Smart village1 by Stuti Sareen

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Hochschule fĂźr Wirtschaft und Umwelt NĂźrtingen-Geislingen (D)

Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf (D)

Joint study programme IMLA International Master of Landscape Architecture

SMART VILLAGES Integrated Rural Development Approach for Indian Villages

Author: Stuti Sareen under the supervision of Dr. - lng. Ellen Fetzer and Dr Roger Evans

Summer Semester 2017

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Declaration of Honor

â&#x20AC;&#x17E;I declare that I have written this master thesis self dependently and without additional devices except where indicated. I further declare that all citations and other authorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; thoughts are quoted completely and correctly. â&#x20AC;&#x153;

Place, Date ...............

....................................................................... Signature: name, surname

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SMART VILLAGES Integrated Rural Development Approach for Indian Villages The Landscape Approach to plan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; build - empower

Stuti Sareen International Master in Landscape Architecture pg. 5

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LIBRARY PAGE Tittle SMART VILLAGES Integrated Rural Development Approach for Indian Villages The Landscape Approach to plan – build – empower Author: Stuti Sareen Supervisor Dr. - lng. Ellen Fetzer HfWU Nürtingen-Geislingen ellen.fetzer@hfwu.de Supervisor Dr Roger Evans Evanter OÜ Pärnu, Estonia / Troon, Scotland evanter.ou@gmail.com Type of Assignment Master Thesis in International Masters in Landscape Architecture Publishing 06 July 2017 Format A4 Number of Pages xx Font Century Gothic Photos and figures Produced by author if nothing else is mentioned Keywords Rural Development, Economy, Landscape and Democracy, Agriculture, Integrated Approach

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"Our habitation must enable us to know and work with our neighbors. It must be resilient enough to endure. It must impel us by its beauty to fill our hearts with gladness. All three are essential. "

Randolph T. Hester Jr. (2006, p. 419)

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ABSTRACT

Figure 1 Abstract and Keywords

Sustainable development is a big word but actually guiding us to be very simple and local. No comprehensive overall development is possible without revisiting the small but abundant drops of the sea. Thus, for india, the big country with varied virtues and aspirations, traditions and modernism, Recourse and scarcity, it is not possible to set a sustainable future without revisiting the tiny rural cosmopolitans spread everywhere on its vast. India has a widespread framework for Rural Development in its legislative book but still seems to lack to achieve the overall change scenario. This thesis has tried to bring the perspective of a landscape architect for the development on the grass root level. The methods used to investigate the situation where chosen to understand and somehow test the relevance of contemporary international definition of Landscape Approach on the ground zero level. Also the national policy advocating the overall rural development was studied. The combination of both the strategic policy frameworks, give rise to further explore the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perspective of the landscape for with the ethics of Landscape and Democracy where used. This gave a further directive to a Landscape architect on How to explore the social capital in relation to the ecological capital of the place. pg. 11

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report is the conclusion of my two-year education at the Weihenstephan Triesdorf University of Applied Sciences, Freising. The thesis is equivalent to 20 ECTs. During the tenure of my study, I have become aware of many new and essential terminologies and their meaning concerning Landscape. Other than the conventional study topics the course offers Master level education based in 4 pillars, Namely Information Technologies in Planning and Design Planning and Design Methods International Planning and Design Planning and Project Management These core subjects were further explored in Planning and Design Projects at various scales. Also the opportunity to participate in Online International Seminars, Landscape Education for and Social Entrepreneurship for Local Change, Democracy Cofounded by Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union was another deeply motivating in site into the academic and professional world. This background and involvement in projects developed my interest to imply these theories and practices learnt in my home country. Bringing international perspectives and testing them on very local scale was the idea. So, the idea to research on Rural Landscape of India and applying the internationally accepted and promoted approach was envisioned. The thesis then, can serve as a guide for landscape architects and policy makers to see how our professional knowledge can contribute to the local landscape and strengthen the Bottom Up approach for planning projects. I want to thank my supervisors, Dr.-Ing. Ellen Fetzer, for her inspiration, patience, invaluable help, and guidance throughout the process and Dr Roger Evans, Evanter OĂ&#x153; PĂ¤rnu, Estonia. Also a big thanks to all my friends and family who contributed with their valuable time and intellectual knowledge to embrace this thesis and its outcomes. Since the thesis focuses on the example of one village, I again extend my thanks to the villagers for their cooperation and help in understanding and expressing to the interactive sessions. A whole hearted thanks to Simmi Sareen, Bhavna Sareen, Manish Chaudhary, Eliza Salman, R.K. Mehta, Sarpanch of village Karyal and Gurbhisham sarpal for extending me helping hand in the hour of need. I hope you enjoy the reading. Stuti Sareen

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CONTENTS Library Page .........................................................................................................................................7 Abstract ..............................................................................................................................................11 Acknowledgement ...........................................................................................................................13 Contents .............................................................................................................................................14 Table of Figures ..................................................................................................................................17 Introduction........................................................................................................................................20 Background and Context ................................................................................................................23 Problem Statement ...........................................................................................................................24 Research question ............................................................................................................................24 Objectives ..........................................................................................................................................25 Limitation of the study ......................................................................................................................26 Structure of the thesis........................................................................................................................26 Literature review and case Studies .................................................................................................29 SAGY - Sansad Adarsh Gram Yogna (Parliamentarian’s Idol Village Programme) .............30 CGIAR - Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers .....................................34 Social capital .................................................................................................................................37 Context and History ..........................................................................................................................38 India History and Geography ......................................................................................................38 India Present Day Facts ................................................................................................................39 Settlement structures and Structure of the Government .........................................................39 Characteristics of Rural India ...........................................................................................................40 Structural Problems........................................................................................................................41 Environmental Problems ...............................................................................................................44 Why Smart Village? ...........................................................................................................................46 Why Agriculture? ...............................................................................................................................47 The case of Bharapankhi ..........................................................................................................48 Site Study – One Out of Many .........................................................................................................51 Village: KARYAL ..........................................................................................................................51 Block: HARCHHA CHINNA.........................................................................................................55 City: AMRITSAR ...........................................................................................................................57 pg. 14

State: PUNJAB ............................................................................................................................59 Country: INDIA............................................................................................................................60 Methodology .....................................................................................................................................62 Analytical framework ....................................................................................................................62 Turn the Table Upside down.........................................................................................................63 Methods ..........................................................................................................................................65 Landscape Approach ..............................................................................................................66 Landscape and Democracy ...................................................................................................69 Scenario Planning ......................................................................................................................71 Data Collection .................................................................................................................................72 Questionnaire .............................................................................................................................72 Designing Methods....................................................................................................................74 Time Schedule ............................................................................................................................76 Walking Tour – The Ice Breaker ................................................................................................77 Photo Survey...............................................................................................................................78 Community Profiling with women............................................................................................81 Open House - Activities with Framers......................................................................................83 Activity with children – Let’s Draw! ..........................................................................................85 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................................................88 Recourse Mapping ....................................................................................................................88 Stake Holder Mapping ..............................................................................................................90 Self Help Group..............................................................................................................................92 Finding and discussion ....................................................................................................................113 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................115 References .......................................................................................................................................117

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TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1 Abstract and Keywords .....................................................................................................11 Figure 2 The Balance of Life – Parameters of Sustainability .........................................................20 Figure 3 Holistic Development Approach – SAGY ........................................................................30 Figure 4 Structure of SAGY team for each adopted Village .......................................................30 Figure 5 Case studies recorded under SAGY ................................................................................32 Figure 6 Concept Map for CGIAR Framework ..............................................................................35 Figure 7 India- Vegetation and Landforms ....................................................................................38 Figure 8 Land use and land cover map of India for 2005............................................................38 Figure 9 Comparing India to Europe ..............................................................................................39 Figure 10 Population Division in India..............................................................................................39 Figure 11 Broad Structure of Government of India .......................................................................39 Figure 12 Increase in the built up areas at the expense of agricultural areas in the Punjab plains ...................................................................................................................................................44 Figure 13 Graphical representation of the "individuals" in the village........................................52 Figure 14 Pattern of “karyal” Village ...............................................................................................54 Figure 15 Village Karyal and the structure pattern of the neighboring areas, agriculture land, water resource and movement connections. ..............................................................................54 Figure 16 A small village settlement with the neighboring bigger settlements and city. the neighboring settlement structure spread evenly in the vast agriculture land of punjab........55 Figure 17 Total Population in a Village ...........................................................................................56 Figure 18 Total number of Houses in a Village ...............................................................................56 Figure 19 Literacy Percentage in Villages ......................................................................................56 Figure 20 Total Number of Workers in a Village .............................................................................56 Figure 21 Number of Main Workers in a village .............................................................................56 Figure 22 Number of Marginal workers in a village .......................................................................56 Figure 23 Image over the North India, depicting dense pattern of settlements, spread over vast Plains ...........................................................................................................................................59 Figure 24 To understand the framework of national policies and development pattern of Indian Rural Settlements. ..................................................................................................................60 Figure 25 Landscape and Democracy .... Figure 26 Role of Planner in bottom-up approach 64 Figure 27 Newly Defined Landscape Approach ..........................................................................66 Figure 28 10 principles to guide the process of decision-making in landscape contexts. ......67 Figure 29 Integration of New Core Competencies into the Existing framework ......................67 Figure 30 Field Methods as described in Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses by CIFOR .................68 Figure 31 Mendelow's Power-interest grid......................................................................................70 Figure 32 Vulnerability vs Importance ............................................................................................71 Figure 33 Field Methods as described in landscape approach by CIFOR................................74 Figure 34 Calendar with site Workshop dates ...............................................................................76 Figure 35 Village Karyal, site visit movement pattern ...................................................................77 pg. 17

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SECTION 1

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INTRODUCTION

Society

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

Economy

Culture Environment

Figure 2 The Balance of Life – Parameters of Sustainability

The concept Sustainability has been central to practitioners understanding of the discipline in the field of landscape architecture. The Brundtland Commission set the concept on the world agenda with the final report “Our Common Future” in 1987. The central message was that the international community must make development sustainable to ensure that it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Brundtland Commission 1987, p.16). The report uncovered the ties that exist between environmental, economic and social dimensions and highlighted the importance of balancing all three.

There exist a great variety of Landscapes that are representative of the different regions of the world. Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment. Certain sites reflect specific techniques of land use that guarantee and sustain biological diversity. Others, associated in the minds of the communities with powerful beliefs and artistic and traditional customs, embody an exceptional spiritual relationship of people with nature. To reveal and sustain the great diversity of the interactions between humans and their environment, to protect living traditional cultures and preserve the traces of those which have disappeared, these sites, called cultural landscapes, have been inscribed on the World Heritage List.

There is a strong bond between the parameters of life on earth in the time we are living on it. To create a balance between these parameters and look into the future with a sustainable approach is the task to for the beings. I add cultural aspect to this balance of parameters upon which a landscape is generated. The Research thesis looks into these fours parameters of life on earth in the context of Rural India. Nevertheless, the parametric approach, enables us to understand the pg. 20

problems thoroughly and then come to a cumulative result. India with a vast natural, Historical and human recourse is a big enough stage to the collisions and clashes due to variety. Though the Constitution of India in the present day tries to solve the diversity with unity amongst all. India cannot be represented in sentence. However, one can surely say that till date the heart and soul of what is called “India” lies in its rural settlements. The thesis tries to understand the real relations of a rural village with its surrounding (the recourses it depends on) and belongings (The recourses it owns) and then propose a solution/scenario which can replace the present day image of a backwardness in Indian villages to become a recourse center itself. Thus analyzing and testing the integrated or multiparametric approach is the main objective here and achieving a socially and physically sustainable development. Here, Social sustainability is understood as “the ability of a community to develop processes and structures which not only meet the needs of its current members but also support the ability of future generations to maintain a healthy community” (Web Finance Inc., 2016). By physical sustainability, we mean how all three dimensions, the social, economic and environmental, play out in the physical landscape.

The term "cultural landscape" embraces a diversity of manifestations of the interaction between humankind and its natural environment. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable landuse, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature. Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of sustainable land-use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the landscape. The continued existence of traditional forms of land-use supports biological diversity in many regions of the world. The protection of traditional cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in maintaining biological diversity.

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BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT This research and assessment is originating from thinking holistically about the places where we live, why we live there, and the environmental, economic, and social effects of our settlement patterns. However, the research explores rural settings in India and the relationships between their hydrological, cultural, and social contexts. The emphasize is on connections between rural and urban areas and to the natural recourses availability and liability. The Idea is to explore how a landscape architects can read the rural landscape and anticipate strategic solutions in the local context of demographics, economy and production in rural settings. We as landscape architects believe that for solving many Structural problems of society, the assets lie in landscape. Landscape is a picture whose beauty is enhanced by the depth and detail in the vision. Demographic shifts, resiliency, infrastructure, resource supply and demand, and the relationship of villages to their regional context along with food security, multifunctionality and poverty elevation are key components. The methodology and solutions should seek to create socially and environmentally resilient villages with a sustainable economy. The proposition is an investigation into the present documentation of the rural Indio and then proposing a development plan on rural design of the country based on Landscape Approach. The research is carried out keeping in mind, relation with the international case studies, indigenous resources and adopting an integrated methology on ground. Also to explore and identify the drawbacks of present programs unable to achieve changes in the actual rural Landscape of India. The world seems to be change, The Developing and Underdeveloped countries are in big number, are changing because the greater population is changing, i.e. People initially involved in primary sectors in developing countries like India are moving to the secondary and tertiary industries. This eventually results in a gap between Community and the Primary landscape around them. So, the power holders and people with lack of local knowledge, determine and shape the physical features in the landscape and set the conditions for the social life of the masses. In 1969, author Sherry R. Arnstein wrote about citizen involvement in planning processes in the United States. She compared citizen The Ladder of Participation (Sherry Arnstein's (1969) participation to eating spinach: â&#x20AC;&#x153;No one - Citizen Participation) is not only useful for is against it in principle because it is good determining the degree of participation. It also for youâ&#x20AC;? (1969, p.216). However, when the breaks up a complex subject into easily principle is advocated by have-nots, the understood graphics that communicate with applause is reduced to a polite handclap citizens of various ages, with different backgrounds (Arnstein, 1969, p.216). Thus letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s take the and education levels. It can, therefore, play an steps to make understand the role of important role in making participation as a subject understandable for citizens and provide them with public participation, the ecological value, enough information so they can understand their social capital and sense of identity and opportunities and their right to participate. belonging to a place. pg. 23

PROBLEM STATEMENT The National and International Governments are trying to make the difference, from the chairs in the center. This does not work very well when the country has diversity in all aspects of life. The landscape, the people, their culture, believes and aspirations all are different. So for a local problem, a local solution has to be thought of. Villages in India, represent the bigger side of the picture, unfortunately the backward side as well. Thus to change the bigger picture, villages of India have to be improved and made sustainable. How can we as landscape architects do this?

RESEARCH QUESTION How can â&#x20AC;&#x153;Landscape Approachâ&#x20AC;? help find solutions to the structural problems of the rural settlement in context of Indian Villages, and bring about a sustainable change?

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OBJECTIVES 

To understand the international and national agenda on rural development and relate them on an exemplary village study.

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To explore the potentials and weakness in a local and micro landscape to further scale it to the regional and national levels.

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To explore the social capital of the village.

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To test the participatory approach in landscape (understanding and planning).

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To bring the environmental perspective with the social capital into account as an important assets of the rural realm.

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To find a balance between Society, Economy and environmental aspirations.

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To provide the community with sustainable future vision.

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LIMITATION OF THE STUDY The study is carried out on the basis of qualitative data collection and not as much based on quantitative recorded data. This is to highlight the importance of social capital vs the recorded census. Though it is advised to analyzing qualitative and quantitative data together for more evident results. Also, the Quantitative data available was not sufficient to elaborate the research and thus a new survey was suggested and advised. This was left, due to shortage of time and resources within in the given time.

STRUCTURE OF THE THESIS The Idea of the thesis was generated from the background academic, professional and local (from the home country) knowledge. This rose various curiosities and inquiries to merge the knowledge and the local needs and scenarios. The literature studied was of local, national and international importance. Thus the applicability and interrelation of these was explored. Further a random village model was chosen to apply and test the methodology. Detailed timeline of methods applied is given in data collection Section. The last phase of the thesis was the analysis of the data collected from local site in terms of the literature study. The Findings and conclusions were stated next based on theoretical knowledge and on site findings and interactions. The entire framework was achieved and completed in time period of 4 months starting from march 2017 till June 2017.

Idea

Litrature review

SIte Study

Methodology

Data Annlysis

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SECTION 2 LITERATURE REVIEW AND CASE STUDIES In this chapter, the international strategic framework for Millennium Development Goals and national policies are discussed and detailed. The two documents studied in detail are A STRATEGY AND RESULTS FRAMEWORK FOR THE CGIAR (Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers) in relation to Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses and SAGY VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK issued by Govt. of India.

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SAGY - Sansad Adarsh Gram Yogna (Parliamentarian’s Idol Village Programme) The Govt. of India realizes the need and the importance of bringing the landscape of the Indian villages to the forefront. In year 2014, Sansad Adarsh gram yogna (Parliamentarian’s Idol Village Programme) was introduced. Under this each member of the Indian parliament is obliged to take one village of his/her choice for adopting and developing it in the lines defined by the programme itself. Far beyond mere infrastructure development, SAGY aims at instilling certain values in the villages and their people so that they get transformed into models for others. These values include:

Personal

Human

•Personal Values •Clealiness •Cultural Heritage •Behaviour Change

•Education •Health •Nutrition •Social Security

Social

Economic

•Voluntarism •Social values/ ethics •Social justice •Good governence

•Livelihoods •Skills •Financial inclusion •Basic amenties/ Services

An Adarsh Gram (Adopted Village) should evolve out of people’s shared vision, using their capacities and available resources to the best extent possible, duly facilitated by the MP, the Gram Panchayat, civil society and the government machinery. Naturally, the elements of an Adarsh Gram would be context specific. In the study to find the solution for the problems in the rural India, the government Programme for village development shall be used as a base to find a case and get in touch with the villagers to understand the situation on the ground root levels.

Figure 3 Holistic Development Approach – SAGY

The structure for execution of SAGY on the ground root level is directly monitored by the Member of Parliament siting at the center with The direct assistance from district collector, eliminating the intermediate federal authorities. District collector is further in direct conversation with the village organization and chairperson. Member of Parliament District collector

Gram Panchayat Chairperson

Line Department Officials (Block Level)

Officer from Statistics and Planning Department

Experts from community based Organizations (SHG)

Civil Society Organization

Academic and Research institutions

Figure 4 Structure of SAGY team for each adopted Village

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Concept Map of SAGY Framework.

Various cases of multiple scale and understanding are cropping up in the country after the enforcement of the Smart Village scheme. Though the count is still very low as compared to number of MP’s sitting in the center Government. LEGEND Water management Agriculture management Technology and Industrial advancement Human Resource management

Figure 5 Case studies recorded under SAGY

(India Goverment, 2014)

FINDINGS 

It is imperative to keep the poison of elections away from the villages and ensure that an environment of mutual understanding in village.

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Village is not directly affected by the parliament or legislative assembly elections, but the panchayat elections create havoc in villages.

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Revolution in governance of villages will be possible only if good governance is taught. So many times the best plans are not implemented – not because of lack of funds but because of lack of direction.

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Training to sarpanches and members of gram panchayat. Empowering Sarpanch to dream about making his/her village famous. pg. 32

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Showcasing the skills and resourcefulness of the village is an important aspect to liberate the villages in debt and poverty.

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Resources (Both natural and social) inside the village needs to be Identified and managed strategically to become strengths of the village

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Women seem to be more open and outward amongst themselves than man, though they are not convinced to work with males of other families.

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Women in villages are the champions/saviors of the social system of families in India and social capital treasures inside each house.

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Bringing positivity and strength in the daily life of villagers will impact the country as a whole. If the country has happy villagers the country will be satisfied and prosperous too.

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Women and children are often neglected as weak section of the society, whereas given a chance can contribute invariably for the community as a whole.

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Basic Infrastructure now also includes, internet access and use, mobile operations etc.

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Empowering villages with resource and Finance management for better livelihood. The understanding of the quality vs quantity is important for villagers to enable them with strategic decision making.

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CGIAR - Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centers Identified global crisis of food supply across the different regions of the world, the global economy, climate change and the environment, present well documented and growing threats to the lives and livelihoods of millions of poor people.

Three distinct â&#x20AC;&#x153;rural worldsâ&#x20AC;?: Agriculture-based countries - Transforming countries - Urbanized countries In lieu of the global crises, the CGIAR centers has developed a strategic framework for achieving four system level outcomes. The implementation of this framework requires, as a first step, the identification of development outcomes, to which research activities will contribute. The CGIAR has derived, from the MDGs and the CGIAR Vision, four system level outcomes that will serve as the focal point of all CGIAR research activities. The selected four system level outcomes (SLOs) are: reducing rural poverty. Agricultural growth through improved productivity, markets and incomes has shown to be a particularly effective contributor to reducing poverty especially in the initial stages of development; improving food security. Access to affordable food is a problem for millions of poor people in urban and rural communities and it requires increasing global and regional supply of key staples and containing potential price increases and price volatility; improving nutrition and health. Poor populations suffer from malnutrition and diets containing insufficient micro-nutrients affecting the health and development, particularly among women and children; sustainable management of natural resources. Agriculture demands better management of natural resources to ensure both sustainable food production and provision of ecosystem services to the poor, particularly in light of climate change. There are clear associations between these four system level outcomes, but there are also important differences in the way in which they contribute to broader development goals. Never the less, these issues are originating from the local level problems happening all over the world, such as; Increasing frequency and severity of droughts, rising energy prices, subsidized biofuel production, income and population growth, market and trade policies. (A STRATEGY AND RESULTS FRAMEWORK FOR THE CGIAR, 2011) This further brings us to the question of development and, how can we make our regions, communities and villages, resilient to these shocks? The CGIAR has developed a comprehensive approach on this;

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The CGIAR consortium help address these challenges by means of coordinated, science- based, technological, institutional and policy approaches High-quality international agricultural research, partnership and leadership. Framework for strategic planning, management, and communications based on continuous learning and accountability will be implemented.

What is of interest and of importance is that how these research and developments are carried out. The Methods suggested are:      

Managing the cycle of Food crops of village so they have enough for their own food needs and selling it to the markets. Natural resources management of the Village Advising an agricultural policy Bringing the topic of Gender Inequality Capacity Strengthening Learning and Knowledge Sharing

The indirect effects of agricultural growth and ecosystems services will be;     

Incomes and jobs, on consumers food security nutrition and health, on educational prospects social and cultural development Environment protection (VALDES AND FOSTER 2010).

Figure 6 Concept Map for CGIAR Framework

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Concept Map finding the common potentials and definitions from both the documents.

Social capital Since the sense of community and community building is central to sustainable development, it is highly relevant to look into the theory of social capital. The term social capital has its origin in the research of sociologists Pierre Bourdieu, Nan Lin, and James Coleman. While Lin and Bourdieu focused on how investing in social networks would give access to individual benefits, Coleman emphasized the importance of strong norms and effective sanctions to make collectives work (Wollebæk & Selle 2005, p. 221). It is, however, Robert Putnam’s interpretation of the term (1993) which has had most acceptance in academia. The author gives the term a new definition - the value of “networks, norms and trust which enables participants to act together more effectively to pursue shared objectives” (Putnam 1995, p. 664). He says that the value is both for the people who are in them, and in some instances, demonstrable effects on society as a whole (Putnam 2001, p.1). This differs from the earlier sociological interpretations in that it emphasized the collective dimensions of social capital rather than on the individual. Putnam distinguishes between "bonding" and "bridging" social capital. “Bonding” social capital refers to relationships among members of a network who are similar in some form, such as a family, close friends or members of the same groups in the community. Slagvold (2004) states that bonding social capital is inward-looking and binds people from the same communities together. This could reinforce exclusive identities and homogeneous groups. “Bridging,” on the other hand, refers to the norms, networks, and trust that extend out to link substantial sectors of the community and span underlying social cleavages. This enhanced cooperation is likely to serve broader interests and to be widely welcomed (Putnam 1995, p. 665). This notion resembles the concept of network resilience. Paul Baran introduced this in 1964, and it would later be known as the structure of the internet. Baran found that a system was more vulnerable with centralized networks than with distributed networks where information had several routes from one place to another (Baran 1964). Transferring this idea to social capital, we argue that bridging groups and individuals will enable a resilient network of trust, reciprocity, and dependence. Thus bridging will lead to a more socially sustainable development. National and International Case Studies

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CONTEXT AND HISTORY India History and Geography India with a 75,000 years of history and a developed agrarian society is now pondering to become one of the most impactful nation of the world. But as it is rightly said the fortune of the fruit lies in its soil, lies in its root. So, What Is India? India is one of the oldest civilizations in the world with a kaleidoscopic variety and rich cultural heritage. It has achieved all-round socio-economic progress during the last 70 years of its Independence. India has become self-sufficient in agricultural production and is now one of the top industrialized countries in the world. India constitutes of 29 states and 7 union territories. These states represent not only geographical boundaries but variety in Social and cultural practices. About 21.2% of the country's landmass is covered by forests. Habitat ranges from the tropical rainforest of the Andaman Islands, Western Ghats, and North-East India to the coniferous forest of the Himalaya.

Figure 7 India- Vegetation and Landforms

Figure 8 Land use and land cover map of India for 2005.

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India Present Day Facts

Figure 9 Comparing India to Europe India - 3.3 Million sq. km - 10.18 Million sq. km - Europe India - 1,210,193,422 (623.7 million males and 586.4 million females) - 734,2females28,971 (353.5 million males and 380.6 million). - Europe

No. of villages: 640,867 No. of People in villages: 833,087,662 Figure 10 Population Division in India

No. of People in Cities: 377,105,760

Settlement structures and Structure of the Government wards

wards

Municipal Corporatio ns (mahanag ar palika)

Municipalit y (Nagar Palika)

City Councils (Nagar Panchayat )

Religion Group

Youth Group

Women Group

Education Group

Societies

Village (Gram Panchayat)

Block

District (Zila Parishad)

(Tehsil) State Government of India

Government of India

Figure 11 Broad Structure of Government of India pg. 39

Scattered throughout India are approximately 500,000 villages. The Census of India regards most settlements of fewer than 5,000 inhabitants in a village. These settlements range from tiny hamlets of thatched huts to larger settlements of tile-roofed stone and brick houses. Most villages are small; nearly 80 percent have fewer than 1,000 inhabitants, according to the 1991 census. Most are nucleated settlements, while others are more dispersed. It is in villages that India's most basic business--agriculture--takes place. Here, in the face of vicissitudes of all kinds, farmers follow time-tested as well as innovative methods of growing wheat, rice, lentils, vegetables, fruits, and many other crops in order to accomplish the challenging task of feeding themselves and the nation. Here, too, flourish many of India's most valued cultural forms.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RURAL INDIA

The above graph shows the Gross Domestic Product of India and the percentage coming from the agriculture, Forestry and fishing - the economic activities coming from rural sector of India. While If one analyzes the employment generation by sectors of industry, agriculture plays a bigger role Thus a major population of India involved in Agriculture related activities is actually making a very low GDP for India i.e. the people in agriculture sector are majorly poor. Some of the structural and Environmental problems hitting the high contrasts existing in the Indian society are discussed below;

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Structural Problems Poverty Poverty is an important issue in India, despite having one of the fastest growing economies in the world, clocked at a growth rate of 7.6% in 2015, and a sizable consumer economy. Tribal people, Dalit and labour class including farm workers in villages and casual workers in cities are still very poor and make the poorest class in India.

Poverty rate map of India by pre valence in 2012, among its states and union territories.

Migration Analysis of migration pattern is important to understand the changes taking place in the peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movement within the country. It is most volatile component of population growth and most sensitive to economic, political and cultural factors. According to a UNESCO report entitled Social Inclusion of Internal Migrants in India (2013), three out of ten Indians are internal migrants. The population of internal migrants in India went up from 309 million in 2001 to 400 million in 2011. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Uttarakhand and Tamil Nadu are identified as the lead source states of internal migrants, whereas key destination a reas are Delhi, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Haryana , Punjab, Karnataka and Kerala.

(S. Mohanty & R.B. Bhagat, 2009)

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Nutrition Widespread malnutrition is largely a result of dietary inadequacy and unhealthy lifestyles. Other contributing factors are poor purchasing power, faulty feeding habits, large family size, frequent infections, poor health care, inadequate sanitation and low agricultural production. Population living in the backward and drought-prone rural areas and urban slums, and those belonging to the socially backward groups like scheduled castes and tribal communities are highly susceptible to undernutrition. Similarly, landless laborers and destitute are also at a higher risk. The most rational, sustainable and long-term solution to the problem of malnutrition is ensuring availability, accessibility and consumption of adequate amounts of foods. Dietary guidelines help to achieve the objective of providing optimal nutrition to the population. Comparing the common nutrition problems of India in rural and urban environment.

Factionalism A faction is a small group formed on the basis of political ideology, caste power, clash of personality in order to serve political, social and economic interests of a small minority. Sociologists are of the view that factionalism raises its ugly head in the rural communities on account of natural rivalry and conflict or clash of personality. In his book Leadership and Groups in a South Indian Village, H.S. Dillon has rightly observed that rivalry and opposition to some groups is a general feature of a faction and a faction usually comes into existence on account of mutual rivalry and conflict or clash of personalities. In some villages the faction is known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;DhÄ râ&#x20AC;? which means a human body. The family is a miniature form of a faction. Structurally, the faction is an Organisation that centers around a single individual or a group of families with a common interest. For example, peasant families owning vast landed property in a village may combine themselves into a faction. Similarly, families with small holdings may organize themselves into a faction. (Puja Mondal)

pg. 42

Quality of life On one hand we are witnessing mushrooming of malls in almost all cities across India, which depicts the economic development and enhanced purchasing power of Indians and on the other hand number of poor and beggars are increasing which show our under performance in human development. This is a very obvious contrast that can be seen anywhere in India. Do not think that quality of life has nothing to do with the performance of the country as it along with GDP affects the overall growth. The quality of life plays a major role in the performance of any country. Hence performance of any country is not just its economic development but also its social development. Overall performance is measured by the GDP and the Human Development Index (HDI). But what are these terms? HDI is the wellbeing, standard of living and quality of life of citizens whereas GDP is the income measurement. No doubt that GDP of India is growing rapidly and this is a matter of proud but still we lack on HDI front. According to Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Human Development Report by UN, India needs to work on HDI as we rank 134 among 187 countries. The Quality of Life Index (QLI) is an attempt to quantify a nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s liva bility for its average inhabitant. It is a composite of six sub-indexes, each describing one of the elements which objectively influence the quality of life: health, education, wealth, democracy, peace and environment.

pg. 43

Environmental Problems

Figure 12 Increase in the built up areas at the expense of agricultural areas in the Punjab plains

Agriculture Production Indian agriculture, and thereby India’s food production, is highly vulnerable to climate change largely because the sector continues to be highly sensitive to monsoon variability. After all, about 65 percent of India’s cropped area is rain-fed. Wheat and rice, two crops central to nutrition in India, have been found to be particularly sensitive to climate change. Lobell et al (2012) found that wheat growth in northern India is highly sensitive to temperatures greater than 34°C. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report of 2007 echoed similar concerns on wheat yield: a 0.5°C rise in winter temperature is likely to reduce wheat yield by 0.45 tons per hectare in India. Acute water shortage conditions, together with thermal stress, will affect rice productivity even more severely. (CHAKRABARTY, SEPTEMBER 2016) Water Source and Utilization The impact of climate change on water availability will be particularly severe for India because large parts of the country already suffer from water scarcity, to begin with, and largely depend on groundwater for irrigation. According to Cruz et al. (2007), the decline in precipitation and droughts in India has led to the drying up of wetlands and severe degradation of ecosystems. About 54 percent of India faces high to extremely high water stress. Large parts of north-western India, notably the states of Punjab and Haryana, which account for the bulk of the country’s rice and wheat output, are extremely waterstressed. Figure above shows that groundwater levels are declining across India. The mismatch between demand and supply of water is likely to have far-reaching implications on food grain production and India’s food security (CHAKRABARTY, SEPTEMBER 2016) pg. 44

Soil nutrients Majority of the soils in India are deficient in secondary nutrients and micronutrients vital for both plant and human health, a new study has revealed. The study – conducted by the Indian Institute of Soil Science (IISS), a key research body of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research – found that the soils of as many as 174 districts across 13 states were deficient in secondary nutrients like Sulphur and micronutrients like zinc, boron, iron, manganese and copper. The chemical analysis of 70,759 soil samples collected from Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal found zinc to be deficient by 39.9 per cent and Sulphur by 27.8 per cent. A majority of the soils in India are deficient in secondary nutrients and micronutrients vital for both plant and human health, a new study has revealed Climate Change Drought and flood due to changes in rainfall pattern have been affecting India. Temperature change leads to abrupt change in the monsoon, which triggers frequent droughts and flooding in large parts of India. The drought can be critical since 50% of workforce in India is concentrated on agriculture. In 1987, 2002, and 2003, according to World Bank, “droughts affected more than half of India’s crop area and led to a huge fall in crop production.” Moreover, extreme heat and decrease in rainfall also are some factors that can decrease crop production in the next few years. Without climate change, average rice yield is expected to be 6% higher. This detailed map shows the levels of vulnerability to climate change in the various parts of India.

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WHY SMART VILLAGE? ln Indio we work to make Smart Cities a reality. lt has not been Longer than 2 to 3 years since the government officially adopted the smart cities scheme and nominated 100 cities in round one and two. One can already see the implementation on ground, for cities selected even in round two. This occurred due to the push of the 'Smart City' concept from solution providers, real estate developers or the government itself, the concept finds wide appeal but is it really smart to create smart cities? Or should we reverse our thinking to concentrate on making smart villages? Lack of livelihood, good standard of living and amenities in the backward villages of India, leads to more and more migration (temporary or permanent) to the cities. While in 1901. Indio was home to only 11.4% urban population, as per census 2011. This now stands at 31%. The UN's state of the world population report of 2007 estimates that by 2030, nearly 41% of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population will reside in some kind of urban area. The number of urban citizens is increasing but the number of cities is not. Though taking the present statistics, in a country like india, the idea of building smart cities can only facilitate better living for a little over 30% of the population, while the concept of developing smart villages has the potential to cover more than half. This will also help in the systematic development of our villages and lend greater weight and urgency to achieving the goals of ambitious national programme. The heart and soul of india lies in its villages. It is rightly said by Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first prime minister pt. Jawaharlal Nehru that "if you want to see real India, visit the village symbolizing the culture, colours and taste of the country â&#x20AC;&#x153;. The only question that remains is that - What makes villages smart?

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WHY AGRICULTURE?

The history of agriculture records the domestication of plants and animals and the development and dissemination of techniques for raising them productively. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa. At least eleven separate regions of the Old and New World were involved as independent centers of origin. Wild grains were collected and eaten from at least 20,000 BC. From around 9,500 BC, the eight Neolithic founder crops—emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas, and flax—were cultivated in the Levant. Whereas if we compare the roman empire is just 2000 years old. Agriculture is base if human civilization, thus the solutions to present day problems with human civilization also must lie in Agriculture. Now, More than a decade ago the Millennium Development Goals (MDG`s) confirmed the global community’s preoccupation and firm commitment to working jointly and seriously to improve the living conditions of the poor and hungry. Since then there have been repeated commitments to eradicating global poverty and hunger, most recently in response to the food crisis of 2007–2008 but also predating this. In 2008, the United Nations assembled a High-Level Task Force on the Global Food Crisis, which developed a Comprehensive Framework for Action that represents the consensus view of the UN system on how to respond to the food crisis. Promotion of smallholder food production plays an important role in this framework. It is in this context that the role of agriculture - broadly defined to include the livestock, fisheries, forestry and agro forestry sectors alongside crop production, and urban production alongside rural - is being reconsidered. The livelihoods of millions of smallholders and rural people depend directly on their ability to grow, harvest, process, market, and utilize crops, livestock, fish and tree and forest products. The indirect effects of agricultural growth and ecosystems services on incomes and jobs, on consumers’ food security, nutrition and health, on educational prospects, on social and cultural development, and on the environment, are even larger (Valdes and Foster 2010). Improved agriculture and natural resource management have crucial roles to play with regard to other development goals in addition to halving hunger and poverty (MDG1), including the MDGs related to achieving greater environmental sustainability (MDG7), improving access to water (MDG7c), overcoming land degradation (MDG7a), promoting gender equality (MDG3), reducing child mortality (MDG4) and improving maternal health (MDG5). 9. Meeting these development challenges requires a focus on empowering women to grasp opportunities for improving their livelihoods and those of their families. Women play an increasingly significant role in agriculture, as they are responsible for pg. 47

approximately 50% of all production. The CGIAR recognizes this role and is committed to increasing its efforts to orient research and to change farming practices and systems so that women can play an important part in enhancing agriculture productivity and improving their livelihoods. It is also committed to influencing governance systems to include women in decision-making.

THE CASE OF BHARAPANKHI Barabnaki is district of Uttar Pradesh state in India, closed to the capital city of the state, Lucknow. It is one of four districts of Faizabad division. The town runs in a south-easterly direction, parallel of the river Ghaghara, contains an area of 4,402 KM2. Population of the district is 32,60,699 as per 2011 census. Economy of district is primarily based on agriculture. The employment of the people is based on the agriculture, bio-gas plant, animal husbandry, smallscale industry and indirect employment. The district contains net irrigated area is 84.2% of total land area, which is above then the state average. Private tube-wells and canals are the main source of irrigation, which are 69% and 20.9%, where in state it is 87.9% and 20.9%. Irrigation by state, tube-wells and other source like pond/river etc are comparatively less than the state average. Subsistence agriculture is practiced in the district. Farmers rotate up to five crops round the year. The district is leading the country in menthol farming. The area under menthol cultivation and its production have been increasing over the years. The rotation of menthol crop with other food crops is found to be very good way of controlling weeds. It is never advisable for continues menthol cropping. The best rotation of menthol crop is with rice, potatoes and vegetables depending upon cropping system of the region. This district a major contribution (90% of India) to make India the largest producer of menthol worldwide. The present study has been carried out in the Barabnaki district of Uttar Pradesh on economic analysis of menthol mint cultivation in the year 2010. The economics has been worked out by comparing costs and returns at different stages by the conventional method. The linear production function has been fitted to evaluate the resources-use efficiency in the production of menthol mint. pg. 48

Operational Costs incurred are;     

hired labour intercultural operations distillation charges irrigation and machine / tractor charge.

The overall benefit-cost ratio has been found to be 2.55, which indicates a higher profit for farmers on less investment in mint cultivation. The major problems faced by the farmers are high input cost, erratic supply of electricity, lack of adequate information, infrastructural facilities, regulated markets and energyefficient distillation units. Reasons for tremendous Growth over the years;  Benefits of cash crop  No environmental harm to soil or cattle  Regular motivation & training programmes by CIMAP - The Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants.  Self-manufacturing of menthe oil and not selling to any third party as a raw material by installing affordable distillation units.  Installation of Drip Irrigation  Farmers operated Facebook group to spread awareness of using naturally grown menthe oil.  Access to Rate analysis on Global platforms on internet. When asked why farmers do not plan to shift their focus to other crops instead of mint, Mr. Sharma replies, “Mint is a cash crop and life line for the farmers. It is ideal for annual crop circle. After almost all the crops be it vegetables or cereals, mint is planted as it revives the soil with rich nutrients. Usually the fields are left empty from May-July and these months are good time to grow mint. It helps in continuing the cash inflow for the farmers.” (Virendra Singh, Ram Suresh, & Sanjay Kumar, 2011) (National Horticulture Board, 2003) pg. 49

SECTION 3

pg. 50

Site Study â&#x20AC;&#x201C; One Out of Many Village: KARYAL Karyal is a large village located in Ajnala of Amritsar district, Punjab with total 428 families residing. The Karyal village has population of 2498 of which 1296 are males while 1202 are females as per Population Census 2011. In Karyal village population of children with age 0-6 is 303 which makes up 12.13 % of total population of the village. Average Sex Ratio of Karyal village is 927 which is higher than Punjab state average of 895. Child Sex Ratio for the Karyal as per census is 918, higher than Punjab average of 846. Karyal village has lower literacy rate compared to state of Punjab. In 2011, literacy rate of Karyal village was 54.67 % compared to 75.84 % of Punjab. In Karyal Male literacy stands at 58.08 % while female literacy rate was 50.99 %. As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Karyal village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is an elected representative of the village. State Name: PUNJAB, District Name: AMRITSAR, Block Name: HARSHA CHHINA, Panchayat Name: KARYAL, Village Name: KARYAL.

pg. 51

Figure 13 Graphical representation of the "individuals" in the village Total

Male

Female

Total No. of Houses

428

Population

2,498

1,296

1,202

Child (0-6)

303

158

145

Schedule Caste

Schedule Tribe

Literacy

54.67 %

58.08 %

50.99 %

Total Workers

755

627

128

Main Worker

450

Marginal Worker

305

226

Particulars

Table 1 Demographics of Village Karyal

Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 3.84 % of total population in Karyal village. The village Karyal currently doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any Schedule Tribe (ST) population. In Karyal village out of total population, 755 were engaged in work activities. 59.60 % of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 40.40 % were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 755 workers engaged in Main Work, 237 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 15 were Agricultural labourer.

pg. 52

pg. 53

Figure 14 Pattern of â&#x20AC;&#x153;karyalâ&#x20AC;? Village

Figure 15 Village Karyal and the structure pattern of the neighboring areas, agriculture land, water resource and movement connections.

Though a natural water source is available in the vicinity of the village, the water for agriculture fields is extracted from ground. There are also multiple watershed areas in the village and surrounding but, unfortunately filled with solid waste

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Harsha Chhina

Figure 16 A small village settlement with the neighboring bigger settlements and city. the neighboring settlement structure spread evenly in the vast agriculture land of punjab.

Block: HARCHHA CHINNA Harsha Chhina is a village in the state of Punjab, India, three kilometers from Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport, Amritsar, on Ajnala Road. Harse is a Urdu word which means three villages (Uchla Quila, Vichla Quila, and Sabajpura). It is one of biggest villages in Ajnala and Rajasansi Constituency. It has a population of about 6,500. Until 1968 the village had one Panchayat and thereafter each sub village got respective new Panchayats. However, now there is another sub village Kukranwala with independent panchayat that has evolved from this village. Harsha Chhina, previously under Block Development Office Chogawan, has now itself become a new Block Development Office, situated in Kukranwala. Harsha Chhina is also referred as Chhine Theh Wale, because there used to be an ancient, huge and tall mountain-like structure known as Theh in Punjabi, situated about half a kilometer west of Vichla Quila. This Theh was visible from surrounding villages in an approximately 10-kilometre radius. Unfortunately, this prominent feature, which existed until the late 1990s, has disappeared, as it has been mercilessly leveled and illegally occupied by the neighboring FARMERS.

pg. 55

Figure 17 Total Population in a Village is comparatively an average of the surrounding area.

Figure 18 Total number of Houses in a Village are proportionate to the populations demographics of the village.

Figure 19 Literacy Percentage in Villages on the lower side of the average in the region.

Figure 20 Total Number of Workers in a Village are less in proportion to the neighboring village populations.

Figure 21 Number of Main Workers in a village or say the once which are engaged in agricultural activities is pretty low.

Figure 22 Number of Marginal workers in a village are quite high in the village which indicates no steady source of income for the villagers.

Legend of villages in the block of “Harch Chinna” i.e. neighboring Karyal. This graphic compares the state of the chosen village “karyal” with respect surrounding villages.

pg. 56

City: AMRITSAR Human Resourse mapping of amritsar

Agriculturist Agrricultural Labour Workers in Household Industary Other Workers

Location and Geographical Units The district lies between 31o7’ and 32o3' North latitude and 74o29’ and 75o23’ in the East longitude and had international boundary with Pakistan. It is bounded by river Beas in the South Eastern side and river Ravi on the North West side. According to 2001 census the population of district Amritsar was 21, 52,182. The urban population of the place counts for 11, 02,080 and rural population counts for 10, 50,102. District Amritsar is divided into 4 Tehsils namely Amritsar-1, Amritsar-II, Ajnala, Baba Bakala, whereas Attari, Lopoke, Majitha, Ramdas, Tarsika are 5 sub tehsils in the district. There are 9 community development blocks namely Ajnala, Rayya, Majitha, Tarsikka, Jandiala, Chogawan, Harsha Chhina, Verka. Recently block Attari has been formed. The district comprises of 976 villages with geographical area of 2.64lac hectares, out of which 2.22lac hectares are cultivable. As of the 2011 census, Amritsar municipality had a population of 1,132,761 and the urban agglomeration had a population of 1,183,705. The municipality had a sex ratio of 879 females per 1,000 males and 9.7% of the population were under six years old. Effective literacy was 85.27%; male literacy was 88.09% and female literacy was 82.09%. Amritsar municipality had a population of 1,132,761 and the urban agglomeration had a population of 1,183,705. The municipality had a sex ratio of 879 females per 1,000 males and 9.7% of the population were under six years old. Effective literacy was 85.27%; male literacy was 88.09% and female literacy was 82.09%. The scheduled caste population is 28.8%.

pg. 57

(Department of Agriculture, Goverment of Punjab)

pg. 58

Figure 23 Image over the North India, depicting dense pattern of settlements, spread over vast Plains

State: PUNJAB The major problem in terms of Agriculture in Punjab is that It is not doing well in terms of its productivity. In Punjab the cropping system is dominated by wheat, rice, and cotton but the market for these commodities, including the food grains, is lacking. Another major reason for the state of Punjab agriculture is the stagnation of the wheat and rice yields which has resulted in raising capital costs and shrinking profit margins in agricultural production. The crops such as rice and wheat are irrigated and due to rising subsidies and falling public investments there has been an enormous waste of resources such as water and the farming system has become unsustainable. The policy of free electricity to farmers has resulted in excess mining of groundwater resources which has resulted in the lowering of the water table to the extent of 15 centimeters per year over the past 10-15 years. The current challenge is to look for external markets for the surplus food grains from Punjab. But at the world level, when the external prices for food grain collapse farmers are not adequately prepared to face the challenges of globalization. This is where the negotiations in the international trade agreements become most important. The cost of procurement, storage, and distribution needs to be reduced in order to increase the production and distribution systems of food grains in Punjab. In order for Punjab agriculture to become competitive in food grain economy the loss due to huge transportation from farm to port needs to be addressed. There has also been a demand-shift away from cereals due to income increases in much of India. The demand for meat, milk and vegetables have been increasing while consumers have been switching away from the consumption of cereal food grains. This requires pg. 59

diversification of Punjab agriculture to meet the changing demand in agricultural: commodities. (Gulati, May 17, 2002)

Country: INDIA State of Punjab

Figure 24 To understand the framework of national policies and development pattern of Indian Rural Settlements.

pg. 60

SECTION 4

pg. 61

METHODOLOGY Analytical framework

(SUSTAINAIBLE PLATFORM KNOWLEDGE PLATFORM, 2015) This chapter gives an overview of what why and how the three methodologies (Landscape Approach, Landscape and Democracy and Scenario Planning) where integrated to investigate the present situation. The Landscape approach provides the base to understand the present state of study area. It derives to a systematic framework of comprehension of recourses, stakeholders, needs, requirements etc. and caste them into the sustainable future possibility. Further topic of landscape democracy investigates the public participation and awareness in the local context. And finally, scenario planning should be used to envision the future.

pg. 62

Turn the Table Upside down

The conventional though of making policy network and executing them to each site of such a multi diverse landscape country is challenged here. The role of planner or Designer is to see the situation with an inverted glass. This idea is very well depicted in Indian comedy serial named â&#x20AC;&#x153;Tarak Mehta ka Ulta Chashmaâ&#x20AC;?. This serial otherwise focuses on the stories that are associated with characters that often get trapped in inconvenient situation usually surfacing from small everyday issues or any similar task. Such troubles prompt the characters to carry out some naive yet undesirable activities, arousing mirth among the watchers. Notwithstanding the adversities faced by the characters, a settlement to the problem is always which are found to give insight to some moral lesson to the characters, and in some cases broadly to the watchers as well, in certain social issues. (Tarak Mehta Ka Ulta Chashma , 2008) The idea is simple â&#x20AC;&#x201C; to walk and talk with the people (actors / stakeholders) in the situation. Thus the designer will interpret not only the quantitative data recorded in archives but also very importantly the issues, believes, needs and aspirations of the locals. This shall further lead to find the Strengths, The Weaknesses, The Opportunities and the Threats amongst the local site and situation. (Xhienne, 2007) The Client here is not only the Power and money holder but also the user of the site in literal terms. The stakeholders and actors are duly defined in every situation, who effect the situation or vise verse are affected by the situation. The more is the list of actors/ Stakeholders extensive, the more is the design inclusive and the results are impactful. The content or topic is understood by the specialist/ planner in close connection with the stakeholders defined above. (See Figure left)

pg. 63

Planner Designer

Client Stakeholders Public

Content Topic Application Planning case

Figure 25 Landscape and Democracy approach

Resourse Management

Democracy on grass root level

Research and Development Approaches

Figure 26 Role of Planner in bottom-up

The landscape belongs to everyone. We should all have equal access to it and a voice in how it is used, valued and maintained. However, spatial planning rarely includes considerations of democratic processes, participatory planning, community design and landscape stewardship. Thus the idea here is to apply democratic process at the local level to investigate, design and assess the situation and the result. Democratic Process should not only be followed in the selection of representatives at all levels of legislation of the state, but actually enable people democratically. The research and Development approaches should be deeply integrated with the democratic process and thus result in effective, sustainable resource management including human resources.

pg. 64

Methods

Scenario Planning

Landscape Democracy

Landscape Approach

The landscape approach provides the base to understand the present state of study area. It derives to a systematic framework of comprehension of recourses, stakeholders, needs, requirements etc. and caste them into the sustainable future possibility. Further topic of landscape democracy investigates the public participation and awareness in the local context. And finally, scenario planning should be used to envision the future.

pg. 65

LANDSCAPE APPROACH Landscape approach is The latest in a series of attempts to concurrently address conservation, development and restoration challenges. A framework to integrate policy and practice. A land management strategy to fulfil social, economic, ecological & cultural objectives including forest restoration. A tool to assess performance & manage trade-offs within the landscape. The landscape approach has been re-defined to include societal concerns related to conservation & development trade-offs & negotiate for them. (Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses, 2013)

Increased integration of poverty alleviation goals.

A method to integrate stakeholders at multiple scales.

Increased integration of agriculture production & food security.

Figure 27 Newly Defined Landscape Approach

Multi functionality as defined in Landscape Approach has three different dimensions; ď&#x201A;ˇ ď&#x201A;ˇ ď&#x201A;ˇ

Different functions on the same unit of land at the same time (functional integration or real multi-functionality). Different functions on the same unit of land but separated in time (temporal segregation). Combination of separate land units with different functions (spatial segregation).

pg. 66

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT

COMMON CONCERN ENTRY POINT

MULTIPLE SCALES

MULTIFUNCTIONALITY

MULTI STAKEHOLDER

NEGOTIATED AND TRANSPARENT CHANGE LOGIC

CLARIFICATION OF RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILTIES

PARTICIPATORY AND USER FRIENDLY MONITERING

RESILIENCE

STRENGTHENED STAKEHOLDER CAPABILTY

Figure 28 10 principles to guide the process of decision-making in landscape contexts.

THESE PRINCIPLES EMPHASIZE THAT THE INTEGRATION OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRIORITIES WILL REQUIRE A PEOPLE-CENTERED APPROACH APPLIED AT LANDSCAPE SCALES.

CIFOR is one of the research programs of CGIAR (consultative group for international agricultural research) A strategy and results framework for the consultative group for international agricultural research have three goals, or system level outcomes (SLOS), through which it aims to reduce poverty, improve food and nutrition security and improve natural resources and ecosystem services. There goals contribute strongly to the sustainable development goals (SDGS) targeted at no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well-being, gender equality, clean water and sanitation, climate action and life on land. They also moderately contribute toward quality education, good jobs and economic growth, reduced inequalities, responsible consumption, life below water, peace and justice and partnerships for the goals. Food production goals have to be met in ways that alleviate poverty, improve nutrition, and conserve the environment. Interactions among these challenges require that they be addressed in a concerted way. On the other hand, agricultural expansion and intensification threatens environmental goods and services, which could in turn undermine efforts to meet future food demands, while also affecting livelihoods and health. (A STRATEGY AND RESULTS FRAMEWORK FOR THE CGIAR, 2011) Figure 29 Integration of New Core Competencies into the Existing framework

pg. 67

Planner Designer

Client Stakeholders Public

Content Topic Application Planning case

METHODS

FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS

KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS

HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS

FARM PRODUCTIVITY SURVEYS

BIODIVERSITY SURVEYS

ECOSYSTEM MAPPING

WEALTH RANKING

FOOD / CASH CALENDARS

FARM INPUTS (LABOUR, FERTILIZER)

TREE PLOTS

COMMUNITY PERCEPTIONS

NUTRITION ASSESSMENTS

PRODUCTION TARGETS

BIRD POINT COUNTS

YIELD MEASUREMENTS

INVERTEBRATE TAPPING

AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

BIODIVERSITY

RESOURCE FLOW MAPPING Crop to market cysle

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

RELATIVE PROPERTY AND LIVELIHOODS

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

RESPONSES

Figure 30 Field Methods as described in Ten principles for a landscape approach to reconciling agriculture, conservation, and other competing land uses by CIFOR

The methods prescribed are focused on strategic responses. These should cover the overall scenario assessment of the picture present to develop the holistic integrated future scenario. pg. 68

LANDSCAPE AND DEMOCRACY

Resourse Management

HESTER'S 12 STEPS TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Democracy on grass root level

Research and Development Approaches

The world seems to change because the greater population is changing, i.e. People initially involved in primary sectors in developing countries like india are moving to the secondary and tertiary industries. This eventually results in a gap between Community and the Primary landscape around them. So, the power holders and people with lack of local knowledge, determine and shape the physical features in the landscape and set the conditions for the social life of the masses. An unfortunate consequence is that residents are “pacified” and projects are standardized instead of adapted to the place – a development that is not sustainable and losses the local resilience in the long term. The response to this type of development is to identify the missing link. The co-existence and realization of community, landscape and the power/decision making can result in a harmony was only with encouraging democracy in landscape. Decisions should result from collective ideas, needs and requirements. Not biased to any caste, color, creed or gender loving in the landscape and using or affecting it in one or the other way, the methods and participatory tools should be applied to bring back the pride, sense of belonging into the community. This shall lead to harmonious living between man and nature (being the main stakeholders).

When working with local communities’ designers must understand the community's resources and values to create designs uniquely suited to the social and environmental ecologies of a place. Author Randolph Hester suggests a 12-Step Process, distinguishing each step as contributing to a designer's knowing and understanding a place or about "place caring" - engaging people in the act of designing and/or choosing design alternatives (Hester, 1990)

pg. 69

With change in the work patterns of individuals and more and more people getting employed in the secondary and tertiary activities the for Mapping the terrain to apply landscape approach, the techniques of landscape democracy are used. According to The European Landscape Convention; Landscape democracy is to establish procedures for the participation of the general public, local and regional authorities, and other parties with an interest in the definition and implementation of the landscape policies. These techniques include; Collecting socio-economic data at various levels, engaging key stakeholders. Spatial data: Administrative boundaries, land cover change & current land uses. “Governance Landscape” including local (traditional) institutions. Focus on eco system services & agricultural productivity; moving away from protected areas alone. (Sunderland, 2016)

POWER

   

Latents

Promoters

Keep satisfied

Manage closely

Moniter

Keep Informed

Apathetics

Defenders

INTEREST Figure 31 Mendelow's Power-interest grid

(Mendelow, 1991)

pg. 70

SCENARIO PLANNING Scenario planning is a strategic thinking which generate possible views of the situation in the future. This tool is used to control the development of and area and inform the actors to make wise decisions in the present and future context. By seeing a range of possible futures, decisions will be better informed and a strategy based on this insight will be more likely to succeed. These are based in looking deep into the drivers of change i.e. Look for deep drivers of change      

Political Economic Social Technological Legal Environmental

VULNERABILTY

(Roth, 2016)

Low importance & High vulnerability

High importance & High vulnerability

Low importance & Low vulnerabilty

High importance & Low vulnerability

Importance Figure 32 Vulnerability vs Importance

Perceived importance and vulnerability of ecosystem services provided by local cultural landscapes, over the discussed time period. Black indicates predominantly provisioning services, green represents regulating services, and blue represents cultural services (modified from Palomo et al. 2011).

pg. 71

DATA COLLECTION KINDS AND SOURCE OF DATA

UNITS

TOTAL SYSTEM

NATION

STRUCTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, BEHAVIORAL PROPERTIES

BASELINE SURVEY REGION

WEB RESOURSES QUITIONAIRE

CITY

DISTRICT COMMISIONER

VILLAGE

BASELINE SURVEY*

INSTITUTIONS

2. ANGANWADI

1. SCHOOLS, 3. HEALTH INSTUTUTE

INDIVIDUAL

ACTICITIES

Different sources of Quantitative and qualitative were used to clear the picture of the village settlement in northern India.

QUESTIONNAIRE A questionnaire was floated online to get the real picture of what SAGY scheme is doing on the ground level. The results, pictured a positive outlook of the scheme started by Indian Govt. Further the methods suggested in CGIAR framework are now implied on the local level with a modification. The methods are replaced by activities to democratically involve the inhabitants of the village and generate qualitative responses.

pg. 72

pg. 73

DESIGNING METHODS

Figure 33 Field Methods as described in landscape approach by CIFOR

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

RELATIVE PROPERTY AND LIVELIHOODS

FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITION

AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

BIODIVERSITY

RESPONSES

pg. 74

Stake holder mapping and community participation activities

Method

Villagers

Word game / Map game

Instruments

Flip chart, sketchpen post sticks

Natural landscape

Cultural landscape

2 words of your village

Importance of natural resources in daily life

How many things have changed over the past and the present? What changes do you expect from he future?

How is you village associated to ajnala and amritsar?

Past events of natural shocks

Conflicts over natural, human and land resources?

Total system

Sarpanch and Family

Map Game

Map. Sketchpen

Students

Painting

Paper and Sketchpens

2 word to discribe your village

How do you take and give back to nature?

Recreation Areas

Females

Daily routine Objects

objects from home

Fav activity of day or seoson?

Knowledge for family and personal health and nutrition?

Festivities all around the year

Farmer

Questionaire / Daily routine diagram

Paper Pen

How do you grow, harvest, process, market and utilize crops?

Past events of natural shocks?

What are cultural festivals around agriculture?

pg. 75

TIME SCHEDULE

May

June

M 22

T 23

W 24

Th 25

First Impressions

Observations

Photo Survey

Meeting with Sarpanch

Open house with farmers

F 26

Sa 27

Su 28

Physical Mapping

Students open house

Walking Tour

Questionnaire

Word Game

Community Profiling

Observations

Figure 34 Calendar with site Workshop dates

pg. 76

Walking Tour – The Ice Breaker

FOLLOWING POINTS WERE CONSIDERED WHILE INTERACTION SESSIONS 

Ask positive questions first, let the community connect to its landscape and then go deeper into stories and situations, as a result the real problems and their reasons will be coming up.



Asking indirect easy to answer, questions, arise interest in the participant and then follow up with more specific questions



General questions on livelihood, income flow and family size are a good start to set up a base



Other important aspect to talk about religion and relate it to society and the real situations, since talking good in the name of religion is seemed to be easy, where its implementation in daily life is generally poor.

Figure 35 Village Karyal, site visit movement pattern

The first step to get acquainted with the village community and the structure of the village “The walking tour around the village and in the vicinity was planned with the head of the village “Sarpanch”. This was helpful to not only know the village and its impressions but also people of the community should interest and trust being along with an important and known figure of the community. The aim of the Walking tour was to develop an understanding of the nature of the community, the issues faced and possibility and feasibility of the solutions. The head of the village, being born and brought up in the same village, gave insights of the community. Social life, culture and also the role of natural and man-made resources. He pointed out several weakness and potentials of the community, which were later on examined and assessed.

pg. 77

PHOTO SURVEY Another important tool to get in direct contact with the locals was Photo survey. Few of the Photos from the walking tour were selected and asked about to the public. Their importance and stories were highlighted during the process of imagery exchange. Imagery helped the locals to start the conversation easily and above all gave a topic of discussion. Taking and discussing photos of the existing environment added a new dimension to the perception of a place.

Sikh Religion worship place Gurudwara, with high volume speakers covering the entire village with the spiritual soft prayers in the evening.

Christian Catholic church in the convent school. Wit h the high influence on local community.

Two of similar kind of schools available with unsatisfactory level of education provided in regional language. Students have very less or no professional orientation after passing these schools, thus are in the red list of the community.

One the sources of recreation is to sit under the shade of peepl (Ficus religiosa) tree.

pg. 78

Agriculture production inside the courtyard of the house.

Primitive methods of agriculture used. No knowledge of soft or hard technologies of agriculture.

The produce is sold locally or in the markets in nearby towns with least transparency in the system. Leaving the farmer poor.

pg. 79

The two influences powers in the settlement are the agricultural production and the talent and potentials of the women inside the house.

pg. 80

COMMUNITY PROFILING with women

Empowered woman, empowered family

pg. 81

NAME

AGE

Q1. TELL ME ABOUT YOURSELF??

Pyaari

Is a widow- has 2 sons - one is a DJ & one a shopkeeper - she does fieldwork & also goes to the church

Usha

Usha Rani

Is a tailor-sweater-teaches stitching- on a avg. makes 2 sweaters a week- has not gone to city but her works have housework is on daughters (2) but kitchen she handles- has a married son in Dubai- daughter in law nurse in Jallandhar-also enjoys making food in the tandoor - one daughter very active in church activities - husband works in fields - goes to church Beautician + stitching+ cooking- has 3 daughters-one daughter is doing nursing in Gurdaspur- one is a volunteer for a trust in Mumbai & one is studying in class 10 - husband owns ration storegoes to church regularly

Balwine r

Goldy

Pammi

Is a maid in the convent hostel-earns 2000/- - in laws also work - mum in law is a housemaid - father does kawar work would like to learn stitching

children shopping

Usha

Housewife-nasha in the house(father in law)- hubby is mistry

committee

Is a cook in a Govt. school-earns 1200/- cooks for about 80 children approx.goes in the morning at 7:30 am - does full cleaning- is free after 12pm and then is at home taking care of grandchildren- goes to church Is a teacher in Gurdaspur convent- Is a Hindi teacher-Tuitions - Stitching- stays with daughter - husband works out

Q2. WHAT WILL YOU DO IF YOU ARE GIVEN Rs 500 ROR ONE DAY?? Family Grocery

Q3.HOW WELL ARE YOU AWARE ABOUT YOUR FAMILY HEALTH?? Mostly eat home food

Q4. PAST EVENTS IN THE VILLAGE??

Buy wool for 400 - make sweaters and sell for 400 thus having a profit

Keep surroundings clean - not eat street food

Participated in Dramas

Will purchase more quality goods for her wellness parlour so that she can increase the clientage. Gifts for family

eat limited ghee and oil

Surf & Soap making

eat on time

Gidda (folk dance of north India) dance

children study

keep the home environment clean and thus make clean food concentrate on making food in clean environment do not eat street food and eat on time

Singing songs

Sarkari Mahila Mandal

Table 2 showing one of the answer bank of community profiling with women.

pg. 82

Women Participating in Folk Dance shows and Stage plays. Also some showing their vocational skills.

Along the process of the of the field workshop. More and more interest into the process was coming up from the women of the village. Being more curious and open than the male members, females shred and discussed all aspects of the daily to annual routine. There was high hope of change in their environment expected out of the workshop being conducted in the village for nearly a month. Community Profiling with women was intended to build up a picture of the nature, needs and resources of the special half of the village residents. Community Profiling with women established the following context; 

 



Good amount of talent hidden inside the house is not exposed at any level. The special stitching, weaving, embroidery techniques are just used for household requirements High enthusiasm to learn and earn was seen among the females of all age groups. Females supporting their male family members in agricultural tasks were limited to work with the family members only. This was due to sense of insecurity and fear from unknown people. Females in general were passionate to keep the cleanliness and order inside the houses. When asked about knowledge of health awareness, they were discouraged as more and more diseases are coming to the village each year and there was no platform to gain knowledge about prevention and cure. In general, there was a lack of motivation in working in teams. Sense of security and transparency was the main issue.

OPEN HOUSE - Activities with Framers Villages in Punjab, primarily work for agriculture production. in spite of such a huge work force invested in agriculture of associated activities, the potential to bring big changes is not used. Though the documents show, high prosperity and improved conditions, the farmers are still pretty away from this scenario. pg. 83

Agriculture is practiced using age old techniques. There is no source of imparting the advanced knowledge to the new farmers. Thus the new generation is losing interest and is tending to move out of the area in search for other secondary or tertiary jobs.

Agroforestry was also a very small fraction of economy mostly invested by the people who left the village and are settled outside in another town, city or country.

Agriculture is the main economic activity supporting the main as well as marginal workers of the village. Also there are workers coming on contract basis from outside the state to hunt for agricultural jobs. For the cattle, there is hardly any provision of safety and maintenance.

The has a natural source of water (Tributary of river Ravi) crossing the fields of karyal, but are left barren and also sometime cause flooding. Water for irrigation is sucked out of the ground directly, since there exists no method to irrigate the land with natural water or so.

pg. 84

Activity with children – LET’S DRAW! •

2 word to describe your village!!

•

How do you take and give back to nature?

•

Recreation in your vicinity?

Students in the catholic school are bit more confident than the students of government schools. They have a sound knowledge and understanding of topics and things around them. They were asked to draw the above three questions of a sheet of paper and where enthusiastic to answer in public. pg. 85

RESPONSES SOCIETY

RELATIVE PROPERTY AND LIVELIHOODS Income is generated from following

-Agricuture

2 Government school and 1 Christian catholic church school1

- cattle - Intra village services - daily wage workers - monthly wage workers - Foriegn returns by Non Resident Indians.

Agricultural workers are mostly bound to contracts of few months or years in liu of paying loans. Unhealthy lifestyle of women in the village indulged in socializing in community for most part of the day.

High influence of foreign Migration

Entertainment church activities Barren land play area - City Tour religious structures Mela

No health awareness campaigns in village- people transported to city.

Pre Payment / workers under loan, are payed less due to interest charged as compared to post work payments. Intra- Village jobs carried out by working class women to add income to there family.

- Weaving - Embroidary - Woollen clothes - Beuty and Wellness - Weaving Rope beds - Agricultural Workers

Due to high unemplyent, Excess of agricultural labour is available, thus landowners have an uperhand in binding full time contracts and salary announcements.

Streets of Village Karyaal are both paved and unpaved, this is based on the economic clas living on the street. Majorly three diffrent castes of people live in the Village- Jamindaars (Land Owners)Chaudharys (Workers)- Kahtri's (Trades man)

Diffrence in the living standards of diffrent caste

People Follow "Hinduism, Sikhism and relatively new adopted relegion Catholic Christianity in the Village in harmony with each other.

Sacred Heart Catholic church karyal Christian kids are well educated. High commitment in Christian community. Good Preachers. Good quality of teaching till high school. People prefer this education. Education partial to Christian students.

pg. 86

RESPONSES AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION

BIODIVERSITY and ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

Primitive methods of Sowing and harvesting used.

Difference in field ground levels due to selling of top soil

Decreasing treand of animal husbandary due to high labour and maintainace required.

Sowing of three diffrent crops a year is very common Wheat (6months) -Rice (3months) and an intermediate crop - Sunflower (Surajmukhi) or celery seed crop, or Lotus stem or sugar cane (kamaad) for full one year.

Agricultural Produce by farmers is sold to the Commisioning agent (Arhiti1). Commisioning agent furthersells it to the city markets and private companies and also the goveremnt in case of wheat.

Major sourse of food and nutrition is generated on personal farms with some accasional purchase from the market. This produse is not kept diffrent from high dose of chemical fertilizers used in the crop production.

Agriculture produse is solds in the market (mandi) of nearby town (harsha chhinna, Ajnala) and city (Amritsar)

High dose of Chemical fertilizers used in the feilds without any knowledge of organic or low chemical fertilizer growth.

Inspite of a stream following in the vicinity, Ground water is used and exploited as the only source of irrigation and household usage.

Wells which had high cultural and natural importance are now forgotten and derilicted

Milk from the cattle id sold to the village dairy who is further incharge of selling it to the city residents.

Cowdung is used as fuel in nearly 50% of the houses

Commission agents commonly referred to as Arhtiya are the key players between the farmers and buyers for facilitating the auction, arranging for the payment to the farmers (sellers) and other facilities like loading/unloading and cleaning of the produce and delivery of the produce to the buyers. They also arrange the required equipment, machines and labour for weighing, filling and stitching the grain bags for which the farmers and buyers pay as per the rates prescribed under the Punjab Agricultural Produce Market Act, 1961. The capital intensive nature of green revolution technology increased the financial needs of the farmers and the procurement needs of the state due to substantial increase in the agricultural production. As a result, two inter-linked markets; credit market and product market emerged, where commission agents played a dominant role. (Dhaliwal, 2011)

pg. 87

DATA ANALYSIS Recourse Mapping River Ravi Tributary Ground water soil Quality Temple, Church and Gurudwara. Church School Goveremnt Punjabi Schools Meeting point under the Peepal Tree Market - local and in City Informal Play areas Mela - Fair of local level Streets Agricultural Produce Cattle Produce Fertilizers and pesticides Man power foriegn Income Women Hand jobs Social engaments Foreign Migration

Natural Resources

Health Awareness

Institutional Resources

Caste system Religion system

Economic Resources Social Resources

pg. 88

Little / No importance

Some importance

Significant importance

High Vulnerability

Some Vulnerability

No Vulnerabity

unknown

Figure 36 Vulnerability vs Importance map for economic, social and natural resources of the village.

Perceived importance and vulnerability of social, economic and natural services provided by local cultural landscape in village Karyal. Natural resources are of high importance and in pretty adaptable stage. The in danger are for the social and economic resources. Thus the social and economic activities have to be regulated in such a way that natural resources are not over consumed i.e. is efficient system of economic and social services in harmony with natural resources.

pg. 89

Stake Holder Mapping Arhtiya (Commissioning Agent) Women Students Head of the village Farmers Dairy Owner Shop Owner Working Women Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Resident Indians City Goveremnt Agriculture Market Traders

pg. 90

Little / No importance

Some importance

Significant importance

Apathetics - Moniter

Latents - Keep Satisfied

Defenders - Keep Informed

Promoters - Manage Closely

Significant influence

Some influence

Little / No influence

unknown

Figure 37 Importance vs interest mapping of the village stakeholders.

 

Stakeholder or Actors of village karyal situation are analyzed on a map of Importance vs Influence. The Working women, Shop owners and specially the Agriculture market traders are seen to be the key drivers to bring about the change in the economic and social situation. A high amount of awareness has to generated amongst the students and the nonworking women to stabilize the change. The regular established workers like; dairy worker and main agricultural workers should be kept satisfied all the time since they are the backbone of the existing economy.

pg. 91

Considering the above two analyses and on site observations and comments a “Self Help Group” for Women of the village is proposed. This will focus on income generation, resource management.

Self Help Group Business plan Business Model Canvas (A. Osterwalder, Yves Pigneur, & Alan Smith, 2010) is the base used to develop the Self Help group organization for the women of karyal. An honest effort to change individual power into the strength of the society.

Woman Power Foundation

NARI SHAKTI Foundation

नारी शक्ति संस्थान

ਨਾਰੀ ਸ਼ਕਤੀ ਸੰਸਥਾ

Working with population of Karyal Village

Village Karyal wants;

Women of the Village need;

Improved health conditions

Improved Economic conditions

Improved infrastructure

Better health of their family

More jobs and income sources

High agriculture output

Oppurtinities for health social and cultural interactions

Skill development

What we can provide;

Job oppurtunities and support to familly income

A sytem in their lifestyle

A self identity

to explore the handwork talent in a proffecianal way

Change Scenario

Awareness and knowledge

Care for kids

Agriculture based skill development

Healthy Community

Multiple Job oppurtunities

good hygene and sanitation conditions

Business Marketing

Financial assitance

Hand work based skill development

Effecientaly utilized human resource

Unique Identity to the village

An outward and able community

pg. 92

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Membership Card for Members of â&#x20AC;&#x153;Nari Shakti Sansthaâ&#x20AC;?

Identity cards for each department

pg. 100

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pg. 112

FINDING AND DISCUSSION



Poverty Elimination and Providing good quality of life is the utmost objective of the developing nations around the world. Thus a comprehensive solution need to be found out at world, nation and local level.



Working at local levels is of great importance while understanding the specific scenarios and the reasons behind them.



Landscape approach is an overall concept to study and analyze not just the land values but also the human resource and activities associated with it.



Awareness about the importance of ecosystem services in the direct vicinity of the communities is to be made widely for the values and importance of ecosystem is realized back.



It is vital to Decentralize the ideas generated at the center level according to the needs and requirements of the local actors and stakeholders, thus public participation and its true values need to be explored.



India is a vast landscape with nearly 69% if the population living in the rural settlements, the impact of empowering the rural landscapes shall bring about a big change in the picture of present day India.



While working on landscape approach the quality vs. quantity approach has to be kept in balance.



Further designing a programme layout for villages including, green space layout, social spaces, food production zones, energy zones and infrastructure zones is to prompted. pg. 113

pg. 114

CONCLUSION Purpose

Process

Participation

planning/program

This Thesis aims to provide policymakers, donors, and development agencies concerned with rural development with new insights on the real barriers to Fundamental Rural Lands in villages in developing countries- technological financial and political-and how they can be overcome. The chosen site is the Our concern is to ensure that energy access results in development and the creation of "smart villages" in which many of the benefits of life in modern societies are available to rural communities. This was a great experience to explore into the field of alternative planning on a very small and local scale. The thesis was divided in above said phases To find out the purpose and proposals of the research question To then get started with the process and zeroing the methodology to be used to further analyze the case. To dive into the participation process with the citizens And then to plan a program initiate a long term goal of sustainability. This thesis has provided the author to further work on this issue on the chosen site as the proposal is now very famous amongst the locals. Thus being a landscape architect it brings the author to take up this responsibility and test the proposed plan.

pg. 115

pg. 116

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