OKSZVC

FMH

GKZK[

.\KRPZDN

OGDZ\C

SZV ,FN[PPF [BZ SZV ,NBZ[K SZV OFKRKC ,N"GICG QBK

SZV

,(WKGG[)

DZCRKJS

SZV

,D"XB

SZV

,O"GYB

QBNX NGV SZVG ZRDBG QBKJSKZM SZV ,(FKYCGNS) YZPS

.\GCZ\N \KVGZKBF FEGDBF ZCIG

.(FKRPZD) \B ,(1980) DZCENGD FBN NT FKVZDGRGP OSZV USGRC ,(\KZCTCG \KRPZDC)

GBZ \BH OD

OKZXY OKMGZB OKKI

\GRGZMHF ZVS

OKPGNX\F ZVS \B FRGZIBNG ,OKENK ZVS .(2007 FZK[N C[Y)

90 QGYKNF

KRKT

/ 112

F Z K [ F N T / F C@ Z&Y@ S K Z G E

?FZK[ KFP K\TE NT K\KNTF BN NCB ,KZGCT LZT-\CZ FKGGI GH F\KF .OSY BKF ,NP[I GPM ,FZK[[ GB { FZK[C \RPB\P KRB[ F[GT BKF[ \TEGK KRB NCB ,\NTGV BKF LKB FFG\ QKKET KRB .OKBNV ,FZG[F FTKVGF \KNDRBN GPDZG\[ OKRG[BZF KZ#K[P EIBC ZKTXF [KBF ."FPPE F\ZGXG EGS BKF FZK[F N[ F\GFP" .FKRGJSB BK[R GK[MT BGF G\GB ODZ\[

111 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NKDP ZPGNM ,CG\MN K\NI\F[ HBP K\GB \VEGZ FNB[F FCGJ Z\GK FCG[\ FN BGXPN FNGMK KRKB QKKETG .TCZB \RCGP K\NCG \KZG\SP \G[K ."?NP[I GFP" FNB[N Z[BP FNGMK KRB[ FRKPBP KRB ?OKEDGRP OKRCGP ZVSP FN [K[ OKFHP[ GPM { F\GB \TPG[ GB FBGZ KRB[M FZK[ \GFHN .KNP[I YG[ OKNCYP[M NP[I \GZKFPC FTR ,FKDZRB ODG ZPGI OD BKF ,NP[I GPM ,FZK[ OKYNGI YZ BN OKKR[F .NNM TGRN KNC \JJGZ NKCYPCG ZGBF FRKICP FHN FH OKZG[Y { FBZR LM { OD BNB ,\GCZ \GRGM\ .\K\KKGGI NM \B UGJYN BGF EIB JG[V QGM\P ?FZK[ OK[GT LKB \B GIY .LZEF LZGBN OM\B OKY\ZP[ OKZHGPF OKIZVF \B ,QGKPEF \B ,[GBKKFG EIVF \B ,FFKPMF \B ,FYG[\F NM { \GPIDF \BG IGZF KCXP \B ,\GVNGIF \GC[IPF \G[DZ GVKSGF ,O\GB GCCZT .OFP OKKG[T \GPGNI[ OKZCEF \IYZPF .FP QPHN ZGBP QDGP OGYPC GZP[ ] G GY^aY#a ,OKVKZI KPTJ NM \B NKM\ BKF .FV[F N[ F\KXP\ FKF\ GNCY\[ \PB GHKB { ZIB GF[P FC FKFK NCB ,OMN OKZMGPF OKKIF G\ZKXK ,FH OKPSY KGYK[N .QMN OEGY O\TEK BN[ FTK\VP .NKDZF ZEDP BXGK KGVKZ Z[GM [K ,OMN[ YGPTF KRBF N[ ,KRGKPE OGYK K\BXPF ,\KRGGKF FKDGNG\KPF \BZ[FC ,FENKM GN[P KVGB FKF OFP EIB NMN .\GNBG OKNB FPMC SNMGBP \ZKKTC OKKEGS \GPGYP GKF OFK[EYP .GN[P FMNPPG \ZSIG FEGCB K\[I[M .OK[GEYM K\ZEDFG K\ZIC[ ,K\ENGF SYJ \MZGTG ZIB GB FH NB N[ G[EYPN \MNGF K\KKF OKRGB ZKKR \SKV NT K\[YC \B K\C\M HBG ,K\HMZ\F FNKI\ :TGCY .IGZC Q\GB K\ZHKVG \GRJY \GMK\IN F\GB K\TZY ,FRJY FZesPC OKNKPC [P\[FN KNT FKF ,GRTKK K\G[YC[ KEM KGBZ ,ECNC KRGKPE KZV GKF FNB OKNB OB OD .FCZ \GZKFCCG .\GPKB\PF OKNKPC OFKNB \GRVN FKF

F K R G J S B | F C@ Z&Y@ S K Z G E DSP FRKCS ,YKZJVNKYP OKZP :\KRGJSBP

B` N .I# XZ^v ] KI XZ^v ]^ ] B` N \+ e# T\ a ,x@ kr MZ@^ X \B ^P ] x ei I ]^ & x]K# & ,FZ@eYT o \fX^ Y] a z FY@erv ^ Nr & F& SP a FB qr j \Y&&RfI F&G^ #^ @^R] &^ .B@ N^ Vl AF # x+mI ] ZY&r & B` N \B & KI XZ^v ]^ ] B` N !D^RE#-K]D-KE]-D^RE# ,x]K# MZ@^ X G# X^ a FY@erv T ^F # SeS N# J+ Tfr ,# TY+fZ ,U+RfpF # OKZ]KT o N# T ]^H \fRfss ^ KI +Z^] .FE@Z+I a eI^ oh z E@K^ Ar & ,K I XZ^v ]^ ] B` N !K] a# Nv a# Mv ^ ,K] ^ B` N M^ a { xr V#R \# eB M^ j K] +^ # N@ KI XZ^v ]^ ] B` N ,xE+@K KB ]u ^v ] NB # xB # .x \ B +Y@erv ^ \&

90 QGYKNF / 110

rebuR aiiP :otohP

F C@ Z&Y@ S K Z G E \KRBPZD-\KPGZ \GR[NCC ZBG\ \GRKKJXFC FPKKS F@ CZ &Y @

EIB ZVSG FZK[ KZVS 16 FPSZV .1958 ,QKNBJ \EKNK

\GCZ\F QGTGC[C \C\MM FECT .eJZBJ \JKSZCKRGBC

ZGB FBZ 2008-C .(2007

\IN[PF

\KN"MHPM

FRFKM

2008

1992-PG

Sirp

DEKA

O[F

\I\

Verb \GKGTP[P )

FKZK[P

ZICP

,\GSP N[

(FBXGF

F\GBC)

OKC\GMF \GEIB\FC FZCI BKF .G"YSRGBN \KRGJSBF

-\KRGJSB) KRG[N-GEF FZVS FKRJKZCC OSZV\F 2010-CG

\KPGBNRKCF

N[ CZ ZVSPC F\MH FC @Z &Y @ .

\KRMG\F

\ZDGCG

,Q"BVCG

\KRGJSBF

.(2006) F@ GfKB @ \JKSZCKRGBC OKZVGSN

QPHF N[ G\ZGX

(\KNDRB

\B (2005-CG 1993-C) OKKPTV FNCKYG OKK\GZVS OKSZV BK[R

.'QCNF

YKRTF 2001 \R[C

CMGMF

ZESP'

.\GCZ\N

\GZKCBF

KPGBNF SZVF

\GB

FKRGJSB

.\GV[ 25-N GPDZG\ FKZPBPG FKZK[ ,OKZK[

OKPGDZ\

F@ CZ &Y @

FPSZV

FKZK[N

USGRC

,KYSEGZC ,JYC ,QEGB ,ZKVSYKK[ \BP OKZPBPG \GHIP ;\GKDGNG\RB FZCKI KPGI\C

FMZT

;OKZVSN F\XZF ]G

;EGTG

QBZCG'D

\GPEYFG

,QGSRKYKE

\GSP

,QGZJBK\NG

,FCGJPIB

,OKZPBP

FYKHGPN

FC\M

OKJSYJ

.FN FXGIPG FKRGJSBC FYK\BFG LGRKIF ,\GCZ\F

109 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

F Z K [ F N T / F @N S & RKY QG'D

\GZCKEF \Z[TG FZK[ ,OKZZG[P NT ,OKDE K\DZFG ,DKEC K\YST ENK K\KKF[M ."GMZEN DEF \B DE) QKNZP DKE+C \GMGZMF \GTGGHF NT ZK[ K\C\M[M NCB ZGYIN K\NGMK[ FP \B CN[B LKB CG[IN K\NI\F ,(\KRI FP FH NCB ,QPH IYN FH .KKI \B KI KRB FC[ LZEC ZK[C ,FR[ [PIG OKZ[T FH KRGTCJ KRB .KZGCT F\[T FZK[F[ QMGP KRKB OB OD ,"IXZ\ BN" ZCKEF N[ QCGP NMC QKPBPG .KRKSP FZG\M \G[K GB OEB UB N[ GKZCE \B NCYN

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e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of[Ka \CHKNB .OK[TPC KGJKC KEKN FBC BN QKKET[ \GZK\SN \TEGP F\KF NCB DGEN EGBP FCFB ,FPDGEN K\ZZIK[G" FZFXFC OKK\SPF ,"DEF" ZK[F \B FC\M[M 90 QGYKNF / 108

FKNZJSGB

F @N S & RKY QG'D

QPZCGND NTK :\KNDRBP :I# XZ^] v B` N "...F@ kF N F@ M@gr ]\ ^] & EI @B &F @ eRE+s @" "KRM[P OGYPC" ,GZG'\

\frZ^I SfI OKP j QB@ j \fEu A OKP ]^ ]P @^H] @F # OK] G+ Nr G KP XT oK] NY ^ OKP ]E^]R^ ]eb K+ z fB SeJ^ @B & j \fmE#T VJ qA Z^K OK]iv ]I ^v #-OKP ]Z@^H] zP # OK] ^fr ,OK] ,OK\ NeC^K Nr qF Y^ N \I ]P + OK] & OKP ]eJ^ # OF &K+m] #v #P ] CP \fTZ@ \Z&u &# ^ Fr @ eIv ^ ,FP @I @&R B` N xB # HZ&J N QfD^ a F@ aA F^ pF NfT ^Z^r # ZY &K] # FP @KZ]^gF # QP ] F@ \& Ct V^ NfIF aP TK] bZ^v &#K\ ^P ] fB ,OK] # eRKJ +@ # \B & # # Zr &B z j GK@ XeR^ X]R^ G GK@HP T F&gF TF VF a TY @Z^ N# # O` ZK+ @ ;FY @@ zF # KZ+fHI zP #^ @r ^P ]^ ,\fYfIZ^ \fKE^Y N Zej^HB \fK BeF #Z^B #^ ]P + Z+ OK]iI M] N OK] NeC^mF N@ DE^] a Z+ \fK F+ aZ^F # EfC^ # fB OK]m#RT zZ#F @ GK@ # a eB^ VY kB j :eE^ CB F& kB j ,OP @ f YP ^] @ fB eT@gr & F& + N@ @r & + N@ KE+^ jP NI ] \Kr ] KZ]I z eN F z#R\ ^F ] fB eP^ @ fB eCr ^I @r & MeBr ,OfiF TP N { N# MeR { N# & # OP +fc F` j N` jF # .O@ ^r @^ Q\ X^ e# MP G eRK+RK+ T CK] C^ S F& a# T\ GB @fB OK] ^ eRI ^#RB z# ^P ] ZK] zF @ SP a FP a J@ aP G^R# ^F # YF #` aF # Nr &^ #^ # OKZ]Kr ] KP + eRI ^#RB z .Z+ GB B OKP G OK]RK]HB N NfM@K F@KF eRZ+fT .ZK] zF @ \& ]T zfJ^ zP # eRI ^#RB z .\fKF ^] @t & Y+ kv SF Ne HeH@ N OK] NfM^K eRB a rI #^ ]^ @r & Fr @ eI\ ^] + fZ ,eRZ^# M@H fB em#KP a I N^ G ^c] OZ&J &^ #` jr ^] SY a OKs C^ j ,\fN@ Tv C+ T^ N \fET & \fNT z# ]@ ^ Z& zfX Z@HeP O& KT v Z@ DB ]Y @Z^Y # \# zl #P ] O]KP # \fCB zfr I #eZ \fRI zv # N YZ#r N J# TP j YKZ+ .Or bF Z@K F@RfZI zB #@ & \fZP ^# ^] && # E#

107 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

90 QGYKNF / 106

F @N S & RKY QG'D \GNGCD FXGI G\ZKXK[ KRGTCJ JSKMZRB BGF F@ NS & RKY

GKF OKRGZIBF GKZK[ KZVS .1963 \R[C FKNZJSGBC ENGR

FEDB ZGVKS :KNBKRGNGY-JSGV [EIF GZVS ;OKKZRB'H

FKEPGY G (2008 ,Picador) FVKFG B[KRF N[ OKRGGD

Papertiger media

BGF (

Soi 3 Gold

\BXGF ,

\ZES)

WW Norton)

\KZGHB FKVZDGBKDC \GTSP :\KFGNB

\GCZ OKR[ KI BGF .\GTSP ZVSG QPGZ N[ Y\ZP CGNK[

:\KJSKCKJYB FYKJBGV \ZGYKCF KZPBP USGB .(2008

EPKN O[ { GKFGB ,ZKaPBDCG ,FKNDRB ,'DEKZCPKKYC

ZGB FBZ (KSGN NBKR \MKZTC) QGCKKB YPTC FKMZRB

HGIPC ZZGD\P BGF OGKM ONGB { \ZXGK FCK\MG \KNDRB

WCGYG ,2010 KRGKC

QFMPG ,FKNZJSGB CZTP N[ 'FJKIF \TGXZ'C ,K+ KE ^eJ

QM-GPM .

NKCYPC .FKNZJSGB CZTP \JKSZCKRGBC ZYIP \KPTM

,SePfY QGJNKP QG'D N[ GFHIPN [EGIP EGCKT C\M

.'DEKZCPKKYC 'DNGY NK'XZ'XC NDS-ZCI F@ NS & RKY Z\GR

G\ENGFN 400-F NCGK NDZN GNZBP \EGDB KEKC FNTGF[

Liverpool University Press \BXGFC

Picador \BXGFC 2011-C OSZV\K QGKZ[ GKZK[

\BXGFC 2008 \R[C ZGB FBZ EGCKTF .KBHIPF N[

FYKJBGV ,FNSRKY N[ \GSPF ZVS .Arc

Publications

\BXGFC ZGB FBZ ,FYKZKNNG UGRN ZCTP :FVG[I ZICPG ,2007 \R[C

Manchester University Press

\R[C OSZV\F[ ,\KVYKF FZGB\ WCGYC USBR GKZK[P ENGZF \BP FPEYF OT ,

WW Norton

\BXGFC 2004 .OGNC

105 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

F Z K [ F N T / e N D f K a]&N ' X & ZeR'X & Y f &D

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

90 QGYKNF / 104

F K Y Z G J | e N D f K a]&N ' X & ZeR'X & Y f &D ZCIPFG QXKR NJ ,ZNMGC FZERSMNB :\KYZGJP F@ N^K# N

x@oA FP ^F # \eiB ]F @ BeF xP +r ^ ZP #B @ Z&C&bF # F@Vs @ ^a "F@N^K#N" F@kl ]F # Nr & N@N^j OKT]E^fK em&RKB +r & F@Vs ]K]KF @ @ d\ @fB^a "F@N^K#N" x@N B` Z^Y]N F&XfZ K\

Uen#F K+R^Y]a \Z&` PZ^P #^X fP^j U#NI @ W]Kq##F) (\fZTzfa O@K KZ+>o]X OKI ]^\fZ@F \er^bZ#\ ^F ]P +v @T^#RP ^]R EKP ]v @ FZ@P ^B @ Ft @B ]F @ F@KP ^#DfRflF # Nr & FJ @er^oF # F@K^RfPZ^F ##a F@G^Nr # s+oI #P ^ Fv @B # Or &&bF # \B & W` YTz#N C` JZ@ EZ&&G^a \P &&HP ^#HP ^F # FZ@fCc^#N Q+v TZ#q@]ir & E#T I\ #l @F ]^N N&CI &#N Qv + y^N CKB @^N QfK@n]mF # ]^MP # YZ# OKr ]@R QK]CF F&H Nr & GK@VY@r ^P ] \B & F&H eZK]SF + OF + x[ &` IF # Z#Tu ^P ] OK]m]j F@N@o JY&t &F #

103 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

90 QGYKNF / 102

e N D f K a]&N ' X & ZeR'X & Y f &D .FKYZGJC OKZT FPMC NEDG 1971-C NGCRJSKBC ENGR FKDGNGRMJN S"FKCC NP[I \SERFC QG[BZ ZBG\ OKKS \JKSZCKRGBC OKYST NFRP ] C KR[ ZBG\G ,NGCRJSKBC ZeR'X D O[F \I\ FZK[ OSZVP 1990-P .NGCRJSKB &Y ^ f& \BXGFC ZGB FBZ 2006 \R[C .FKYZGJC \T KC\MC

OKZVSF NMN LKZEP ,GKZK[P QG[BZ WCGY .Yitik UÈlke

GZVS .OKZGMKC ZVSN

Arkadas Z. Ozger

SZVC FMH[

OKNKPF ZB[ ,KR[F

.2010-C FBXGF F\GBC OSZV\F , FCK\MN

OKNCKJSVCG

\GBRESC

U\\[F

eNDfKa N'X ]& &

GKZK[ .FE @ReY KBCG NGCRJSKBC ,FRG\BC ,FDKZC OGDZ\NG .ONGTF KCIZC \T KC\MC GPSZV\FG \GV[ 13-N GPDZG\ SRCKJS SBNBGG N[ OFK\GZKXKP \KYZGJN ODZ\ BGF ,\KRVK GYKKF \ZK[ N[ FKDGNG\RB QMG ,ZJSGB NGVG FZK[ N[ FKDGNG\RB LZGTG ODZ\P BGF FNB OKPKCG OHKPF KTGZKBC U\\[P eNDfKa N'X ]& & .F[EI \KBYKZPB

Word FVGZKB IZHP-OGZEC K\GZVS FNGTV UG\K[N www.word-) GN[ JRZJRKBF Z\B \B ESKK ,Express .GKNFRP OT FRPRG (express.org

101 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

ENV EEGT

\fEK] \Tz Z+ CfY ,ZI @l @#N E+DfS GKr M# T .OK]HK]HI a @^ z Er &B &^ \fZB a NKT]Z^P V^ N eRZ+@ CTz +^ # ,eRK+R@ :\K]RE@Z^fJ F@ TZ^] X^ j Z+ n#RP TE@fv ^ ,F@ B eR^ V# B@R ,Or a ,F` o eRP ^r #@ @ eRE^#D@ OK]iJ S \fEs a eRKT]Z@ ,eRJ ]^RP #& @^ ^I #r @ .NK] MZ@ eR+Rfr^ N F@ M^ N@ F ,OKZ]@H V#R \B Y` vr N yr & r+K OB ] ^] ^^ WZ&B V^ nF V+ S NB N & Or @ ,OKZ]@ #-Z& & x+ ;T#D` Z @ FK&R@ Ve d@ X^ CZ]P C+ T + ZfTv + Z& F@m# N \E&Z&fK Z@ F@ a F@ N fT QfPZ^I & ,Z@ FP Br v N# B^G .@ FKE&@K \fo# M^ a # N# ^] .O# T# o eEK]b] F FP # OKP ]@K eEK]b#i Z+ aE#P F K+R^ V] j WZ&@ B@ F K+R^ o ^# a .fZ^ Cr z :d@ ] ^G OfNI

ENV EEGT

C[G\ OGKMG ,1950 ,FVKIC ENGR ,LZGTG ODZ\P ,ZZG[P Z[T-F[GN[ OSZV .QGKNTF NKNDC[ BK[RF ZVM WGCKY { ZCE I\V :OKRGZIBF GKZVS .\IB FNCGRG FZK[ KZVS ,IGZ KRGPTV G (FZK[N C[Y) 2005-1973 OKZK[ ZICP .(2010 FZK[N C[Y) FZK[ KPGDZ\G OKZK[ { ZGB KNKNI OKZVGSN FN[PPF [BZ SZVC OKKPTV FMH G\ZK[ NT .(2007 ,1997) OKKZCT QNB ,QPJKG JNGG N[ OFK\GZKXK CJKPP ODZ\ USGRC ,GNC NGS ,SPBKNKG SGNZY OBKNKG ,YBGZY Y'D ,DZCHRKD ,ZRYGV OBKNKG ,SPG\ QNKE ,KKGGDRKPF JSRZB ,ZNKP KZRF ,KE[GZ QPNS ,EBZRGY UHG'D ,KEZBF SPG\ ,QKKGGJ YZBP LGRKIF Z[ SZVC FMH GKPGDZ\ NT .EGTG ,QGERGN Y'D FVKI \JKSZCKRGB ZDGC BGF ENV .(1990) OKPDZ\PN .\KNDRB \GZVSC

90 QGYKNF / 100

NBZ[K

KYSCGNKV FBN EfT y^ a T#bB & B` N

B` N^ G Fc@]R K\ a EfT y^ a T#bB NfT^ N ]fKF ^] & B` N O@ ,N@br j xfv B` N F@ NK] NI G SI j x fv ^P ] KE+^ @^ # .N@br ^P ] KE+^ CB N# T^ G y^KI N N# T F@mJ qF a^ XB ]I ^#mF ] N@ z ^& #^ # KT ]@ & \B & Kv N^ aeoZ& N# T eRI j# G\ N^K# k# Ce ,K]RP o# T^ V# T ek B j ZBP ]^ #KK#G \Y#K] ^# ^F ] F@ @^KF # y^ .rKB YfPE& NB#K^ Xf nF SK]RePfqF ] Or @ F@KF @ B` N OKJ ]Z@^ #P +e OKJ ]^ #P + We I eF ,N@br ^ \fCr @I ^P # eNT <F & OKI ]ej] # ^P ] B` N ,\fBP +J ^ \fCr @I ^P # ,\fZfFJ K]RB G F@ XI Y^R eN@ T yK& N^DZ# \fo# j N@ CB z# ^Z#F @ QP ] \fi] z a B` N Z@ C^ j ZfHI Kv V@ S OZ&J CB ^l #F # Oc#r & ]Z^# & N@ z K]ml &P ] TY#@ F@ TKZ]P k# aF Vr Y^R F@ T^ Cr ^ \K]R@ # FZ@^ ] \B & Kv ]T ^P #r @ B` N Q]KE#T z ,OK]i] ] X^ a O]K# Nr a ekB j F& G^ Yl ] K\ ]B+ @ eZ^K Z"\ #K+ ]^ ]F # QP F@ BP qF kB a F\ M@H +h ^F # ,F@mJ #^ # K]RB z ,F@RKE]l ^F # \eVK] #^ @^ N Kv YY#fvr Kv YY#fvr ]^ ^F ] ]^ ^F ] ,K B ]Z^fa QfXZ^ \fsTz# F&H N@ M^G ,yK& NB + y^ NK] Cr a F&H N@ j FP ^] # .Z` HI z#K B` N SP N QK B s` o\ N N@bA ^ y^RKB + OB ] .D u @P A K] + ^] .y^ N ZK] a^ SB Cc^ \B #r & K]RB z KP ] KZ#@ & G Kr V#R F@ CF B B@ XP N eB E I eRB & Fs &T z#R EI ##K^ ]^ zB @r & \& ^B & K# @B & OfK +Z^fa QfXZ^ \B O@ NfT^ N N@ CB C^ N F&KF G z ,EI @B & Zs @@ ^]R^ N YZ# FZ@eSB G \Z&v M^G F@ MfC^R ,\# TP .yK& N@ T YZ# .y^ z# &P A K\ ]er+K N@ #fc ZF #^DB & B` N

99 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

KYSCGNKV FBN KR[

ZBG\G

\GZVSC

QG[BZ

ZBG\

\N TC

,1970

\EKNK

.EIGKP LGRKI \BZGFC OGKM \YSGT ,\KRGDZB FKDGNGKXGSC FZK[N

ZVSF

\KC

FRG[BZF

FZK[F

\\K M

\ZDGC

.(1994) OKRRB[ \GRM[PC QGYKNF \T

KC\MC

ZGB

GBZ

FKZK[

\GRGZIBF

OKR[F

18-C

-OTJP" ,"GC[" ,"QGYKNF" OFKRKC ,OKRG[ \GZVS KVSGPCG

\GRPB

,QG[BZF FZVS ."IGZF CK[P"G ,"OJGIF" ,"FZK[

.(2009 ,ZCM \ZES ,SEZV) FZCT[ FR[C ZGB FBZ ,

TCJ SZVC FNGJP NCKJSVC FR[F F\MH F\ZK[ NT .FZK[N

90 QGYKNF

/ 98

FZK[F NT / QKKJ # [RKKV # Q K K +N K B

FCK\M N[ OKKI KEKYV\ QKC OKNKDZF OKI\PF GC\MR GRK\[ NXB .\GNDG .FRMS KEM ET \GNGED \GK\GBC \ZZG[PFG OBF ,FKTZF FZK[F \B \GBZN \GZ[VF \ZSI F\G[YT\FN K\M[PR .OKK\KCF FK\GCGI KGNKPN OEGYF LZTM -KZZG[PG .FKI Z\GK [KDZFN LZE EKP\ F\KF FZK[ ,KNKC[C ,'\ZGGSEZGG ,JZCZF ,JBKKGG { \KNDRBC KNT OKCGFBF ZCTF \GTEGPF \B [EIP OK\KXP[ FNB OF { QGSRKYKE ,SRZGN .CKCSP ONGTN KN[

97 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

K\NI\F[M KBYKZPBF OHKXKZKNN K\KRV FPN QKCFN NY FKF\[ \[ZGP K\[VKI .OK[KPIF \GR[C FZK[ CG\MN ,NGVZCKNC K\ENGR[ ZIBP .WGIF QP NGY NKMFN \NDGSP K\KKF OD N` j#N USGRCG ,FSEGBP OKEGFK OKZDFP GKF K#CSG ONGT N[ GKNG[C { K\[GI\N { KPXT \B K\PYKP ,F[KB GTKV[F BN 'DEKZCPKKYC \KNDRB \GZVS KEGPKN .\GZVSF K\NI\F O[ K\KKF[M NCB ,GH \KPXT FSKV\ NT JTPM FKF FBZR .OKKNG[F NT KPGYKPC \\GeTP FGGBD GHKB IVJN .\ZZG[P ZGCT ,ECGMP GNKVB ,KGBZ EPTP GFH[ OKKNG[-K[RB OCGZC GKF \KBYKZPBF FZK[C KN[ LZEF-KZGP LGZT QKBN UKET ODE { EIV KNGJRG OKKI KBNP NCB ,KRGPM OKR[KKC EKP\ GBZR[ ,HBE-OKK\RVGBF OKNDRBF OKZZG[PFP \GKJGKVF NT K\DRT\F .KGBZ K\NC [DZ FHKB UG[IN KEMP KVGSNG \GZCFN CNF \PG[\ NT ,\KBYKZPBF FZK[F N[ OK[RB GZPB[ OKZCE NT GSSC\F OKPEYGPF KZ#K[ .\GZG[ OKZK[ ZXK UGYKRHZ~ UGYKRHZ SNZ'X N[ OKZK[C GPM ,KKIC \B K\BXP FZFPC .|.Y.B.Z .JV[P K\C N[ \GPG[Z LG\P YNC 'DNGYP OKZZG[P N[ FNGED FXGCY OT \C\M\P KPXT OKSGSKFN K\C[YF OFGPM .QGSNGB SNZ'X O[BZC ,QKKJRGBP .SGVE KIGGZ KR[C O\GB K\RKKXG ZCGEF KNGYC FNGEDF \KSGZF \ZZG[PF N[ FKZK[ \B ODZ\N K\NI\F[M \B K\ZPF { \KSGZN FIPGP N[ G\ZHTC { FCK&KJ @&CX FRKZP @ -GYC OKEIF OKZCTPF \B FRKKX O\GTXPBC[ OKVYPF F\KF FZFP ET .SGVE KIGGZ KR[ O\GBC FN[ FC[IPF KZIB .\ZZG[PM KKI NT Z\GKC TKV[PF OZGDN FCKKJCX K\PSZV[ QG[BZF WCGYC GNNMR[ OKPGDZ\F NT K\ECT[ QVGBM \KZK[F FZGXF \B \GBZN K\NI\F ,(1971) FKZK[P FRCP \B BNPN YIERG UEF EZGPC ZCGEF NGYF OZGH GC[ .K[VGI FRCPC FZK[ EGT K\C\M BN HBP .OK\CF KPXT \B K\KFKH FBZRM[ KCKKE ERNRGE ZKTF \GCZ OKR[ KRVN QECGB N[ \GKEDZJ Q\GBC GYNGX BN KKI OB OD ,FCKKJCXC

FKRJKZC

QKKJ # [RKKV # Q K K +N K B

ZGB ZKPB :\KNDRBP

F@R@C^kF# Zfo]pF# FCGJPIB FRBN

xP X# T \& B v a^H] a B@ N^ VP V` B F&HKB a +^ ^^H# A Q& +^ x@ kr n# a ,F@R^ CK&KZ&E^^RB & KZ]BJ @h @F # QfR^D] # F@RB @ F@RB @ NP \E&&RfT ,Ql a O#b \K\ ]eM^ # +c#^HP ] EKE]Z^] .I Z@iF T# aJ #+ # \#Rv ^P # ,\# # O@ \K+ C^ a ,F@KT Vt MP ^Z# B` N ,F@ +# ^ EKP ]v @ x\ CF N@ T^ a F[ +@ zB # OK] @` Nr ^ Nr & NB a \& VB & F\ @^KF @ Z\ +fK^ &fmF # e C\ j]ir XZ@ B` kr ^@ & \K] & OKZ]Kt ]F # .[` J^R] N v N` M@K B` N O# T# o UB G ^^ #r &^ *,fN& S

j F&KfY^ SZ^B# X Nr k# TF & HK] @ BJ +fIF # fP^ .fk] X \& B x+ a] N N# T NKJ TF ]P + EK \ ]@ &

,SeZF a EfC^ M] N F@ \fr K]RB N^K# kF @F & x\ +K+ z F@ # F@R@ C^ N Zfo] X d\ Ne ,\eEKE]^ C] N @fB^ .Z[ a x@ N v ar &` B OfYP ^] ^Z^I #@ &

F[PK[[ ,DZGCSZJV JYRS EKN \GRGPZB \ZKKT { fNS & F&KfYS ^ Z^BX # .ZKTF \NGXBN JKY QGTP

90 QGYKNF

/ 96

95 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

QKKJ # [RKKV # Q K K +N K B \GZVSN \K\GMNPF FEGDBC FZCIM FNCY\F QKKJ[RKKV

FNED

OGDZ\F .FEGDBF \XTGPN FVZGX 2007-CG ,1980-C

.'DEKZCPKKY ,'DNGY OBFeKRC \KNDRB FEPNG ZJ NC & S&

FCK& KJ @C &X FRKZP \BP OKZICR OKZK[N 1971-P FN[

[PI ,FZK[ KZVS 14 ,OKRPGZ 15 FZCKI QKKJ[RKKV

ZGB F\BZ 2009-C ;OGKF ET \G[EI \GZGEFPC SVER

Carcanet \BXGFC 1995-C .IZY N[ FNM

,1930

,QG[BZF

\R[C

FZVS

FKRJKZCC

.GKEZN

OKCZ

NJ ^ ea

FZKKTC

OK\KMS\G

FENGR

\GKVZDGKC

NDTPF

FZVSN \CIZGPG F[EI FSZKD

2010 \R[CG ZNKP KJC SZVC FMH ,(1971)

ZCI [BZC QKKJ[RKKV FRFKM

QGZIBF QPGZF .ZYGC SZVN OKEPTGPF \PK[ZC NNMR

.JGKNB S"\ O[-NT SZVF N[ OKJVG[F

SZVC

FMH

,(2008)

FKSGZ N[ OKN[GZK

,FN[

SZVC F\MH 1990 \R[C .FKRJKZCC \GRPBF \XTGP FN FYKRTF FR[ F\GBCG ,FZK[N

Cholmondeley

.\GZVSC EGCM O[N ZGJYGE ZBG\ ZJSN \JKSZCKRGB

OKZT

.2010-C ZGB FBZ ,

,FM ET QGZIBF FKZK[ ZVS

OKEPTGPF OT F\RPR FJT KZV HGK EJ N[ FKVZDGKCF

Marsh SZVN OKKVGSF OKSGZF NM N[ FRB ,FH ZRB'HC

FRGZIBF F\ZKXK ;\GKVZDGKCN 12-N FPDZG\ ,(2005)

.\GV[

90 QGYKNF

/ 94

NBZ[K

HGT SGPT [G\K

CGJ ZCI OT FCM[ F\KE BZY[M FRCXT\F ,ND QC KDKD ,GYKZ N[ NB[ FH KZIB[ F\GB NKTDF .ND[P QGKHN ZCE NM NT .FBPN SVB QKC[ ONGS NT F\RFR FPM \K[R FPHDZGB[ ZCZCN NKI\F .FTE GN F\KF FNKD LM ZIB .\K[DZ Z\GKG \KRVGD \GIV a [Z[Z FYKR ,LTP .FN[ U\MF NT QP[ [G\K ,QGPGYP# .CNX \ZGXC CIGZ@ N GK\GTGZH .CDF NT OEZRG YPJXF GN[ QKHF OD .CM[N OGYP FN ZKB[F BN .OE \PYR :[G\K GKNTG OEZRG IM[ GYKZ[ FZGI[ JZK[ KJ FP[ .FYZ\SF .FINY\F .\KRVGD .\K[DZ .Z\GK GB \GIV .FZDPC FNXB .\KRKP .\KR[GI .JK[NGC .\KSYS LTPR[ FP .QM FH .BN FH .\GTE FNKNG OGK .QYHF OGN[ FP \GBZN LKZX .QY\N LKB QKB

93 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

HGT SGPT \JKSZCKRGB OTJPG TEPN QPXKG QGMP OTJP ,\KZCTF .CDRC QGKZGD-QC FJKSZCKRGBC \KZCT \GZVSN DGIF [BZM QFKM HGT \GKGRPBN \KBYKZPBF FKPEYBF ZCI BGFG ,\KZCTF OKNKCGPF OKEPTGPF QKC FKF FRGZIBF FR[C .OKTEPG .\GZVSN NCGR SZVN

,OKRPGZ { FHGZV KZVS 28 OSZV .1939 ,OKN[GZKC ENGR

\GXZB OFKRKC ,\GPK[ZG OKZPBP ,\GSP ,OKZGVKS KXCGY FZGI[ FSVGY ,(1967) KN[ NBMKP ,(1965) Q\F \GRGZEP NT ,(2002) L[GIG FCFB NT ZGVKS ,(1987) GZVS .(2009) ZVMF KKIP \GRGP\ G (2006) [TDF ZF GKZVS .OKZK[C CG\MF QPGZ BGF (1999) OKF G\GB ,\KRPZD ,\K\VZX ,\KNDRB QFC ,\GV[ 36-C GPSZGV KNBZ[KF ZVGSF BGFG ,\KRNGVG \KRKS ,\KRKV ,\KCZT OKKJSKXKNCGV OKZPBP HGT OSZV USGRC .Z\GKC ODZG\PF \GTKEK"C ZB[F QKC ,OGN[G \GZVS ,FYKJKNGV KB[GRC ."SPKKJ YZGK-GKR"G "WZBF" ,"\GRGZIB \GZVSN

NBZ[K

SZVC

ZB[F

QKC

FMH

G\ZKXK

\GZVSN FRKKF LKZRKKF SZV ,(2005) F\D SZV ,(I"R[\) SZV ,\K\VZXF FYKNCGVZF N[ EGCMF QGKDN \GB ,(2008) \GRNCGSN \KPGBNRKCF FKNEPF ,KDCZGRF KGJKCF [VGI FRKZGY

SZV

,\KRNGVF

\KRPGYBF

FXTGPF

OTJ P

\GZVSN SBKZGJSB LKSR SZV ,OKKI NTVP NT KRPZDF FJKSZCKRGBF OTJP EGCM O[N ZGJYGE KZBG\G ,2007

90 QGYKNF

/ 92

NBZ[K

FEfT FJKZ

QPHGND FBN :\KCZTP

FY@K] \t N^ X ^F # C# K]RerK]a^NF ] \fNTzZ# N@M^a FY@K\ # ]t ^F :eZP ^B @^G !Ft @B ] ...FB @" "Ft @B ] N` jF # x#S^a

91 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

K\ ]fB eNv @ HB @P + C@N^X N#T Kv ]E^#NfR "Ft @B ]" :eZP ^B @^G KE#@K eTâ]Y OKZ]P ^^SP #â OKv ]T]F @ rZ&Y& N#T K#N^DZ# eTâ]Y OKZ]P ^^SP #â FP @Z^l ]F # rZ&Y& N#T "!Ft @B ] ...Ft @B ]" :eZP ^B @^G eSâ]j JB #^N JB #^N rB +@a K\ #fCr Î ^P # \fEu @ #a eN\ ^r @ K#i#GB zP # x+NfFF # W+T ZZ+fo\ ^P ]e F@TP ^]Y F@TP ^]Y \B & K\ ]fB eEl ^]N \K+a^V&NB @ fkAj N@j Z#T#pF #

90 QGYKNF / 90

FEfT FJKZ FPSZV .FHGZVG FZK[ \C\GM .1960 ,\ZXRC FENGR

FYK\[F NT LVFP OFKRKC ,FZK[ KZVS F[K[ FKKRTGX N[ FRPGK ,(1994 \ZXR ,\GCZ\FG LGRKIF EZ[P KRVN ,(2001 ,ZKFY \GCZ\F \KC \BXGF) \CFGBP KRB G ,(2004 ,ZKFY \GCZ\F \KC) FTPEC FYKRIF ,\KRKJSNVF FZK[F \KC) \VSGR OTV L\GB FSRB \BXGF)

\GZI\C QG[BZF OGYPC F\MH FEfT .(2008 FNNBPZ GPDZG\ FKZK[G ,\KPNGTF GYKKFF \EGDB N[ GYKKFF \B FPSZV USGRC .OKKPGBNRKC FZK[ KZ\BC GPSZGVG FZK[F \KC)

LN[ QGTDK[F KRB

\GZVSF \GSP ZVS

OKZXY OKRPGZ KR[ FC\MG ,(2009 FNNBPZ ,\KRKJSNVF .GPSZGV OZJ[ \KNDRBF FV[C QG[BZ ZBG\ KEGPKN FPKN[F FEfT QGMK\C \KNDRBN FZGPM FECTG ,\K\BGG[F \GZVSCG .\ZXR KRGZKTF

89 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

YPGS KRGZ

\& M& oF \l kF #^ ]F # CZ&I &F # Nr & FE@+ # ZE#I z \J #&RfS OKF B N+CfJ fa Q&V&b ZP ]` N< &&X OF + OK]R@RTzF@ ,F@TK]Yt ^F # \Z#Eêo \B& .F P @E@B zF @ K+Rô N#T \Kr ] BZ+â Zeo]S N@j \KP ] ] KP +t ^F # OKE]eqZ]F @ \#CI zZ# N#T N+NfI\^P CY+@T N#T#R^j F@m]o#a YeZ@H SfJP @ N+X^G .U+NfI Q@R@T N#T F@X^NI @ KF ]r & Kl ]r & OK]Nr ^ ^Nv #r ^P ]I #+Z@iF # ZB#e#pP ] ,OK]YZ@âF #^G OKP ]@TZ^F @ KZ+EÎ #^N \fIv^^VP # \&M&kt # K+XTz#N OKZ]î#XP ^ fa ZE&I &#N #F # K+NTz \B & \#Tc#F .\&M&oF #\ ^l ]F # CZ&I &F # Nr & FE@+kF # ZE#I z#N^G YK v #v #P ] OKT]fRl ^F # ZeJZ^h ]r & Z@HeP Fl @#j ]r ^P # U@R@j#N \I FE@KT]Z^l #F # FI @K]R^bF # \B &^G F@N^K#kF # E#Nfmr & Yf R K v ] \Y#@T^X .F@eI @ Nr & F@Rt +F # ZE#I z#a ,Fh @l ]F # K+XK]V^Y \B& #^G OE@B

90 QGYKNF / 88

XKNGO: ZGRQ NNRF

YPGS KRGZ N[ \[GZI \KC" \B \ZVB KRC OT DKXF 1998-C

OSZV .1953-C FXZB FNTGF ,EEDCC 1951-C ENGR

FMGZT\F) OKZK[ \GCYTC OKCXKP F[K[ { "TCJF

-GPM .

.(NBZ[K QGBKHGP OTJP "FIPGPF" \KKZNDC FDXGF

ZK'DNB FM ET OFC[ QGZIBFG ,FZK[ KZVS FZ[T .(YPGS KNZK[ OT YGIXF ZG\VM ) OKENK ZVS OSZV QM

OKPG[KZ FZ[T { "YKNBKC F'DBGGI" \B DKXF 2004-C

\KNDRBC OKZVSC GPSZGVG \GV[ 39-N GPDZG\ GKZK[

\B { 2007-C ;YKNBKC N[ OKZK[ FT[\ \GCYTC ZK[G

BKF FZK[F" ,"QKPSK") \KCZT ,("OGEBC \ZB[R [BF")

FT[\ \GCYTC ZK[G OKPG[KZ ZSKZ\ { "EKZEP N"FKZ"

GRENGR")

"\KVP" \B { 2010-CG ;KGNF FEGFK KCZ N[ OKZK[

"\KMGMH ZKKR NT") \KRNJBY ,("KVGK \eET"G "EEDCC

,\KNBZ[K \GRPBN QGBKHGPC GDXGF \GMGZT\F [GN[)

ZG\VM"G "FSKDRF QPKS") \KRCNB ,("\KJZKV FCFB"G

.(QD-\PZ

FNKPF

\K\VZX

,("\GKZB

OGEBF

CNI"G

DGNJYF")

"OKT[GV

\KYNJKB

\ZTR

,("YGIXF

SZV ,FN[PPF [BZ SZVC ZB[F QKC FMH G\ZK[ NT

[KEKK ,("FJKI") \KRGEYP ,("ODPDPF ENKF"G "FTKY[

\GZI\C QG[BZ SZV ,QD \PZ SZV ,FZK[N KIKPT FEGFK

\KNBVR

,FDGZJSC KPGBNRKCF FZK[F NCKJSVC FMZTR[ QKK KZK[

FYK[RF HGNC") \KERNGF ,("1991 ZBGZCV ,EBEDC")

,("OKZK[")

\KJBGZY

,("FP'DKV-KYZKT

KRB")

OTJP FZK[N SGBFDZC SRF SZVG (2005) FKRGEYP

.ONGTF KCIZC \T KC\MCG \GKDGNG\RBCG ("\K[KN[F

.(2006) ERNGF ,JMKZJSBPC KPGBNRKCF FZK[F NCKJSV

"ODPDPF ENKF \PYR" \B YZGK-GKRC JKNYF 1997-C KBYKHGPF OT OKV\G[P OKYSKE { "KRGTF GY" \B FRKGGCG ZGXKY" ,K[KN[F YSKEF TKVGF 2001-C .VZB[ JGKNB ."FYEGGF \GENG\

87 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

FZK[F NT / OBKRBPBZaeS KJBFEReZB @ ?FZK[ FPN .Q[T KVGVB OKZCEFG OKMKZV \GRGKTZF[ KN FZKMHP BKF KM .QJCFP \GKDGNGBKEKBG NM[F N[ \GYG[\ [K[ JNIGPF YGYKHF ,NTZM \PPFPF F\GZKFC ,F\GKPGB\V NNDC .FK\GNKP N[ \GETGKP QF ,FZGY FH[MG .\GNYC \GBC BN OKNKP KM .\GZKFHC FGeNP FRGPBC BNB ,\GK\ZGYKCC BN { FKKVXN OKEPGT OD BNB ,FV[C OK[P\[P O\S BN GRIRB KM .F[GPK[N .FKZGJKZJ KRPKSN ,\GRGKZ[ ] N ,Y[R KNMN OKNKP LGVFN NY FEGYR NMC ,KNGNKP UJ[ NMC ,EDR-\MPG \GYPI\F NMC NCB .FT\VFN \GZ[VBFP OKYIZ\P GRB ,JV[P UGSC \KJPDGE .GPXT OT KPXTF N[ FNKFCPF \GEEGP\FN .\KND\N .F[GT { \INXGP BKF OB { FZK[[ FP FHG .FCKSF GH ?FZK[ FPN

EGIKKC ,\GCGZY OK\KTN TYZC FVX \Z\GMC[ FNB[F \PG[\ CZKPN OGKM FMGH FHGZVF FC[ GEGF GPM FRKEPC ?F\GB CG\MN NNMC FPN ?FZK[ BGZYN FPN .CNF \GMKBN GB D"N\N \PZG\ BN FZK[ KZF ?FPN \PBCG OKZZG[P[ OKSZGD OKKRMET OKKBYKZPB OKZYIP .QKPF KKI ONGM ,FHP WGI .OKZIB OKC\GMP Z\GK OKZKTX OK\P F[TPN OK\KTN .OKN"GPG OKBZGY JZVC ,LPP OKYIZ\P NNM LZEC ,OSZV\FN FXGZ F\B OBG .OKDGNP\M CKER Y'X NCY\ \GZKER OKKRGPF OF OKJTP OKZCE) 33 NKDN ZCTP OKPK LKZB\ NB .(FEKPTF NKDC KI ZZG[PP Z\GK ?FPN HB BKF .NPNGPPF NGYF \GRPB BKF ,FRKPBP KRB LM ,FZK[ KM \Z[V\P ,FN[ \GBKXPF \B \\GG#TP ,FKNKNX \B FFKCDP ,F[KINC[ OSYN \ZGMH\ BKF FZK[ .OKKZSGPF FK\GRGZYT NT .OGPTF NGYC[ UG[KMN Q\KR[P Z\GK BNP QVGBC TDZ LG\C \GKIN KN \Z[VBP BKF KM KN \ZMGP[ Z\GKC \KMRBF \GEEGP\FF BKF KM .\ZIB FKF .'KPXT'F OT ZPB GF[KP .\TEF ISKFC KC \GMFN GETGR FK\GNGCI\ KM \GMING NGEDF QGKRYF LG\N \Z\GM-FNT YGZHN GPM FH[ OKR\KR GB OKTP[R BN OF .OKEF [K ,\BH NMCG .\PB .EFN -KGGY LZGBN \GK\GTP[P \GHGH\ FNB ,QKKETG .KNGB ,FEKEPN .OKZCEF ZESC OKEKP\PG OKRKET OKKGRK[ ,OKKPKRV ZC[ OFKVN FKI KRB[ OKIGRF OKEGDKRF NM \B \[C[P BKF KM FEGCT ,FZBFG QKZG\SP ,FYG[\G YGKE ,FNKNG OGK :NNM LZEC \ZDK[ NB OKKIZK OKD[GP FRKPHP FZK[ .KVGKG \PB ,YI[PG .JV[P UGSC \GEGYR OGYPC FNB[ KRPKS K#KIN FSKRMP ,OGKF { NZJRNG \G[TN ,UG[ING ZCIN ,BKXPFNG \GNDN LZE GH KM Z\GK \GKFN CKKI BZGYF :FKPKMF NT ZCEN BN[ .\KRPH-GC ,G\CK\M GB ZK[ \BKZY KZIB { KSKSC Z\GK GB { KXPGI .ZK[ BN FH \ZIB 90 QGYKNF / 86

GEGF

QPZCGND NTK :\KNDRBP

O B K R B P B Z a e S K J B F E R e Z B@

K]RfZKT ] ,KZ]F &E^^RB # GY# 5:46 OKr Y] a ]@mF # QfZ^ K]RfZKT] KK+ aP ^fa GY# Nr & ZI oI B #B # \fs^ #P ^ em&RK+ .\fiJ o \fi] F` N< B \fiA k#b^ \] F ]Z@^ vP j OKP SI NK J X@ B^ a F@ MI kr & \&M& # fP^ ]I zZ# Z# z Q& ]& zA vZAP B { \fM@ ^ eRI ^#Rz ,\fRfSB z ,\fPfNI z ,\fNZ@fb ,OK] qc#^KI # ,F'@H^R#DZ^fB DKZ]@ B^G Zs a @@ .\fNI @r ^ e \fIfIK]R a OK] k#b^ N#b N# T K] NBY@ \#NTz# ,\fTfZ^H U& N& B .OK] N@ T^ a \# aZAP N QfK^NKP ^ ,\fRfr^ ] \E&Z&fK K]RB j zr &^ Z` I^ C] N K] \eZr VB a r+K @^ &^ pY#^ N OKZ]@H^b W+ .C + F# BP ^ fB .QfZI TP a FI B zB #F @ \B & J# ^] @fc K]Rz

85 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

90 QGYKNF / 84

OBKRBPBZaeS KJBFEReZB @

FYKJBGVC YSGTF YNIF \B \MZGT OBKRBPBZaeS Poetry International KPGBNRKCF FZK[F Z\BC \KEGF .GEGFC Q"BV \\GPT N[ NFRPF ETGGC FZC+IG ,Web

83 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

\GCZ\ NT OKZPBP \ZCIPG \ZXGB ,\MZGT ,\ZZG[P \YNIP OGKMG 1967 \R[C GEGFC FENGR .\GKRIGZ NTG .GEGF OGZEC FDGK HMZP QKCN KKCPGC QKC FRPH \B \KNDRB \GZVSC KR[ ZBG\ FPKKS OBKRBPBZaeS FZIC FZGPM ZXY QGKSKR ZIBNG ,KKCPGC \JKSZCKRGBC ,\GZVSF KPGI\C \KBPXT \C\GMM ,ZIB OKKI-NGNSPC KZVS F[GN[ FPSZV BKF .KSBNYF NGIPFG QGZJBK\F OKZK[ :FZD KRB GC[ OGYPC FKF OFC QGZIBF[ ,FZK[ USGRC .(2009 ,FKRJKZC ,Bloodaxe) OK[EIG OKZICR ,(2005 ,Penguin) BFEGC ZVS ,FHGZV ZVS FZCKI ,\KEGF FCFB \ZK[ N[ FKDGNG\RB \MKZTC FV\\[FG .(2005 ,Penguin) FCFB OT EEGP\FN .\KEZVSNG \KYNJKBN ,NKPBJN ,KERKFN GPDZG\ FKZK[ \GIP\F \R[N SBNBGG SNZ'X ["T YRTPC F\MH BKF QPB' YRTPC ,(2003) ERNJGYSC DRKNZKJS \JKSZCKRGBC FEGDBF' OTJP FKRJKZCC FZK[ KCZT N[ FZESN 'ZYCP .(2009) FZK[N Raza SZVCG (Poetry Society) 'FZK[N

NBZ[K

BCBS ZBGRB

ZCIPF :\KCZTP

Zs @ @T-EI #B#F@ Z+ac]F# ,xr MK F RKB CF +E ^Y @ N# + NB & K] ]K] z

{ Ft R Z+ aE G... @B ]F @ \fEfB eRl @T ] B@ #^

.F& NT K# R@ V^ N K\ RP a <B & x] #fI^ ]e KZ #ej]

.OK] RfPE CE a eR^ SB ^q #F # KZ +^ ]^ #P @

R HB Rv E& SI @ KP ]r ^^ ] & \fIfIK]

ZZ DZ N +frP ^F # NfY OP #c @ T# &^

.G+ Nr RB N S+ R@ jB G @ ,Q@ zr # xr +E ^Y @^ &^

.Z` P< B& N GK] o \& B F@ X@ o HB G @^ ZP B& R K] j Ov #< &T ^P #r ^ F@ NK] Y^ S UB ] +fR Nr & fRKc :O& MK+ NT e# XP M` RB G z F& ^ K] @^ Z@ F` JP @B ] CF +fBF @ ^ { Ft kP NP X^ a B@ aI R Zr H Z@ F` JP # JF ## ] dr @ ea^ # N+ ^& &B z F& ^ { O` IF Vu iI KP D@ N Zr H Z@ F` JP @K\ &@ ^P ] OK] #P ^ O] # O# &B z F& ^ { F K# TP a N# aJ R Zr H ZF @I ^Z # \fR^ #^ ^] &B z F& @` JP ^ { dP d@ RK+ T \# C@ aP H ] frP ^r ] \I #Z #fH Zr &B z F& .ZF ^ @` JP

E+ CfBF R^ a K] RB @ x+ z \fZeCr K# V@ R^ M] a Z+ HfI ,FJ kA j ^ O] @Z @I z K] K\ X^ a KB m& RK B ]Z @fY N+ ]fCv @r & KeBZ @ K] + x] K\ Vs a K] RK Z #f\^ ] rB +^ ]F zJ # OK] iI R K] oB a KI VF # \P #r ^] #^ ]K] @ R^ j rc G KZ R Zr +I #B z# #eT^ && Kr Ts a KI NI ] B` Z Z# ^ QP &r &^ ]r ^P ] ,K \ #fRfGT z K] zP # K# N f Tr T OKZ j Ks o ^P ] N# ]P @v ^ \fo# ]Z ^] B Q& a Z] K# T N# T Ce M Z .x] K# NB @ + BfCB @ \fRf\z

90 QGYKNF / 82

81 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

BCBS ZBGRB NKNDF KZFC FNKC G\GENK \BG ,1947 \R[C FVKIC ENGR OKZK[ OSZV .GMTC Z\GK ZIGBPG ,CNI [GD ZVMC QGKNTF FRGZIBNG ,\KZCTFG \KCZTF \GRG\KTCG \T KC\MC

FNKPF Q\GP NT JGZVN

QG[BZF GKZK[ ZVS \B OSZV

F\KMF ZDGC BGF BCBS .(2010 GMT ,QGPIZ GCB \BXGF) QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF \KCC FRG[BZF \KZCT ]-\KCZTF ,FVKIC QGKRMJC \KIZHB FSERF KEGPKN EPN BGF .2001 .FBZGFCG FSERFC ECGTG

90 QGYKNF

/ 80

F Z K [ F N T / S Y^ Z^&R - K E

FZFXF .'\EPGNP'F GHN EGDKRM '\KPPT' FZK[ \GMHC QTGJ BN KRB NT EGBP JTP OKTEGK GRIRB .QPXTN[M LZT [K QFK\[N FPM ET ZGZC BN ,F[TPN .\GKRGKI FYKECF KMZE NM ;GRPXT N[ \KRJ[VF ONGTF \SKV\N ZCTP ,OKK\[F QKC EGDKR [K .OKRCCGI ,\GPB[M" ,QYH FZGM ZPGB GC[ ,TGEK KBRKJRDZB O#T-ZK[ [K UB .FZK[F N[ \GRKXZF \EKP GH ".K\GB ZGMHK FHF ZK[F YZ ,BGF[ DGS NMP \KCGKI F[KDN GB FEG\ \ZMFN FJGR KRKB KM .GH \GRPBN KKI \B [KEYFN KN Z\GF[ NT NHP ZC [I KRB

79 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NT\[P[ FNGI ENK ,JGFZ OGBR KZIB JY[F BKF FZK[ KPKP KZKN ZK[C .OKEZG[ OKZK[ .QPB-CZ N[ NJKSZC G\BKNM NT ZKSB ZVSP ,KRGPNB KEZVS ZZG[P \BP ,OKKRKCF KRGZVTF[M ,ZKXY KRVN OKRCN \GE[F[M ,KBPC" YGRKXC KI BGF[ ZVSP ZKSBF ".OKCFB-K[DVP OKRRM\P ZKPHFG ,FRJY ZGVKX \GMHC YZ QPHF UGNI NT TEGKG ,\KEKP\ FM[+IC FZG[C ZKSBF OMSP ",OGKF" .ZI[F \GNT OT \ZPHPF ".GKRKT GKFK \GZGZB .G\[YC ZPG[F F\GB DZF" ,FRGZIBF EZ[ ,ZPSPC ZKYF NT JZIR[ ,JNIGP QECGB N[ FH ZK[ { JKN[F[ KZIB FCZF ,[BC F\NT FZKJF[ KZIB FCZF .Z[C NM LZEC LNF {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

\KZCF \GXZB

S Y^ Z^&R S K R E&

ZGB ZKPB :\KNDRBP QBE#B a @ Q&

fP^X#Tâ TZ#@j Y+V@S K]Nâ BeF WeI@N F&Rq@F# #T` Nâ Kv ]r Î # K]j Y` P@T B` kF # O&Nv &F # NB & { K]NBP @u ^ F# K]MeRv ^ KZ+fIB zl +r & K]VebP ] Y&NI + .fPei]Y^N Z+T K\]K]KF@ B` N O@NfTl +r & .YE&F&F# N#T WI #@N BeF #TE+fK K]RBz N@CB z FJ @Kr ] YZ# KF ]fgr & { K\]eE^b#R\ ^F ] \B & x+jZ#^N T#DZ& EfT K#NeB K\]fB OKZ]@K BeF ,E+TfZ ,K\ ]fB Y+aI #K]G ,K]ml &P ] Z\ +fK EI @AVP ^ .fN I#GZ^]K^G

\B G[PK[[ DZGFN \GPGEP \GBXGF N[ FZKYIF \JK[N FCGD\C .YBZKTC[ CKBZD GCBCG QJSKRDVBC[ OBZDBCC KBYKZPBF BCXF

K#N@T F@e]X K]RY@KZ]P &B@F@ .Zfa Z` VI z :O]KE#@K \fGI ^P &â \B + K#NB + YZ#@H BeF Z@C^jP ] FF @Y@ fcI A N@CBz Fl @ \KE]@iF#^G @YATz x@j N@j F\ @^KF Z` H< B&N xKZ]@X K\ ]K]KF@r & ,Z@HelF # ,KB ]Z^]oF # ,BeFF #I #` jF # \B& FP @E@B zF @ \B & Kv ]Z^#T@or & ^j .K#jZ^]a E#T ZI #B #^G ,KY#fr E#T K\ ]B@XP @ O]K#MZ+^KF # YP &` Tâ FZ@fIr ^ FP @E@B z \#C^Mr ] N` I@j QJ @Y@ NeNâr # ^G .ZKB ]P + FB @Z^]mr & .KP ]r ^ ]a BZ@Y@ Q+MfnF# Fq@I ] K#N@TP + YI +Z^F# xZ&&a #TZ+fj rKB] .F@k]V\ ^]a \fEeP^X GKE@@ir & ^j

90 QGYKNF

/ 78

77 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

S Y^ Z^&R S K R E&

FKZK[P ZICP N[ \KNDRBN OGDZ\C U\G[ FKF SY^Z^&R 1985-C ZGB FBZ[ ,fRBXZfNfS FE& Fo@fV FE&KBNB@ N[ -GPM .(YZGK-GKR ,La Vida Press) QPHG OKNKP O[F \I\ ERNKKB-SZYKKZ BNMF \KCC FCK\M \GBRES FIRF] QM \GRGM[C ZVS K\CP OKEKPN\NG (2008-1999) YZGK-GKRC .(2005-1996) FYGXP

.YZGK-GKR ,QKNYGZCC ZZGD\PF FXZPG ODZ\P ,ZZG[P JRKKSC LGRKIC FEGT\ KEGPKNG EZBGGZF \JKSZCKRGB ZDGC \JKSZCKRGBC \GZVSG FZK[ EPKN .'DNGY S'VHG'D -GKRC NGYS GKR \JKSZCKRGBC ,'DNGY QKNYGZCC ,FKCPGNGY NDS ZCI [P[P OGKM .SZDJBZ \JKSZCKRGBCG YZGK \GEGSKG FZK[ EPNP BGF O[ ,SRZGN FZ[ \NNMPC .FYKJBGVF O[F \I\ FZK[ KZVS FT[\ OSZV SY^Z^&R SKRE Knopf) NGCDF \MNPP OFKRKC ,|D.Nurkse~ SYZ&R-KE OKSZV FPMC FMH BGF .(2005 Knopf) UGZ[ KBG (2008 SZV ,(2008-2007) OKKFRDGD \DNP OFC ,OKCG[I The Literary Review \TF C\M OTJP UfDRB@ SNZ'X \KRZEGP FZK[N QZYF N[ Yfa YKZEZV SZV ,(2004) \GKGRPBN YZGK-GKR QZY OTJP FCK\M \GDNP ,(2003) SZVG ,(1995-G 1984) \GKGRPBN \KPGBNF QZYFG (2000) CZ ZVSPC GPSZV\F GKZK[ .(1990) OKZVGSN Whiting GPSZV\F GJT KZV OKZPBPG ,\GKDGNG\RBG \T KC\M N[ .The Literary Review \TF C\MCG "SPKKJ YZGK-GKR"C 90 QGYKNF / 76

F Z K [ F N T / K [ K B e S J R F@K R B a \KNGNKP \KNKVZT :GMG\PG GYKKFF QTPN \GZG[F K\[ OB NCB ,KJBGV \GKFN KG[T \GZG[ K\[ QC ZK[ [GN[ .FZGV KJBGV I\P ZXGGKFN NGMK BN GH \B GH \GRHBP ONGT-\RGP\ ZGXKN OKKG[T ,OKTJYP] F[GN[ GB ,\GZG[ OGKYF \BG QGZMKHF \B ,QGKPEF \B FXKZPPF ,FKGVX K\NC QJYF ZVSPF BGF [GN[ ;KZGCT GYKKFF \GTP[P GH .GPXT .QMG\ \NTCG FPN[ FEKIK ZGXKN Z[VBP[ Z\GKC LKB OKPTVN [KDZP KRB ,KPXT N[ GYKKF KZK[ BZGY KRB[M .OKEKDG ZGT \PZGY FKN[BF

E+C@j Or &&b OK]RK]R^o Nr & FF&+j ZfIr @ Q@XK+N N#T TGRN \GNKI\P FH GYKKF ZK[C 'QXKN'G 'OKRKRV' ,'O[D' OKNKPF \GZXGKG ,KRBDV SG\KPC OKNB+ F[GN[ GPM ,QPXT \GIGMC GHF \KJBGVF \GNNGI\FF \B FBGZ KRB .OKNKP N[ \KNKVZT \GNNGI\FN E+T KRB .KZ#K[ OKSVEGP GKNT[ ZKKRF LG\P FND\P FHIPC F@VGXF NT-\GK[KBM OB KM NB GPM BN ,GHF \KNGNKPF .\T[TG[P FGGN[CG \GRZYSC B[GP NTG KEGTKK NT OKK\RKC ZPGN NGMK KRB[ FP NM FH .GYKKFF ,K\YG[\

75 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

\ZGX .14 QC K\KKF HB ,1969 \R[ HBP GYKKF KZK[ C\GM KRB OD { FZXY FZK[ N[ Z\GKC FBRF DGSF K#RKTC FZ\GR GYKKFF FZK[F N[ \KRIF-EfIN ,ZYGIMG JREGJSM ,K\V[IR[ ZIBN BZHT ,ZBGNB ,ZNEGC ,QGPB@Z&JfN N[ OFK\GZKXK :\KCZTPF F[EIF FYKJBGVF ,TGEKM .OKZIBG DZCHRKD QNB ,ERGBV GYKKF KZK[P FCZ FBZ[F FCB[ OKZ[TF FBPC CZTPC GYKKF KZK[ \CK\MC FIP\P KRB OGKM .\KRVKP GPDZG\[ QPHC ,FZK[F NT F\GCK[IC FNGT FHGZVF GC[ ONGTC .\G[GRBF N[ CFHF ZG\ KZIB[ NCNCPF OKNKP BNN OD CJKF EYV\N KG[T[ ,ZK[-ZoeS BGF GYKKF .FZGXF \ZDSP \B \KSIK \GNYC IGRHNG FRGTF \B \GZKEDPF KM ,ZK[ N[ Z\GKC FZXYF FZGXF IZMFC FRKB GH ,\BH OT NBM \GZCF FPM \C FYTHN SIKK\FN JNIFC OKKG[T OK[RB :BCF GYKKFC K\HPZ[ KVM ,Z\GKC [DZPFG ZXYF ZK[F

Y+H^CF& fP^j FY@@T^H eR\@fB \&M&VfF \fYfRK\]^N Cer \GZKFCC CG[IN F[GZKV KZGCT[ ,FPPEF \B CFGB KRB [VRFG UGDF N[ FH KJGBM CXP .\GPKGSP OKNKPC ZGICN KNCP \CK\M .TEGP-\\F YPGTP OKCZ OKECZ IJ[F KRV NB FNTP FRKC NKECFN CG[I[ ,GHM 'FPPE'N EKP\ KNXB FZG[Y GYKKF .(FZBF) 'KZfJBS' QKCN

Q V K | K [ K B e S J R F@K R B a ZGB ZKPB ,K[KBeSJR FKRBC :\KRVKP

\fZ^ac]F# \Z&s & Tz OT] eY^KF# 1 :NfI \# Ve S Kv ]B ] Bs + fR K]RB z .C r + fI N B + 3 QF B \fkP + \P &< ] N# TP NfI \fkY# \fIeZ + \fV^ SfZB + Nr & fZKT ] 4 \@ ar a #^ F \#i] XI O@i# z OKZ]^ YP X BKF ] UeZ+ ] 5 ZF Vr N @@mF # x& &^ \# TY#fr fB F@ N f TF @ rP &t &F # \KB +Z^]R B` N fa Bl @B ] BZ+fY K]RB z 8 C@m#b T Z+ aE#l YfPE& N# { F@KJ ^r & ^Z#^ .eY^KF a] SP # \# ^

.\GZCKEF KZVSPN OKSIKK\P OKTJYF KZVSP *

90 QGYKNF

/ 74

K [ K B e S J R F@K R B a ,GKYGJC K'DKKP + \JKSZCKRGBC ZGSVGZVM QFMP K[KBeSJR

OKN[FG GKYGJ \JKSZCKRGBC EPN .1955 ,QVK ,KfKB @ a ENGR

[BZC EPGTG

OSZV .\GCZ\ KEGPKNCG \K\BGG[F \GZVSC KR[ ZBG\

Ginyu KPGBNRKCF GYKKFF QGTCZ \B LZGT .'GYKKFN \KPNGTF FEGDBF'

\^RKZKa# N

OFC[ QGZIBF { GYKKF KZK[ N[ OKZVS 13

\GZVS \ZGYKC N[ OKMZM FTC[G { (2009) ,2010)

QK'DePfBe'D GYKKF

FRNKG

OFC[ QGZIBF ,GYKKFF OGI\C

\GKDGNG\RB TC[ LZT USGRC .(FZ @eYBPBY KPeKBS OT QFC[ FRGZIBF ;\KRVKN OGDZ\C ONGTF KCIZP GYKKF GPSZV\F GN[ GYKKFF KZK[ .6 'SP

2010 ONGTC GYKKF

\K\VZX ,\KRPZD ,\KNDRB QFC ,\GCZ \GV[C \T KC\MC OFKRKC ,ONGTF KCIZC OKZVS FZ[TC QMG ,\KYNJKBG

:UVGTP ZGKVKVB ,(C"FZB ,2004-G 1999) KEK\T NVP OKKZJRXRGY OKNDTP G (2008 ,GEGF) GYKKF KZK[ 127 QG[BZF SZVC K[KBeSJR FMH G\ZK[ NT .(2009 ,FKCZS) SZVC ,(1981)

Haiku-kenkyuÃ

QGIZKF OTJP \GZI\C

KRZEGP GYKKFN FEGDBF SZV ,(1984) FZK[N

Shii-no-ki

FZK[F SZVG (2002) K[BDKFBGGBY fEfDKYF & SZV ,(1991) ,"NBFP 'DBJ" \TF C\M OTJP

AZsacra International .(2008) GEGF

73 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

NGT[P KDB

E&SI & \#\P @F z .N&HZ^#a CeN^j fE@Kâr & \&GP @ xB#^NP # K\]K]KF @ OE@B@^N F@gI #\^P ] ,UeNr @ rP +ZÎ &â OKr ] "P @Y@ K\]K]XI @ SKZ]B@K FJ # K\]K]KF @ @fKfJâ \&GP @ xB#^NP H#bF# \r # ^Gc# N#T K\#fSZ^#o er^Y@R \+T O@a#b N#T OK]iI #F# eC^Mr @ CeN^j#a OK]jZ#I zF# QP ] eJZ^s @ ^G Or @ ^V#R N#T OK]iI #F# eR^mI #\^F] CeN^j#a OK]Cr @ flF# K+Ken]j N#T Oc@ eHKv]F ]^G #T` Z \Z#r Î # Kv]^VI & FP # F&H #Z]r & ^j K\]K]KF@t YI @Z^l &F# N&V` B \B & O#n#N E#T

NGT[P KDB ,KZDRGF BXGPP FIV[PN 1947-C FKRCNKSRZJC FENGR OFKRKC ,FZK[ KZVS 14 FPSZV .KMEZP ZVMC \ZZGD\PG

OK[EIG ZICP ZVS { IPGX KI G (2010 EIGBPF WGCKYF) \KC ZGYKC ,(2003 EIGBPF WGCKYFG YKNBKC ESGP)

\GV[N GPDZG\ FKZK[ .ZDZGGMGBZ QBK ZKKXF OT QPB GBXK[ OKZVSCG \T KC\MC ,\GKDGNG\RBC GPSZGVG \GCZ F\ZK[ NT .FKRPGZCG \VZXC ,\KZCF \GXZBC ,ERNZKBC ,FN[PPF [BZ SZV ,FZK[N KIKPT FEGFK SZVC F\MH .NDGY SZVG \KZCTF FJKSZCKRGBF OTJP KYXKNGE SZV

GKE@@K^a CeN^jF# \&B Kv]E^Y#^VF]r & ^j OKc]Z^l #F# Nr &

-N\C \KZCT \GCZ\N \KC { BPNTC \EPNP NGT[P .CKCB

Sc@Z^#a#a K#RZ^Y# \B& Kv]Z^v#^SF]r & ^j ZKT]u @F # K]HI @ N#T F@X^NI AF# \B& Kv]Z^v#^V]jr & ^j .\&GP @ Kv]^X#VF +^G

90 QGYKNF

/ 72

NBZ[K

KMEZP GKZP-ZI[

U+K@ T OKs Yr j-\B BZ^B G K]RB Cr G" ]T z#R Zr &B z OK] AT zF @-N@ & F& &@ z Kv ]^ #^ N Q KB G OK] Yr TP G ;rP ."OI +^ A TzF @ \# ^c] F+mF ]^ &t @F # \I #v # +#RP ^ OF &@ 1 E \NFY

.x` P^ S] N Zr VB T \# TE#@ N rq CP @^ & KP ] N# +# ^ BeF .# T` Pr N F& XfZ B` N BeF O& X& T^ a ^] .I N NfM@K fRKB #` Ps ^] + .U+K@ T BeF CP ?OF TE#@ N rq ^ BeF &Ks +T zP # OT ] OKr ]@RB z OK]iI # xKB + :\# +# Or G Or Ye r T TP @P ^r ] OT ]^ @B @F @ OT ] ,OK] zF @ \# ^c] OT ] T \Z&& Tf ar .Or & @ B` Z N# N&H& bF Nh CP X# T # TeR^ Mr a # BJ ^I + \B & OK] ^# ^ OF + KP ]^ ] F&HKB +^ xK B G ,F@RK]RI X# T^ N OK] YK]RT +^ z OP @^ zP #e j Y@ kA SP j OF ]F @ N@ ^F # CeC^H fP^ &P + O+HP ^c#^HP ] F&gF # Q@K^RT F@m#RB Te R \ a zr # F@ ^] .U+K@ T BeF

71 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

KMEZP GKZP-ZI[ \R[C ZGB FBZ

EK\TF \GENG\

GKZK[ ZVS .1975 EKNK

\GZI\C QG[BZF OGYPC FMH .Q[GI QCB \BXGFC 2010 -N\

\KKZKT

OTJP

2010

"LZEF

FZK["

\KXZBF

\GBZN EK\T BCF GKZK[ ZVS ,SZVF FMGHMG ,GVK=CKCB ,\TF

KC\MC

GPSZGV

GKZK[

.ECGT

\BXGFC

ZGB

F\KMF ZDGC .OKKHMZP \GZVS KZ\BCG \GZVSF KVSGPC .2001 \R[N QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF \KCC \KCZT-\KZCT ]F

90 QGYKNF

/ 70

NBZ[K

FINBXP QBPNS

O#b B@aB# K] kr aB N & B@ #^ ZF a E# Nfmr @F @ EZ#fP^ & ,O#DB T JK] aF G zF @ N# ]^ .O@ NfTP + QfjZ^c# F@KF @ B` N .Z@ CTzP VB G # \E#eTv ^ B` N fk] z# OKZ]F B F@ XI @F & \& @ BeF ePZ^@H B` N \fNeC^bF j # Zr &B z# .ZF a @@m#

FINBXP QBPNS K] kr aB N & B@ #^ .O@ NfT@ a QfjZ^c# F@KF @ B` N F B` kr oP fN F \ & K+R^ ] B` N @^K@ .O\ G WZ&B @fI^ & WZ&B oP @F @r & K+R^ ] YZ# \I a Or N F@R^ Mr ##R^ @ d@ @ EKP ]v @ .GKE@@K \fo# M^ a

ZCT 1972-C .NKNDC[ ZB'TP-NB ZVMC 1953-C ENGR OSZVPG C\GM .OGKF ET ZZGD\P BGF FC ,OKN[GZKN OFKRKC ,FZK[ KZVS FTC[ OSZV .\KZCTCG \KCZTC

Z'XGINB ZBBJ \BR'TP ZIC-NB [KZ ,(1979 C\BMNB ZBE (2006 QBPH ,"OB \V[") OGB \'TGN ,(1999 QBPH GPDZG\ GKZK[ .(2004 ECGT OT) QBMP EIB G

,"FYGZKF ZGVKXF \ZK[") ,"OKF \GXGR")

.\T KC\MCG \GKDGNG\RBC ONGTF KCIZC GPSZGVG

Me FY@P ^I @ B` N WZ&B @F @r & fP^

.BK[RF SZVC FMH \KZCTC G\ZK[ NT

O# T# o UB # GKE@@iP ]

OKPGDZ\G OKZK[ ,OKZGJ ,OKZPBP OSZVP FINBXP

,O@i# N Z& C+ TP T^ S@R^ G + NB & F@

\KZCTCG \KCZTC ,\GKDGNG\RBCG OKRKHDPC ,OKRG\KTC

aB .O#b { B@ #

-NB OFV

GKZPBP ZVS .\GZIB \GV[C OD GPM

\KKZVS \BXGFC FR[F BXK ("\GZG[F QKC")

YGJRP

OKXCY OFKRKC ,\KZCTN FZK[ KZVS ODZ\ .UBNKB .[KGZE EGPIPG FVKN'I ZFS \BP

69 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

KZKBP ETND

DZ+fF^N FB @@XfF F@ Te R v kr S ^ FF @]H eR@ & K\ ]Z@^Dr ] Zei] eRT^v VF C^ a FE@erI #^ ] reJ@R \]K# z (ZP NeB) f\fB #fN r+K d\ @fB K# B S# o^ \]R BeF^G Z@ XY@ ZK] YI v KZ+I z# ^# O& X& T^ a fB rq@A CP a Z@ aEAl C+ F ^] ^r & em# H@ B (Ofi# F \# TE#@ N Fr CP a & Y@) \r & q&A ^] XfF^N eR^ X# N< B&R fB f\fB BK] F&H \& B QK] C@ F^N xKZ]@ X^G DZ+fF^ N d@ \fB N@ CB NfM^K eRK]K@ F B` kr z OK]KeCr ^ \I #Y#@N OK] & n# F N# N^D] a F&H^G FY@Z^fN Nr & Zeo] E# T \fjI N F@ BZ@fF eR^ N# a] Y #^ eRK P B# \^G UfSl FP Y F&K^ F]ir ]z @# + D^RKZ]K]N^ & fB fa eRKZ]@K Ufn# a B` N fB Y OT] d@ a N@ Cz B N` j# F^G D^RKZ]K] N^ \eTJ \^K@ Fr a# v^ S] F x@ j ZI B @ F@ & Z+ ## f B Cr +I ^P # F@ Te R ^ \] a eRKZ]@K^G rfR< B N@ Cz B O@ \^ S FE@erI z fB BeF \eTJ \^K@ F \B` gr @ F@ & OetP ] fB \P + B` N BKF ] fB F&g# F Ofi# F O& X& T E# T F@ \P + Cc^ \KP V` B^ a \B` g# F F& kB ]r ^ Z] fB KP ]r ^ Z] Q& +@j OKZ]@ OfK N@ j H@ B eBZ^Y@ Ofi# F YZ#^G QfvT]@ a F&H N# T Z+ aE#^ N Zr V& B @^

90 QGYKNF / 68

KZKBP ETND \JKSZCKRGBC \KZCT \GZVSC JZGJYGE KEGPKN OKN[F FKPEFG OGNKXN ZVSF \KCCG ZYR[C FXZPG ,CKCB-N\ FZK["

:GN[

JZGJYGEF

\EGCT

.FZZSGPC

ZDR

["T

OHKRZEGPJSGVG OHKRZEGP ,YGIX N[ OKJCKF { FKEGZBVM .(2007) "QEKCB EGE \ZK[C

KRDV

:FZK[

,(2006

KZVS

OSZV

KN'DC OKTGHTH

NPZM)

OKZGVKSG

F[GN[

OKZK[

ZVSG

(2010

\&C` \j^ ZGCKXF KZGVKSN EZ[PF \KPKRV FZGY

.OKN[GZK

EKNK

KRDZGB OEY\P [GVKI

,(2003

NPZM)

,1965

NPZM)

{ \Cf\M \XGCY OT U\G[P

.(2008 Q[GI QCB)

,OKZXY OKZGVKS ZVS OSZV

\KKDGNG\RB GPSZGV

GKZK[

,\KNDRBC

.(2009

\GRG[

,P"TC

\GPCCG

LZTG

(2008

FKEP)

KC\MC

NPZM)

NDZGEM

KZK[

,\GKDGNG\RBC

FN[PPF [BZ SZVC FMH G\ZK[ NT .\KCZTCG \K\VZXC FVK \GZVSN OKN[GZK

SZVCG (2008) OKKZCT

OKZVGSN

.(2001) ZPF QGNGCH ["T FXGCYC ZCIG ,QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF \KC ZDGC BGF KZKBP FXGCYF

KZCI

ESKK

2002-C

.'\Cf\M'

www.poetryplace.org

2008-CG ,(

\K\GZVSF

) 'FZK[N OGYP' \B

,(2008) FZK[N OKN[GZK NCKJSV ,'ZJP & NT ZJP & ' \B KMZGTP

BGF

KZKBP

.ONFRPM

QFKM

OESGGKF

HBP[

."\Cf\M" \TF C\M

67 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

KYSCJKN FKCX

xl+B] K]\K]KF@ B` kr& .x l N^ S +B ] K\ ]K]KF @ B` kr & ,B l @B ] ,FI @K] OfK OfK x\ Nc#]b B` kr @fB Kv ]^ & .F@ Tr Tr @ F@ @ K#jZ^] a N& B K] vE^P X] F B` kr #^ & B .x+Rfa^ N& T \& B \fj^ C] N QJ F xr @q@# + B` Z \& ,Zfo] X x@ \fB K] vE^l N B` kr #] & .F& o ,Z# T#K UeT^ VT] N@ M^ a xK+ B x@ N K] \K+ BZ^+ F B` kr & F&R^ C] k# F K+ NTz Nr & Z# F` g# F Z+HfI .I a# F ,F& F+j# F fc] X \& B \fk#D^ N #eJ@ .K#iI B x@ N K] v# \@R B` kr B ,FI N^ S # \& & ,B l @] @K]

KYSCJKN FKCX OFKRKC

,FZK[

TKCX\ NB

KZVS

F[KPI

FPSZV

,(1998 EIGBPF WGCKYF)

.(2010 EIGBPF WGCKYF)

FKDZGJKN

,CKCB-N\

\EKNK

CKJKPF L[GIC KNT

G (2003 QGYKNF)

,OKZGMKC ZVSN \GCZ\F EZ[P SZVC F\MH F\ZK[ NT .SKVF NTVPG S"GPT KYRTPCG ,OKN[GZKC \KZCTF FJKSZCKRGBC \GZVSG FKVGSGNKV FEPN FTKVGF

.OKN[GZKC

OKNJKSZC

FYKHGPN

,\GZGPH\

FKPEYBC

,\KNBZ[KF

\KSBNY FZVGBC

FZP] HG \ZPHM

\GSP \C\GM ,\GZVSN FXZPG FZGP OGKM .\GJNYFCG .\ZGYKC KZPBPG

90 QGYKNF

/ 66

F Z K [ F N T / U f J S K Z I^ Q B G G K B FZK[ [K GRN F\KF FZK[ .\K[GRBF \GCZ\C KEGIKK GF[P ZPK[ FHMMG FRGZIBN .ZGEN ZGEP \GCZ\F \ZCTFN [PK[[ KNMF .KJKBFC [TZF \GRCZGY \IGGZN FZK[ CZTC K\V\\[F OGKM .EIGKPC \[DZP K#RHGBC FTP[R O[ GBZY[ FZK[F NCB { ZC[P \TC YZ OKZZG[PCG FZK[C \G[GRBF \ZMHR .\G[GRBF \B NKX\ FZK[F .YKVSP FH OD

65 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

OKR[F \GBP LZGBN .KNNM QVGBC FZK[ NT ZCEN EGBP F[Y KRB[ FP .OKNGDND KVNB FN GKF K[GRBF OGKYF N[ \GCZF ODG { \K[KBF K\VY[FP Z\GK \GKFN ZPKK\P GRKB QBM ZPGB N[ \GRPB BKF FZK[ ,KNKC[C .QPHC KIMGRF TDZC ,\BH ORCGPC KJZVCG K[KBC \YSGT[ \GRPB ,\GKCKJYKKCGS NGB[N [K ,KPKJRKB IZGBC OEB ZKMFN KEM .Z\GKC YGPTF OFKRKC OKYNGI OKCFBR[ FCKSF GH .CFGB BGF FZK[ GHKB [KKC\P BN EIB UB[ FZPB \IB \KZDNGC \ZZG[P .OKZK[ OKC\GM O\GB GBZK[ OKEIVP ONGM NCB ,ZZG[P BZYKFN FZK[ ,FH QCGPC .OEBF [VRN FB @ZP BKF FZK[ KM ,FZK[ .\K\GZVS \ZGSP NM N[ QKKTPF ,FZE[ ] F EGPT ,\GFPF BKF \GZVSF BKF[ \KRGMPC FRG[BZ FZHT \MZT GPM BKF FZK[ QG[BZF ZCEF FH ,FRGB\ GB ZC[P N[ FZYPC :FNGM OKZZG[PF ,FZK[F KZXGKN QMGSP KE FH OKPTVN .OK[VIP[ GKF .OKFGNB OT Z[Y\N LZE FZK[F F\KF ZCTC .OPXT FDGSN FZK[ FC[IR QFC[ \K[GRBF FKZGJSKFC \GVGY\ FNVB FRKVN OKZZG[PFG FZK[F GYIER GRKPKC NCB ,\KNKTF \EPNP FZK[ ,\GKCKJYKKCGS N[ \GRPB F\GKFC .ONGTF N[ EIGKPC \CFN\P BN \G[GRBF OGKMG ,OHKNBGEKCKERKB GR\GB OKKY\FN FNGMK FRKB \G[GRBF ,\BH NMCG .OKNBGEKCKERKBP CG[G CG[ GRN ZKMHP FZK[F \B QKKVBPF ZGXKYF .FZK[ BNN GRN ZHGT NCB GR\GB NCNCP FHG ,UGNI-KRC GRK+KI FPM ET -\GMZTP Q\GBN SRMKFN FNGMK FRKB FZK[ .\GRZT NT ZGP[N FZ\ +KF F\CZKY NT EKTP[ FP ,FHGZV GPM \GKYGGK[ OKSIK ONGTC \GK[GRB N[ ZDBP BKF FZK[ .K[GRBF TCJN FNBN OKPGE OKEKYV\ \BNPP QMNG ,GRKPK N[ K\GMBNPF QGKDKFF GC[ OGYP @C FNKI\P BKF :ZCTC \EF FBNKP[ \GKFN Z[VB KB NCB ,KTGXYP ZVGS \GKFN Z[VB .YKSVP .OKKI-LZEG \GFP BNB TGXYP FRKB FZK[ KM ,KTGXYP ZZG[P N[ TGCYF CXYPF .\GKGFPC QKVKNI-ZIS BKF FZK[ \BKZY ,\K[GRBF FV[F N[ QG[BZF K\GRPBF QKKVBPF FKF ZGCKEF

F K Z D N G C | U f J S K Z I^ Q B G G K B ZEKY-QPJNB QRGZ ,NEGZ FN'DRB :\KZDNGCP K]RZ^& a

F@ Rr ar @ 45 xr &P &^ &

eRZ aE G ^# ]^

N@ N^ M] a OKF B eR@ N F@ KF ]` N< @ B` N

Nc CF T +^ &F # N#

RB M# Tr G eRI z Gr @^ &^ ^#

\ei] Nf\Y a @ QK+

Jer@ o

,\eiJ RJ SJ o] N ]^ #^ &fZ^

OKI ]P +s ^

\& B Kl NI G ]T ] Y# @ BeF^

.N+ k# o\ N ^F ]^

OF kr G^ Yv &@ & F@ ]F # K OKr mr eC^ kv ^] ]@ & #r FZ j KE Y^ V\ a @eP^ +K] #^ OKB G ]fPfFr &^ F@ R@ CF a eN^ aY K z# #\ ^] .F@ i] S+ R^ j# a K] \fB NB j-ZI #r @ BeF x@ #B # N^ XB H xK B .eR+ & F& + fN K v ]Z ^P #B @ eR@ kr X# mF & \eZ^ #r & Z+ \fK \K] RZ @P ^r # Z+ \fK \KJ SKP ]^ ]e B` N eRI RB G ^# zr &^ F+ aZ aE ^F # OKZ ]^ #P ^ aF T .eR@ kr T^ # N# & \fK@ .OF R BeF #E ^] Kv H# TF ]^ + B` N fN Z+ o# S^ N

90 QGYKNF / 64

63 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

U f J S K Z I^ Q B G G K B KZVS KR[ BKXGF .DX @ KP + QPBG ZYCP ,ZZG[P ,1978 EKNK

QKEKG

.(2004)

G (2002)

SZVC

FMH

,2001

QP & e[C

Z\GKC

G\ZK[

19-F FBPN FEKZV \MZC

N TG

CGJF

KBC

FZK[F

TC[N

\KXZBF

OKZGMKCF

GZVS NT 2006 FZK[N ,ZBCI ^

,\GV[

OKJREGJSN

ZVSN

QG\ZPC

GPDZG\

\GZI\C

'KPGZE

Svetlostrui

,FZK[ GKZK[

QG[BZF

CKCB'

SZ V

SZV ,2002 FR[F

QG[BZF

SZVFG

,KR[F

U\\[F BGF .2009 FKJBGZY SDRKZVS QBZfD NCKJSVC UG\K[N

OHKPF

KTGZKBCG

Word Express

\JKSZCKRGBC

FVGZKB

\KZDNGC

OKKPGBNRKC

OKNCKJSV

IZHP-OGZEC

\GZVSC

FPMC

K\GZVS

FNGTV

KEGPKN

OKN[F

ZYIP

KZDNGCF OHKRZEGPF" ZYIPF \EGCT \B OSZV ,FKVGS QGMPC ZYIP \KPTM QFMPG ,(2008) "OKZ[TF \GR[C ZYCP

,UGJSKZI

OKZYIP

.\KZDNGCF ZVSP

D[GPG \[Y NHP DGI N[

\KXZBF

\GCZ\F

FKPEYBF

OSZV

,GZGEC

\GZVSN

NKCGP

\GZVS

KZYIPF GZVSG ,OGI\C OKKPEYB QZY

SZVC

FMH

(2010)

EKNKF

GK\GZKXKC CN[PF ,DXKP + QPBM .KZDNGCF \GCZ\F EZ[P {

NBCBYC

\GTKCYC

CGJSKZI

QDRP

,FYKHGPG

J SYJ

.K\ZGSP KZDNGC NKNI

90 QGYKNF

/ 62

F Z K [ F N T / Q f Z&H F R K N

O\ZK[G OKZZG[PF ,ONGTF ,KEP FZJPF-ZSI ,KEP WGINF ,KEP F[YF { FHF ONGTC LVF FGGFFG \GPKNBN \G[ZCG IGMC OKHIGB OKZIB GC[ NT GRKNDZ \GVM ,OKPGZKT OKMNGF GRB { FNGED FZGEPN .OGYKF NB \CIZ\P GR\P[RG TYZYF [K GRN ;\G[KEBFG \GRY# \F UGSRKB ,\GNGCDF ,OKYRCF OFN KZCEM { NCB ,FCGZP FRDF \Yo# SP FRKB FZGBMN[ ,FZK[ S NBKZaD OKEKIVP OF OB ."EK\TC QGTJ Y[R BKF" { F@KBN& [P\[RG ONGPDM OFN FRTR FCF ,FGGFF \GTXPBC GR\GB .FPK[BP TCXB OFKVNM \GRVFN KEM EK\TC

61 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

GKEZF ,FKHKGGNJF ,\GRG\KTF LZE ONGTF \B OKBGZ GRIRB[M OGB\V FKDGNGRMJF[ OGXTF K[VGIF NNIF { JRZJRKBFG .NMF \B FVKXP 'ZC[P' FNKPF { GRKRVC FI\V OT .\GKRY \PK[Z ETG K\ZCI [DVPP ,ZCE NMC \CZGTP BKF OKKI GRB ;ZC[P LG\C OKKI GRB[ ZPGN QGMR FH QKB ,\BH BCXC OKNKKIM ,FH ZIB FHC GRKNT G[DZ\F[ ,OFP FPMC ZC[PG KJKNGV ZC[P NT OKZCEP GRIRB .\GTZ-[ZGI OKCKZYP GRB [EGI KEP[ KTKC[ KNMNM ZC[P NTG ,FDFRFC .FIGGZF KCKXY\ \B { KRBDV GB KZMGR NB FKF GNKBM { GN GRZ\GF[ HBP OKZG[T FTCZB GZCT :OKMZTF ZC[P GB BN ,ZCT[ QPHF NM \GZPNG ,OKR[KF OKMZTF \B ZGIBP NT GPM \GKIN OKNDZ\P GRIRB ;OK[EI ZGXKN QKKET GRNM[F KM FPER[ WTF-NGCN GEK \B ING[ EIB NM ,FKKRGB-ZC[ QKKET GREPN BN :ZC[PC \EG K\E ZC[P .FZTSF KNDC EGZ[K OKICJR QKKET T[VP OKVI .FH N[ G\RGPB \B FH ECMN OK[R-\NKP ,\GYZeaC QKKET OKSGMP OK[R KRV ,OFKRGPFC ZGTF TCX KVN OKNVP QKKET OK[RB .FYKZVBC FXGVR QKKET .\GKGCZ\ YK\[FN KEM \GVEZR QKKET \GV[G OKNYG[ OF OB FFG\ KRB .FZKDF EDR OKYGI \YYGIP FRGHKZB FH \GEEGR[ ,EKP\M-\GPMIF OKZGVKXF NT NT OD \BH ZGSBN NT OD GB ,TCY OEBF[ \GNGCDFP \GPNT\PG OKR[C \GBP .UGIF NB WVR\FN OKNDF { KEP-TCs 'QG[BZ ONGT' QKC [DVPC OD NNGI\P ZC[P GK\GBZJBK\G ,\GCZ\F \B CT\N NIF ,OGXTF ZICPC SBP[ GC[ K[KN[ ONGT QKCN { FP[N \GVKKT LG\P OKRYGZ\P GPM O\[ZGPN OKEPXRF OKVNBN NNM FTKDP FRKB \GCZ\F YIZF ,\GZ\NGBP OKMZEC F\GB OKZP[PG OPXT OKKIN -\MBNPC ,\GKZNGVGVF \GKGRPBF KEYGPPG OKKP[Z OKYRTPP .\GCGIZC \MZXRG \ZXGRF \K\GCZ\ EK

GYKSYP ZGB ZKPB ,SBDZBG FKZP :\KEZVSP

Q f Z&H F R K N

QfPl@r] ?F@j&iB B # ,OKF]` N< ,F@RKE]Tz Z#oZ^#o U#R^M]a K#NeB K]RfbEÎ # FZ@fCc^ OeHP ^]Hâ .UfIF # N#T UI #r # \#iB ]E^]a fB y\ ^fB \s & &oI #P ^ K]RBz ,UZ&` IF # Nr & YKZ+F @ ZI #t # #a ,NeC^b fN QKB +r & K#RK+T ZfBâ .rfZâF # Nr & F&DemF # fk]Xâ K]HI # \fiAV^qv#r ^ F] @â \fjP # ZI #t #F .QB@j B@XP ^]R y^RKB + Fv@B#^G ,K]CB +^j Nr & \#TY#T^YAP ^F # \&N` ol ##a B` N OK]kI & E#TZ#F @-UZ&F &â B` N A^jF # K#o#T^V#T Nr .K]Veb Nr & \KP ]K]RôF # F@aP ^KZ]Bl @#a fB ?BfC@N K\ #fk]Vv ^ eZI zB + OB]F# ,d@DKu &^HP A F@b^S]o Fv @B # K#NeB ]F #^N QKB +r & \&CF ,Q f K v @]o K]Nâ SZ&Y& ,F@NeXl ^#a Fv @B # K#NeB .SfR@K^YfBF @ Nr & fNK+Nâ C+TZ@ Dc@ K]RBz#G K]RB z#G ,NfM@K-N` j I #` j FE+s ^ Fv @B# K#NeB .Fl @EAB z F@NP @^R K]RB z#G ,rP &t &F # QP ] F\ @Tz\ ^]mr & F@CF @&N Fv @B # K#NeB .y\ # êPc^ \B & Uq+r # ^N dI @` Mâ QKB +r & ,\Z&&eT] FB@Z^P 90 QGYKNF / 60

59 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

Q f Z&H F R K N

(\KEZVS-\K\VZX \KRG[N-GE FZGEFP ,2004 ,\VZX ,2002 ,QKNZC ,Flor y Piedra) ZGT N[ OKDGS KR[ G FPSZV QM-GPM .(\KEZVS-\KRPZD \KRG[N-GE FZGEFP BKF 2001 HBP .OKZXY OKZGVKS WCGYG OKRPGZ FTCZB JC[FP OKENKN \ZGVKSG FZK[ \CK\MN \GBRES FIRP .GYKSYP ,FY@BIBGG \RKEPC YJ&[KP KEKNKF

FENGR .\MZGTG \GCZ\F OGI\C \KBRG\KT ,\ZZG[P OKSIKC QG[BZ ZBG\ FPKKSG 1959 \R[C KJKS GYKSYPC FKZVS .GYKSYP N[ \KPGBNF FJKSZCKRGBC OKKPGBNRKC OKSZV N[ CZ ZVSPC F\MH BKFG \GV[ 16-N GPDZG\ \JKSZCKRGBP EGCM O[N ZGJYGE ZBG\ OFC ,OKEGCKMG \KCC EGCM O[N ZGSVGZV ZBG\ ;(2007) GZVC Sa&PeJ SE&KSNB@ \JKSZCKRGB N[ OKPEY\P OKZB\N ZVSF \RKEPC 'FR[F \[B' ZBG\ ;(2008) GZVC QfKZBY N[ OGDZ\F \RESC EGCMF \IZGB ;(2002) GYKSYP Z[RF' ZGJKTG ;(2002) \VZX ,KRBJKZCC QfVeY EfNY .(2005) GYKSYPC OKZCGEF DGI OTJP 'OIGNF FVGSF \B CKZIFN OFC ,FZK[ KZVS 11 FPSZV QfZH ;(2009 ,\KZCF \GXZB ,Brown Turtle Poetry) JCPC FJKSZCKRGBF \BXGF) FCFB KZK[ ,IGZF \YKHGP KVRM ,Athens) ZGTF [GEKY ;(2008 ,GYKSYP ,\KPGBNF ,Union) O[ LN K\\R OFC[ OKZT ;(2007 ,EZVS ;(2005 ,FCGY ,Union) OKKIN FKDNJSGR ;(2005 ,FCGY ,The Barbacane) LKKRKT \K\I\C OKNED OKP[F 90 QGYKNF / 58

NBZ[K

FKZMH \RT

rfR< B \eTJ N^D] a @ N#

OKP Fr ]@S^Y \fBZ^]N QP #^HA & E&N&K B&R .F@TeR^\]N O#SI ^&R T#aZ^B# rK]C^Me ,S#R< .B` N eRI ^#RBz OKZ]@Cc^ U&NB &^G FY@^NI & N+aY#^R Ufn#a ,eRK+iI # OfNI z F&gr & B` N^G ,JY&t & F# N@CB z .\fVq@Z#F @

57 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

Kv ]T^P #r @ x@j CI +Z#\ ^P ] OeY^KF # .OK]iP ]KP +r ^ OK]C@Mfj EfT OKB ]Z@^C]R^G OK]iI # eR@N eKF ^]ir & OK]eY#P ^ eRI ^#RB z#G .Q&V` c B+XfK EI & @B & FZ&^YP ] Nr ZI @P @ r+ir & eR@N I # KJ ]^CF ] eFr & KP ] .C` F< B&N OKZ]F zP #P ^ B` N eRI ^#RB z HB @ OKZ]KF ]h @ANP ^ ]P ê OKJ ]eFZ^ OKr \fF#H^N OKT]E^fK eRI ^#RB z ,OE&` Y EfT \fNB +t ^F # \B & .rB` ZP + F@Cerv ^ OK]RK]MP ê OKZ]âE#P ^#RB z ekB ]^j OK]RfT ^ eRI .SeafJfB GY# N#T TZ# Cfh#N^G CfJ TZ#@N OKZ]P ^ fB .x [ &` I OKP ]s @ F@K^HK]G&NJ & NeP OK]S^m#j\ ^P ] F@i]o]Xâ eRK+N@T \fZ^CfT \faZ# OK]Rr @ r@kI # Fv + OT] I #I +r #P ^ dc@^C@jr & :Z@Cc@ f\fB Cer@G Cer K]SeZ OKT]^SfR SfJP ^ ,rfR< B \eTJ ^F ] J#TP ^]j @ N#N^D]a Y+nZ#\ ,Q&H` B@a ZJ + fr x r #@R eFr & KP ] E#j^N]R ZJ &P & xZ&` Bâ QK]mv # ,OK]N< B&X Wea]Y^N xeP@S Ol & OKE]@N^K @B ] KE+^K N#T eVJ Î ^&mr ,F@KE^&Cr ^ ]N eZ^HI ÂK

FKZMH \RT KPEYBF HMZPF N[ OGNKXN DGIF \ZDGC ,1974 \EKNK { BPNT N[ OK\KPTF \KRMG\ \ZDGC ,FVKI G"XKG CGXKTN QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF \KC \ZDGCG ,\KZCT \GCZ\N \KC BXK

,OEGY

\IB

FVK

,QG[BZF

FZVS

.2008-C N[

"LZEF

FZK["

SZVC

FKZMH

.2004

\R[N

QGYKNF \BXGFC

F\MH

F\ZK[

FZK[F NCKJSV SZVC ,2007-CG 2005-C CKCB-N\ \KKZKT ,2005 \KZCTF FV[C ZKTX ZZG[PN 'ZT[' KPGBNRKCF

.2008 \C\GMG

FNGJPC FZK[F NCKJSVC IC[N QGKXCG

,FCK\M

\GBRES

FIRP

.CKZTP

,\PNX

BKF

FKZMH

NRG

-C NGIP \GZGYKC

90 QGYKNF

/ 56

F Z K [ F N T / S f R B K^G B N G S K Z B I

FYKJBGV FPKRKP \GKIN OKCZSP OKZ[MGP-BN OKZZG[P FCZF LM NM[ FCKSF .FKETNC & NT OKMP\SP OF ;OECN EGTXN OKNGMK ORKB OKZZG[P .OKZCI N[ O\GET NTG OKZH N[ OCKN \GCKER &

OKNGMK ORKB[ ET ,O\PXGTN OKTEGP LM-NM[ OKZK[ [K .L\KB IIG[N NT ZCEN BN[ ,LC JKCFNG UVGM\FN GNKVB &

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a[B& N[PN ,GRRPH &

\IB FZG[ N[ OKPD\VC \RMG[ FRKB ONGTN \KJBGV \PB GC[ FoePP-BNFG NVBF IJ[C ,\GZG[F QKC[ FPC BNB .\KVGSF Q\ZGX \B [GCNNP OKNKPF \GT\ZR

.FNB[M FPXT \B FZKEDP BKF[ TDZC ZGBN \BXGK BKF ZZG[PF N[ GKJCN OT GB GKEIV OT FFGHP FRKB[ ,FNB[F TEGP BGF OB QKC) C\GM BGF[M TCY LZE G\GB \VEGZ BNB ,FPPEC \GZG[F QKC FIR ,GK[MT \IMGR ,(GBN OB QKCG LMN ,FZK[N FGGIPM .FZ\GVN FSRK[ FHN \GRNCSC FMIP FM ET[ OKNKPC \BJGCP (KZETFC UGSCN FDXGF[) FNB[F FKG[T FN[ \KPXTF \GZKSPF .OSY LZEC \GRPBN GMVF FEGCM NT FRKDP BKF .FNKIC ZZGTP OHKSKYZRM \GBZKFN QRKB FK\GENG\ .GKCDN \GNB[ CG[G CG[ FNTP BKF[ LMC \GRTN Z[VB KB .FHF EKP\PF NeB[\]F N[ GK\GENG\ BNB FP[BFN \KJPGJGB \MVGF BKF FDXGF[ TDZC KM ,FNB[N NT \KRCR FMNPPF .FPXT-FN[ \GZJPFG OKTXPBF EDRM -NDTP G\GBP FCGB[ { GHM [K OB { F\PXGT .FK\GCZGI N[ OGYPN QTGJ[ ZK[ NM .FKKRCG SZF N[ KZHMB OKPSY OKMZEC ,FHF NDTPF NT CG[ ZVSN LKZX FKZGJSKFC EGCM ,GPGKYN OKEYP KBR\ \GGFN ZePB fZCT OB .FM ET GTEGR BN[ QGTJN NGMK KP ,KR[ EXP .GNKMFN ZCM LKZX GEK\T[ KZF ?FZK[F N[ FEK\T \B TEGK BGF[ &

N[ FRG[BZ FBKZY BNB FRKB ONGTF N[ F[EI FBKZY NM .ZK[ & FBZ[FF \GZGYP \B FFHP KRB[M .ZIB ZK[^N QGGM\P ZK[ NM NB K\GB GBKXGF[ OKZK[F N[ OFK\GP[C CYGR KRB ,KN[ .ZGBF & IKNXFN ,K[PPF GPGKYN \GKZIB \IYN :KN[ ZK[F \B WPBN .KN LKK[[ GKNT \GFCBC YNIF \B TGC\N &

GH .QGZMK[ BNB OKIC[ GB \GTGP[ GRKB FZK[F N[ dNGPD

55 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

Q G G K | S f R B K^G B N G S K Z B I KZTS KPZ :\KRGGKP

La Madre EÂ (Finalmente) Morta \& Gl S \KZ]^ a F\ jr @F # OT ] OKZ]\ @^ @Z^@ & FP & fc .xv kA F OfK^ a BY@^ Gc# F\ +E^# @P + Z\ n# a eN^ G FI &+ @Z^J @ N YK]RT N { v a EK P & FP # x@ zF #^ ^r ^ q#] ]v @t .F\ @P + Bl @B ] ,F@ir VI C^ j ,Gr M# T ]^ @ Z@ @^ F@ kY#F a N+ aY#^ N F@R@ M eP v z# ^B # .d@ kr B & ZY@@iF # ,QfZI zB #F @ Kt #F # \& N F@ NfM^K v ^B # Or @B @ \fr^DZ] B` N^ dZ@^ C] Y N# T NK]gF N #^ x\ j \& B +B @^Rs ] \fTP ^c] N@ .\fKI N UfS N@ j UfS NKI Ne ^] ]\ ^F #^ .E# C^ N G x@ a F@ Te CJ X Kv N] a F@ GI & d\ @fB^ ^ F@KeV^ ]^ <P .O@ NfT^ N

90 QGYKNF / 54

S f R B K^G B N G S K Z B I OKVS @ GBG

,(1998)

Press

FKVGSGNKVG FNMNM EPN .1957 \R[C BPGZC ENGR

\KRBNJYC ,\KYNJKBC ,\KRPZDC OD GPSZV\F GKZK[P

KTEPG FKZGJSKFG (QG[BZ ZBG\) NGJSKZC \JKSZCKRGBC

\GENG\NG FKZGJSKFN ZGSVGZV BGF SfRBK^ GBNG .\KERNGFCG

ZBG\) EZGVSYGB \JKSZCKRGBC 'DNGY KJKRKZJC FRKEPF

Birmingham

University

FKZGBK\ EPNPG ,QGGKC \KBYKZPBF FNNMPC \GRGKTZF

:1949-1941 QGGK" { GN[ ZGJYGEF \H\ .(JZGJYGEG KR[

\B LZGT BGF QM-GPM .OGDZ\N KVGZKBF HMZPC OGDZ\ N[

ZVSM ZGB F\BZ { "OKIZHB \PINPN \GEDR\FP

Poetry International FZK[F Z\B N[ KRGGKF YNIF

KZVS F[K[ OSZV SfRBK^ GBNG .Macmillan \BXGFC

OT FRPR[ ,(1999)

FKZGJSKFF LBNP

OFC ,FZK[

.QGGKC K\N[PPF FZK[F SZVN OKKVGSF OKEPTGPF UB FRPR ,(2003)

KVGKF WY KZIB ,QGZIBF GKZK[ WCGY

SZVN QMG ,SZV G\GBN OKKVGSF OKEPTGPF OT BGF OKZPBPG

OKZGFZF

USGB

OSZV

USGRC

.Diavazo

ZIBF OGYPF ) FZK[ NT OKZXY SfRBK^ GBNG .(2005 ,FYKJBGV FPKRKP )

\GSP ZVSG (1994 , \KRGGKN ODZ\

,QPJKGG OFC ,OKCZ O[-KTGEK OKZXGK N[ FZK[ KZVS FBGSV ,JZCZF ,YKKNC ,KZC[B ,SRCKJS ,KNDRGN ,ERGBV \GCZ \GV[N GPDZG\ SfRBK^ GBNG N[ GKZK[ .SDRKPBYG .FYKZPBCG FVGZKBC \GKDGNG\RBG \T KC\M QGGDP ] C GTKVGFG \BXGFC FKRJKZCC ZGB FBZ (1996)

53 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

FK&KEB@

GKZK[ WCGY

NBZ[K

QPSKG \KZGE

K] RKP Y& K^ afB Nr j] H ] J^ & QfZ@

rr G OKt a K] RB M# T +^ ]P ]I z \# z Gr @^

K] RB b z O# .OK] iJ N Bu T# o K\ KF ]fZB + \fPfNI z# @P A O# ]K] @

N F@ XfZ K\ KF G rK] bZ^F ]K] @^ #^

.FE N \r VI a K\ KF GE G @+ #^ A^ ]K] @ BY @^ #^

fB O# T# o Kc +P ]

.F@ M@ a Yf R K v ]F #

.K] RK P Y& K^ a ] J^ B` N fB Yv R^ N O] B Kv K B` N ^E #@ +# ]T F@ Mt R FI ^P #\ ^] @ Ku ]F # TeR@ N eNKI a K] N^ XB D^ G # ]\ ^F ] Oc @# & O# .OK] RfPZ^fF ,OK] RfJfV ,OK] RfJfZ^ o

N+ X^ N] X ,Z# C@ Tr N ,K] kr CfT &^ & E+ fE@ K^ a K] kr RePv HI H] a & F@ ^ YK] ^F & FI @Ku ]F # QP #^ EZ a O+ k] pr RePv @s ^l ]# & F@ ^ N K\ KF .K] RK] S QfZB@ e# X ,Fq Z^ K F@ X^ NI a Fr ]K] @ @A A^ @ eC^ F@ i] Rt K^ a Fs T FP ^F # fE@ @@ & rI R^ N YZ VB +# # Zr @^ &

N+ X^ N] X K] Rt KF G +F # .EI @B & EfT F@ @^ KE K^ N F@ KF NT ar j rl ]@ @ K] z# &^ @P # I gr #fR B` N F& & fN K v ]Z^P #B @

90 QGYKNF / 52

QPSKG \KZGE .\MZGTG \ZVGS ,OKJZS \ZXGK ,\PDZ\P ,1950 \EKNK

K\ZYKC[ OKPKF x\@B] EGYZN QJZSF \B \[DV FVKB FBXG\ OFKRKC

,FZK[

KZVS

,(1999 OKNTGV \KZVS) G

(2005

FTC[

FPSZV

OKTDG[PF \KCC rE@Z^'X#

Q[GI

QCB)

FHGZVF ZVS \B FPSZV USGRC .(2006 NPZM)

OKZK[N

OKPGDZ\F

ZICP

GNKI\K \GTCXBF[ ET

\BG

(2010

\KCGKI

NPZM)

KYSCGYGC SNZ'X N[ OKZGVKSG

.\KTKCZF G\ZGEFP FBXK FR[F[ ,(2002 NPZM)

OPEN

F\ZK[ NT .\KGG[MTF \KBYKZPBF FZK[FP \PDZ\P \GZVSN SZVF ,O"GYB SZV ,KIKPT FEGFK SZVC F\MH .FN[PPF [BZ SZVG ZPF QGNGCH ["T FVK OGNKX ,ZKYI\) "OKYSZVBF Q\SGC \B \[VIP" :FKJZS FIV[P-K[GVKI

K[KB

TSP

QPGK

{

(2006

,KGPKCG

"OKRM["G ,ONGTCG WZBC OKNCKJSVC DXGF[ ,FKZDRGFC FIV[PG

\KEGFK

FIV[P

,(2007

,KGPKCG

ZKYI\)

.OKN[GZKC \KCZT '\Cf\M' \XGCYC FZCI BKF OKN[GZKC \ZZGD\PF QPSKG ."\Cf\M" FZK[N \TF C\M KMZGTPG

51 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

JZMKKG KVZ

\fCB o ,CK] CB v SB#NB@ o @ KY+Z^] @-N+ F@K@RI ar YI a zF # \P #fY^ & F@i] @s ^l ]# .OK]R@ V^ kP a ] \&D&kE#P ^ Kv ]] ,F@i]RB T dv VfY K] a] N > N# @B ] W+ VfI K#RK+ T .OK]RY@\ a d@G+b ZI #B # \fH^ ^P ] QK+ ZY+fI Fv a @B # \fPfqF # \I #B #^ .e R \ N TE@eP B` N ,y\ TK]G^b \B +I @P ^s ]^ ^@ & N Z` P^D]mr j .Zq+# C^ N F& NTz#R B` N YI +s #^ &^ .eRK+RK+ a OKE]KZ]^ VP F Nr # Zc+T^& & OKZ]fsTz

JZMKKG KVZ ,FZK[ KZVS FRGP[ N[ OZCIP .1964 ,CKCB-N\ EKNK ,(2004) ,(2009) TEGR

2004-1994 OKZK[ { ONGTN FCFB Y\V ZE#N OKZK[ x]KKIN FRG[BZF FR[C

OSZV

OFCG

\KRPZDPG

(2007)

\KNDRBP

.\KRNGVF

ODZ\P

FZK[F

.G\CN

[EYGF[

GKPGDZ\C

ZYKTC

N[ O\ZKXKP OKZICP ZB[F QKC ,OGDZ\ KZVS FRGP[ .FYSVKN

FGGBG

'WKC'HGZ

[GBKE\

.FYSZGCPK[ FCNSKG \BP

,FYSZGCPK[

OKK\EGYR

FCNSKG

\B OSZV FR[F

NT .2003 \R[N FN[PPF [BZ SZVC FMH G\ZK[ NT CNXCG 1994 \GKGRPBFG TEPF \Z[ SZVC FMH GKPGDZ\ \GSP ,\GPK[Z OSZV QM .2008 QKNGV BK[R KEKP CFHF .\GZVSF KVSGPCG \TF KC\MC \ZGYKC KZPBPG NT .FZK[N C[Y \BXGF N[ K[BZF LZGTF BGF JZMKKG .\GCZ\F -N\

SZVC

\GBJKSZCKRGBC

FVKI

\JKSZCKRGBC

2007

\R[C

\GZVSG EPNP

FMH

\ZXGK

OGKMG

FMKZTC

FCK\M

,CDRC

GNTVP

EPKN

QGKZGD-QCG

BGF CKCB

.CKCB-N\C 'E KRGZKT QGMK\CG

90 QGYKNF

/ 50

NBZ[K

KV[-ZF QGKS OE TeDT b #Y @# z#

f\Z@fv \B B & K]a #TY+T^Y#P ^ OKF ]` N-< FY@Kv ]#TF @ ZKT]@a N+VB @ xeMâ YY+fI^G K]Veb N#T \fi\ ]fBF @ K+N^N]X QKZ]^YP # K#N^DZ# N#T \fM@NF z YY+fI^G OE@B @ UeD^N \Kr ] BZ+â BF +v ^ ZfB \#NP ^s ] N#T OK]RK]m\ #^G OK]Dc@ \fZ@ F^Re \fr@a#K \#oP z#G ZfT@a #TY+fZ # EfTâ \#T#XZ^]R K]RB Zs @ @a#N OE#Y@ #TeYTzq#F # F@R@C^N rB +^G FZ@fIr ^ rB + JZ@Z@B &P &K]NKP ] C#b N#T F@RfK C#b N#T CZ+fT z Nr & #TeCZ@ ZJ F@KP ^F &^G O@iF # r#T#br & ^j eF` C@G eF` v K]CK]C^S OKE]^YfZ OKB ]Z@ô K+Rr ^ B Nr OKF]` N-< & \K]YKZ]^V K]RB z #TfZ^gF # N#T K]N C\ #@jr & F@CF zB # ZKr ] OT] KZ]eaJ #â WeT@R UfS@G F@kI ]v ^ Zei]X^G K]kr B & YKZ]^V K]kr & OKF ]` N-< yTzfZ^H N#T \fPr + D"T FY@Kr ]^R]j CeZ@X O\ @fI^G NK]D@T KP ]r ^ y^Rfr^N N#T

49 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

KV[-ZF QGKS FPSZV .\ZVBC \ZZGD\PG FNED (2005 EIGBPF WGCKYF)

.1968

Q\KGNF \GND

F\ZK[ NT .(2010 EIGBPF WGCKYF)

,OKN[GZK \EKNK

{ FZK[ KZVS KR[

[TZ OGKN OKNF\ G

.LGRKIF \Z[ SZVG O"GYB SZV ,QG[ZF KZF SZVC F\MH \GZVSC

\KZCTF

FJKSZCKRGBF

\eK\ZGX-CZN FTKC\

\MPSGP

BKF

KV[-ZF

ZYIPF ZVS \B FPSZV .\KZCT

FHGVZGPJP ,EKZCKF :LNGG FRGK \ZK[C OHKVZGPGNGV { D"XB

\ZK[

\ZYGI

\TMG

,(2005)

FKPKMNBG

.QNKB-ZC \JKSZCKRGBC \KZCT \GZVSN \KJRZGJYGEM OGKMG

,OKN[GZKC

'KZeT'

OK[RN

[ZEPF

\K C

FHMKZ

,QGKXT-[GD ,DGXZF \NNMPC FCK\M \GBRES FIRPG FXZP \TF

C\M

KV[-ZF

Z[KCB

FNTC

\MZGTG

."TGCP" \TF C\M N[ GEGSKP ,"Z\T"

90 QGYKNF

/ 48

NBZ[K

NYSE KYKZ ZfB@ a O& \& j

KE]eF^K K]RB Mfr K]RB T^ V] N zr & QY+@H F&KF ^B &r & ZfIr @ K]RB zr & Ft @B ] K]RB zr & \I ## z OKP ]@ FZ@@b K]RB zr & K\ G ]fB FB @fZ^ N@ T ZfB@ a O\ j I a Zfo] X x[ a Z+R O]Kl a F& && #eZ@ &` I# ## B@ kB S B` N^ G & O]KP # O\ @^ F@ CeX^ Y O\ @P @KZ]^gr & NI ##R KP + N Qv Ce \fkA DT CB B \fBZ^] @]R OE@T z# z OK]R@ zF @ \& QF T \Y&` Z^KF G &P + \fEI @B z N# # \B &^ B@ kB S B` N^ G & x[ &` I O\ @^ TP Mr F Y T#bl #r & FF @fC^b FZ@@ ^ \# ^I & @K\ &fZK] U+K@ T^ N Z# j fP^ j B@ kB S B` N^ G & I #eZ O\ @^ \r TF V^R# TP NI a YZ# \K+ N^D]mF Cf J I &&bZ^P Ae W+ @ K+ + Y& +^ # F@ # eZ BKF G \I N N# T YZ# ]^G Q&H` B^ #B # KI ]& OK]iI G OK]iI j #F # I #eZ BKF ]^ # I #eZ fP^ B@ kB S B` N^ G & ZfB O\ @^ k#b\ VeP ZfB F& k#DP ^e F& ^P ] KeN@b H@ Nejt k# N \[ j xZ# ZfB UJ #F # C+ & ` aI ^\ #^ +fr ZfB S+ Sf b F Xl N OKF B E#K^ j # I# +# ]` N<

47 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NYSE KYKZ \GCN[PF

\GKJZV

\GYVFC

FTKVGPG

\PHGK

N YSE

{

FZK[

KZVS

FTCZB

FPSZV

.1953

,FVKI

\EKNK

{ "GMG\C" GPM ,OK[R QHMZPC \GEKPTPG \GZVSG QGZJBK\

FGGIPN OKNIKKP ONGM ,(1986 FRYNB) ZGB N[ FTGXZ

FDXF { "FKZBGGCC \CMZ" ;(1985) \GZZG[P KZK[ CZT

KRJC N[ \GRGZMHF ZVS OKRo @ F OIN G

,(1993

Q\KC)

FCFB N[

\GRG[BZF QKC F\KF[ ,SYGV OKZP N[ OKJSYJ KV NT

WGCKYF)

.(1986

GYST[

FZK[N "U"NB" SZVC F\MH F\ZK[ NT .(2007 EIGBPF

.OKXGCKYF ZRKPSCG KCX \KCC FPCN ZGCKE \EPNP

.OKKZCTF OKZVGSF \EGDB OTJP

GMT

NCKJSV)

"KR[F

ZGEF"

\KKGGIC

,(2001 OKZVGSF \EGDBG HGP\)

,CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGBC QGZJBK\ KEGPKN \ZDGC BKF NYSE \GEFKC

KR[

ZBG\

,FVKI

\JKSZCKRGBC

LGRKIG

\GZVS

FCK\M \GBRESN OKIRP \Z[MFN SZGYG ,ZJM[ QGMPC QGZJBK\C

FYIK[

1983-1976

OKR[F

QKC

.Q"B\PC

.FPKCF QGZJBK\CG FVKI QGZJBK\C ,TC[ ZBC

90 QGYKNF

/ 46

F Z K [ F N T / H e N E& Y Z P

FZK[G OKZZG[P \sZVRF FYE FNTZ ,OKZGI-\VGVX \RRSP KNGB BKF 'FZK[' \GBKXPFP JNPKFN LZE ,OK[GIF QKCN \GBKXPF QKC FMGCPC FEKPCG \GRINSC \NCGS FZCIF[ 'FZ\K FP[R' ,GHF ,OKZZG[PF GC[ ZIB ONGTN \GET ,\GB[R\F N[ \PKGSP ,\GRCNF OFKEK GPC GZV\[ OKZGFJ OKMKZM\C OKVGJT OFKZK[ N[ OKKGCMF OKEKVNC OKPIZ ZZGTP IZGBC OKVVGRP \GZCY K\C GPM \GBZR KEP \GCZ \GKDGNG\RB :OKPGPEF O\GGBDC OKKGGZ ,\GZKFKC OFC OKPBGR OKKIF-OK\PF[ .\PNKBF EYV\N FKG[T { OTVF \GBMZP KNC { FZK[ ,KR[ EXP OKZY[ ,\GKN[B N[ O\SKZDNG \GBKXPF IG\KVN QGRDRPM { FXPGIC GPM FV[C [P\[\ OB ,OKZIB \GTP[P-K\GGKTG NCB ,\RMGSPG F[Y FPK[PF .FPGEPC TGDVN KNC NCB NIGH BYGGE KNGB GB) WZ QPHF[M ,GRKPKC EIGKPC FXGIR \CK\MN F[CGMN QKB[ FYG[\ OK[I[ KP .(\GKPGPZTC ,"OKPGXT OKK[Y"C \GTKCYC NY\KFN LM OB OKCKKI FZK[ .(JZFRZC SBPG\) "O[ GZB[KKG LZEF EXC GNVK" \ZIB JCPC ,NMF CG\MN F[K\PG \KNER K\NC \e[BGR F\GB \GMHC ZZGTP[ FP \B \ZZGTP FZK[ ,OMZEG OKZCEF KRV NT ZCGTF \BG JZGVPF \B ,QKETF \BG OKNB#F \B :GRNGM \BG F\GB ,ZGGRSPF \BG NVBF \B ,UJNPF \BG EZDPF \B ,KNNMF KJGJFNN ZEZEKFN KNC .ECNC [IGRPF \BG FBZRF \B KRCB GPM OKKGPKEG OKNKP FNKJP BKF ,OKKIJ[ OKRGZGPKSYGB .ZTGS OK LG\N OKVfXP GPM ,FV[F N[ ZeaF FE[ LG\N LZE [YKTF CKGBF" CGZ KV NT BGF[ ,'KJBGV'C YV\SFN OGYPC OKCKKI ,(YKRf[P& KZRB QKKX[ KVM) "ZK[F N[ Z\GKC 'ZGVKS ZVSN' OFN[ YIGEF LZGXF \B ZGYIN OKZZG[PF FV[F N[ OKYZVN-KZHMBFG OKYZVN-CFCFPF ZGBF \I\ \KZGVKS FZK[ \GGJN GNMGK LM ;FZKYIN O\GB \[P[PF f[KP KZRB GB ZBZERS H&Na G[T[ KVM ,EIBM \KBZVG ,JfYNfG YZE OD ,FRGZIBN Z\GKG { (GN[ 'TSPF KZVS'C) .G\ZKXK N[ KPKJRKB-LB-YIGZPF NGYC

45 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

.Z@Cc@ ZP +fB B` N BeF .N@bA SP ^ fRK B + BeF ,C` \^j Zl +r # ^N C@iI # BeF ,Oei]qF # U#S N#T Z\ +fK^a Fq@P ATzF @ f\er+K \B & .\BZ#^Y]N F@RfM^R .fN I #K]R@R ,x@j Cr + fK eRI ^#RB z .QB@j eRI ^#RB z

\VZX QPZCGND NTK ,HGNE YZP :\K\VZXP

H e N E& Y Z P

eEîB#^\F]r & OK]kl]F# Z#aE^P] ,C r + fK BeF Or + fN QKB+ :J#TP ^]j fB .O@iY# BeF ,Q@Cel#j Oei]qF # U#S N#T BeF .Oei]qF # Nr & OE+fqF # eF+XY@â Cr + fK BeF ,OKr ]@RB zF @ Nr & ^G F@ReKc^F # Nr & OK]i]RfXKI ]F # OF &K\ +fNeC^b N#T B@XP ^]R BeF ,\eRY@KZ+ \r &&Dfo Q]K#TF@ .d@kr & dZ@el]Yâ ,F@KF @ B` N O@NfTP + Y&V` BF @ ekB ]^j O@iY# BeF f\eZZ^fT\ ^F ] \#iP ]eEâ .fa JK]aF #^N EP +fN BeFr & J@aP # BeF N@NI @F& .O r ]F# + fN Qv +]K Z@aE^l eR\@fB OK]C\^fjr & OKZ]@V^nF # fP^j ,fZfT \#RJ ^]a N#T f\fB F@TK]aJ ^l #F # F@kP ] BeF Z@aE^l ]F# .eR@N Z&C+TP # Nr & foE#â + \&V&NfIF # xZ&c&F # Nr & K]DfNfBK+bF # J^N#V^SB #F @ N#T ,NfE@bF # QfZ@j]gF .H@H B` N BeF .fZ^C&T^N Oc+Y#\ ^P ]e U+kI #\ ^P ] QP #^gF# .Z\ +fKâ YfIZ@F @ UfS^RKB +F @P + GK@NB + r@b]R Oei]qF# F@K&R@o N#T \P # \fD^S]oP ] NfI \fTeXZ^ UJ +fI BeF fjZÊ#â + ZfT fP^j \fReKc^F F@CF zB # fP^j ,rP &t & F# Nr & CB+^j fB .\fC@Mr & OK]VebP ] UfNI z-\fRâ \fZ@CF z K+SK]SZ^ UJ + fI ^ ]a eZcÂnr

90 QGYKNF / 44

43 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

90 QGYKNF / 42

H e N E& Y Z P FCZF F\B FZK[F KZVS OKRPR OKRGZIBF GKZVS OT

IZGMC NKKJPG ZZG[P'M GPXT \B ZKEDP ,HKZVC ENGR

(2000 ,La

LECN GN QKPBFN KEMP

OKNKPF \KCP \GRGZMH FKF QG[BZF GKZK[ ZVS .'\GCKSRF

QGSMNBF \GSPF WCGYG ,(2002 ,Lanore) OKNKNIE G

ZGB GBZ GKZIBG ,(QfDBZB @ KBGN \BP FPEYF OT ,1971)

Passe du Vent)

.(2002 ,La

Passe du Vent)

OKZZG[PF N[

.OKVSGR F[GN[ EKYV\ \B YI[N' HeNE & CZKS \GRG[BZF GK\GINXF KZIB OKZ[T JTPM L[PC ZCE OSZV BN QMNG ,'ZZG[PF KGJKC KMZE \RKICN GRPH \B [KEYF \BH OGYPCG ,FR[ { OKKRZEGPF OKKRGZKTF OKKIN \GPKB\PF \GKJBGV .FBNF QMG FYKHGPG FZK[ QKC CGNK[ ,CGIZ KTVGP FXGCY ,'FZK[N OGZGVF' \B HeNE & ESKK 1982 \R[C KCZT ,NGY \GMGZT\ ,OKNCKJSV ,OKTGZKB \RDZBPF NCKJSV (JZBPRfP) HKZVC ESKK 2000-C .EGTG FBKZY ,OKREYZ ,OKBYKHGP ,OKRYI[ ,OKZZG[P QKPHF GKNB[ BGF USGRC .EGTG GBKEKG KRPB ,OKZKKX ,\GNFYP ,OKZPH OKF \GNGY' FZK[F NCKJSVN K\GZVS WTGKM QFMP .CE &fN FZKKTC 'QGMK\F

41 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

F Z K [ F N T / f J K Z a F E& f Z K P K H Y

FZK[C OKRG[BZF KE#TX 'DNGYC WKY KSZGY FPM EGPNN ,QGERGNN K\TSR OKZ[T NKDC ZGSVGZVN QM KRVN LKK\[F[ ,KN[ FRK[F ZEIC ,O[ .ENKVJS&e FZK[ N[ FBNVRG FRJY FKKZVS K\BXP ,IZHPF \GCZ\N OT [DVPC FNGVMG \KPGB\V \GNT\F K\[I .\KRVKG \KRKS F\KF \KSBNYF \KRKSF FZGXF .KRKSF e'DB&e'DFG KRVKF GYKKFF [BDKJRBYF N[ \KNDGJZGV-\KSKN@DF FZGXN FP \EKPC FPGE \B NMP Z\GK \KXF[ FP QMNG ,13-F FBPFP eDKPB@ FE& KPNGT \B FEKTZF[ ,\KRVKF GYKKFF \ZK[ FKF K\YG[\ LZECM [GINN OKZI\PF \ZSI F\NGMKC ZKFC OGKC OTZM G\CZKYN TDGRC OEBF N[ Z\GKC \GYGPTF \G[GI\F \B EGS FYKJ\SBC (LM NM \GCZ OKPTV GIM[R[ \G[GI\) TCJN \GND\FF GH F\KF .HGMKZG \GRNCS ,FKRGZKB NT \SSGCPF OKPZGDN FKKR[F K\VK[I ,KRKTN FZK[F KZG\SP N[ FKKR[F .[PP N[ [EIP-FEKN .KN[ \PBF N[ ,OKKIF N[ OKKEGSKF K\ ]K]XI @r & KZ+I zB # !Z@a^M#T { Z@aE^l ]F # \B & K]RB z O#b ?Zr @ BeF

& !Z#oZ^#o ,IZ#^a ,OKB ]@a OKr ]@RB z OF &K\ +fB^C]X :\KNDGJZGVP GYKKFF KZK[ OGDZ\ ZGB ZKPB ,KNZ'\BF FRB

F\KF GH .KCS \KCC ,K\GENKC EGBP OEYGP KNB FBC FZK[F ,OKZHG OKKPGYP OKXT KRKP NM FC[ ,OKKI KNTC N[ FGGI QKP OKBNVR OKZGXK QGPFG ,QKP NMP ECNC OKKR[ GB EIB OKPTVN ,OKKZJSKF OKRV[G \GNGDRZ\ ,OKZGPIG OKSGS { OKK\GEKEKG OKDE ,\GEYKXG OKZXZX ,OKHT] ,OKZGCE ,\GKRNCS \GZV FH FKF .\KIXR \IB TEZVXG ZKY-\GBJN ,OKRGK ,OKKRGDSS K\KPB QET QD ,("CGFB OGYP" :\KRKJN) SGRBGPB Se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s&T-QC YZ K\KKF ,QPJKGG ODG ,O[ BXPR ZNEGC :\KCZTPF FZK[F \ZGSPC CZYC CZ OGIC ZVSF NCY\F FRG[P IZGBC .ONGMG ,FB@fS&oG NCY\FN { FRFP FKGGI GH F\KF FNKI\ .OKKP[ZF OKZYCPF K\[DZF LM ZIB OKJTP OK[EGI NCB { 18 NKDC ZZG[PM ZKTX ZZG[P[" ,K\C[I ",\GKFN NGMK BN" .QGSB [PP FH[ LZE BGXPN KNT[ K\TEK .BZGR FKF FH ".GHM FZGXC NCY\K ?GHKB NCB .\ZIB

90 QGYKNF / 40

N D G J Z G V | f J K Z a F E& f Z K P K H Y ZGB ZKPB ,QZea SKBGN :\KNDGJZGVP

170 ,OK]G@ \^ nF V+ S # Z& Z@Cc@ Oer Gr @ ^M#T K#N@T \&N&VfR ZK]GBzF@ Q&CB& .O@iY# fRKB+ ,Kv]T^#DZ@r & K]RBz eF&H Bl @r & fB ,KE#KE]^K ,CB+fj F&H ?F@K&N@T N+Vfmr & FP @r @^R F@mAMP ^F# CB+^gF# \r & B+ { F@CKB]^MP # Bl @r & fB .Zr @ K]RBz .\Z&v&#GP ^ B` N ZKr ] B@ ?F@C@C^K \B` H ZKr ] ,Z\+fK^G Z\+fK Y` P@T N eN I @ F+mF]^G F\@^K#aF# Ct @r & KP ] Nr & .\]K#a Oer QKB+

39 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

,GK@iI #â FB @^NF @ x+kF #\ ^P ] OE@B @ NY@r ^l ]F # K eer ] N#T \eZKF ]^H]a ZP +fr T\ #&V^Ne ,fa]N Nr & FP @r @^mF # ,C B +fj F&H .N+VfR \fP@XTzF @ ,F@CKB ]^MP # OE@B @ .\fI@o Q]K#K Yea^Y#a ,NfM@K BeFr & OfYl @#a C+Mfr Z#j N#T C+Mfr { Z+HfT ZK]GB zF @ \fTfZ^H]a fB rY# Nr & fVebP ] YI +Z^F # UI @^S]R^G I@R ,Qr +@K^G ,U+K@TF & ,FP # \fZP ^#N @r @^mF # N@CB z { N` jF F@MKr ]P ^P # BKF ] ,N@Nfr \&M&NfF B` N FP @r @^mF # ,K \ #faZ# OE@B @ .C K B ]^MF #^Ne CKB ]^MF #^N F@Rt +F # KP + KP +â N+b^N#b\ ^P ] F @Kq&P #TzP #â OK]qP ATz@N #TK]bP # Ufn#C^Ne xerI @ .OB +F @ Nr & Bs @ + fR BeF OK]R^V]a { Or fRKB + Z@C^j BeF^G ,O@NfTF @ QfK^S]R \B & B+XfP K]RKB + Z@C^j ,F@KF @t & FP # F@G^Nt #F # \B & { QK P @r & ^j ,HB @P + ]^HP # F@N^K#N Or @ F@KF

90 QGYKNF / 38

f J K Z a F E& f Z K P K H Y NFKRG ,\GKDGNG\RBG FZK[N \T KC\M FPM LZT fJKZa FE &

ECT .1938 \R[C NDGJZGVC FC &ZBDNB NCIC ENGR

BK[RM QFMP BGF .FZK[F OGI\C OKEIB OKNCKJSV

ENKVJSG& G 'DNGYN GMZE \B BXP[ ET \GEGCT FPMC

\EGDBN WTGKMG ,NDGJZGVC Q"BV N[ \KNNMF FVKSBF

OGKM .\KSBNYF \KRVKF FZK[F \B FNKD O[ ,QGERGNC

ZKZD['M FReP USGRC .GKYGJC FSKSC[ \KPNGTF GYKKFF

BGF O[P ,QGCSKNC ZZGD\PG KTGXYP QVGBC C\GM BGF

LKSRF ZESP \GB \B NCKYG O"GBF OTJP 'KPNGT OGN[

.\GRPEHF NMC ONGTC OKNGKJN BXGK

{ FMH OFC[ OKSZVF QKC .NDGJZGV BK[R KEKP FY & &KZRB

,1953 \R[C \GCZ\F OGI\C GMZE \B NIF fJKZa FE &

\IGZBG FEGB

SZ V

,FHGZV ,FZK[ N[ OKMZM F[K[G OK[KPI OSZV HBPG

ZBES & ENGVGBKN ["T KPGBNRKCF FZK[F SZV ;

CZ T

,FZK[ KCZT ZGVSRKBC CZGTP FKF BGF .OKZPBPG OKN[P

ZVSN KVGZKBF SZVF ;(2002) G\ZK[ NGNMP NT ZfFDRS &

\GESGPC

NT) 2004-C FKNJKBC ZGB FBZ[ Z\GKC CGJF FZK[F

U\\[FG ,FN FXGIPG NDGJZGVC \GBJKSZCKRGBCG \GCZ\

\GNKVRF ZVS

GNNMR GK\GZKXK .ONGTF KCIZC OKCZ OKSGRKMCG OKNCKJSVC

FVGSBF ZGCT

.OKZIB OKCZG (FKRCNB)

Viareggio Versilia

POETECA

SZV ;(

,OKNTVPC

,ZVS

K\CC

\GBXZFG

OKPGZGV

.\GV[ 27-N GPDZG\G \GKDGNG\RB 190-P Z\GKC

37 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

QPZCGND NTK

OI&&kF# KZ+eZ+o NK]Cr^ v Br C^ j ^# & OK]Rr @ Z@ \]K# aF M]H NB aF # QfZ^ & \]K# # QP ] \I #Z#fa .NK] Cr Sl ^ NB & QfZc^^ ]P ] \Y&P & fI N N+ X x@ N r+K x]K\ #frB zZ#P ^] QI Nt T N+ X^ G @^ AF # N# OKF j \fI@ o OK] N@ N^ X] a fa J` ZI N ]+ z# .x@ kr nF B & OK]RP @K] # \& OKZ]eZ+ o \Z&&g# VP B EKP ^ v ^# ]v @ ,ZeCt kF # QP ] @F # OI &&

QPZCGND NTK

KE+^ j fKc^F NeN^ SP G\ # K+ # \B & F@ ^P # B` XP N^ G \& Nc& I V] N ^] #` v^ Nr o N# T \Z&I & F @K&R@ &B # \r & Z&B z .F@K^ XZ^fofZ^ o N@ jP # OB +F @ ] \&DZ&fIF Q@ kA j x@ kr kl & OK] ]F # .BeFF G@Hl a # F& ^F # QP ] eB@ C&Rfb v N@ T \Z&& aE#P .Q \ ^B # ,F @K& ^ B` N v ^B # OB ] @fB \& FI aF SP M] N O# T# o @KZ]^ # NeN^ # F@KF @ C` v^ .F\ aF SP M# T @^K# # FZ@@HI zF # NeN^ # BeF Gr @^

ERNGFCG OKN[GZKC OKK\R[ ZIBNG ,CKCB-N\C FENGR TGRNGY FEPN .FC ZZGD\FN FC[ ,\KZCF \GXZBC ZG[TG KPEYB

KKZVC

NGSKVG

ZGKXG

,CKCB-N\

\JKSZCKRGBC

\GBRES FIRPG "QGYKNF" \TF C\MC \MZGT .DBFC[ .OKRZGB \NNMPCG FVKI \JKSZCKRGBC FZK[ \CK\MN \T KC\MC OKPSZV\PG \GV[ T[\N GPDZG\ FKZK[

\B TRTRP QPGZF :FKZVS .ONGTCG WZBC \GKDGNG\RBCG (2000 QGYKNF) KCKNB FZK[F KZVSG (1996 \ZRM) WTF ,FP[RF \GENG\ .(2007 QGYKNF) OKKPTV ZFRF G\GB G BGF UB ZGB FBZ ,FPGDZ\C ZERVS QCKJS KPGDZ\ WCGY

FZK[F KPDZ\PC OKJNGCF QP BKF QPZCGND .GH FR[C FPKN[P

BKF

FNB

OKPKC

.NBZ[KC

\KSYSGNDRBF

\BXGFC ZGB \GBZN EPGTF ,QGJSYS QB KZK[P ZICP .F.G KZK[P ZICP OSZV\K QMP ZIBNG ,FZK[N C[Y O"GYB SZVC ZB[F QKC F\MH F\ZK[ NT .FPGDZ\C QEGB \DNPCG 2002 FZK[N SKVF NTVP SZVC ,2000 \R[N .2008 \R[N JKKZCNGV

90 QGYKNF

/ 36

NBZ[K

ZSGRD FEZG \fPKr R QP ]^ # fK

F@KeHF z F@Rr + QK+Ce N&M` B QK+a OfK OKT]@aZ^B # { \r &I &fN OKZ]@aATF @ \Z#Kr ] \B & eRT^P #r @ ,yK&iI # QeMKZ]Tz#K Q#TP #^N yl &B ] \B &^G yK]CB @ \B & E+a#j OfYP @ yP ^^X#T^a Fs + Tz \fT@a^XB & Zs & &T^a B&N KeR@o N@NI ,CfJ B@XP ^ ,OKF ]` N< @ ,y K \ &fNK+N QeMKZ]B z#K Q#TP #^N OK]aZ# O]KP # \fPfYP ^]N \&M&N@N OF &@N Qv + ,F@CF zB #F @ \B & OK]S^M#RP ^ B` kr & yK&R@o N#T I#mF # F@kY# F@MKP ]s ^ fP^j ,Or @ ^G .\K]R@M^KI #^G Fl @v # F@N^D&T Nr & CF @@H \#M+nP #

35 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

ZSGRD FEZG GC ,FKNXZFC OKRPBF QM[P \B FPKYFG FPHK 1994-C

KEGPKN

\ZDGC

BKF

QGJN'X

FNGR

\ZDSPC

.OKZXGKN

IGZKB

\KCG

\GRPBN

FKZND

FPKYF QMG ,\GZVS KCZT FIRPG \GRPB \GMGZT\ \ZXGB .'OKZXGKN [ZEP K\C' KR[ GC .FKNXZFC

FZK[N

OKNCKJSV

K R[

FYKVFG

FPHK

ZSGRD

.FKXJKEPG FDGK \BZGFC OD \YSGT BKF 1976 HBP

,\GRPB N[

\ZXGBG

QGZJBK\

\ZZG[P

\RESG

,FKVGSGNKV

YIZP WZBP \GTGP[ [BF \ZGX FVGXF NX FP-PK[R

\EKNK

,\GZVS

FKZVS QKC .KKZV ZJKVG

WGCKYF)

QGNGI SZVC F\MH GKNT[ ,

,(1972 EIGBPF

FRGZIBNG ,FZK[N

WGCKYF \BXGFC BGF OD ,

,KRG[N-GEF WCGYF \B FBKXGF QM .EIGBPF

,FN[PPF [BZ SZVCG GBZ

,1943

.\KEZVSNG

,\KNDRBCG (KCGJ

\K\VZXN

\KZCTC

\BXGF)

QGNGI

FZK[N

SZVC

F\MH

,\KNDRBN

F\ZK[ NT

GPDZG\

\GKDGNG\RBC

FCFB KZK[N FKDGNG\RB

FKZK[G

FKZK[ C

ZGB

FRGZIBNG

.F\MKZTN FV\G[ OD F\KF ZSGRD[ \EGDB N"MHPM OKR[ Z[TM L[PC FRFKM 1985 \R[P ,NBZ[KC

KPGBNRKCF

Q"BV

HMZPG

OKKZCTF

OKZVGSF

N[ Q\PYF \B ZB[F QKC FPHK FH FEKYV\ \ZDSPCG .OKZVGSN FZKXKN IGZKB \GZKE

90 QGYKNF

/ 34

NBZ[K

BR\ZC QGKXZGB

FE@Y+TzF@ Nr & Zeo]nF# "N]KB #F @ F@KF @ FE@Y+TzF @ Nr & Kv ]P ]B zF @ Zfa]bF #" KIKPT FEGFK

N]KB S Nr bF #F @ BeF FE@Y +T zF @ Zeo] & Kv ]P ]B zF @ Zfa] # .x# C^ nF kA j \B # QP ] OKE]eYT z O@ & FB &fZr & X]K EeY@ T .OF CB T .Y I @^ @Z@^ # EeY@ .xB Nl T @^ #F # EeY@ OK] Cr T^mF G ^ fK OKZ]@ #^ .OKP NfT^ N \fN^ bZ^P N ]@ #^ EY b @T <&R ZfPI zF # O# YP S^ a \ePE^] N .KB ]Z@^ ] Zeo] O@ vZ^P T #r ^P ] N# .O@ jZ^E#^ a OKJ kA j ]I @r ^]R O@ F&gF n# a OKF B O# b # Zeo] ]` N< ,Eeq]R OT G OKP TJ CT a ]^ ]@ ^ OT ] \KZ]^ ]^ b OeIZ# NB D^ G B@mY + O# + O# # NB ,EeY@ o O# D^ G EY b +fo O# F&gF n# a # Zeo] EeY@ T ,OKZ]@ Cc^F S^ N # ZE&+ V] kr YeS^ o# N ,OK]R^mr z F@Rt +F # K+R^ & OK] #P ^ eRI ^#RB D^ G { KZ+I zB # O# O] B eRI ^#RB z .OKZ]Z^fT\ ^P ]

33 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

BR\ZC QGKXZGB \EGDB Z"GKM ,"OKKRHBP" \TF C\M LZGTM QFKM BR\ZC

ZYGIG

.Q"BV

,OKZXY OKZGVKS QMG ,FZK[ KXCGY FRGP[ OSZV .\GZVS

KNBZ[KF

UKRSF

BK[RMG

OKKZCTF

OKZVGSF

\JKSZCKRGBC ,CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGBC ZB[F QKC EPKN \JKSZCKRGBCG

CDRC

HMZPC

\[ZGPN

NBZ[K

\GRGZIBF

QGKZGD-QC

OKK\R[C

\JKSZCKRGBC

FYNIPF

.QGZPG[C

[BZM

NBKZB

,QNKB-ZC

QFKMG

,FVKI

KBJKSZCKRGBF

ZGSVGZVG ,KBJKSZCKRGBF HMZPC OKJREGJSF QYKE [PK[

KBSP

C \M

,"NBZ[K

\[ZGP"

LZGT

OGKM

.QGZPG[C NBKZB KBJKSZCKRGBF HMZPF N[ ,FYKBEGKN

,ZZG[P

,1949

,CKCB-N\

EKNK

QNKB NMN :GKZVS QKC .ZYIP KZVSG \ZGYKC KZVS ,\GNCGR OKNTGV \KZVS) \GHGIPG OKKB ,(1967 KRZY) OKP[ -\CK\ G (1996 ,Q\KC ,OKZK[ ZICP) EKC ZGVKX ,(1980 ZZG[PF N[ GRC BGF BR\ZC .(2006 HGP\) KNGB .I` R ,GKCB \ZK[P LZT[ ZICP TKVGF FRGZIBNG ,KMEZP .C

.OKXGCKYF \NNMPC \GZVSN DGIC KZYIP

,QGYKBHGZV

.(2008 NPZM) ,\GV[

OK[GN[MC

,\K\VZXC

GPSZGVG

,\KNDRBC

KEGFKM FRGTG OEBM NBG[ GPDZG\

,\KSGZC

GKZYIPG

GPSZGV

GN[

GK\GZKXK OKZVSG

\K\GZVSF G\EGCT NTG G\ZKXK NT .\KRKHGZDCG \KEC[C SZV ,FN[PPF [BZ SZV ,ZRZC SZVC ZB[F QKC FMH .QKKJ[RZC SZVG QGNGI

90 QGYKNF

/ 32

NBZ[K

USGK-ZC NJGPI

K] YTz^ X] v \I #B # Fs @ ^C]j ,K]YTz^Xv ] K]YTz^Xv ] .OK]jr #I zP # \P &J &P ^J AP ^ \@at #F # \B &v ^^NY#^N]Y ,Fs @ ^C]j ,ZfB@R ,K]Y@R I@R NfIF ] Tzv #F # ZfHB + N@Mâ # F@is 'H&a F@VK]NI z#N UK]NI zP # ,C F @@H KZ+fv^V#Mâ W+XfR FP + ^Ne ZY&` a#a \@ar # â KP ]^Ne .OK]SK]j OT] @ Or F@iZ]@b#Râ FZ@eD^S \I #B # Fs @ ^C]j \#T#bv #r ^P ] ,F@N@NfDP ^ \Z&` S^R \&MI & fN x+Nv + K]j O#b ,O]KP #^N OKT]eDTz#bP ] ,NfY QKB + F@is ] Tzv #F # ZfHB + N@M^Ce F@iI # r&V&R QKB + F@iZ]@b#mF # N@Mâ \@at # \B & y^N \&NY&^NY#l ^r & ,dc@#C^kP ] NfY N@j QKB + #F .\fZ@nARP ^ \fY@T^X]a

31 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

USGK-ZC NJGPI ,\KNDRBG \K\VZX ,\KSGZP FHGZVG FZK[ \KZCTN FPDZ\

FRKBZYGB KBXGK OKZGFN ,USGK-N\ WGCKYC 1940-C FENGR

,(1998 NPZM) FCGYES FDNGB N[ OKR[K OKZGPHP QFKRKC

ZBG\ KEGPKN FPKN[F .FBG[C GVSR O\IV[P KRC CGZ[

\GGPG FRY]H ,USM NT { ZRKG FKNGK N[ \GPBGV TCZB F[GN[) NCBC YBSKB KC\M NM G { (2003 NPZM) EGTG

\GZVSN FZGPM FECT ,\KZCTF FJKSZCKRGBC QG[BZ

.(2010 2009 ,OKMZM

.CDRC QGKZGD-QC \JKSZCKRGBC FEPKNG ,LGRKIF

GXCGY[ \GCZ \ZGYKC \GPK[Z OD FPSZV USGK-ZC

KNT FKF KNGN OFKRKC ,FZK[ KZVS FT[\ FPSZV FBZCF G (1998 NPZM) BNF ,(1971 KN-KP) ZFPN FKZK[ ZICP { \eG\[F ] .(2004 EIGBPF WGCKYF)

KRKKRTC \GSPG (2006 OKRGTCX) .(2005 NPZM ,\GYKZ[G OKZVS

F[K[

FPSZV

\GZVSF KPTJ

ZVSC

\GBKZY ) ZSGPG \GEFK ,\GCZ\ \ZYGIM

F\EGCT

EZ[P N[ OKEGPKN \GKRMG\N UDBCG QGMK\ ZVS \KCC

\ZDSPC

.EIGBPF WGCKYF \BXGFC TKVGFN EPGT { OK[EI OKZK[G

N[ KSGZF Z[YFF OGI\C ZYKTC ,OKCZ OKZPBPG

FTCZBCG \T KC\MC \GV[ FRGP[C GPSZGV FKZK[

\KZCTF \GZVSF N[ FYKHFG F[EIF \KZCTF \GZVSF

Night,)

.FYKJSKPNG \GEFKN F[EIF

\KNDRBC ,(2004 ,DZGCZJV ,QGHP) \KSGZC ,OKZVS

Morning

F\ZK[ NT .\KCZTCG \KZDRGFC ,(2008 ,YZGK-GKR ,

SZV ,(1987) O"GYB SZV OFKRKC ,OKCZ OKSZVC F\MH .(2005) ZRZC SZVG (2002) BK[RF

90 QGYKNF

/ 30

NBZ[K

QGBZC KNTJR K] NK] N

\& XI kr a FY ^P # &fN CfZY @ J@ #^ @K]HI xB V# jF M^ a \& XI # OKZ]fv^ # N@ & fN I N ZP D]mr TE#fK K] NK] N #` jF # d@ #^ & \#

Ueh] N Nr NK] N" & Or + BeF K] ".I B NK] MP N^ G #` jF # EfS \& + Ueh] WKCGYKCZ FKNE

I N I N #` jr ^] #` jF # I #` Ps ^] K] NK] N I N ZP D]mr N #` jF # d@ #^ & \fZP ^# K] NK] N x@ N \\ N K] N K]Rv +@ ^v ] K\ #P @

I #` j \&R\ &fR

?Ueh] N I # e ov # ZKr ]

N+ aY N B` N^ G \\ N N+ bZ^F #^ +@ &F # I #` jP ]

Ue s I aJ a \fqP N @F & I@ ^l ]# AT z O` r^R] I N #eR@

OKI N^ Y \& N& M fB ] e ov # \fo] N@gr KZ]^ oF SI T \& MZ&@ CP N# & # E& & N# ^e eR^ OKZ]eb \& VJ a &fN BKF ] \I #B #F @ dE@@K^ KZ]@ Ts pA G^ Y \B a ^ \# & F@i]Rt ^# NK] N \fNK+ k# a F@Rr +^K B` N K] \& N& CfR dl G eIP X F N#K @B ]^ ^@ @K\ &fE^ Z# T# X NK] o^ MP # QP #^gF # FP pY @ eRv ^ Z+ #P ^e FP aF @ eD T z \fR@ # OB +

29 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

QGBZC KNTJR \ZXGKG FHGZVG FZK[ \C\GM ,1978 \EKNK ,QGBZC KNTJR OKZK[F ZVS \B FPSZV .OKK\NKNTG OKKEGTK\ OKJZS SZVC F\MH QGBZC .(2006 \KC \HGIB)

OG[RNG DGZFN

.2005 "LZEF NT FZK[" \GZI\C QG[BZF OTJP TGRNGYC \MPSGP ,\GZVSG FKVGSGNKV FEPN .QGYKNF FZK[N ZVSF \KC \ZDGCG ,CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGB QZYGF ,SRGB \GTDVR TCZB ET\PF ,"FHGVZGP\ @P + " FJZS KTGZKBC \V\\[P QGBZC .ONGTF KCIZCG O"GBC ,WZBC FVGZKB IZHP-OGZEC K\GZVS FNGTV UG\K[N OHKPF

Word Express

90 QGYKNF

/ 28

NBZ[K

[BZF QC HKBGP

OKP ]I zZ# B+NP @ N+B ZY@@iF# Tc@l #F# NB+ FB@eVZ^F@ NB+ EI @B& O&MK+Rr ^ Ov&B# O&jP ] OK]o#XP ^ eRI ^#RBz#G EI @B& Ofir & J#TP ^ E fT F@Rr ^ &T YZ# EfT @ OKZ]s eR\@fB eNK]pv# eRK\+fNI zP # N@jP ] FB@eVZ^F@ NB+ OK]N^k#o\^P ]e OK]o#XP ^ eRB@ Fr @ E@I zF# y\^@VeZ\^]N F@B@N^V]mF# Q+M@N^G y^N OK]CKZ]^YP # eRB@ \fiI # K+V^NB# OKr ]@RBz K+V^NB# eRK+N@TP + y^oB# QfZI z EZ+fF B@mB@ \fNI zP # eRv@B]P + T#RP ^ \fV+bP #e Fv@B# YZ# K]j B@N^V]mF# Tc@l #F# NB+ .eRK+N@T OI +Z#^N N#Mev Fv@B# YZ#

27 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

[BZF QC HKBGP OSZV

.1972-C

FXZB

FNTG

1959-C

GYGZPC

ENGR

OKZK[F NGY ,EIB LZMC OKXCGYPF FZK[ KZVS FRGP[ OG[N LNGF BN QG[BZ OKZK[ ZICPG ,(2009 QCGP) OKRPGZ FTCZB OSZV QM .(2010 FZFR SKSZ) OGYP KZT[C G ,FRSGN ,KBHKZV [EGI ,QBGJ\N \GI\VP ) NMGB[ QJYF [KBF ) OKZGVKS KZVS KR[G (ZK'DRJ OD C\GM [BZF QC .(\GNCGR ,BCF ZVSFG ,OKRKTZD OKZVS OSZVG ,\KNDRBCG ,GPB \V[ BKF[ ,\KEZVSC

ZK'DRJ KZT[C

GKZVS GPSZV\F EZVSC .FNB \GV[C

GRKJSE \BXGF) GKEK NT FC\MR[ \KEZVS FSZKDC

Amor Yexilios) \GNDG FCFB QPGZFG (2008

FZNYSB ;

.2009 FN[PPF [BZ SZVC FMH G\ZKXK NT .(2010 GNCV ,KYSCGYGC SNZ'X KZK[P \KZCTN ODZ\ [BZF QC YST .EGTG SBP N[GZ ,QGN'D QC ZFJ ,F'HKG EGNY ,FEGZR OGKMG ,\GRGC[I \NFRFC ODG \KTCJ FBGVZC ZCTC .OGDZ\CG FCK\MC GNGM NM JTPM YSGT

F Z K [ F N T / F R B K E ^R #N a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oeS BN QKKET[ GF[P [VIN BN BGF KN[ WPBPFG ,\GZIB FMM BJCN QGKSKR KEM LG\ ,ZVGSP \GKFN NGMK[ GF[P BNB \GBZN \NGMKF \B FNKMP FZK[F \GRPB .BJGCP K\NCF \B BNB ,KRVN FBZR BN[ GF[P BN {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

90 QGYKNF / 26

F K R P G Z | F R B K E ^R #N a F R B \GRZD F[PG NPZM NGB[ :\KRPGZP

FZ@KI B ]â K] NfE@bF# J@or ^ l]F# NB& \&N&CeP ,Z@V@T&N reZ+Dâ O+iv#^S]ir & ,T r # &o N@jP] F@oI# K\]B+XP^]mr & ,K]RBz \eM^gF# \B& Kv]^N#a]Y .KP]^X#T \B& Z` I^C]N ,Ft @ B] B` N ,Z&C&b B` N xB# ,\fKF^]N K\]K]XZ@ F@iI# B` N UB# .IP#&X B` N O#b ,Zfo]X B` N O#b QZ@r ^@Râ \fV^NfIF# \fi]Rt ^ F# \B& \#TP#fr K]RBz#G .Z` I^C]N F@NfE^bF# \eM^gF#P+ :T#N&n#a \fIJ@eP Q\@fB \#TP#fr K]RBz#G .B` N ,B` N ,B` N ,B` N ,J@or ^ P]^N \&N&CeP B^Gt @ #N .T r # &o N@jP] F@oI# B^Gt @ #N

25 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

F R B K E ^R #N a F R B Q"BV \EGDB N[ [EIF JPZGVF \B FESKK 1989 \R[C \RFMP OD BKF .QGDZBF \BK[RN F\RGPG FKRPGZC \GSIC { FPKYF[ ,Academica Civica QZY \BK[RM ONGTC QG[BZF QGZMKHF Z\B \B { \KVGZKBF FXTGPF FRBKERNC .FKRPGZC[ J&DKS ZKTC ,OHKRGPGYF \GRCZGYN ,ONGTF KCIZC FZK[N OKNCKJSVCG OKSRMC FV\\[F FKPEYBCG FZK[N \KVGZKBF FKPEYBC FZCI BKFG .G"YSRGB N[ FZK[N \KPGBNRKCF

,FRBKE^R#Na FRB JTF-O[C FTGEKF ,QBSeZ FKZNG FKNKJGB ,OKZXY OKZGVKS N[ OKXCY KR[ ,FZK[ KZVS 14 FPSZV OGSZVN GZSBR FK\GZKXK .\GSP KXCGY F[KPIG EIB QPGZ 1985 ,1964-1959) \GRG[ \GVGY\ [GN[C F\ENGPC .(1989-1988-G FKZK[ ZICP .\KZCT QFKRKC ,\GV[ 23-N GPDZG\ FKZVS C[Y \BXGFC ZGBN BXK GF[KP \TXGV FIP[ NM .\GRZD F[PG NPZM NGB[ N[ U\G[PF OPGDZ\C FZK[N OKKPGBNRKCG OKKXZB OKSZV FPMC F\MH FRBKERNC FZK[F NCKJSV SZV ,(1982) ZE&ZF& SZV OFKRKC ,FZK[N NKG N[ KPGBNRKCF Premio SZVG (2002 FKRCGNS) FXKR& .(2004) Internazionale Camaiore

90 QGYKNF / 24

NBZ[K

JZPGNC \GZ

F@M+nP# fR QfZJ M+ nl a ^B #Kv + Nr & F@ ## F\ Nl SP @P + Ft @B ] \P #r ^]R \& &# ^F # K]eq#F M] kP aB TF # Q@ReS^ ] eE^ ] O]K#RK+ @ .FP @KE]Y@ \fVfX^G O]KY#fr F+Gr kA rP B@ F ^ r@ ^ U# O]K#mr o ZePY@ F& Ve ] Us + fI ZeT@ .Kc]^ Nr BZ^l ] Q@ #r & \fTeYr k# F ^ O]K#KI @^ ar F^G ZP F ZJ S^ & \fJKZ]u ^# @I +# +^R# Ye E @ F& F Z@ Tu F +# \f\r Y] j \fZ^ aI \P F @^ #^ ] \fa#b# X \fNKh { N+ ]P #e !YKZ]F T FJ @ N# @K]Nr ^ fHK B + F@ SZ@\ a# T+ Tf R \ M+ nl N \I ^F #^ ^P ] F@ ## #v #l ]r & QY@I ^u #F # .GK@ N@ T r# a^ NF o# N @r & UeXZ^#

23 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

JZPGNC \GZ QKC

.OKN[GZKC

IKZXF QPHP TEGP Z\M)

OGKM

\ZZGD\PG

,FVKI

LBNPF ZH CMGM NT OKNGD

,OKENK

KZVS

FPSZV

[K[KF OKF EZGK \ZK[

.(1996

\EKNK :FKZVS

,(1984 EIGBPF WGCKYF)

,(1991 NPZM)

KPGDZ\

1943

,(1984

NPZM)

ZIB

FPBGVF \BG ,\KNDRBP FHGZV

.(2001 FZK[N C[Y) 'DEKZNGY N[ OKN[GZK SZVCG FN[PPF [BZ SZVC F\MH F\ZK[ NT .\GZVSN FKPKMGKCC -GKRC

QNKB-ZC

OKRCZN

\JKSZCKRGB

[ZEPF

\K C

\ZDGC

\MPSGPG

BKF

JZPGNC

,FKDGNGKC-GZYKPCG

["T QGZJBK\F QGKMZB \B FNFKR .\KZCT \GZVSC YZGK C\M

FNGNKD

FZGCE

'VGZV

FMZTG

,ZGD

NBZ[K

."FPC" \TF

90 QGYKNF

/ 22

NBZ[K

SB QGZ[

ZI #r # KZ+Tzr # ^a N+kI #P ^F#

\fJerô \fc^CAT I#+RTz#V^N \faZ# OK]Rr@ \I##R^H]R FY&KE]KZ]êB& Fl@@N ?Q@XK+N^N YeY@H x&Nl&F# #TecP# U@SfR O@NeB KeXP@ ,#T+GfbF#-D@ic#F#-x&Nl&F#-O#NeB KZ+fIBzP+ ?U#S N#T OK]N@DTzP# \E&E&fR Kv]^Cr#I^P# ?ZE&I&#a OK]S@R^M]R OKZ]E@Iz Fl@#j { x&Nl&F# Nr& #T+Gfb CB@^N QfZ@j]H ZK]C^X \K]pF#^N { NK]VfZfN^M Nr& Fl@Ab { K]RBz@a I\#&o B` XP^]N ZeZI^r] Nr& T\#&o QfFP^v] \#NF>@X ,BZ+fY-ZfB Nh+F&^N O@NfTF@ \fE^Nf\â Cv#^M]R K]ml&P] FP@ Z#Cc^ ,F+mF] ,F+mF] J@TePâ \Y&&ov#^SP] ,x@j N@j F@CeXTz \fKF^]N Q+j OB] Q+Mv@]K B` N Eq@ARP^F# ,NfE@bF# Z&V+nF# eFc^ QBP@ KE+K]a KZ+Fz ,KE#@Kâ B` N OB] F@Cv+#N Kv]^R#jZ^]mr&^j KBP# fB NKZ]ôB#â K#NeB Or@ KB+ .\P&<BF@ Nr& F@CFzB#P+ ,OK]iI# fN^MB@^N Kv]^N` M@K ,W` aF#^G O]Kl#F# \#TeRv^P] Kv]^N#pF]r& GK\@fTfZ^H]a K\]fB N` h]ir& OK]Rt@#a NfE@bF# fNK]V^M]a xZ&` pF#P+ \eV+KTzP+ N#T I#K]mF#^N K\]K]XZ@ ,FP@F+âF#^G OB+F@ NY#r^P] ,K]NY@r^P] N@j \B& QfPE^q#F# CB@F@ B` N ?F@NKE]^b-K+Tr^]oP] J#TP^ eRK+N@T Z` Pr^]N Or@ EP#@T KP] ;#TK]X^Vl#F# FZ@@T^nF# KF+` N<B OT] ,\eNE^#b T#br A P^ ,E#C^N Z\+@eF]^N Q@Melr& OF@Z@^CB# (d\@Z@F>J@â F@NKI]^CP# { I#XZ&^N FZ@@H rB+ x@a HI#B` v N#C^N Kr]^V#R KZ]P^t@F]) \fKI@Bz#G OKI]B# ,OK]YIzfpF# OK]M@S^MASP^F# OK]NB+F@ B` N OB] Or@ EP#@T KP] QKB+r& \fYerv^F# x#C^S { ZF#` gF#^G Oc@F# \fKZ^&T ,F@K^SfZâP^B#^G Q@R@T \fhP]â YfRKv]F# N#TP+ Kv]^R#MZ@r&^j { ?FP@F+âF#P+e YZ@@aF#P+ dP@^X#T OB+F@ NKc]^Cv# OB]^G .NKc]^CF#^N F@j^Nl##j ,\]K#aF# EP+fT GKv@I^v# \]K#g#j ,O@T^N]a Nr& fZfPIz#j ,OK\]eZr+ \I#^Vr]^j Kv]^R#MZ@ F@g]a ,O]KP#r@ \fiANr^^Nv#r^F] N@M^G ,Kv]^R#MZ@ .dZ@eCTz fic# B@N^V]R B` N Z@CE@^G ,F@KE&@T^N]a Q+Mv@]K B` N Z@Cc@r& fkr& \fZ@ar^]mF# EK]nF# \fo]N^Y N#T KI#F# \B& Kv]E^P#^XF] d@a \&R&nZAP^F# F@TeRv^#a eKF@ ,\]K#a Nr& Fv&r^P]e .K]HI@^N

21 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

SB QGZ[ FEPKNG

FEPN

.FZGPG

\KBSP

,\ZZG[P

,1966

\EKNK

\NTCG ,CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGBC OKKSBNY OKEGPKNN DGIC FXZP

OGKM

.\G\EF

KEGPKNN

\KRMG\C

.B.P

ZBG\

\GZVSN FXZPM \DNEPG OKN[GZKC OZM QGMPC \GZVSN .\GRG[F .CDRC

ZHF KRK\R

\GBJKSZCKRGBF

QGKZGD-QC ,(1997 ,(2001

QKC

\JKSZCKRGBC

D\/QGYKNF) ,EIGBPF

FCK\M 2011-C

\GKRMG\C \IZGB

FIRPG

\ZZG[P

FPNTR ZFF OB+ NGI \[BG [P[F OKNCIG \GPNGS

:FKZVSP

WGCKYF

,SGP\KZ)

FKZK[ ZVS .(2006 ,EIGBPF WGCKYF ,SGP\KZ) FR[C YKNBKC ESGPC ZGB \GBZN EK\T \DNPCG

,2002

FN[PPF

[BZ

SZVC

F\MH

.FBCF

NBZ[K-FYKZPB KZ[YN QZYF OTJP OKZXGKN JKKZCNGV ,\KCZT ,\KNDRB { \GV[ FPMN GPDZG\ FKZK[ .2005 {

\KERNGFG

\KRCGNS

,\K\VZX

,\KRPZD

,\KRGEYP

.ONGTCG WZBC \T KC\MC OKPSZV\PG

90 QGYKNF

/ 20

NBZ[K

HZKNB NBZ[K

& KPBN

QI Nt Tr @^ AF # N# & I #eov #F # NB & OY@ OE@B @ fP^ X# T \& B I G #Y+fN^ TE+fK^ G FZ@v SF # @^ # fHK B + x fv N B & (F@ TKE]^K fH O@RP ^B @ OB ]) .BfC@ N F@KF pr Cc@F a @ xKZ]@ & Z@ # B@ eeF j ZI #\ ^]K fa T#DZ&F @ BfC@K x@ #B # OK]ih ]B ] OK]Kemr ] YZ# Y] N OKr N] a FP ]@bZ^P A Kv ]^ # \BZ#^ F@KF V^ j EfT F&KF @r & K] ^]K B` kt & :F@m&RKB B NB G +r & KP ] \& +fr BeF^ Kv o Q@ MKF ]P ]B zF @ F@R @ +

19 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

HZKNB NBZ[K ,\KZCTF FJKSZCKRGBC FKVGSGNKVG \KZCT \GZVS EPN

NIF HZKNB .WZBC K[KPI ZGE ,OKN[GZKC 1936-C ENGR

CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGBC \K\BGG[F \GZVSG FKVGSGNKVG

F[GN[ OSZVG ,ZVGSM OK[K[F \GR[C G\CK\M \B

QGMPCG QGMK\ ZVS \KCC \GZVSN FZGPM EPKN .QGCZGSCG

GK\GHIPP FZ[T .OKZXY OKZGVKS KXCGY KR[G OKRPGZ

.OKZGP \Z[MFN OZM

NJ USGK OT C\M[ \GKZCKNFG ,ONGTCG WZBC GNTGF -GKRG QGERGN ,QMRKP ,DZGCPFC ZB[F QKC GTXGC FZVGBN -N\C 1998-C F\NTGF ,"USGK" ,QFC[ FRGZIBF .YZGK .CKCB OSZV\F ,(1980)

OIN \KC LZE

,QG[BZF GKZK[ ZVS

OKZ[T OSZV HBP .OKFZCKB BK\P 'DZG'D JTF-O[ \I\ ,(1997 QGYKNF)

\KJB ] [B

{ OKVGIE OKZCE G QKKJ[ZGC GPDZG\

ZGZE

(2009 FZK[N C[Y)

\MKZTC

GKZVSP

OFKRKC ,FZK[ KZVS F[GN[G

OKCZ

FPGEB \NE

2010=1980 OKZK[ ZICP .(2010

EIGBPF

WGCKYF)

[BZ SZV OFKRKC ,OKCZ OKSZVC G\GB GMKHG \K\VZXN O"GYB KSZV FPM ,FZK[N QPZ\NB Q\R SZV ,FN[PPF .2008 FZK[N YKNBKC SZVG

90 QGYKNF

/ 18

NBZ[K

SBKNB KCB

C` F@X oK']Dâ QP B +r @ rKB]^G OKF]` N< ,FZ@s N QfI@ p]mF a @ Q#b E#K^ # xZ&E&^ d@ N Z+ o# SP v^ C# S Nr a HI ê B@ & dE@@K^ +fB K\ ]K]KF @ a# T+ Sfmr Qt TP X oK']D^ & QP +t @F # rK B ]F @r & +# ê C` F@ .OK] F` N< B BeF ,JfY^ S& B \fKZ^#DK] S Uh kr kA I^ j# F ZP p# F Kc+P a ZJ F O#b +] & OK] && #^ + ft# S^ Yfa \# a^ N# j K] \fB # T+R^ Mr ^ Z& ] B` N ,\Z&l &ARP .F@ NT^P F` N< Br kP jA S^ a #^N Cr + fK OK] & ,OK] ] \fiZ]@ Br B^G \& Nc&# a Y# Vc@ eFr T .F@ \P & ZP #@ & Kl ]r & E# + Bl @]

SBKNB KCB -N\C NBZ[K-\PZ FYGXPF \RGM[C NEDG 1955-C ENGR BXK KEGSKF ZVSF \KCC OKEGPKN OKN[F[ KZIB .CKCB TGXYP \B "QE" LSGPC EPN OKKZFXF ZIBG ,EGCTN LNFPCG ,[GPKIF NKICG OKF NKIC \ZK[ .\GBRGMPF .FZK[ CG\MN NIFG \ZXGK FPZE EPN KBCXF G\GZK[

OGNIF EGYEGY ,(1988 EYT) OKNCGZJXB :GKZVSP WGCKYF) [KCMTF ZGHKIG BSKM ,(EIGBPF WGCKYF) QPBF OT { CGFX VK'DC QP[ [KBG OKFGNB G ,(EIGBPF .(EIGBPF WGCKYF) QP[KEY F[RP OKR[C "ZCE" QG\KTC K\GZVS ZYCPM [PK[ SBKNB -1995

OKR[C

\GZKYIF

"OKKRHBP"

URTC

YST

\TF

FR[

C\MCG

OK[GN[

1994-1993

L[PC

.1996

ZGZE \\GPT N"MHPM QFKM USGRCG ,FRKEPF \GZK[C NTCG C\M BGF OGKM .OKZKSBF CZYC \GKGRPBF OGEKYN C\MG ,"\GRGZIB \GTKEK" N[ "SGNV KBRV" QG\KTC ZGJ [P[P SBKNB USGRC ."JSGV NBZ[K" QG\KTC \GCZ\ QGBNKD QNKB M"I N[ OKKNBKXGS OKRKKRTN K[KB ZHGTM OD .\PGSZV KJZSC YI[PG ,X"ZP \TKSP

17 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

F Z K [ F N T / H &Z@G ^N B # F@K Z] P @ FS & fI GFK\K\P \KNDZP :\KEZVSP

ONGTP .FCK\MF \ZXGR LKB K\TEK BN ONGTP .CG\MN LZGX K\[DZFG FBKZYFP K\PSYGF ENK K\GKFC EGT GKNB UGB[N [K[ EIBF ZCEF[ QKPBP QKKET KRB 68 NKDC GKNT[ ZCE NM YGIPN \TEN ,CG\MN BN FP \TEN BGF .OKKY-BNF N[ ZEDC ZB[KFN :\GZCKEF \Z[T KCDN OFG ,FZCIF KKI \B CKJKFN \RP NT OKYGI OFC GC\MR QKPBP [KB KRKB { KN[ FZYPC .ONGM \NIR \GKFN OKZGPB K\NCJGF[ \GZPN ,\E UB N[ FKGGXG FKNNM NT ZPG[ KRKBG F[GI\ OT ,YGPT [DZ OT ZVGM KRB ;\KNG\YF FKKSRMC KZSGPF SKSCF BKFG ,\GYGPT KC \[Z[GPG FTGCJF \K\E .OKKIF \BG ONGTF \B K\SKV\ N[ ,SGJKYJ ,ZKVSYKK[ \B ZYKTC WKZTP KRB OKZVGSF QK+aP ,SIZGC ,QGSRCKJS ,NBERJS ,FKKDJRGP ,SGZPGF ,SGKNKDZKG ...SEKEKYG\ ,ZCGNV ,KGJSNGJ ,ZGGBFRVG[ ,FJRE ,SKVBGGBY .QPH LZGBN BZGYG ZHGI KRB[ OKZVGSF OF OKZIBG FNB

90 QGYKNF / 16

E Z V S | H &Z@G ^N B # F@K Z] P @ FS & fI GFK\\P \KNDZP :\KEZVSP

KP]K]RfRB@ ZKr] .O@i#N OZ+fH ZF@@mF # I #fIK]R UeJ@T ,Heov#F# K+XTz K]NJ @^R&KZ^fB F@RePv^ S+oE^F& fP^j ,OK]i]Y@RTzF@ NY&c&F# K+XTz QK+a .O@i#N ZF@@mF# OZ+fH x+N+K EI @B& CZ&&Tr & KP ] r+K rP &t & F# O#b TY#r ^ \]^G x+Nv+ Zr & Bz#j O@NfTF@ Zr & Bz#j ,F@i]Rt ^ F# fH^Ce OfNI z#N x+VfF Z+nP #\^P ] ,x+N+ir & KP ] r+K fP^j ,F&gF# ZKE]@mF# K]V` i#N YKv]#T ,F@TK]Yt B ^ F# KF+` N< ,OK]CKF]^HP # OK]VfI QK+a .O@iF# NB& ,Zt BP @A ^e YKv]#T

15 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

H &Z@G ^N B # F@K Z] P @ FS & fI K[DVP' \ZESC OK[DVP Z[T-EIB NFKRG OHK HZ&BGGNB# GPKKY\F[ ,'FP@KSKJRE&ZB# N[ OKKPGBNRKCF FZK[F [DVP \B YKVF OD BGF .ONGTF KCIZC OKZT QGGDPC N[ F\GEPTGP \ZDSPC ,(2004) FCGEZGYC OKZZG[PF OKSZGY OBK\G OHK QMG ,FVGZKB N[ \GCZ\F \ZKCN ZKTF NB&G F@RI&J@ZY# ,F@KSZeP OKZTC \KNZCKN FC[IPC .EZVSC NB@KZfYSB&

ZZGD\PG 1942 \R[C F@RI&J@ZY#C ENGR H&Z@G^NB# F@KZ]P@ FS&f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fS F@N' SZV \B ,1989-N 'F@NfZBYZBa' KPGBNRKCF BGF .FG&G&N KPGBNRKCF FZK[F SZV \BG 1992-N 'NBYKJZG ,EZVS ,F@KSZePC KPGBNRKCF OKZVGSF [DVP \B NFKR ["T FKPEYBC ZCIM NCY\F 2004-CG ,1986 \R[C .HKZVC FP&ZBNBP 90 QGYKNF / 14

NBZ[K

Q \ K B Z F` H

K]\Z@E^]nF# I#+XfZF@ F&XfZ FP@ .F@CFzB# F&KF^]K N` jF#r & F&XfZ K\]Z@E^]nF# I #+XfZF @ .ZK]a^SP # BeF ,F@XK+a fP^j ZP & FP # N@j +fB ,EKZ]fF^N xKZ]@X F@CFzB# fRKB+t fP^j ,U+ir # ^N ,K\]Z@E^]nF# I #+XfZF @ BeF ,OfYP @ fN QKB+ .F@XK+a Kc+ fRKB+t & FP # ,ZP + fB fB N` D@T ,Y@NI @ Q@C@N

Q \ K B Z F` H FKZGBK\G FKXKRDGY

EPNPG ZYGI

,1955

EKNK

KR[ OSZV .CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGBC \KNYKHGP

QGEKM \NJFC QPB\P KBF-e[ [K FP

ZCM/NPZM)

,(1996

:FZK[ KZVS Q\KC-QGYKNF)

NCKJSV N[ FZK[N TCJ SZVC FMH .(2007 EZ[P (1996) BGF

SZVC

,(2007)

OKZGMKC

Q\KB

.KNYSN

FNGJPC

ZVSN KHI

OKZZG[PF

\GCZ\FG

["T

QGYKNF

LGRKIF \DNPCG

ZVSF \KC N[ FRG[BZF FZK[F \\KM ZDGC .(1994) QGYKNF FZK[N

13 /

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

NBZ[K

QGSYHKB . I QGZKP

OE@B@ K\ C]R B+ NeN ]BZ+^ OKB a O& \K]K< F B` N ]@ TZ#@ Ce Cfh# a Kv a B+ NeN ]Z^I #@ ,OK\ \K]K< F B` N ]P + O& K] vr NeN ^ Z#` b B+ \K]K< F B` N OKT ]^bT ^#b\ ^P ] O& Kv C@ N B+ NeN ]r ^# OKJ o\ \K]K< F B` N ]t ^# ^P ] O& K#R@ a K+ NeN

QGSYHKB . I QGZKP

OK]DZ^fF O& \K]K< F B` N Kv NeN ]r ^B ] K+ \K]K< F B` N ,OKr ]I z#RP ^ O& K# \fBP N ^ \fZP ^# OKZ]^ MfH K\ ]fB KB N ]fCI zP # \fZP ^# OKB XfP O& M^RKB ]^ + K\ ]fB

FJKSZCKRGBC EPN .WZBC KTKCZ ZGE ,1956 ,FVKIC ENGR FKVGSGNKVG OKJV[P CKCB-N\ \JKSZCKRGBCG \KZCTF \KZCT \GZVSN ZCI ZGSVGZVM [P[P OGKMG ,\KEGFK .QNKB-ZC \JKSZCKRGBC

ZICP FM ET OFC QGZIBF ,FZK[ KZVS FRGP[ OSZV FTCZBG ,(2007 EIGBPF WGCKYF) OK[EI OKZK[G WGCKYF) FHKNT N[ FRGKZF FM ET OFC QGZIBF ,OKRPGZ G\ZK[ OT OKZGJKNY\ GBXK USGRC .(2010 EIGBPF KBRC Z\KCB ,ZJMZ KRGKM OKBYKHGP TGXKCC \RINGPF

OEB ,FM ET QGZIBF YSKEF .OKZIBG

G\F" KEK-NT BXK ,

.2006 \R[C QDP KNB N[ GTGXKCC "KRKP[F OGDZ\C

GPSZGV

,FZK[CG

FHGZVC

,GKZVSP

FTC[

G\ZK[ NT .FKSGZCG \VZXC ,FKDCZGRC ,\KZCF \GXZBC .FZK[N NDGY SZVCG \GZVSN FRKEPF BK[R SZVC FMH TGC[F \[ZV NT KTGC[F ZGJF \B ESKK QGSYHKB ."WZBF" QG\KTC

90 QGYKNF

/ 12

NBZ[K

ZGB ZKPB FZ@K] a

F@ReDF z FE@fCTz ,QfM@R

,ZP S QKB Nr XZ&@ N #B @ ,\fa] + O@ ^l AF # I#

N@ CB aZ^F z ,F+ # \Z&Z&I ^r #P ^

,O@ Nr Y&K^ afB reZc@ O@ Nr XZ&@ N ^P A J^ ^l AF # I#

E+ aB Nr XZ& #P ^ fRKB + O@ ^P A I#

.WK]Gr eB a HB j ^^ #^ @ F@KF @r & fP^

.\I oJ VB #B # F@ ] ek] z

fP^ j B@ kB Cel# j ,\fVZ@s & ,Q@ ^l ]F # B` N

,ZK] a^ SF N&K Nr Vs j ] ,E& & O]K\ #@ ^ fP^

ZP N WeIP j ZI #B @ ,FE@fCT zF @ \fTr ^] ] ,x@ #B #

j ,U& XY&@ G NfI fP^

Yv G +v #r ^F ]^

Fv j @B #r & fP^

U& Xq&# a JK] aP #

,# TP + fr

.O+DfN^ G

.# TP G F\ +fr^ &fr XZ&F .ZP CF Nr @ #B @ ,F@ zB # BeF O@ ^l AF # I# ,O@ Nr Cc@ rq+# CP Nr XZ&F ^P A Z@ ^ B` N O@ ^l AF # I# @ \\ N YZ# +@ .y v N@ M^K K] V^ j ^^ M]H^ a ek] VB Q]KE#T V^ kF z z OK]iI #F # ,F\ @K] # QfZ^ ,E@iF B eN^ SZ^T N^KF VB X&R # \& ]r & \fN@ # ek] z .I# T E& SI j N# V@mr VB ,Zq#F aF & fP^ & Q\ &t &F # ek] z # Zs @@ # N# ,UfS^RKB TF VB + EfT ZKT ]F +r & CY+@ & ek] z ,JY&t VB &F # ek] z .ZP #B @ .U& Xq&# a JK] aP #

11 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

XKNGO: ERKBN X'X'KY

ZGB ZKPB \B OHKG QGYKNF \\GPT \B TNS \KZKB OT ESKK ZGB

ZVSG FZK[ KZVS FT[\ OSZV .1956 ,CKCB-N\C ENGR

FJKSZCKRGBC

FZKFBJ ZK[ { OFC[ OKRGZIBF .EIB FHGZV EIGBPF WGCKYF) QPHF QGBKHGP ,(2001 NGDZI ,KRGKEC GKZK[ .(2010 FZK[N C[Y) CNC[ FKIF G (2007

EPNPG ,QGYKNF N[ K[BZF LZGTM OGKM QFMP .FYK\TF

FT[\CG \GKDGNG\RBC ,\T KC\MC \GV[ 36-C GPSZGV

ESKKP ZCI BGF ZGB .N"GICG WZBC \ZXGK FCK\MG FMKZT

,"OGK" ,"ZK[" ,"\ZPGB FV[F" ,"SR") \KNDRBC OKZVS

FZK[F NCKJSV ,FZK[N ZVSF \KC OFKRKC ,FK\GNTVP FKVGSGNKVG \K\BGG[F \E EPN .\TF C\MG KPGBNRKCF \KRGGKF

QFMPG

\EF

NT FC

,ENCWP

EPKNG

\KVGZKBF

,\KZCTF

FCK\MF

\GKRMG\

\[ZC

SGVB)

\KRPGZ ,("ZK[") \KRNGV ,("QPHF QGBKHGPP \GRGP\"G

EKN[ "OGN[F QTPN OKZZG[P" QGDZB N[ KXZB OB\PM

\ZTR

QM .("OKKI OKP O[GR BGF TCGJ") \KRGEYPG ("OKT[GV

SNJB KPGBNRKCF \TF C\M N[ KXZB LZGTMG O"GBF

BKF

FZK[F")

\KCZT

("L\GB

ZCER

BGC")

{ \GRG[ \GV[P GKPGDZ\ N[ OKZVS F[K[ OSZV QGSVPS FRGKV \BP

GRKRKC YIZPF

OFC[ QGZIBF

\DNP ] C ZB[F QKC FMH G\ZK[ NT .(2008 FZK[N C[Y) SZVCG

FN[PPF

[BZ

SZVC

,OKZXGKN

JKKZCNGV

Z[ SZVC { FYK\T \KRGGKP GKPGDZ\ NTG ,QKKJ[RZC .\GCZ\F

90 QGYKNF

/ 10

;FCGD\C[ FNGTV YZ BNB \KBPXT FNGTV QKB GKETNC[ ,KSKSCF K\BF F[TPF BKF \GKZIB \IKYN \ZKXKN KZYKTF KNMF BKF GRGHING G\GKZIBN OEB N[ G\GMH \[IMF .WKYFC OGNI YZ BNB QGHI QKB N[ G\Z[GKG GEGCM \[IMF BKF GRPXT NT \GMPSKFNG \GKZIBN GR\GMH \[IMF .[GBKKG \KNJRP \GECT .OEBF GRPGKY \IJCFC NKI\P QG[BZF \GKZIBF NDTP .\KZJRXRGY FNGTVC ONGTC \NTGV ,FBZR LM ,\GKZIB GRKENKN FDBE \NNGM GR\GKZIB[ ZGZC KE KR[F OKKIF NDTPC .GR\IGGZNG GR\GBKZCN FDBECG KHKVF \PKK\SP FNBF OKKPKRVF OKNDTPF \[GN[C OBF NCB .GRKZCIN OD {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{ \GEZ[KF N[ OKIRGPC Z\GK \INXGPF LZEF OD BGF KCZPF .OKKI Z\GK[ FPM N[ \KEEFF \GEZ[KFF BNB ,ZCD OKNBE GXKVFG GEPKN \GNGEDF \G\EFG \GKVGSGNKVF NM :\G[EI \RKICC BGF FHF JG[VF NNMF[ ZPGN F[Y .GRN[ OKK\ZCIF OKRCPCG OKK[KBF GRKKIC EKP\NG \IB G\GB O[KKN GRKEKC FNT BN \BH NMCG ,G\GB BNB ,OKCB[PC GB KDGNGRMJ TEKC ZGSIP N[ \GBXG\ ORKB OGFKHG QKSGNMGB \GXXGV\F ,FPINP ,CTZ .\GKZIBC ZGSIP N[ ZICR[ LMC JG[V :[ZGE NMN F[KDR ,OGYP NMC BKF ,QMCG { ?\GKZIB Z\GK DK[FN NMGR ,QM OB ,LKB Q\KR FH .OKKI KNDTP Z\GKN GRN[ FDBEF \BG \GK\VMKBF \B CKIZR[ LMC ,FRPP EGTG EGT \IYN N[ FCIZF NT CG[IN Q\KR { FGGF QPHC GR\JNIFN EKP\ QG\RG ,OKNTGV GRIRB[ FNGTV NMC OG[KKN .\GCGI N[ EGYN ZGGKT \GKXM BNG ,FVKB[MG ETKM GR\GKZIB OKXGZ GRB[ KCZPF CGJN I\VPF OF CGJF NB FVKB[FG \GKZIBN NBKXRJGVF[ FBZR ZCE N[ GVGSC OKV\G[PF OKK[GRBF \GZXGBF OKZGXB GC[ ZXGBF \KC \B GC IG\VN GRN QG\R FHF I\VPF .DK[FN \GZXGB OF FNB NMG .KVGKG \GK\ZKXK ,QGKPE ,FCFB :OKXTFN OKVBG[ \GRPBFG FZK[F[G ,GRNGMN .Z\GK OFC OKYNGI[ NMM Z\GK OKTVG[F ZGB ZKPB

BN OKZPGB GRIRB .\ZIB FKGV[ LZE GRKRVN QKB KM ,\GZCEKFFG [DVPF IGMC ,OKRKPBP GREGTG ,GRPBF ,[VGIG OGN[ N[ Z\GK CGJ EK\TN F\VKB[NG OEBF IGZN QM OKZPGBG ,\G[KEBNG EIoN ,FBR[N .\GK\VMKBG \GRNCGS OKEYP OKZZG[P [DVP WZBC OKKYP KPGBNRKCF FZK[F NCKJSV ,N` j#N ZT[F I\VKK OZJC EGT ,FR[F OHKP \ZDSPC ,"\GNGCDN ZC+TP \GZVS" QGDZBG QGYKNF N[ FXTGPF \MKP\C[ TVGP EIK GRKMK \KCZTG \KZCT] KC\GM OKNBZ[K F[GN[G N"GIP OKZKTX OKZZG[P F[GN[ .\KJKZCF .NCKJSVF \PKC NT OFKRKC KJBGVF DGNBKEF \GZKV \B GDKXKG ,\GRPBG FZK[ \BP FZK[F NT \GZXY \GSP QMG ,ZG[TF NCKJSV KV\\[P NM N[ OKZK[ OKPSZV\P OMKEKC[ ZVSC .FNB OKPKC YGNIR[ FZKXKFG OKZK[F NGNMPNG KIF [DVPN FPKEYP \GZMKF \RKICC { N"GIP GRKIZGB

Word Express

\GZCKEF \Z[T

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{ \GKGZSKY ETG \GIV[PP { OKKJKNGV-GKXGS OKRCP .\GKNMNM OKMZEC FPXT .FKZGJSKFF N[ FRGEBM FBZR[ BGF IGMF BNB FRGC\F BN :OKREKT L[PC \IYN OKNGMK GRRKB[ ,OEBF \GDFR\FN Z[YC ZCE \G[TN OKNDGSP GRRKB[ EKKP OMSN NMGR \BH IMGRN \K[VGI FCK[IN UBG[F OEB NGMK OBF NCB .ZI[ ZSI F[TP BGF FHC QGEN GNKVB[G ,\GKZIB FKNT ?FHM OGMKS OT OKMSFN Z\GK CGJ ONGTNG

\GZCKEF \Z[T \GCYTC FZK[ :OKFGNBG OKZY[ ,SYS ZT[N ZG[T BGF \KCZTC "ZT[" FNKPF N[ FRCGP .ZT[ KPGBNRKCF FZK[F NCKJSVN ZG[T OKDDGI GRIRB FR[F I\V FZK[F LZE IG\VN FZJPN GPXTN Os ZT[ ,\BH IGZC ;CIZ FSKRM I\V { \KZCTCG ,ZK[ :OKDGNBKE N[ QGGDPN IG\V ZT[F FKF ZG[T L[PC .K[GRB-NM DGNBKENG KVGK N[ FKGGIN ,FC[IPN \GKGRPB QKCN FZK[ QKC DGNBKEG ,\G\EG \GKGCZ\ ,\GV[ QKC DGNBKE ,OKBZGYN OKZZG[P QKC DGNBKE F\GB FRKFG F\KF ZT[ N[ \KEGIKKF FKGGIF .GBKEKGe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

Gece / eNDfK]a&N'&X ZeR'&XYf&D

102 103 104

(FZK[F NT)

107

/ eNDfK] a& N'& X ZeR'& XYf& D

:I# XZ^] v B` N

/ F@ N& SRKY QG'D

\GZCKEF \Z[TG FZK[ ,OKZZG[P NT

/ F@ N& SRKY QG'D

I# XZ^] v B` N ?FZK[ KFP

/ F@ CZ &Y @ SKZGE

QPZCGND NTK :\KNDRBP { (FZK[F NT)

Sina ei pea mitte / F@CZ&Y@ SKZGE

110 110

/ eNDfK] a& N'& X ZeR'& XYf& D

Thou Shalt Not Kill: / F@N&SRKY QG'D

106

108

F@ N^K# N [VIP

ZCIPFG QXKR NJ ,ZNMGC FZERSMNB :\KYZGJP {

DSP FRKCS ,YKZJVNKYP OKZP :\KRGJSBP {

111

(FZK[F NT)

ZRCKZ FKCGJ

Licem u lice / 'WKCfJSKZ FRB

115

117

OK]R@ o N& B OK]R@ o (FZK[F NT) OKVKH[

118

ZP B&R B` kt #< & FP #

116

/ F@ CZ &Y @ SKZGE

ZKr ] F&H /

113

QXKR NJ ,ZSKNV ENGGB :\KCZSP {

/ 'WKCfJSKZ FRB / 'WKCfJSKZ FRB

/ ENVRZJ[ FYKCX

OK[EI \GNGY \Z&& \fj B` N^ N

120

xKB +

121

T#DZ& / CKRK HT` a O] B / WM F@R^ CK] N

122 123 124 125 126

/ OeZ@ j QBPKZBR KCMGM-\KPT FRI :\KCZTP {

pF j QBPKZBR dE@fS \B k#DP # / OeZ@ & F@ ^ Zfo] KZ]P ^t @F ] / KYSRKCGN FRE

128 129 130 131 132 133 134 136

/ DZC Q\RGK

/ \GRZD ZGBKN

/ K] SB@ eP R KNT # I ^eS@ ZCIPFG ZGJYVS-ZNDRB FKP ,KNBZ[K KBRK ,KERN QKKTP :\KCZTP {

K] VeSB z

/ K] SB@ eP R KNT # I ^eS@

Q]KY# / ZGP EKGE F@ CfJ Fc@^ N#K / ZHKR FZGB QKP F^ N B` N^ G \fBZ^] N / GK\S FZK[ ]B z# CfIZ^-K+ Mz B^ NP # / HGT NBKRE ZK] Y IZ#& o / KZGI[ Z& C&b BeFr \P & K# @ / ZI[

FZTK YIXK

90 QGYKNF / 6

55 57 59 60 61 63 64 65 66 68 69 71 72 74 74 75 77 78 79 81 82 84 85 86 88 90 91 93 95 96 97 99 100

5 / OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[

(FZK[F NT) FYKJBGV FPKRKP / SfRBK^GBNG SKZBI

rfR<B \eTJ@ N#N^D]a / FKZMH \RT DESCONSUELO / QfZ&H FRKN ZGB ZKPB ,SBDZBG FKZP :\KEZVSP { QfPl @r ] / QfZ&H FRKN (FZK[F NT) O\ZK[G OKZZG[PF ,ONGTF / QfZ&H FRKN ±êàÝØ / UfJSKZI^ QBGGKB a / UfJSKZI^ QBGGKB ZEKY-QPJNB QRGZ ,NEGZ FN'DRB :\KZDNGCP { K]RZ^& (FZK[F NT) FZK[ [K GRN / UfJSKZI ^ QBGGKB xl+B] K]\K]KF@ B` kr & / KYSCJKN FKCX DZ+fF^N FB@@XfF / KZKBP ETND O#b B@aB# / FINBXP QBPNS U+K@T / KMEZP GKZP-ZI[ E&SI& \#\P@Fz / NGT[P KDB / K[KBeSJR F@KRBa ac]F# \Z&s T O T e Y K F / ZGB ZKPB ,K[KBeSJR FKRBC :\KRVKP { \fZ^ & z ] ^# K[KBeSJR F@KRBa (FZK[F NT) \KNGNKP \KNKVZT :GMG\PG GYKKFF QTPN / K[KBeSJR F@KRBa Ben Adan / S^YZ^&R SKRE& ZGB ZKPB :\KNDRBP { QBE#B @ Q&a / S^YZ^&R SKRE& (FZK[F NT) FZFXF / SY^Z^R&-KE / BCBS ZBGRB ZCIPF :\KCZTP { Zs @ @T-EI#B#F@ Z+ac]F# / BCBS ZBGRB 5:46, Andheri Local / OBKRBPBZaeS KJBFEReZB@ QPZCGND NTK :\KNDRBP { K]RfZKT ] ,KZ]F&E^^RB# GY# 5:46 / OBKRBPBZaeS KJBFEReZB@ (FZK[F NT) ?FZK[ FPN / OBKRBPBZaeS KJBFEReZB @ \&M&oF#^\l]F# CZ&I&F# Nr & FE@+kF# ZE#Iz \J#&RfS / YPGS KRGZ / FEfT FJKZ \t QPHGND FBN :\KCZTP { FY@K] ^ F# C#N^X / FEfT FJKZ [G\K / HGT SGPT The White Bird / QKKJ#[RKK#V QKK+NKB C^kF# Zfo]pF# / QKKJ#[RKK#V QKK+NKB ZGB ZKPB :\KNDRBP { F@R@ (FZK[F NT) FCK\M N[ OKKI / QKKJ #[RKK#V QKK+NKB EfT y^a T#bB& B` N / KYSCGNKV FBN \fEK]\Tz Z+CfY ,ZI@l@#N E+DfS / ENV EEGT

OKCG\MF ZES 7 11 12 13 15 15 16 17 19 21 23 25 25 26 27 29 31 33 35 36 38 39 40 43 44 45 47 49 50 52 54 54

(BGCP) \GZCKEF \Z[T \GCYTC FZK[ :OKFGNBG OKZY[ ,SYS / ZGB ZKPB

FZ@K] a / ZGB ZKPB OE@B @ / QGSYHKB .I QGZKP K] \Z@E^] nF XfZF XfZ FP #I #+ @ F& @ / Q\KB ZF` H

Cancionero AnoÂ nimo / HZ&@G^NB# F@KZ]P@ F&SfI

GFK\\P \KNDZP :\KEZVSP { KP NB ]K]RfRB @ ZKr ] / HZ&@G^ # F@KZ]P @ F&SfI

NB (FZK[F NT) ONGTP / HZ&@G^ # F@KZ]P @ F&SfI C` F@ X oK']D^ a QP B / SBKNB KCB +r @ rKB ]^G OKF ]` N< QI Nt Tr vF @^ AF # N# & I #eo# # NB & OY@ OE@B @ / HZKNB NBZ[K kI ZI a N+ #P ^F # / SB QGZ[ #r # KZ+Tzr #^ F@ M+ nP # / JZPGNC \GZ

Nealegere / FRBKE^R#Na FRB

a KB Na FRB \GRZD F[PG NPZM NGB[ :\KRPGZP { FZ@KI ]^ ] / FRBKE^R#

Na FRB (FZK[F NT) JY[F \B [EIP ZGXKN / FRBKE^R#

OKP NP ]I zZ# B+ @ NB + / [BZF QC HKBGP K] NK] N / QGBZC KNTJR K] YTz^ X] v / USGK-ZC NJGPI nF FE@Y+TzF @ Nr & Zeo] # / BR\ZC QGKXZGB \fPKr ]^R QP #fK / ZSGRD FEZG OI kF o NK] Cr && # KZ+eZ+ ^ / QPZCGND NTK

Livro das Quedas, 170 / fJKZa FE& fZKPKHY

ZGB ZKPB ,QZea SKBGN :\KNDGJZGVP { 170 ,OK] G@ \^ nF V+ S / fJKZa FE& fZKPKHY # Z& (FZK[F NT) FZK[C OKRG[BZF KE#TX / fJKZa FE& fZKPKHY

DeÂ sert ouÁ les mots s'eÂ vaporent / HeNE& YZP

\F kl aE^P QPZCGND NTK ,HGNE YZP :\K\VZXP { eE^iB #^ ]r & OK] ]F # Z# ] / HeNE& YZP (FZK[F NT) FZK[G OKZZG[P / HeNE& YZP

ZfB@ a O& \& j / NYSE KYKZ OE#Y@ # TeDTz#b / KV[-ZF QGKS \fCB o ,CK] CB v SB# NB@ o / JZMKKG KVZ @ KY+Z^] @-N+ K]RKP Y&K^ afB Nr ] J^ & QfZ@j]H / QPSKG \KZGE

La Madre EÂ (Finalmente) Morta / SfRBK^GBNG SKZBI GBNG SKZBI KZTS KPZ :\KRGGKP { La Madre EÂ (Finalmente) Morta / SfRBK^

90 QGYKNF / 4

OKZK[FG OKZZG[PF { ZT[ Sha'ar ± The International Poetry Festival Poets and Poems

\KGG[MT FZK[N \KDGNG\RB FZES { QGYKNF NBZ[KC FZK[F OGEKYN QGYKNF \\GPT \BXGFC

10 FR[ / KPGBNRKCF FZK[F NCKJSV { ZT[ B"T[\ ,2010 GK\S ,NCKJSVF ZVS ZGB NBKCB ZKPB :K[BZ LZGT OGNC-QGJZY \GZ ,YPGS KRGZ ,JZMKKG KVZ ,ZERNGF KZGB ,QPZCGND NTK ,F[P-QC ZKYK :\MZTPF (\ZIB QKGX OB BNB) ZEKY-QPJNB QRGZ :FZK[ NT \GSPG OKKI \GZGY OGDZ\ ZKZVX KRGZ :CGXKT FRVGD :SGVEN FRMFG KRG[N WGTKK P"TC SGVE \GYVF QZGB .B :FSVEFG \GIGN ISBN

& 5935-2970 C"\SP ,(Z"T) NBZ[KC FZK[F OGEKYN F\GPTF ,"QGYKNF"N \GZGP[ \GKGMHF NM

,LCZGB QGRZB ,(Z"GK) QZJ[RDZGP-[ZC FZGBKN Z"E :\KZGCKXF FNFRFF KZCI IN[ K\B ,JSGZV KSGK ,NDS \KZGR ,ZGRD FCGFB Published by

HELICON Society for the Advancement of Poetry in Israel

Partner of the European Network of Cultural Journals Eurozine, www.eurozine.com Member of Lyrikline.org; Partner of

LAF / Literature Across Frontiers; Member of

ENCWP / The European Network of Writing Programs KZGC\ QGZGE ,KJBRYZ QGBN ,QPENV ZGEDKCB ,TNS NBMKP ,TNS \KZKB ,YPGS KRGZ ,ZGB ZKPB :OKESKKP \GCZ\FG LGRKIF EZ[P ,\GRPBNG \GCZ\N NFRP ]F TGKSC BXGK WCGYF GVK=CKCB-N\ \KKZKT ,\GKGRPBFG \GCZ\F UDB ,\GCZ\FG LGRKIF NFRP ] TGKSCG

‫שער‬

‫עשור לשער‬

‫פסטיבל השירה הבינלאומי ‪ 2010‬המשוררים והשירים‬

‫פסטיבל השירה הבינלאומי‬

‫סקס‪ ,‬שקרים ואלוהים‪:‬‬

‫בעקבות עשרת הדיברות‬

‫שער‬

‫פסטיבל השירה הבינלאומי ה‪10-‬‬

‫המשוררים והשירים ‪2010‬‬

‫‪90‬‬ ‫מחיר מומלץ ‪ 55‬ש"ח‬

‫משרד התרבות והספורט‬ ‫משרד החוץ‬

‫شعر ‪٢٠١٠‬‬ ‫مهرجان دولي للشعر‬